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universe starting out at a single point of very high energy and pressure. It would be hard for us to
recognize or even grasp how that looked.
It went through a series of expansions and evolutions where the substance of the universe
literally cooled down and formed what we see around us today.
This model has been put together by using many clues such as current expansion, various forms
of radiation that occur throughout space, and the re-creation of the original high-energy
conditions in laboratories.
THE EARTH
As the universe flung out its substance, atoms that took the form of hot gas and dust, this
material started to stick to itself and form clumps much like soap bubbles do. One or more of
these clumps formed the beginnings of the Milky Way and smaller ones formed the stars within
it. Our Solar System was a ball of gas and dust that coalesced under the force of its own gravity
to form the sun and planets.
The Earth, like all the other planets, took time to develop into the state that it is in now. It had a
process of hardening from a molten state over long periods of time.
Question:
2. The earth is a:
A. Moon
B. Star
C. Asteroid
D. Planet
E. Galaxy
an unstable atmospheric composition which is maintained by the biosphere, that is, the
atmospheric oxygen sustained through the interaction of solar energy with the earths plants.
The Water Cycle:
The water cycle, also called the hydrologic cycle, is the process of circulation of water within
the earths hydrosphere. It involves the change in the physical state of water between its liquid,
solid and gas phases. This cycle refers to the continuing exchange of water between land,
atmosphere, surface and subsurface waters and organisms. This cycle involves five main
physical actions: evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow.
1. Evaporation: involves the transfer of water from bodies of surface water into the atmosphere
necessitating a change in the physical nature of water from liquid to gas. 90% of atmospheric
water comes from evaporation.
2. Precipitation: is the atmospheric moisture already condensed into clouds and falling to the
surface of the earth. Precipitation normally occurs in the form of rain, and sometimes snow, hail,
and fog.
3. Infiltration: The transition from surface water to groundwater is called infiltration.
Groundwater tends to be slow moving, so this water may return as surface water thousands of
years later.
4. Runoff: is the name for the different ways in which land surface water moves downhill to the
oceans. Streams and rivers often end in lakes for some time and dont make it to the ocean. A lot
of runoff will evaporate before reaching a body of water or an aquifer.
5. Subsurface flow: is the term for the movement of water within the earth in the vadose zone or
in aquifers. After infiltration, subsurface water often returns to the surface or seeps into the
ocean.
Question:
3. In terms of the water cycle, what is the name for the process in which water that melts off of a
snow cap reaches the ocean?
A. Subsurface flow
B. Infiltration
C. Evaporation
D. Precipitation
E. Runoff
Question:
4. Which of the five physical actions involves water changing into its gaseous state?
A Runoff
B. Evaporation
C. Precipitation
D. Infiltration
E. Subsurface flow
EARTHS RESOURCES
Conservation of earths resources involves the protection and smart management of the natural
resources supplied by the earth for the benefit of each and every person and every living
organism on this planet. Without conservation, all of the natural resources that are necessary for
supporting life, like air, water, minerals, soil, animals, and energy will be destroyed. Currently,
we waste incomprehensible amounts of natural resources every day through conscious
recklessness as well as through negligence and ignorance. If we do more to conserve, we will
save money and our environment. The more the earths populations increase, the greater a
demand there is on the earths limited resources, which increases the need for conservation and
the search for alternative energy sources.
Different Forms of Energy
Currently, the majority of our energy comes from non-renewable energy sources that can never
be replaced once they are exhausted. About 90% of our energy comes from fossil fuels like crude
oil, natural gas, and coal. Because of this incredible rate of use and the impending loss of all of
our natural resources, many scientists and activists have turned towards alternate forms of
energy. These include methanol, ethanol, garbage and plant material, corn, wind energy, solar
energy, hydroelectricity, and tidal energy. These are called renewable energy sources.
Question:
In which statement is the appropriate soil selected for its intended site?
a)
Sandy soil would make a good lining for a toxic waste site.
b)
c)
d)
e)
A sandy lake bottom would prevent water from seeping out of the lake.
8.
Which statement describes the contrast between the clay soil & sandy soil?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Clay soil allows water to move freely, while sandy soil does not.
e)
Sandy soil allows for good drainage, while clay soil does not.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the passage and diagram?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Rainwater runoff is the source of the water for the water cycle.
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
40F; dry
b)
c)
d)
e)
12.
Which place/land would most likely not occur on the right side of the mountain?
a)
African plains
b)
Phoenix, Arizona
c)
Amazon Rainforest
d)
Sydney, Australia
e)
abrasionwearing a way of rock by the grinding of ice, soil, or other materials against it
2.
3.
4.
5.
13.
A woman decided to replant her African violet because it was no longer growing well.
When she removed the plant from its container, she found that the bottom and sides of the pot
were covered with a thick layer of white salts.
The layer of salts formed as a result of which process?
a)
Abrasion
b)
Creep
c)
Deposition
d)
Exfoliation
e)
Leaching
14.
A rancher noticed that the fences he put in some years ago across the side of a hill now
tip downward rather than point upward.
The fence posts now point downhill because of which process?
a)
Abrasion
b)
Exfoliation
c)
Deposition
d)
Creep
e)
Leaching
Which of the following statements suggests that another explanation might be possible?
a)
The uplifting of Earths crust that was once part of the ocean floor formed the mountains.
b)
Over time mountains are worn down by weather and water and new surfaces are exposed.
c)
A huge undersea mountain range runs the entire length of the Atlantic Ocean.
d)
Over a long period of time, mud that covered the seashells hardened into rock.
e)
Many islands are actually the tops of undersea volcanoes that stick up above the surface
of the water.
The powerful Gulf Stream and other currents encircle much of the North Atlantic Ocean. Within
this area, away from prevailing winds, lies the nearly motionless Sargasso Sea. Large masses of
sargassum seaweed accumulate on the surface and float on remarkably clear blue water. Because
there is almost no current here, no water enters the area. The whole area remains warm under the
suns light. No upwelling currents occur in the motionless mass of water, so no nutrients are
brought up from the depths below. Other than the floating seaweed and the eels that spend part of
their life cycle there, the Sargasso is a "dead sea."
16. What makes the Sargasso a "dead sea?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
17. Given the information in the passage, at what location on the map would you expect to find
the calmest waters?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Questions 18 through 20 refer to the following information.
Returning a spacecraft to Earth intact is a difficult operation. How can the craft be slowed down
for landing? The ideal method would be to use braking rockets similar to those used to launch
the craft. Unfortunately, this type of braking system would require putting a gigantic rocket into
orbit simply to land the spaceship.
All spacecraft so far have used an aerodynamic systemone that uses Earths atmosphere as a
brake. This method relies on the physical law that an object will come to rest only when its
kinetic energyenergy of motionis converted to some other form of energy, such as light,
sound, or heat.
A spacecraft moving 18,000 miles per hour contains an enormous amount of kinetic energy. This
energy is converted mainly into heat as the craft plows back into Earths atmosphere, and friction
with the air begins to slow it down. Space engineers developed several ways to remove this heat
so that the spacecraft would not burn up: (1) A heat shield in front of the craft heats up to several
hundred degrees Celsius and radiates heat back into the air. (2) Part of the outside shell of the
craft is burned off as the shell absorbs the heat. (3) The surface of the craft heats up the air in
contact with it, leaving behind a stream of hot air.
Although the aerodynamic landing system is not ideal, it will be used for a long time because it
is less costly and more fuel-efficient than other braking systems.
18. According to the passage, what must be true if a space vehicle is to stop?
a) The spacecrafts kinetic energy must be reduced to zero.
b) The spaceship must absorb atmospheric heat.
c) The vehicle must absorb heat, light and sound energy.
19. According to the passage, braking rockets could slow down and stop a landing spaceship.
When would such a braking rocket be necessary?
a) for a spaceship landing on a faraway planet.
b) for a spaceship landing on a planet with a strong pull of gravity.
c) for a spaceship landing on a planet with a cold surface.
d) for a spaceship landing on a planet with no atmosphere.
e) for a spaceship landing on Earth under adverse weather conditions.
20. Which of the following statements from the passage indicates that values influence peoples
behaviour and decisions?
a) Aerodynamic braking will be used for a long time because of its fuel economy and low cost.
b) Returning a spacecraft to Earth is difficult.
c) Kinetic energy must be converted to other energy forms.
d) The successful re-entry of a spacecraft into Earths atmosphere depends on physical
principles.
e) Power braking would require carrying a large rocket to land the spaceship.