arXiv:1512.00874v1 [math.

AG] 2 Dec 2015

. . , . .

1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4

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11
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20
26
28

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30
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39
44
51
53
55
57

3 I
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .

60
60
70
72

4 II
4.1 . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
4.3
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 . . . . . . . .

79
79
83
88
91
94

2
2.1 . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . .
2.4
2.5 . . . .
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 . . . . . . . . .

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5
101
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6
106
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7 P3
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2

113
113
114
115

7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5 .

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123
123
128
130
133
134

9
9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 K, k K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5 X V . . . . . . . . . .
9.6 . . . . . . . . . . .

141
141
142
143
144
149
151

10
10.1 . . . . . . .
10.2 . .
10.3 dim(Q) = 1 . . . .
10.4 dim(Q) 6 1 . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5

153
153
154
156
157
159

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11
161
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . 169
A
A.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.4 .
A.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7 . . . . . . .

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173
173
173
174
175
177
178
179
181

,
2011 . ,
,
.
( , . .),
. ,

, , ,
, ,
-, .
.

(, , ) . ,
( ),
( ).
, .
1 , . 2
, 3 .
,
,
. IV [69], .-. [68] V
[69], X .-. [Se80]
VIII [66]. , 4 , , , , . [Se80] 1 VI
[69]. , 14 [GS07].
[Be12].
5 X = V /G, G
, V , k ,
4

 ( ).
k(X), k(V )G . . [Sa84] . . [87],
. . [90],
. X , ,

. , 3 ( ,
5). 7
P3 () .
. . [AM72], . (. [AMG96, Appendix]). ,
, 6
.
[EKM08]. 7
P3 (
IV.7.7
. . [72]).
8
,
9 .
. . [77]. 8
, . , ,
,
, . , ,
. 9, . , .-. , .-. . - [BCSS85]. 9 . - [Sh04], [BCSS85]. 9

, , ,
, [BCSS85] [Sh04].
10 11
. 10 :
( , ). IV
5

 .-. [72], . 11
, , 1. , , [Sko01]
[09, 5.2.3].
A
, , (
, , [89] [83]). . [Gro66b],
.
,
. ,
( , )
, [CS07].
. k(V )G G [87] (.
[CS07, 7]).
: , . , ,
[CO89] [Pe93], , . ,
5 X = V /G, V G
(. [Pe08]). X
, .
, 5, ,
G p9 , p > 2 ,
p6 , p = 2 (. [87]). , p > 2
p5 (. [HK11]), G p4
V /G G,
, (. [ChK01]). , ( ,
Q) V /, V
= Z/nZ (., , [Sw69]).
6


. , . , . , . , .-. -,
. , . , . , . , . , . ,
. , . , . , . . .

. , 14-01-00178-a, 13-01-12420--,
MK-5215.2015.1 -2858.2014.1,

- ,
.


Z
Q
R
C
Fq q
Zp p-
Qp p-
b Z ( )
Z

k(t1 , . . . , tn ) t1 , . . . , tn
k
k((t)) t k
Hom(X, Y ) X Y ( ,
)
Aut(X) X
Sn n
StabG (x) G x X G
G/H G H G
An n- A n

Z[S] , S
hSi , S, ,
S,
M G G- G- M
HomG (M, M ) G- M M
H i (G, M) i- G G- M
Z/ , Z
char(R) R
R R
K2 (K) K- K
K
K
8

K sep K
n n- 1 K sep , n char(K)
dimK (V ) V K
[L : K] = dimK (L) K L

NmL/K : L K K L

Gal(L/K) K L

GK = Gal(K sep /K) K

GLn n
Gm = GL1

SLn n
PGLn = GLn /Gm n
, (n 1)-

Pn n

OPn (r) = OPn (1)r r- OPn (1) Pn ,

OPn (1), r

VL = L K V V K
K L
GL(V ) K- V K
P(V )
= Pn1 n- V K
( K- P(V ) V )

Spec(R) R
k[X] X k
k(X) X k
dim(X), dimk (X) X k
Div(X) () X
Pic(X) X
Tx (X) Pn x X Pn

XK X, k, k K
9

X(K) K- X, k,
k K
Mn (A) (n n)- A

Br(K) K


Br(L/K) = Ker Br(K) Br(L)
K L
b(X) Br(K) X, K

res : Br(K) Hom(G , Q/Z)

K

OK K
K
Kv K (, , )
v
resv : Br(K) Hom(Gv , Q/Z) , v K, v Kv , v


resD : Br k(X) Hom(Gk(D) , Q/Z) , , D () X k
Brnr K) K
k
Brnr (X) () X k
Br(X) X
d(Q) K /(K )2 Q K,
char(K) 6= 2

cl(Q) Br(K) Q K d(Q),

char(K) 6= 2
RK/k (Y ) Y K
k K

K = RK/k (Gm ) k
k K, k- K \ {0}

T Gk - T k

M k Gk - M,
10

1.1

X Y Map(X, Y )
X Y . G H Hom(G, H)
G H. ,
A Hom(G, A) .
G e ,
ModG () G-, M
G, M. g G
G- m M g m. ,
g h

( m) = gh m .

HomG (M, M ) ModG G- M M . M G M,

G- . , G- M , G
M. Z
G-.
S Z[S] , S. , S G,
Z[S] G-. , Z[G] ,
G, G
Z[G] G-.
1.1.1. G-
(i) , ModG
Z[G].
(ii) ,
HomG (Z, M)
= MG ,
G- .
H i (G, M) G M. 1.1.2 Ext . , , 1.1.3(iv), (v)
H i (G, M).
1.1.2. G G- M
H i (G, M) = ExtiG (Z, M), i > 0 ,
Ext G-.
11

 , H i (G, M) G-. , G-
f : M M

f : H i (G, M) H i (G, M ) ,
G-
0 M M M 0

0 H 0 (G, M ) H 0 (G, M) H 0 (G, M )
H 1 (G, M ) H 1 (G, M) H 1 (G, M ) . . .
1.1.3.
(i) , G-
P
]
=
{
ng1 ...gi (g1 , . . . , gi ) | ng1 ...gi Z}
Z[G

.
.
.

G
{z
}
|
i

G i > 1 ( ) ModG . (:
(e, g2 , . . . , gi ) Z[Gi ].)
(ii)
: Z[G(i+1) ] Z[Gi ],

i > 0,

(g1 , . . . , gi+1 ) =

i+1
X

(1)j+1 (g1 , . . . , gj , . . . , gi+1) ,

j=1

g g; , i = 0
X
X
Z[G] Z,
ng g 7
ng .

, G- = 0. q
q
q
G- Z[G ] ( G G ).
12

(iii) , Z[G ] , G- Z. (:
q

Gi Gi+1 ,

(g1 , . . . , gi ) 7 (e, g1 , . . . , gi ) ,

.)
(iv) G- M K


K i = HomG Z[G(i+1) ], M , i > 0 .
q

q
H i (G, M)
= H i (K )

i > 0.
(v) K , ,
H i (G, M) i-
q

0 M Map(G, M) . . . Map(Gi , M) . . . ,

(1.1.4)

d


(d)(g1 , . . . , gi+1) = g1 (g2 , . . . , gi+1 ) +
+

i
X

(1)j (g1 , . . . , gj gj+1, . . . , gi+1 ) + (1)i+1 (g1 , . . . , gi ) .

j=1

,
(dm)(g) = g m m,

mM.

1.1.5. H 0 , H 1 H 2
(o) , H 0 (G, M)
= M G.
(i) , 1- (1.1.4) G M, : G M,

(gh) = (g) + g (h)

g, h G. 1-
, m M,
(g) = g m m
g G. , M
H 1 (G, M) Hom(G, M).
13

(ii) , H 2 (G, M)

e
0M G
G 0,

, . (: 2-
gh)
f 1 ,
(g, h) = gh(

g 7 g - .
G- M ,
g(m) = gm
g 1 ,

m M, g G .

e , G
M G


(m, g) (n, h) = m + g(n) + (g, h), gh , m, n M, g, h G .
.)

(iii) G- f : M M H 2 (G, M),

e
0M G
G 0.

e
, G-
M , ,

e
(f, ) : M M G
. ,
f () H 2 (G, M )

(iv) ,

e G 0 ,
0 M G

e = M G
e /(f, )(M) .
G

H 2 (Z/pZ, Z/pZ)
= Z/pZ .

(: p2 .)

14

 1.1.6.
(i) G n s. ,
s1

s1

. . . Z[G] . . . Z[G] Z[G] Z[G] Z[G] Z 0

Z, N ,

X
N=
g Z[G] .
gG

HomG (, M), , H i (G, M) i-

s1

s1

0 M M M . . . M . . .
(ii) G- M N : M M s 1 : M M.
,
N (s 1) = (s 1) N = 0 ,
:

H i (G, M)
= M G /N(M)
i > 0,

H i (G, M)
= Ker(N)/(s 1)M

i. ( , H i (G, M) 1.1.5(iv).) ,
M.
(iii) M = Z G-. , 1 Z
M G /N(M)
= Z/nZ

H 2 (G, M)
= M G /N(M)

0 Z Z G 0 ,
(1) = s. , s.
s (ii). ( ?)

15

(iv) G- M m M G . ,
m
M G /N(M)
= H 2 (G, M)
(. (ii))

e
0M G
Z/nZ 0 ,

e = M Z /h(m, n)i ,
G

Z- M (iii). (: M = Z m = 1 Z, (iii). M m G-
Z M,

l 7 l m ,

1.1.5(iii).)
(v) (iv) ,
e
G
= M {1, , . . . , n1 } ,

n = m
m = s (m ) ,

m M .

e Z/nZ
: G
=G

(iv) s1 .

1.1.7.
G-
f

0 M M M 0
.

: H i (G, M ) H i+1 (G, M )

.

(i) ,
m (M )G
= H 0 (G, M )

(m )(g) = m + g m ,

m M m .
16

(ii) , 1- : G M


()(g, h) = (g)
+ g (h)

(gh)

(g)

M (g) g G.

(iii) , M , M M G-. : G M . , H 2 (G, M )

(. 1.1.5)

e G 1,
0 M G

e = M M G = {(m, g) M G | f (m) = (g)} .

G

(iv) , G n s. , 1.1.6(ii)
Ker(N : M M )/(s 1)M (M )G /N(M ),

(M )G /N(M ) Ker(N : M M )/(s 1)M ,

m 7 N(m) ,

m 7 (s 1)m ,

m M , f (m) = m . (:
1.1.6(i).)

1.1.8.
G , (, )
. Z 1 (G, ) : G ,



(gh) = (g) g (h)

g, h G.

(o) , Z 1 (G, ) (e) = e.

(i) ,
( )(g) = (g)

1 ,

, g G ,

Z 1 (G, ).
H 0 (G, ) = G ,

H 1 (G, ) = Z 1 (G, )/ .

, H 1 (G, ) , (g) e. , G , H 1 (G, )

Hom(G, ) .
17

(ii) (, ) G-

e 1.
1A
()(g) = 1 g

: H 0(G, ) H 1 (G, A) ,
H 0 (G, ),
e . ,
G =

e H 0 (G, )
1 H 0 (G, A) H 0(G, )

e H 1 (G, ) ,
H 1 (G, A) H 1 (G, )

.
(iii) (ii) , A ( e ,
, ) .
: H 0 (G, ) H 1 (G, A)

. ,


1
()(g, h) = (g)
g (h)

(gh)

: H 1(G, ) H 2 (G, A) ,

e (g), g G. ,
Z 1 (G, ), (g)

e H 0 (G, )
1 H 0 (G, A) H 0(G, )

e H 1 (G, )
H 1 (G, A) H 1 (G, )
H 2 (G, A) .

(iv) (iii) , H 1 (G, A) e 1-,

H 1 (G, )


H 0 (G, ) H 0 (G, ) . ,

e H 1 (G, )
H 1 (G, )
1
e
H 1 (G, )/H
(G, A) H 1 (G, ) .

18

(v) G n s. , Z 1 (G, ) Z(G, ),

,
2
n1
s s . . . s = e .
(i) Z 1 (G, ) Z(G, ),

= s 1 .

(: = (s) .) ,
G- ,
1.1.6.

1.1.9.
(i) A A+ = Map(G, A). A+ G-
(g )(g ) = (g g),

A+ , g, g G

(. 1.2.4(o)). ,
H i (G, A+ ) = 0
i > 0. (: H i (G, A+ )
1.1.4(iv),
HomG (M, A+ )
= Hom(M, A)
G- M, , Z[Gi ] .)
(ii) G- M G- M M+ ,

m 7 {g 7 g m} .

M 0 = M+ ,

M 1 = (M+ /M)+ ,

M 2 = M 1 /(M+ /M)

. ,
G- M i = (C i1 )+ , i > 2,
C i1 = Coker(M i2 M i1 ) ,

M i1 M i
19

 M i1 C i1
C i1 (C i1 )+ = Mi .
q
q
, G- M , H 0 (M )
=M
q
i
H (M ) = 0 i > 0.
M, H i (G, M j ) = 0 i > 0 j > 0.
(iii) ,

q
H i (G, M)
= H i (M )G

i > 0. (: M M.)
q

(iv) , G-
0 M M M 0

0 M M M 0
q

1.2

1.2.1. f : H G . f

f : ModG ModH ,

G- M M H, f . f M M, ,
H, G.
1.2.2.
(i) , f .
(ii) , f
f : H i (G, M) H i (H, M),

i>0

G- M. (: f .)
(iii)
f : Map(Gi , M) Map(H i , M) .
, (. 1.1.3(v))
f : Map(G , M) Map(H , M) ,
q

, .
20

(iv) G s, f : H G
r.
t = sr
H. NG : M M NH : M M , G H (. 1.1.6(i)). ,

f : H i (G, M) H i (H, M)

1.1.6(ii) s t
i
M G /NG (M) M H /NH (M) ,

M . ,
i f
Ker(NG )/(s 1)M Ker(NH )/(t 1)M ,

M M,

m 7

r1
X

sl (m) .

l=0

(: 1.1.6(i)
G H, M .)

1.2.3. f : H G . f

f : ModH ModG , N 7 HomH (Z[G], N) ,

, N H-, H Z[G]
, G HomH (Z[G], N)


g
(g ) = (g g), HomH (Z[G], N), g, g G .

, 1.2.3 G-
HomH (Z[G], N)
= MapH (G, N) ,
MapH H- H.

21

 1.2.4.
(o) , i A
= A+ A, i : {e} G
(. 1.1.9).
(i) , 1.2.3 ,
f N = HomH (Z[G], N)
G.
(ii) , f . (:
Hom(Z[G], ) H-.)
(iii) , (f , f ) ,
G- M H- N
HomH (M, N)
= HomG (M, f N) .
(:
. , HomH (M, N)
m 7 {g 7 g ((m))} ,

HomG (M, f N)
m 7 (m)(e) ,
e Z[G] .)

(iv) , f g

f g
= (f g) .
1.2.5.
f : H G , N
H-.
(i) , ()
Q
f N
N,
=
H\G

, f .

(ii) , G- M
H-. (: (i), 1.2.4(iii).)
22

(iii) : H- N
H i (H, N)
= H i (G, f N), i > 0 .
(: (ii), ,
Z.
1.2.4(iii). : 1.1.9(iii),
q
q
f (N )
= (f N) ,
1.2.4(o), (iv),
(f N)G
= NH
1.2.4(iii).)
(iv) , H G, {gi } H \ G.
gi : H H,

h 7 gi hgi1 .

HomH (Z[G], N)

Q
(gi ) gi N ,
i

, H-
Q
f f N
= gi N .
i

(v) ,
H i (H, N+ ) = 0
i > 0,
N+ = Map(G, N) .
(: (iv), 1.2.4(o), (iv),
1.1.9(i).)
, , , (i). .
1.2.6.
f : H G I, N H-.
23

(i) , G-
f N
= NI .
(ii) ,
i > 0,

H i G, (N+ )I = 0
N+ = Map(H, N) .

(: (i), , 1.2.5(v),
1.2.4(o), (iv) 1.1.9(i).)
(iii) , H j (I, N) G-,
,


E2ij = H i G, H j (I, N) ,

H i+j (H, N). (: q

N N H ( 1.1.9 G = H
q
M = N ) G- (N )I . 1.2.5(v) H j (I, N), G H j (I, N).
q q
q
q
C , = (N )I ,

q
(N )I G.
q q
G
, C , . (ii)
, q
(N )G ,
E2ij 1.2.5(v) 1.1.9(iv). ,
,
, .)
(iv) , :
0 H 1 (G, N I ) H 1 (H, N) H 1 (I, N)G H 2 (G, N I ) H 2 (H, N) .
(:
.)

1.2.7.
f : H G , H G.

24

(i) , (f , f ) (. 1.2.4(iii)), G- M H- N

HomG (f N, M)
= HomH (N, M) .
(: HomH (N, M)
X


g
7
((g 1)) ,
[g]G/H

. HomG (f N, M)
n 7 (n ) ,
n HomH (Z[G], N)
n (h) = h n
h H, n (g) = 0 g
/ H. ,
HomH (Z[G], N)
X


g
=
(g1 ) ,
[g]G/H

.) ,
f , f (.
1.2.4(iii)).
(ii) (i), G- M G-
f f M M

f : H i (H, M) H i (G, M) ,
( 1.2.5(iii)).
(iii) ,
f f : H i (G, M) H i (G, M)
|G/H|. (: i = 0,
i ,
(. 1.1.9)
0 M M+ M+ /M 0 .
f f .)
25

, . f : H G,
f : H i (G, M) H i (H, M)
Res . H
G ,
f : H i (H, M) H i (G, M)
Cor .
Cor Res = [G : H]
1.2.7(iii)). f : H G I,
f : H i (G, M I ) H i (H, M I )
H i (H, M I ) H i (H, M) Inf. ,
Inf

Res

0 H 1 (G, N I ) H 1 (H, N) H 1 (I, N)

(. 1.2.6(iv)).

1.3

1.3.1.
G .
(i) , G- M H i (G, M)
|G| i > 0. (: 1.2.7(iii) {e} G.)
(ii) , G- M H i (G, M) i > 0. (: ,
, H i (G, M) , ).

1.3.2.
G , M G-, i > 0.
p Gp p- G ( ,
p G, Gp ).
26

(i) p . Hp p- H i (G, M) ( , H i (G, M)

1.3.1(ii)). ,
Hp H i (Gp , M)
. (:

Hp H i (Gp , M) H i (G, M)

1.2.7(iii) Gp G.)
(ii) , Gp G H i (Gp , M) = 0. , H i (G, M) = 0. (:
(i).)
(iii) , (ii)? (: G = S3 G- M = Z/3Z.)
1.3.3.
G .
(i) M G-,
n n
n

M M

. ,

H i (G, M) = 0
i > 0. (: 1.3.1(i).)
(ii) , H 1 (G, Z) = 0,
H 2 (G, Z)
= Hom(G, Q/Z) ,
Z Q/Z G-. (: G-
(i).)

0 Z Q Q/Z 0

(iii) G n s.

: Z/nZ Hom(G, Q/Z)

(ii) 1.1.6(ii).
, [1] Z/nZ
G Q/Z,

s 7 [1/n] .

(: 1.1.6(iii) 1.1.7(iii).)
27

1.4

1.4.1. G . G- M,
Z-. , M G-,
M Z, G .

1.4.2.

G , M G-, B M,
G , O G- B.
(i) , M

L 
Z G/StabG (xO ) ,
M
=
OO

xO (-) O, StabG (xO ) xO G, G/StabG (xO )

.
(ii) , H 1 (G, M) = 0


L
Hom StabG (xO ), Q/Z .
H 2 (G, M)
=
OO

(: (i) ,
i : H G G-
i Z
= Z[G/H] .
(. 1.2.5(iii)) 1.3.3(ii).)

1.4.3. G , M G-.
, M G-, G- N1 N2 G-
M N1
= N2 .
1.4.4.
G , M G-.
f : H G . , f M
H-. ,
.
28

 1.4.5.
G , M G-.
(i) ,
H 1 (G, M) = 0 .
(: 1.4.2(ii).)
(ii) (i) 1.4.4, , M :
H G H 1 (H, M) = 0.

(1.4.6)

(iii) N G-, G . , N (1.4.6). (: (ii) 1.3.2(ii).)

29

K L . Gal(L/K) .
G = Gal(L/K) .
2.1 2.2.

2.1

.
- Y , L (. 2.1.1).
, Y K, X K, Y
X K L? X,
? ,
,
.
E M(E), E F
M(E) M(F ),

X 7 XF .

. , E F M X M(E) X
(XF )M
= XM ,

EF M N.
M M(E) , .
. M .
2.1.1. ,
M(E) ,
, M(E) M(F )
F E:
(i) ( ) E;
30

(ii) E;
(iii) E;
(iv) E;
(v) E;
(vi) E E-;
(vii) E.
, K L G.
g G
g : M(L) M(L) ,

g : L L. , Y M(L) g Y M(L), : Y Y

g : g Y g Y .

, G M(L).
Y
= XL X M(K),

g
K L L

g XL XL .

(gh) XL XL

g (h XL XL ) g XL XL
g, h G. X X M(K) G XL XL M(L). ,
: XL XL
g , , , g ,
:

g XL

g
y

XL

g
y

g XL XL
31

(2.1.2)

 , Aut(XL ) XL M(L) (, ) G-.

, Y M(L) ,

g G (g) : g Y Y , G,
(gh) = (g) g ((h))
g, h G. , Y G-
M(L).
, , X M(K)
XL ,

X (g) : g X X .
(Y, ) (Y , ) : : Y Y , G,
, g G
(g) = (g) g
g Y Y . M(L)G
M(L) .

, . ,
Y , Y ,

: (Y, ) (Y, ) .
, M , K L
X 7 (XL , X )
M(K) M(L)G . , . -, X X M(K)

Hom(X, X ) Hom (XL , X ), (XL , X )

. -, (Y, ) M(L)G
X M(K),
(Y, )
= (XL , X ) .

, . , X
32

 M(K). X Y L K.
X M(K) L- X M(K),
XL
= XL M(L). L- X
, M(K). X L- K L.
L- X (X, L),
X
(X).
2.1.3.
(i) M , U
L. g U U,
L,


u = g 1() u
L, u U. V K,

g VL VL (, VL = L K V )
v 7 g() v .

V K g VL VL g . G Aut(VL )
= GL(VL ) g
L- . U L , G U,
,
g(u) = g()g(u)
g G, L u U. , ,
K- G V
K, U = VL (. 2.2.1(i) ).
(ii) M c , U L, q : U L . g (U, q) g U
,


(g q)(u) = g q(u)
u U. (V, p) K

g (VL , pL ) (VL , pL )
33

 G Aut(VL , pL ) , (i).
, G L- VL O(VL , pL ) GL(VL ).
(U, q) M(L) , G U,




g q(u) = q g(u)
g G u U.

(iii) M , B L. g B ,
(i). , g B B .

g B g B g B
, B. A K

g AL AL
G AL , (i).
B L , G
B, B.
(iv) M , Y L, B Y
L, Y
= Spec(B). g Y g B, , (iii). , g Y
L ,
g Y .
(v) M , Y
L. g Y L , g
Y . X K

g XL XL
X , G
Aut(XL ) g XL .
(vi) M , (Y, y) y Y
L. g (Y, y) g Y g y,
g y. (v).
34

(vii) M , H L. g H L, (v), g H (vi),

g
H. (v).
- , . , 2.1.4 2.1.5 , 2.1.1.
X, (Y, ), , X.
2.1.4.
(i) (U, ) L , G U (. 2.1.3(i)). V = U G .
L
(VL , V ) (U, ) ,
L- : VL U, () G.

(ii) K E. L-
A = E K L
G L. A
W = A L U
= E K U
A- G U. , AG = E 1
= E. , L-
: L K U G U,
(i), ,
A-
: A E W G W

.
G
W = E K U G .)

(:

35

(iii) E = L E = K sep . , G-
Y
E,
A
=
G

G G E .
(: L = K(), f K[T ]
L. f
E.)

(iv)
L (iii), , G- A-
G P , P E- , G ,
A- Q

A = G E (iii).
(v) (iii), , G- A- M A-
A E M G M
. (: (iv)).
(ii), , .
,
.
, 2.1.4 , L-
G G- .
2.1.5.
(i) , c
. (: (U, q) L, (. 2.1.3(ii)), V K
2.1.4. p V
q V VL
= U.)
(ii) ,
. (: (i).)
(iii) ,
. (: (ii).)
(iv) , . (: Y , L,

36

 K, K L , L K. Y (. 2.1.3(v))
G Y K, (g) g,
g : Y g Y

g Y . Y , Y K
G- . (iii).
, Y Y /G
G, Y K.)

(v) , . (: (Y, y) L, (. 2.1.3(vi)),

X K (iv). , y XL
= Y ,
G, K- x X.)
(vi) ,
. (: ,
, (v).)
2.1.6.
Y L , X Y L K. U L-
, U G (. 2.1.3(i)).
(o) , P(U) K P(U G ) k. (: 2.1.4,

P(U G )K
= P(U)
K.)
(i) dim(U) = m + 1. ,
: Y Pm = P(U)
L . ,

X Pm = P(U G )
K. (: (o).)
37

(ii) (i) K F . v (U G )F F -
[v] P(U G )(F ) .

: (U G )F UF

k F k-
U G U. , [v] X(F ) ,
[(v)] Y (F ) .
(: XK
= Y .)
(iii) Y Pn = P(W ) L, W
L- n + 1. ,
d
X P(n+1) 1
K, d = [L : K]. ,
. (:
(. 2.1.3(i))
N
U=
g W .
gG

U, () G

h : g wg 7 g wh1 g .
: Y P(U)
Q
Q
(g)1 : Y
g Y ,
g

gG

g Y

gG

P(gW )

gG

P(g W ) P(U) .

gG

, . ,
(i).)

38

2.2

2.2.1. , 1-
(i) ,
X M(K)

1
H G, Aut(XL ) (. 1.1.8)

XL ,

H 1 G, Aut(XL ) X XL . (:

(g) = (g) X (g)
1- . ,
g

X (g) = X (g) g

: XL XL , . (2.1.2).) , G Aut(X) XL (. 1.1.5(i)).

(ii) X M(K) L- X X
XL
= XL (, X ). ,
(X, L)
L- X XL .
(iii) , M , (X, L)
XL . , (i)


(X, L)
= H 1 G, Aut(XL ) .
, 1-

Z 1 G, Aut(XL )

X, X .
(iv) X K, .
(v) R L , K L. , Spec(L) L-
`
X = Spec(K) ,
R

1- (. (i))
G Aut(X) = Aut(R) .
39

(vi) 90 :


H 1 G, GLn (L) = {1} .

(: 2.1.4 () . , (iii).)
, n = 1
H 1 (G, L ) = {1} .
( ) 90.
2.2.2. 90 ( )
(i) :
1 , . . . , n : H L
H L . 1 , . . . , n L, 1 , . . . , n L
,
n
X
i i (h) = 0
i=1

h H, i . (:
n
X
i i = 0

Pn

i=1

i=1

i i (gh) = 0.)

(ii) 1-

Z 1 G, GLn (L) .

- u n L
-
X
(u) =
(g) g u .
gG

v Ln -, v (u) = 0 L. , v u = 0. (:
X
v (u) =
(v (g) g u) g
gG

, 7 g L .)
40

(iii) A n n L
X
(A) =
(g) g A .
gG

, A, (A) .
(: ,


(u1 , . . . , un ) = (u1 ), . . . , (un )

- u1 , . . . , un , , (ii)
(u) Ln .)
(iv) ,
g

(A) = (g)1(A)

g G. (: g (A) 1- .) (iii), 1- .

2.2.3.
X M(K), K F ,

KLF.
N = Gal(F/L) H = Gal(F/K),
1 N H G 1.
(i) , :
(X, L)

(X, F )

H 1 G, Aut(XL ) H 1 H, Aut(XF )

,
2.2.1(ii),





H 1 G, Aut(XL ) H 1 H, Aut(XL ) ,
H G,




H 1 H, Aut(XL ) H 1 H, Aut(XF ) .
41

(ii) , :
(X, F )

(XL , F )

H 1 H, Aut(XF ) H 1 N, Aut(XF )

K L, 2.2.1(ii), , N H. ,
, L K .

2.2.4.
(o) H 0 (G, L)?
(i) , G- K[G] i (K), i : {e} G (. 1.2.3).
(ii) ,

H i G, K[G] = 0

i > 0. (: (. 1.2.5(iii))
{e} G.)
(iii) ,
H i (G, L) = 0
i > 0. (: ,
L K
{eg | g G} ,
g(eh ) = egh g, h G; (ii).)
2.2.5.
(i) ,

H 1 G, SLn (L) = {1} .

(:
1 SLn (L) GLn (L) L 1 ,
90 1.1.8(ii).)
42

(ii) ,

H 1 G, Aff n (L) = {1} ,

Aff n n-
. (:
1 Ln Aff n (L) GLn (L) 1 ,
90 1.1.8(ii).)
(iii) ,

H 1 G, Sp2n (L) = {1} ,

char(K) 6= 2, Sp2n 2n 2n. (: , K.)

(iv) S M n n,

= M = M 1 ,
M
M, M M
. On (C) S,

1
A : M 7 AM(A)
A On (C), M S. S/ On (C)?
(: 1.1.8(v), ,


H 1 Gal(C/R), On (C)
= S/ On (C).

, R.)

2.2.6. .
2.2.7. P1
, (P1 )
P2 . (:
X P2 1
X
.)
2.2.8.
(o) ,
, L-
Pn1 ,


H 1 G, PGLn (L) .
43

(i) , K , K.
(: ?)
(ii) X K. , XK(X) K(X),
K(X) X. (:
K(X)- XK(X) (i).)

2.3

GK = Gal(K sep /K) ,
L K. GK
, .
(I, 6) ,
(, ) , i1 , i2 I j I, i1 6 j i2 6 j.
i I Gi , i 6 j I
ji : Gj Gi ,
ii = idGi
ji kj = ki

i 6 j 6 k. {Gi }, i I, . ,
(, )
Q
iI Gi :
Q
Q
US = {e}
Gi ,
iS

iG\S

S I . lim Gi

Q
(gi )
Gi ,
iI

ji (gj ) = gi i 6 j.
G Q lim
i
, iI Gi .

2.3.1. , lim Gi

{Gi }, i I.
44

 2.3.2.
:
(i) p- Zp = lim Z/pn Z;

b = lim Z/nZ;
(ii) Z

(iii) G,
b = lim G/N ,
G

N
G;
(iii) -p- G,
bp = lim G/N ,
G

N,
G p.
2.3.3.
Q
(o) , i Gi Gi
i : lim Gi Gi .

, lim Gi :

H
i : H Gi ,
ji j = i i 6 j,
: H lim Gi ,

i = i i I.
(i) ,
. (: Q
, iI Gi ,

Q
, lim Gi iI Gi .)

(ii) , lim Gi ,

i : lim Gi Gi

. ,

Ker(i ) lim Gi

45

(iii) , :

G lim G/N ,

N
G.
(iv) , . (: , .)

2.3.4.
L K , (, ).
(i)
Gal(L/K)
Gal(Li /K) ,
= lim

Li L, K. , Gal(L/K)
.
(ii) , Gal(L/K)
L.
(iii) : H Gal(L/K) K E L,
E = LH ,

H = Gal(L/E) .

H Gal(L/K) ,
E K. (: Gal(L/E) E
\
Gal(L/E) =
Gal(L/Ei ) ,
i

Ei Ei E, K.
, Gal(L/Ei ) Gal(L/K): 2.3.3(ii)
Gal(L/K) Gal(Ein /K) ,
Ein Ei K L.
H Gal(L/K)
46

, H Gal(L/E),
E = LH . ,

N Gal(L/E)

H Gal(L/E)/N
. H Gal(L/E) , H = Gal(L/E).)
, Fp
b.
p /Fp )
Gal(F
=Z

p F
p,
Fr : F

x 7 xp .

2.3.5.
(i) G , M G- . ,
GM M
, M G (, 2.3.3(iv) ). G-
.
(ii) , G- M
[
M=
MU ,
U

U G.
, , (I, 6) .
{Xi }, i I ,
i 6 j
ij : Xi Xj ,
47

 ii = idXi jk ij = ik i 6 j 6 k. lim Xi

`

Xi / ij (xi ) xj .
iI

,
. 2.3.3(o). .
2.3.6. G- M U2 U1 G




H i G/U1 , M U1 H i G/U2 , M U2 , i > 0 ,

H i G/U1 , M U1 H i G/U2 , M U1

H i G/U2 , M U1 H i G/U2 , M U2 .

G M



H i (G, M) = lim H i G/U, M U ,

U G.
H 0 (G, ) H 1 (G, ) G- (. 1.1.8).
, G M G
M (. 1.1.2).
. G
, G- M , H i (G, M) 2.3.6.
,
, .
2.3.7.
G , M G-.
(o) , H 0 (G, M)
= M G.

48

(i) Mapc (G , M),

Gi M, i > 0, ,
(1.1.4) 1.1.3(v). ,


q
H i (G, M)
= H i Mapc (G , M) .
q

(: ,

q
q
Mapc G , M
Map (G/U) , M U ,
= lim

U G.
,
.)
(ii) , M G-,
H 1 (G, M)
= Hom(G, M) ,
Hom(G, M) , .
(iii) , H 1 (G, Z) = 0,
H 2 (G, Z)
= Hom(G, Q/Z) ,
Z Q/Z G-. (: 1.3.3(ii).)
(iv) , H i (G, M) i > 0. (:
1.3.1(i).)
(v) , G-
0 M M M 0
.
(vi) ,

H i (G, M)
= ExtiG (Z, M) ,

Ext G-.
(vii) G , H , f : G H I. M G-. (, I , M I-!) ,
:
0 H 1(H, M I ) H 1 (G, M) H 1 (I, M)H H 2 (H, M I ) H 2 (G, M) .
(: 1.2.6(iv) .)
, ,
H, I G.
49

b
2.3.8. Z
b
M Z,
( M). ,
b M)
H 1 (Z,
= M/(s 1)M ,

b Z.
b (:
s Z
, m M n,

n1
X

si (m) = 0 .

i=0

, 1.1.6(ii), 2.3.6.)

2.3.9.
G , M G-, .
(i) , I G M
G. (: -
m1 , . . . , mr M
M , I G mi G, 2.3.3(iv).)
(ii) , M . ,
H 1 (I, M) = 0 .
(: 2.3.7(ii).)
(iii) , M . H = G/I.
M H-. ,
H 1 (G, M)
= H 1 (H, M) .
(: (ii) 2.3.7(vii).) ,
H 1 (G, M) 1.3.1(ii).
(iv) , (iii) , M
? (: (iii)
G.)
50

 2.3.10.

G , M G-.
(i) M G-, B M, G , O G- B. ,
H 1 (G, M) = 0


L
Hom StabG (xO ), Q/Z ,
H 2 (G, M)
=
OO

xO (-) O, StabG (xO ) xO G, G/StabG (xO )

. (: 1.4.2(ii).)

(ii) M G-. ,
H 1 (G, M) = 0 .
(: 1.4.5(i).)

2.4

. X
K;
GK = Gal(K sep /K) .
Div(XK sep ) Pic(XK sep )
GK -.
2.4.1.
(i) , Div(XK sep ) GK -.
(ii) (, ) K F , KF K F . ,
n = [KF : K] . ,
K sep -
n
Y
sep

Fi .
K K F =
i=1

GK {Fi },
, , Fi0 , KD K sep , KD F Fi0 , K sep Fi0 . (:

K sep K F
= (K sep K KF ) KF F ,
51


K sep K KF
=

n
Y

K sep

i=1

, K KF F , KF
F , . [J75, Theorem IV.21(2)].)
sep

(iii) ,
H 0 (GK , Div(XK sep ))
= Div(X),

H 2 (GK , Div(XK sep ))

=

DX

H 1 (GK , Div(XK sep )) = 0 ,

Hom GKD , Q/Z ,

D X, KD K K(D) D. (: E DK sep XK sep K sep

K(D) K sep (E) ,
KD K sep . (ii) ,
GKD GK E. (i) 2.3.7.)
, K . ,

K sep = K.
2.4.2.
e X (i) : X
K. , ,
eK ) Pic(XK ),
: Pic(X

GK -

eK ) ,
: Pic(XK ) Pic(X

eK )
Pic(X
= Pic(XK ) N ,

N = Ker( ). (: ,
: Pic(XK ) Pic(XK )
. ,

e
1 : X 99K X

.)
52

(ii) ,
e
D X,


dim (D) < dim(D) .
, GK -
Z[]
=N.
(: GK -
Z[] N ,
, ,
1 .)
(iii) (ii), , N GK -.
(iv) , X K . , GK - Pic(XK ) . (e
: X
e Pn X
e X, n = dim(X).
X
(i) (iii).)
(v) , X K (. 4.3.3 ) . , GK - Pic(XK ) . (:
GK -




Pic (X Pn )K
= Pic XK Z
(iv).)

2.5

K GK , GK = Gal(K sep /K), K sep K.

2.5.1.
(i) M , ,
, X M(K). , Aut(XK sep )
GK -.
(ii) ,


(X)
= H 1 GK , Aut(XK sep ) .

(: 2.2.1(iii) 2.2.3.)
53

 2.5.2.
n , K.
(o) ,

H 1 GK , GLn (K sep ) = {1} .

(:
90 .)


, H 1 GK , (K sep) = {1}.

(i) ,
GK -
n
1 n (K sep ) (K sep ) 1 ,

n n- K sep , n- .

(ii) , K n .
Hom(GK , n )
= K /(K )n .
(: , GK - (i).)
(iii) (ii) ,
K L , n,

L=K na
a K . (: a K



GK n , g 7 g n a / n a .

a K
= H 0 GK , (K sep )

,
(i), . 1.1.7(i).)
2.5.3.
K p > 0.
(o) ,
H i (GK , K sep ) = 0
i > 0. (: 2.2.4(iii) .) ,
.
54

(i) ,
GK -
Fr1
0 Z/pZ K sep K sep 0 ,
Fr Fr(x) = xp .

(ii)
Hom(GK , Z/pZ)
= K/(Fr 1)K .
(: , GK - (i).)
(iii) , K L Z/pZ
L = K(x), x K sep
xp x = a
a K. (: a K

GK Z/pZ,

g 7 g(x) x ,

x K sep xp x = a.

aK
= H 0 (GK , K sep )

,
(i), . 1.1.7(i).)

2.6

U , K, () K. U
m: U U ,
. ,
K- S m (S) U(S).
2.6.1. U ,

U 6= ( U K),
(m, prU ) : U U U
. , K- S x U(S)

g 7 m(g, x)
55

 (S) U(S). , S = Spec(K sep ). U ,

U o ( -,
). U(K) 6= , U
K, U -. .

2.6.2.
(i) , - K



1
sep
H GK , (K ) . (: , . , K sep (K sep ),
2.2.1(iii).)
(ii) GLn , SLn , Aff n , Sp2n ( , char(K) 6= 2). ,
- . (: (i),
90 2.2.5.)
2
= Z/2Z
A1 ,
{x2 = a} ,

a K . 2.6.1 ,
, a (K )2 . 2.6.2(i),

H 1 (GK , 2)
= K /(K )2 ,
= Hom(GK , 2)
. 2.5.2(ii).
2.6.3. : V X ,
k. , (. [70, III.9])
( k-).
, ()
V , , . V
- X. ( , .)
X .

2.6.4.
- : V X, X k.
- U K = k(X).
56

(o) , U ,
.
(i) (o), , U , V X ( ,
; X ).


(ii) , H 1 GK , (K sep ) = {1} (,
, 2.6.2(ii)). , V
X . (: (i)
2.6.2(i).)

2.7

{Ci }, i
(. 2.3).
, i 6 j
q

ji : Cj Ci ,
q

. p

C p = lim Cip ,

q
q
C = lim Ci .

p
H p (C ) lim H p (Ci ) .

2.7.1.
q

(i)
: E D .
q

, D p c H p (E ),
q
(c) = [] H p (D ). , q
E p , H p (E ) c, () = D p . (: E p , [ ] = c. D p1,
q

= ( ) + d() ,

= + d() ,
E p1 , () = .)
57

(ii) , ji . ,
p
H p (C ) lim H p (Ci )

, . (: (i).)

2.7.2.
G G- M. M
G-
M = M 0 M 1 . . . M i M i+1 . . .
,

M lim M/M i

(i) ,
H p (G, M) lim H p (G, M/M i )

p > 0. (: 2.7.1(ii)
Ci = Map(G , M/M i ) ,
q

. 1.1.3.)
(ii) , p > 0 i > 1
H p (G, M i /M i+1 ) = H p+1(G, M i /M i+1 ) = 0 .
M = M/M 1 . ,
H p (G, M) H p (G, M)
. (: , i > 1
H p (G, M/M i ) H p (G, M )

, (i).)

58

 2.7.3.
G (, ) . , G-

1 . . . i i+1 . . .
,

lim /i

(i) ,
H 1 (G, ) lim H 1 (G, /i )

. (: 2.7.2(i) 2.7.1.)
(ii) (i) , i > 1 i /i+1
H 1 (G, i /i+1 ) = H 2 (G, i /i+1 ) = 0 .
= /1 . ,
H 1 (G, ) H 1 (G, )
. (: , 2.7.2(ii).)

59

3
3.1

,
( X [Se80], VIII [66]
2 [GS07]). K , A
K. A K, A K.
A , A , A.
(. [66, VIII.1.2, VIII.7.4]). Mn (K)
n n K. ,
Mn (K) K.
A K. (. [66, VIII.5.4] ,
D K, A
= Mm (D) m.
,
Mm (D)
= D K Mm (K) .
, D1 D2 K m

Mm (D1 )
= Mm (D2 ) ,
D1
= D2 .

, (. [66, VIII.10.5]). ,

. , (. [66, VIII.7.4]).
.
, A B ( A B),
D K p q, A
= Mp (D)

B = Mq (D). ,

A A K Mm (K) .
,
. , A B dimK (A) = dimK (B),
A
= B. Br(K) K. A [A]
Br(K). Br(K),
. , [A] = 0
, A K.
60

 A Aop A ,
A. ,
A K Aop
= EndK (A)
= Mn (K) ,
n = dimK (A),
a, x A, b Aop .

a b 7 {x 7 axb},

Br(K) , Br(K)
. .
3.1.1. Br(K) K.
K L
Br(K) Br(L) ,
A 7 L K A.


Br(L/K) = Ker Br(K) Br(L) .

Br(K) =

Br(L/K) ,

L K.
D n2 K L D n K (. [66, VIII.10.3]). , D [D] Br(K)
Br(L/K) Br(K)
(. [66, VIII.10.5]).
3.1.2.
K L G.


(i) Mn (K), L


L- Mn (K) H 1 G, PGLn (L) . (:
, , .)
(ii) ,


H 1 G, PGLn (L) Br(L/K) ,

(i), ,


S
Br(L/K) = H 1 G, PGLn (L) .
n

61

(iii)
: Br(L/K) H 2(G, L ) .
(: , , G-
1 L GLn (L) PGLn (L) 1

: Br(L/K) H 2 (G, L ) ,
1 (0) = {0}. , 1-,
PGLm (L) PGLn (L) PGLmn (L) .
, , ,
1.1.8(iii). , .)
(iv) d = [L : K]. ,


H 1 G, PGLd (L) H 2 (G, L )

. (: U L {g | g G}, 2-
: G G L

: G Aut(U)
= GLd (L),

(g)
: h 7 (g, h)gh ,

1-
: G PGLd (L)
(. 1.1.8(iii)). , 1.1.5(ii) H 2 (G, L )
e
1 L G
G 1.

e L- L G:
e L G
e
L[G],

g x = g(x)x g,
62

e
g G,

x L,

e L G L. G
e K, L . , L G

e
A = L G/hx
e 1 (x)ixL ,

e . A e G
K, ([A]) = .)

(v) ,

: Br(L/K) H 2 (G, L )

3.1.3.

KLF,
F K.
G = Gal(L/K),

N = Gal(F/L) ,

H = Gal(F/K).
(i) , :
Br(L/K) Br(F/K)

y
y

H 2 (G, L ) H 2 (H, F )

,
3.1.2(v),
,

H 2(G, L ) H 2 (H, L ) ,
H G,
H 2 (H, L ) H 2 (H, F ) .
(: 2.2.3(i) 3.1.2(ii).)
(ii)


Br(K)
= H 2 GK , (K sep ) ,

, , GK K. (: (i).)
63

(iii) , :
Br(F/K)

Br(F/L)

H 2 (H, F ) H 2 (N, F ) ,

K L,
3.1.2(v), ,
N H. (: 2.2.3(ii) 3.1.2(ii).)
, ,
L/K .
(iv) 3.1.2(v), ,
0 H 2 (G, L ) H 2 (H, F ) H 2 (N, F ) .

1.2.6(iii),
90.

3.1.4. K = R
(o) Br(R).
(i) ,

Br(R)
= Z/2Z .

(: 1.1.6.) R.

3.1.5.
K 2. a, b K. A(a, b)
K{i, j}/hi2 a, j 2 b, ij + jii
K{i, j}.
, a b.
(i) , A(a, b) (1, i, j, ij) K
K.

64

(ii) , A(a, b)
= M2 (K) ,
u2 av 2 bw 2 = 0
K. (: , A(a, b)
= M2 (K) , A(a, b)
. , . , ,
x2 ay 2 bz 2 + abt2 = 0
,
u2 av 2 bw 2 = 0
,
, b
K K( a).
, 6.1.2(ii).)
(iii) , a b K, A(a, b)
= M2 (K).

, a + b = 1, A(a, b) = M2 (K). (: (ii).)

(iv) ,
A(a, b) K A(a , b)
= A(aa , b) K M2 (K) .
(: A(a, b) K A(a , b),
, A(a, b2 ) A(aa , b).)
(iii),
A(a, b) K A(a, b)
= M4 (K) .
3.1.5.
3.1.6.
K L
G. s G.
(o) , s
Br(L/K)
= K /NmL/K (L ) ,
NmL/K . (: 3.1.2(v) 1.1.6(ii).)

65

(i) , (o) a K K /NmL/K (L )

A = LG []/h n ai ,
LG [] L- L[], LG []
x = s x ,

x L.

(: 1.1.6(v) 3.1.2(iv).) . , A K L a K , s G.
(ii) , K n, K
n- K
.

n
(. 2.5.2) L = K b
b K ,
G
= hi K .
s = G. ,

A
= A (a, b) ,
A (i),
A (a, b) = K{u, v}/hun a, v n b, uv vui .
(iii) (ii) , Br(K):
[A (a, b)] = [A (b, a)] = [A 1 (b, a)] ,
[A (a, b)] + [A (a , b)] = [A (aa , b)] .
, [A (a, b)] = 0 Br(K)

, a
n
K K b . ,
[A (a, 1 a)] = 0 ,

[A (a, a)] = 0 .

(: (ii). (o).

, 1 a a


K K n a .)
66

 3.1.7. K- K2 (K) K
K Z K , a (1 a),
a K, a 6= 0, 1. ab K2 (K) {a, b}.

{a, 1 a} = 0
K2 (K) . K2 (K) () .
3.1.8. K2
, K2 (K)
{a, a} = 0,

{a, b} = {b, a} .

(:
a1 (1 a1 ) + a (1 a)
K Z K .
{ab, ab} K2 (K)
.)
3.1.9.
, K n, K
n- K . ,

: K2 (K)/n Br(K)n ,

{a, b} 7 [A (a, b)] .

(: 3.1.6(iii).)
.
(. [82] [84]) , . , , n n2 .
3.1.10.
(o) , Br(K) . (:
2.3.7(iv).)
(i) , K L (
) Br(L/K) [L : K]. (:
1.2.7(iii)
GL GK
GK - (K sep ) , 3.1.3(iii).)
67

(ii) Br(K) K
n2 , n K. ,
Br(K) n = 0. (:
3.1.2(i), GK -
1 n SLn (K sep ) PGLn (K sep ) 1 ,
n n- 1 K sep , 2.2.5(i).)
(iii) n - K. ,

H 2 (GK , n ) Br(K)n .
(: 2.5.2(i).)
, (. [Se80, Exercise X.5.2]),
3.1.10(i) L K
(, ). 3.1.10(ii)
n (, K). 3.1.10(i) , ,
Br(L/K), L D, , , [L : K] = n, n2 D
K.
, 3.1.10(ii) : n
n2 . , (. [GS07, Example 1.5.7]),
K = C(t1 , t2 , t3 , t4 )
A = A(t1 , t2 ) K A(t3 , t4 ) ,
2 Br(K), 16, ,
4.
3.3.2(ii) ,

{t1 , t2 } + {t3 , t4 }

K2 (K)/2 K2 (K),
{a, b}.

3.1.11. Br(K) K, (,
).

68

 3.1.10 3.1.11 ,
. ,
Br(K) L K, Br(L/K), . [GS07, Corollary 4.5.9]. ,
(. [Se80, Exercise X.5.3b]), . - , K
k(X) X d k, Br(K)
md1 , m . ,
m Br(K)
m2d2 . d = 1 , Br(K) = 0.
( 3.2.3) . d = 2 - ,
m Br(K) m2 ,
, , n2 K Br(K) n.
(. [dJ04]).
3.1.12.
A K n2 .
(i) ,
det : Mn (K sep ) K sep
Mn (K sep ). (:
, Mn (K sep ) .)
(ii)

: K sep K A Mn (K sep ) .
,
det : K sep K A K sep
GK . (: K sep K A Mn (K sep ),
, Mn (K sep ).)
(iii) , n A K (
, n
A A K),
K K sep
det : Mn (K sep ) K sep .
69


Nrd : A K .
(iv) , a, b K
= x + yi + zj + tij
A(a, b)
Nrd() = x2 ay 2 bz 2 + abt2 .
(v) , A ,
2
n P(A)
= Pn 1 , Nrd() = 0,
K.

3.2

3.2.1. K C1 , Xd Pn
d, K, K- d 6 n.
, , , C1
, K-.
3.2.2. C1
, Br(K) = 0 K C1 . (:
3.1.12(v).)

3.2.3.
(i) k , t . , K = k(t) C1 . (: f (x0 , . . . , xn ) d K ,
t c c. r
f = 0 t r
xi =

r1
X

yij tj .

j=0

, f = 0 K , c + dr (n + 1)r yij k,
r.)
70

(ii) , L K K C1
C1 . (: (e1 , . . . , er ) L K f (x0 , . . . , xn ) d L

g(x01 , . . . , x0r , . . . , xn1 , . . . , xnr ) = NmL/K f (x0 , . . . , xn )
dr (n + 1)r K,
xi =

r
X

xij ej ,

j=1

NmL/K : L K K L. ,
, f = 0 L
, g = 0 K.)
(iii) : k K
1 k C1 . , Br(K) = 0
(. 3.2.2).

3.2.4.
K = Fq q = ps .
(i) , K
X
xa = 0
xK

0 6 a < q 1. (: a = 0 , q = 0 K, , 00 = 1 .P a > 0 t K , ta 6= 1,
(tx)a . )
xK

(ii) ,

P (x) = 0

xK n+1

P n + 1 K, , (n + 1)(q 1). (: P ,
(i).)
(iii) Xd Pn d, K, d 6 n.
:
|X(K)| 1
71

(mod p) .

(: ,
|X(K)|(q 1) + 1

P (x)

(mod p) ,

xK n+1

P (x) = 1 f (x)q1 ,

f (x) = 0 X, (ii).)
, C1 .
(iv) (iii), . , ,
, 90,
1.1.6(ii).
, . ,
o (. [Es03]) ,
(, , ) Fq 1 q. ,
Fq .

3.3

, n2
(. 2.2.6) n1
K
H 1 GK , PGLn (K sep ) , . 3.1.2(i) 2.2.8(o).
.
3.3.1. ,
(i) n- V K. ,
n- EndK (V ) P(V ). (: V
EndK (V ), ,
.)
(ii) A K n2 G(A, n), n A. , X G(A, n)
K, I A n,
. K L
L- X(L)
AL . (: e1 , . . . , en2 A K,
Mi : A A
72

 ei . n- I A , Mi (I) I
1 6 i 6 n2 . ,
, .)
(iii) , X , A , . (:
(i).)
3.3.2. 4
K 2.
(i) , A(a, b), a, b K ,
K ,
u2 av 2 bw 2 = 0 .
(: A(a, b),
x + yi + zj + tij 7 t .
, I A(a, b), I x + yi + zj.
I, A(a, b) . , (u : v : w)
A(a, b), k- u + vi + wj av + ui wij, . 6.1.2(ii).)
(ii) , 4 . (:
.)
(. [66, VIII.11.2]).
3.3.3. X,
K, Br(K) b(X) .
3.3.4.
, X, K,
K- , b(X) = 0 Br(K). (:
2.2.8(o),(i) 3.1.2(ii).)
73

 b(X).
, . , X, K, , XK ( ).
X K. , K L
XL ,
L(X). , K L ,
G = Gal(L/K) L(X),
f L(X)
g(f ) = (g 1 ) (f ) ,
G XL .
,
L(X) Div(XL )
G.
3.3.5.
(i) ,


H 1 (GK , K sep (X) /(K sep ) ) Br(K) Br K(X)

K(X) /K
= (K sep (X) /(K sep ) )GK .
(: GK -
1 (K sep ) K sep (X) K sep (X) /(K sep ) 1 ,
. 11.2.1(i). ,


H 2 (GK , K sep (X) ) Br K(X)
, 2.1.4(v).)

(ii) ,


0 Pic(X) Pic(XK sep )GK H 1 GK , K sep (X) /(K sep ) 0 .
(: GK -

1 K sep (X) /(K sep ) Div(XK sep ) Pic(XK sep ) 0 ,

. 11.2.1(ii). (i) 2.4.1(iii).)
74

(iii) (i) (ii),

0 Pic(X) Pic(XK sep )GK Br(K) Br K(X) .

(iv) (iii).
Pic(XK sep )GK K L
G, H XL , L. , g G

fg L(X)
XL , g(H) H. , g, h G
1
(g, h) = fg g(fh ) fgh

,
(g, h) L L(X) .

, 2-, H 2 (G, L )
H fg ([H]). (: 1.1.7(i),(ii).)

3.3.6.
X n 1.
(i) n- V K PGL(V ) Pn1 = P(V ). Pn1
K, l V . , () P(V )
(l) l1 ,
GL(V ) PGL(V ), GL(V ) V
(l) = ( )1 (l),

GL(V ) .

(ii) , GK
Pic(XK sep )
= Z.
,
n1
PK
sep

75

(3.3.7)

 H XK sep ,
[H] Pic(XK sep )G .
,
([H]) = b(X) ,
3.3.5(iii). (: V n K.
P(V )L
= XL ,
K L G.
P(V )L K, l V . 1-
: G PGL(VL )
X P(V )L
= XL (. 2.2.1). g(H)
(g)(). ([H])
3.3.5(iv). (i) , fg
PLn1 ,
(g)(l)

l1 ,
(g)

GL(V ) (g) PGL(V ).

, (g, h) L(X)


1
(g)(l)

l1 g (h)

(l) (gh)(l)

.
(3.3.7), , V


1
(g)
g (h)

(gh)

, 1.1.8(iii).)

(iii) ,
0 Pic(X) Z Br(K) Br K(X)

n1
XK sep
= PK
sep ,

1 b(X). (: (ii) 3.3.5(iii).)

76

(iv) , b(X) Br(K) X, K. (: (iii).)

(v) , b(X)


Br(X) Br K(X) .

, X Y K, b(X) b(Y ) Br(K).

(: (iii).)

(. [Am65]) , ,
3.3.6(v), , b(X) b(Y )
K Br(K), X Y K.
3.3.6(v). ,
. . , ,
.
3.3.8.
(i) , m 6 n
P m1 P n1 ,

P n1 99K P nm1


H 1 GK , PGLn,m (K sep ) ,
PGLn,m (K sep ) = GLn,m (K sep )/(K sep ) ,

GLn,m (K sep ) n n K sep ,

(n m) m.
(ii) : X 99K Y K ,
K K sep . ,
b(X) = b(Y ) .
77

(: (i). GK -
1
/

(K sep )
/

GLn,m (K sep )

PGLn,m (K sep )
/

1
/

id

1
/

(K sep )

GLr (K sep )
/

PGLr (K sep )
/

r = n, m n m, (K sep ) .
3.1.2(iii)).
(iii) : X 99K Y K , d
K K sep . ,
d b(X) = b(Y ) .
(: . , d- GLn (K sep )
GK -
1
/

(K sep )
/

GLn (K sep )

/ PGLn (K sep )
/

1
/

(K sep )
/

GLN (K sep )
/

PGLN (K sep )
/

N


n+d1
n
,
N = Cn+d1 =
n
(K sep ) d.
, (ii).)
(iv) 3.3.6(v), .

78

4
4.1

II

( . [69], [Se80] [66]).

K
v : K Z ,

v(x + y) > min{v(x), v(y)}.
x, y K ( , , v(0) = +).
OK K, v(x) > 0. mK K, v(x) > 0. OK
mK ,
, x K, v(x) = 1.
, : v(x) 6= v(y),
v(x + y) = min{v(x), v(y)} .

= OK /mK .
> 1,
K
(x, y) = v(xy) ,

x, y K .

, . K
,
OK lim OK /miK

. p- Qp , ((u)) .
K .
K
(. [66, . 2, 2]): f OK [t] , f mK x , f (
x) 6= 0.
x OK f ,
x x (mod mK ) .
79

 K ,
OK () .
p > 0 (
),

OK

x 7 [x] (. [Se80, Proposition II.8]). [x]

x.
K L.

w : L Z ,
w|K v,
w|K = e v
e; e K L (. [69, II.10.1]). , L w, OL
OK L (. [Se80, Proposition II.3]). n = ef ,
n = [L : K], f = [ : ], = OL /mL L
(. [69, I.5.3]).
K L , e = 1 (, , n = f )
.
L , K. e = 1, .
(. [69, I.7.1]). K
(. [69,
I.7.1]). Qp Qp ( a), (a, p) = 1 p 6= 2, ((u)) ((u)),
.
K L , f = 1, = , ,
, n = e. K L ,
L = K(y), y f (t) OK [t],

f (t) = tn + an1 tn1 + . . . + a1 t + a0 ,
ai mK i = 0, . . . , n 1, v(a0 ) = 1 (. [69, I.6.1]).
Qp Qp (y),
y
y 2 + p2 y + p = 0 ,
((u)) ((v)), v n = u.
K L E L, K (. [69, I.7.2]).
80

 E
L. , E L
,
[E : K] = f ,

[L : E] = e .

K L
G = Gal(L/K) ,
.
(. [69, . 50]).
Gnr = Gal(/) .

: G Gnr ,
. g G L K
w L, v K, w (. ). g
OL L, mL OL . g mL (g)
. . L/K , .
K E L ,
Ker().
Gal(E/K)
= Gnr .
K nr K sep K
K sep .
Gal(K nr /K)
= G ,
, , G .
4.1.1.
, ( , K)
0, .
.
(i) , K . (:
.)

81

(ii) , K L , L = K(y), y

,

f (t) = tn + an1 tn1 + . . . + a1 t + a0 OK [t].

L=K

(: ,

a0 .

an1 y n1 + . . . + a1 y + a0
L
a0
OL
z=

z1

(mod mL ) .

, z n-
L.)
(iii) (. 2.5.2) ,
K L ,
.
(iv) , K L
Gal(L/E) G

, E L, K. (: , G-.)

.
K L , v
K, Kv K v ( , , K
). W w L, v,
, w|K v.
w W Lw L w.
A = L K Kv .

4.1.2.
(i) , Kv -
Q
A
Li ,
=
iI

I , Li , i I, Kv . (: L
K .
Kv .)
82

(ii) , w W Kv - A Lw . (: L Lw , Kv Lw .) W I.
(iii) I W . (:
Kv Li v Kv Li . w L Li .)
, I
= W Kv -
Q
Lw .
A
=
wW

(iv) , K L G.
G W . ,
. (: A
= B C, B C
Kv - G, AG = Kv .)
(v) , w W Kv Lw , Gal(Lw /Kv ) G Gal(Lw /Kv )
= H, H = StabG (w). (:
H Gal(Lw /Kv ). , (iv) |H| [Lw : Kv ].)

4.2

K OK . , .
(. [La52] [Se80, X.6]) , K nr C1 (, ,
K nr ). ,
Br(K nr ) = 0
3.2.2. , ,

K nr E F

NmF/E : F E

( , . [Se80, Proposition X.11]

[Se80, Proposition V.7]).

83

 4.2.1.
(i) ,
Br(K nr /K) Br(K)
. (: , Br(K nr ) = 0.)
(ii)
res : Br(K) Hom(G , Q/Z) .
. (:
Br(K nr /K)
= Br(K)
(i),


H 2 G , (K nr ) H 2(G , Z) ,

G - v : (K nr ) Z, 1.3.3(ii).)
(iii) K L G, H 2 (G, OL ). (. 3.1.2(v))

H 2 (G, OL ) H 2 (G, L ) Br(L/K) Br(K) .

, res(). , res() = 0.
, 4.2.1(i) ,
D n2 K K E,
E K D
= Mn (E) .

, ,
D E, K
(. [69, VI.1]).
, Hom(G , Q/Z) .
4.2.2. a, b K
(a, b)v = (1)v(a)v(b) av(b) bv(a)

84

(mod mK ) .

 4.2.3.
(i) , (. 3.1.7)
(, )v : K2 (K) , {a, b} 7 (a, b)v .
(ii) K L
n G, a K . s G.
A K, (.
3.1.6(i)). , v(a) = 0,
res([A]) = 0 .
(: 4.2.1(iii).)
(iii) , (ii) v(a) = 1.
, res([A])
sG
= Gal(/) .
(: 1.1.6(ii) G- v : L Z. ,

K /NmL/K (L )

H 2 (G, L )
/

Z/nZ
/

H 2 (G, Z)

1.3.3(iii).)
(iv) n- , n
( , K).
(. 2.5.2)
Hom(G , Z/nZ)
= /( )n .
res
res
Br(K)n Hom(G , Z/nZ)
= /( )n .

, (. 3.1.9)
K2 (K)

/ Br(K)n
res

(,)v

85

/( )n

 , A (a, b)
p


n (a, b)v .

(: , ()

K
.
= Z OK

3.1.8, , K2 (K) {a, b}, v(b) = 0, v(a) 0 1.

(ii) (iii).)
res , K L Br(L/K) res()

H 2 (G, L ) H 2 (G, Z) Hom(G, Q/Z)

= Hom(Gnr , Q/Z) Hom(G , Q/Z) .

Br(L/K) Hom(Gnr , Q/Z)
res.
4.2.4.
(i) (ii) , K L
, G = Gal(L/K).
(i) ,


res
Ker Br(L/K) Hom(Gnr , Q/Z)
= H 2 (G, OL ) ,

OK
Br(L/K)
= H 2 (G, OL ) Hom(Gnr , Q/Z) .
(: , G-
v

1 OL L Z 0 ,
, G
= Gnr .)
(ii) G-
OL ,

x 7 x (mod mL ) ,
86


H 2(G, OL ) H 2 (G, ) .
, . (: OL
1 + miK , i > 1. , 2.2.4(iii)
2.7.2(ii).)
(iii) ,
0 Br() Br(K) Hom(G , Q/Z) 0 ,
OK .
(: (i) (ii),
K 4.2.1(i), (ii).)
(iv) , K L ( )
:
res

Br(K) Hom(G , Q/Z)

y
y
res

Br(L) Hom(G , Q/Z)

Hom(G , Q/Z) Hom(G , Q/Z)

e.

4.2.5.
(. 10).
, Qp , p , Fq ((T )), q
.
4.2.6.
K .
(i) ,

res : Br(K) Q/Z .

(: 4.2.4(iii),
3.2.4, ,
b
Z.)
87

(ii) K L . ,
Br(K) Br(L)

n

Q/Z Q/Z,

n = [L : K] .

(: 4.2.4(iv).)
(K) K K ( ,
K ), K L
G, .


H 2 G, (K) H 2 (G, L ) ,

G- (K) L ,
res : H 2 (G, L ) = Br(L/K) Hom(G , Q/Z)
res.

4.2.7.

2
H G, (K)




H 2 Gnr , (K) H 2 G, (K) .

, res() = 0. (: , res

, v (K) = 0.)

4.3

H 2 (Gnr , E ) H 2 (G, L ) ,

K k.
v K Kv
K v, v Kv . ,
v k, v(k ) = 0. v ; , . resv

Br(K) Br(Kv )
(. 4.2.1(ii))
Br(Kv ) Hom(Gv , Q/Z) .
88

 v , resv . char(k) = p > 0, (

) , p.
K
= k(X), X k,
D X ,
vD (f ) = ordD (f ), f K ,
vD
= k(D). K, X D, . resvD resD .
, . ,
v , K k- (., , [Ga98, Proposition 1]). ,
tr.deg(K/k) 1 = tr.deg(v /k) ,
tr.deg .
4.3.1. K
\
Brnr (K) =
Ker(resv )
v

Br(K), v K,
k.

,
v (. [C95, Proposition 2.1.8e]
[C95, 2.2.2]).
, .
4.3.2.


t , K

K, Div(A1K ) A1K K.
(i) ,

Br K(t)/K(t)
Br K(t)

. (: .)
89

(ii) ,


H 1 GK , Div(A1K ) = 0,

L
Hom GK(x) , Q/Z .
H 2 GK , Div(A1K )
=
xA1K

x A1K , K(x)
x. (: 2.4.1(iii).)
(iii) GK -
K(t)
Div(A1 ) 0 .
1K
K




x resx L

Hom GK(x) , Q/Z ,

0 Br(K) Br K(t)/K(t)

xA1K

, .
(:

,
GK
= Gal K(t)/K(t)
(ii) (iii).)

(iv) ,
Brnr (K) Br(K)

Brnr K(t) Br K(t)

.
= Br K(t)/K(t)
(:

w : K(t) Z
K K(t).)
(v) ,
v : K Z

w : K(t) Z .
(: O K O, v. , O[t]
, ,
w : K(t) Z ,
w|K = v.)
90

(vi) ,






Br(K) Brnr K(t) Brnr (K)
(: (vi).)

(vii) (iv), (v) (vii), :

Brnr (K) Brnr K(t) .

, k ( , K) ,
4.3.2(i). K.
4.3.3. X Y k
, m n X Pm Y Pn k. ,
, .


4.3.2 , Brnr k(X)
X . (, , ).

4.4

( ).
. X A X ,
() x X A|x k(x) (. [83, IV.2.1]).

A A OX End(E) ,
E X,
. Br(X)
X (. [83, IV.2]).
Br(X). ,
A OX Aop
= End(A) .
Br(X) .
4.4.1. Br(X) X.
91

 , .
4.4.2. X k
\
Brnr (X) =
Ker(resD )
D

Br k(X) , D
D X.

, 4.4.2
, .


, Brnr k(X)
k(X) X .
.

Br(X) Brnr (X) Brnr k(X) .

, X ,
. [dJ] Brnr (X)
, 3.1.3(ii)
( . A.6 [C95, 3.4]). , X
, (. [C95, Proposition 4.2.3]).
, ()
(. 4.3.3). Brnr (X) ,
(. A.5 A.6).

. , f : Y X

f : Br(X) Br(Y ) ,
. f , f
.
4.2.4(i) vY ,
, ,
H 2 (G, OL ) H 2 (G, ) .
92

 f (. [Ro96, 12]).
,
:
.
4.4.3.
X k
. K = k(X). Br(K).
(o) ,
f : Y X k, Br(L/K), K L , L = k(Y ). G
K L.
(i) (o) D X E f 1 (D) Y . , vE vD . ,
vD vE E, . (:
D E. , G
E, 4.1.2(iv).)
(ii) H G g G, g(E) = E.
KD K vD , LE L vE . , KD LE H. (: (i), 4.1.2(v).)
(iii) 2- : G G L ,
H 2 (G, L )
= Br(L/K) .
2-

H H G G L LE .
,
Br(K) Br(KD )
2- .

93

(iv) , ( ) E Y


vE (g1 , g2 ) = 0

g1 , g2 G. (: k(Y )
E Y vE () = 0.)

(v) , D X

resD () = 0 ,
resD , , D. (: D X f : Y X, KD LE .
(iii) (iv) 4.2.1(iii).)
4.4.3 , () X (. 4.3.2)
0 Brnr (X) Br k(X)

D resD L

Hom Gk(D) , Q/Z ,

DX

D X.

4.5

B (, B ), K B, X
K. X B X : X B (. [70, III.9]) K ()
X. X ,
X Pm K, X X PnB B. ,

X Pm K. ( , m = n),
, X PnB
X. X ,
X , X B (. [70, III.10]).
R , , . , R , , (. 10.1). B = Spec(R). , X Pn
K. X
94

 PnR T0 , . . . , Tn . I R[T0 , . . . , Tn ],
, X. X PnR . , X , I. , X
, X ,
p R X p
R/p.
R OK K v . , X Pn
d K. X PnOK , X K.
X PnOK F = 0 d, OK , ,
K F = 0 ,
X. , X OK ,
, PnOK .
:
X K



OK , res b(X) = 0 (. 3.3.3).
. , 4.5.4 .
4.5.1.
X K, X OK .
(i) , X ,
,
Pic(X ) Pic(X)
.
(ii) K L G, Y = XL
L. H Y .
Y = Spec(OL ) Spec(OK ) X .
H Y H Y Y. G Y. ,
95

 g G fg Y, g(H)H. (: Y X ,
(i).)


(iii) , res b(X) = 0. (: 3.3.5(iv) H fg Y
(ii). Y OL , H 2 (G, OL ). , 3.3.6(ii).)

4.5.2.
K L G, OL L.
(i) = GLn (OL )


i = I + Mn miL , i > 1 ,

I n n, mL OL . ,
2.7.3(ii). (:
i /i+1
= Mn () ,
, 2.2.4(iii).)

(ii) , (i)
GLn (OL ) PGLn (OL )
2.7.3(ii). (: Mn ()
.)
(iii) ,




H 1 G, PGLn (OL ) H 1 G, PGLn ()

n > 1 , . 4.2.4(ii). (:
(ii) 2.7.3(ii).)

(iv) ,

H 1 (G, PGLn (OL ))

n2 (. 4.4) OK ,
OL . (: M
K E, M(E)
96

 OE .
2.1 2.2.) , ,
OK OE ,
K E .
(v) H 2 (G, OL ) H 2 (G, )

H 2(G, OL ) H 2 (G, ) .
A ,

[A ] = Br() .

, A OK , mK A . Br(K)
[AK ] = K ,

AK = K OK A ,

K
H 2 (G, OL ) H 2 (G, L ) .
(: (iii) (iv).)

4.5.3.
(i) X K. , A OK ,
AK = K OK A
X ,
3.3. , X
OK . (: 3.3
A OK . , G(A, n) OK X OK , A.
XK X,
,
A = OK A
. , X X
OK .)
97

(ii) D OK , D = DK
. ,
A K, b(A) = b(D),
A OK , A
= AK . (: , . 1.1, , A
= Mp (D)
p.)
(iii) D OK , D . , DK K .
(: H PnOK ,
A, . 3.1.12. D , H - 3.1.12(v). , H
OK -. - H OK , HK K K-. 3.1.12(v),
, DK .)
(iv)

X K, res b(X) = 0. , X
OK . (: K L G,
b(X) Br(L/K) .
4.2.4(i) H 2 (G, OL ),
H 2 (G, L ) b(X).
H 2 (G, ) .
D , Br() .
4.5.2(v), D OK . (i), (ii) (iii).)
. . , 2
( , K 2). X P2 K. OK X
X P2OK , X P2K , X ,
X = Spec() Spec(OK ) X
,
P2 (. 6.3.1).

98

 4.5.4.
(i) , X
x2 ay 2 bz 2 = 0 ,

a, b OK , a b OK ,
, 0 1. (: 2 OK , X
. ,
. X , 2.)
(ii) , X K OK . (:
OK ,
, , (i).)
(iii) X X. , G
p

X (a, b)v (. 4.2.2), a b
(i). X ,
. (: (i), .) , 3.3.2(i)
4.2.3(iv) , G X .
(iv) , G
X . , X
OK . (: X
K ,
, , x2 y 2 z 2 = 0.
,
X X ,
, OK .)
(v) , X X
X P2OK , X P2K . (: , ,
X P1 . X P2OK .)
(vi) , X



, res b(X) = 0. (:
, 4.2.3(iv).)
99


[A82]. ,
X K X ,
, X . (X ) (. 2.4.1(ii)) ,


res b(X) Hom(G , Q/Z) .
, X r
, r
res b(X) Hom(G , Q/Z),
Gal(/)
= Z/rZ

X .
, 4.5.4.

100

X = V /G, G
, V , k , .
. [Sa84] . . [87], . . [90],
.

5.1

G
V , k. L = k(V ) K = k(V )G .
, K L
G.
5.1.1.
Pic(V ) = 0 k[V ] = k . ,
H 2 (G, k ) Br(L/K) .
(: G-
1 k k(V ) Div(V ) 0
2.3.10(i).)
, k . k.
5.1.2. k
,
H i (G, )
= H i (G, k )
i > 0. (: k /
1.3.3(i).)
Z() .
, 0 6= H 2 (G, ) :
H G N Z(H) H |H
H
H 2 (H/N, ) H 2 (H, ).
101

(5.1.3)


Br(K)
H 2 (G, ) Br(K) ,

H 2 (G, )
= H 2 (G, k )
5.1.2,
H 2 (G, k ) Br(L/K)
5.1.1, Br(L/K) Br(K).
5.1.4.
(i) , v K, k, resv ()
= 0.
(: w L v. 4.1.2(v), Kv Lw , H G. Br(K) Br(Kv ) |H H 2 (H, ). 4.1.1(iv) (5.1.3) |H

H 2 (H nr , ) H 2 (H, ).
4.2.7.) ,
Brnr (K).

(ii) (i), V /G . (: 4.3.2.)

, V G, V /G , .

5.2

, k , ()

G- Q/Z
= . G,
0 6= H 2 (G, Q/Z)
= H 2 (G, ) ,
(5.1.3). p 6= 2 , W
= F4p Fp .

W = 2 (W )
= F6p ,
102

e
2 . G

e W 0,
0 W G

2-
: (w1 , w2 ) 7 w1 w2 W ,
W W - (. 1.1.5(ii)).
e p10 , 2 p, G

e G]
e = Z(G)
e G
e
W = [G,
e
( G).

e
5.2.1. G

(i) , 2-.

e
(ii) , G
[g1 , g2 ] = 2w1 w2 ,

e () wi .
wi W , gi G

(iii) , M W
e G/M
e
0M G
1

. (: m M
wi , vi W ,
X
2
wi vi = m .
e wi vi
gi , fi G
Q
e.
[gi , fi ] = m G
i

e
, , G
e
eM , G
eM ] G
eM . ,
eM
[G
G
= G/M,
eM G,
e .)
gi , fi G

103

 5.2.2.
.
(i)
Hom(, Q/Z)
= H 1 (, Q/Z)

: H 1 (, Q/Z) H 2 (, Z/pZ) ,
-
p

0 Z/pZ Q/Z Q/Z 0 .

(5.2.3)

, () H 2 (, Z/pZ)
e 1,
0 Z/pZ

(5.2.3) : Q/Z.
(ii) H 2 (, Z/pZ)
e 1,
0 Z/pZ

e p. ,

H 2 (, Z/pZ) H 2 (, Q/Z)

. (:
. (i),
e , p.)

e (
z W G
)
e.
Z/pZ
= hzi G

e
G G/hzi,
H 2 (G, Z/pZ),
e G 1.
0 hzi G
H G . u Z(H) ( ) N H.
I H 2(H, Z/pZ)

H 2(H/N, Z/pZ) H 2 (H, Z/pZ) ,
H 2 (H, Z/pZ) 2- G H.
104

 5.2.4. (5.1.3) G
(o)
e H 1,
0 hzi H

(5.2.5)

2- . , I ,
(5.2.5) (-) N,
e
H.

(i) ,

e
Z(G) = Z(G)/hzi
= W /hzi ,

0 Z(G) G W 0 .

(ii) , u Z(G). , I. (:
(o) (i), , W p.)
(iii) , u 6 Z(G), v W u
H G W . , = 0. (:
e G
e p,
H H
e
hzi H .)
(iv) , u 6 Z(G), u H , v W
, v. ,
v v = lz

l 6 0 (mod p). (: 5.2.1(ii).)

(v) , z (iv)
H u Z(H). (:
.)

z W = 2 W

(vi) , H 2 (G, Z/pZ) . (:

5.2.1(iii).)
(vii) ,
H 2 (G, Z/pZ) H 2 (G, Q/Z)

. (: (vi) 5.2.2(ii)).
(ii), (iii) (v), , z H 2 (G, Q/Z) (5.1.3). , V G k
V /G
5.1.4.
105

6.1

K , 2. V K q
V . Q P(V )
= P3 , q.
, K L XL X K L. ,
qL VL = L K V L, QL
L.
6.1.1. V K , q. , K /(K )2
, q
Q - . K /(K )2
Q d(Q).
6.1.1 ,
.
6.1.2.
, d(Q) = 1.
(i) , Q ,
x2 ay 2 bz 2 + abt2 = 0
a, b K .
(ii) C0 P2 K,
u2 av 2 bw 2 = 0 ,
a, b K Q , (i).
, C0 Q t = 0.
, K 0 : Q C0 ,
Q P3 (. 3.1.5(ii)), 0 C0 Q . (: 0 (x : y : z : t) (u : v : w), w = z 2 at2

u + a v = (x + a y)(z + a t) .

,
x + a y 7 x2 ay 2 . (u : v : w) C0
Q, (u : v : w : 0) (av : u : 0 : w), .
3.3.2(i).)
106

(iii) 0 : Q Q,
(x : y : z : t) 7 (x : y : z : t) .
, 0 = 0 0 0 ,
(ii). , Q
, K. , Q
( K sep ), , C0 Q
0 0 , .
, Q (,
, QK sep ) 0 0 .
(iv) Q. ,
C Q C
= C0 .
(: (iii) , 0 0 . C .)
(v) C Q. ,
C , : Q C,
(. (iii)).
(vi) Q. , Q
= C C K, C Q. (: Q C (v).)
(vii) , C C C P1 .
(: C C C C C C. 2.2.8(i).)
(viii) , Q P3 K : Q ; Q
; Q
= C C K, C
K. (: (i).
(vi).)
6.1.2
. , A(a, b), . 3.1.5, a, b K . P(A),

Nrd() = 0, A ,

. 3.1.12, Q. C0 A, . 3.3.2(i),
107

 Q C0 A ( 0
, 0 ).
6.1.2(iv) , d(Q) , C K,
Q.
6.1.3. b(C) C Br(K)
(. 3.3.3) Q cl(Q).
, . , ( , , ), . Z/2Z, K /(K )2 Br(K)2 , . 2.5.2(ii)
3.1.10(iii) H n (GK , Z/2Z)
n = 0, 1, 2.
n.
n = 3 . [Ar75]. , . [EKM08, 18].

. K
K- KM
n (K) (. 3.1.7 n = 2) . , . . [OVV07].
,
n
KM
n (K)/2 H (GK , Z/2Z)

n
. [Vo03]. , ,
(. 3.1.9)
, . . .
6.1.4.


(i) F = K a K. , QF , Q(K) = . , q . , d(Q) . (: VF U F , QF . U qF , U (U) = 0,
F K. , U {e, f } F ,


b e, (f ) = 0 ,
108

 b VF , qF .



e + (e), (e (e))/ a, f + (f ), (f (f ))/ a

V K .) ,

. q 2n + 2
, Q P2n+1 . ,
QF Pn , Q(K) = .
q ()
, diag(1, a).
(ii)
L=K

p


d(Q) ,

K d(Q) . C L QL . , C(L) 6= , Q(K) 6= . (: 6.1.2(ii),(iv).

d(Q) C(L) 6= , 6.1.2(v) , QL .
(i). ,
Q(K) 6= , QL (L) 6= ,
.)
(iii) (ii) , cl(QL ) = 0 Br(L)
, Q(K) 6= . (: (ii)
3.3.4.)

6.2

6.2.1.
(i) l QK sep g GK .
, g(l) l , l g(l) QK sep , ,
p
p


g d(Q) = d(Q) .

(: (x0 : x1 : x2 : x3 ) P3 ,
Q
3
X

ai x2i = 0 .

i=0

109

 () QK sep
sep
,

QK ,

a2 ). ,
l ( a1 : a0 : 0 : 0) (0 : 0 : ap
3 :
p


d(Q) = (a0 )a1 (a2 )a3 . , g d(Q) = d(Q)
,
g
a0 , a1 , a2 a3 . , , g(l) l
.)
(ii) (i) , 6.1.4(ii),
6.1.4(i). (: , d(Q) C(L) 6= . 6.1.2(v) QL l.
Gal(L/K).
p
p


d(Q) = d(Q) .
(i) K- l (l) Q.)

(. 2.5.2(ii)) K /(K )2
Hom(GK , Z/2Z). 6.2.1(i) GK Z/2Z, d(Q), GK

Pic(QK sep )
= Z Z.
.
q. , G(q) G(V, 2), V q, Q. K sep G(q)K sep
P1 . ,
B G(V, 2) K , F P(V ) B K, B
P(V )
= P3 . ,
I P(V ) G(V, 2).
6.2.2.
(i) , d(Q) , G(q) K.
G(q)
=CC
110

 K, C
Q K. (: , , 6.1.2(v),
, Q C P3 C. ,

G(q)K sep
= P1 P1 ,
,

G(q)
= C C ,

C C K. IC I C G(q). IC
Q P(V ), Q C. , Q C .
, , C C , Q, . 6.1.2. , Q
= C C (,
, K).
6.1.2(viii).)
(ii) (i) 6.2.1(i). (: ,
, ,
. (i)
K.)
p


d(Q) ,
(iii) , d(Q) . L = K
C L, cl(QL ) Br(L).
Y L K,
Y Spec(L) Spec(K) .

(6.2.3)

C K. , C
= G(q) K. (: 6.1.2(v) : QL C j : C G(q)L
L. ,
(6.2.3), f : C G(q)
K. , , f ,
,
fL : CL G(q)L .

Gal(L/K).
CL
= C C ,

C , 2.1.3(v). fL
j j,


j : C G(q)L
= G(q)L
111

: (QL )
= QL C .

, 6.2.1(i) , . , fL .)

6.3

K v OK , 2.
Q P3 K.
6.3.1.
, Q Q P3
OK , Q (. 4.5), ,
(. , 4.5.4).
p
L = K( d(Q)) .
,

res cl(QL ) = 0 .

(: Br(K)
Q. , cl(QL )

Br(K) Br(L) .

, ,
Q . , 2 OK , q
:
3
X
ai x2i , ai OK .
q(x) =
i=0

, v(ai ) = 0 1 6 i 6 3. , q(x) = 0, x0 = 0.
, 3.3.2(i) 4.2.3(iv) ,
res() = 0, 4.2.4(iv).)

112

P3

3.
P3
() .
. . [AM72], . (. [AMG96, Appendix]).
,
X

nr
Br k(X) k(X).

(. 7.2.2) , Brnr k(X)

nr
nr
nr
Br (X) X. Br (X) Br k(X) ,
k(X), D X.

7.1

X . , x X ,
U . ,
(U, x)
= ({f (t) = 0}, 0) An+1 ,
f (0) = 0, f , f . T
e X x, x X
X
D. (. [70, II.8.23]) , , .
(. 4.4.2). D e
X
.




e \ D Br k(X)
e
Brnr X

resD () Hom(Gk(D) , Q/Z)

D.
,
(. A.5 A.6),
(. [83, VI.5.4(b)]).

113

 7.1.1.

X k
, X . ,



Brnr k(X) Brnr (X)

e . (: X
X , ,
.)

7.2

B k , K k(B) B.
Q P3 B,
B Q K. ,
Q P3B = P3 B
Q, K (. 4.5). , Q P3 B,

OP3 (2) L ,
L Pic(B), Q B (. [70, III.9]),
. P3 B
P3 B P3 P3 B B.
i B , , Q i. , 1 B,
1 ( ?). , 1 ( B ,
Q ), codimB (2 ) > 2. ,
d(Q) .

p


L=K
d(Q) ,

X B L. , X k k(X)
= L,
X B 2,
K L .

114

 7.2.1.
(i) , 1
X B.
(ii) , B , 1
. , X . (: , X B A1 .)
7.2.2.
, B , 1 , Q(K) = .
= cl(QL ) Br(L) .

(i) , 6= 0. (: 6.1.4(iii).)
(ii) , D X
resD () = 0,
Brnr (X) .

(: K, D B, ,
codimB (2 ) > 2
2 B, 6.3.1.)
(iii) ,
Brnr (L) .

(: 7.2.1(ii), 7.1.1 (ii).)

(iv) , X .

7.3

V n > 3 k ,
2. i > 0


i P Sym2 (V )

, ,
V i. V , V ,
Sym2 ; , Sym2 (V )
V . , 1 , det(q) = 0,
q Sym2 (V ).
115

 7.3.1.


(o) GL(V ) P Sym2 (V ) . i . ,
i > 0 i \i+1 GL(V )-, i .
(: .)
(i) , 1 () n. (: 1 det() = 0.
1 (o) GL(V ). , det() = 0 ,
, q 1 .)
(ii) ,
codim1 (2 ) = 2 ,
2 1 . (:
I2 = diag(0, 0, 1, . . . , 1) .
| {z }
n2

(o) 2 I2 ,
1 . I2 . .)
(iii) Hq det()


q P Sym2 (V ) .

, Hq 3, q 2 . (: 2 , I2 .)

V C. B

P Sym2 (V )
= P9 ,

Q P(V )
B, Q Q B. , Q


K = C(B). U
i
C H U(C), Z i- U(C) .

116

 7.3.2.
P3
(o) , det(Q) = 0 B 1 4. , 2 , 1 , 1 . , d(Q) . (: , , 7.3.1 . d(Q) , 1 .)
(i) , Q (1, 2)

W = B P(V ) .
(: (., , [05, 17.16]). : M Pn
M,
.


I P Sym2 (V ) P(V )
.)

(ii) Qb Q
b B.


, c H 4 Q(C), Z
c [Qb ] Z

, [Qb ] Qb H 6 Q(C), Z . (:


c H 4 W (C), Z


Qb H 8 W (C), Z , (i).
,

c H 4 W (C), Z , Q c.)

(iii) , Q(K) = . (: Q(K) B 99K Q (ii).)

(iv) X B , . ,
X . (: 7.2.2(iv).)
(v) B
= P2 . ?
= P3 B
117

7.4

: , ,
, , , .
, , [70]. , .
F , , F F . S 2 F ,
KS , KS KS = 2. SF F - P2 ;
, SF .
= |KS | : S P2 ,
P2 T P2 . , 2 (,
, 2) 1. SF ,
( ). ,
, IV [72], 8 [Do] III.3 [Ko95].

IV.7.7 [72].
[STV]. R S T P2 .
7.4.1. 2

U S R SF .
, U
S.
(o) l P2 ( F ). ,
l = 1 (l) SF
, l SF .
(i) , x S(F ),
SF ,
C | 2KS 3x| ,
118

 | 2KS |, x
3. (:
. , F .
: S P2 , P1 , . . . , P7 P2
E1 , . . . , E7 . x
Ei . ,

7
X

2
Ei .
KS KP +
i=1

, D P 2 Pi
, D 2 Ei . , x Ei ,
x. ,
7
X
Pi 3(x)| | 2KS 3x| ,
| 2KP2 2
2

i=1

D 7 (D) +

7
X
i=1

multPi (D) 2 Ei .

, ,
. 2KP2
6 P2 . ,
2 (, 3) ,
3 (, 6 ).
,
| 2KP2 2

7
X
i=1

Pi 3(x)|

27 7 3 6 = 0 .

, , ,
| 2KS 3x|.) ,
, x S,
.
(ii) , x S(F ) SF ,
, x,
( F ), : S P2
, (x). (: (o).)
119

(iii) , x U(F ), C | 2KS 3x| ( F ) F -, multx (C)

C x 3. (: (C) P2
C 4. x 6 R, x , ,


mult(x) (C) > multx (C) > 3 .




mult(x) (C) = 4 deg (C) = 3, (C)
F ,

(x), .


(ii) . , mult(x) (C) = 3 deg (C) = 4. , multx (C) = 3, C (C). , C . (C) ,
, (C) F ,
(x).
(ii). C

(C). mult(x) (C) = 3 deg (C) = 4, (C), , C, .)
(iv) , x U(F ), C | 2KS 3x| .
(: ,
C1 , C2 | 2KS 3x| .
C1 C2 (iii),
8 = C1 C2 > multx (C1 ) multx (C2 ) = 9 ,
.) Cx .
x F , F F , Cx
F .
(v) S F -
x U(F ) S(F ) .
Cx (. (iv)). , y Cx
Cy .
Se = {(y, z) | y Cx U, z Cy }.

, Se F . (: Se Cx U Se .
C F (Cx ), Cx (iv). (iii) , C
F (Cx ),
F .)
120

(vi) , S F -,
SF , R S. ,
S F . (: ,
Se S,

(y, z) 7 z ,

. , Se
, Cx Cy y Cx .)
(vii) F - d > 2, F (, ) F -. (: .)
,
, C 7.4.1(i),
. : S S x E. x SF , , S 1.
| 2KS |
: S Q ,

Q (., , [Do, 8.8.2]).

: S S

. C (E) . C . , , x S, (. [STV]).
7.4.1 , 7.3.2.
7.4.2. P3
k , V P3
k 4 . : X P3
P3 , V .
(o) , X ,
, P3 . (: X V P3 . V , ,
G(4, 2)
.)
121

(i) : P3 99K P1 L P3 . e X : X 99K P1 . : X

L X.
e P1 . S
. X

F = k(P1 )
= k(t) ,
() . , S 2.
(ii) , F - S.
(: (o).) 7.4.1, S .
e ( , X) .
(iii) , X
(: (ii).)

122

8
8.1

k K d, X K. K k sep k. L
K k sep k. d

1 , . . . , d : K L
k. i X Xi L: X K , , i
, Xi . (, Xi !)
X1 . . . Xd L. g Gal(L/k)


g X1 . . . Xd
= Xg1 . . . Xgd

L. ,


g X1 . . . Xd
= X1 . . . Xd .

X1 . . . Xd k L. 2.1.5(iv),
Y k, YL X1 . . . Xd .
8.1.1. Y
X RK/k (X).
, , n- 2n- (. 8.1.2(iv) 8.1.3(i).)
, X (. 3.3), k, , Xk ( ).
8.1.2.

(o) , RK/k
K k.
123

(i) X1 X2 , K. ,
RK/k (X1 K X2 )
= RK/k (X1 ) k RK/k (X2 ) .
(ii) , K
k. (: (i).)
(iii) , ,
K- X k- Y




HomK YK , X
= Homk Y, RK/k (X) ,
HomF (U, V )
U V F .

(iv) , X(K)
= RK/k (X)(k).
(v) Y k. Gal(L/k) K L k


: Gal(L/K) Sd Aut Y d .
, RK/k (YK ) Y d
, . 2.2.1(i),(iii).

8.1.3.

(i) ,

dimk RK/k (X) = [K : k] dimK (X) .

(ii) Z X X, K,
U = X \ Z . , RK/k (Z) RK/k (X), RK/k (U) RK/k (X). ,
RK/k (X)
= RK/k (Z) RK/k (U) ?
(: X = A1K , Z = {0}, k
k sep .)
(iii) ,
.
124

(iv) ,
? (: 8.1.2(iv) Y = Spec(E),
E k, K k E .)
(v) ,


RK/k (X)(k sep )
= MapGK Gk , X(k sep ) ,

Gk , Gk





g
(g ) = (g g), MapGK Gk , X(k sep) , g, g Gk ,
GK Gk . (: Gk -
RK/k (X)(k sep)
= X1 (k sep ) . . . Xd (k sep ) .
1 K
k sep .
(x1 , . . . , xd ) X1 (k sep ) . . . Xd (k sep )



g 7 g xg1 1 ,

g Gk ,

MapGK Gk , X(k sep)

g1 (g11 ), . . . , gd (gd1 ) ,

gi Gk , gi 1 = i .)

(vi) , X
K. Gk -
RK/k (X)(k sep )
= i X(k sep ) ,
i : GK Gk , i ,
. 1.2.3. (: (v)
1.2.3.)

125

 8.1.4.
(i) , ()
RK/k (A1 )
= Ad .
(: 8.1.2(iii) k-
Y


Homk Y, RK/k (A1 )
K[YK ]
= K k k[Y ]

, K k K k k[Y ] c k[Y ]d ,
Homk (Y, Ad ).)
(ii) , RK/k (An )
= And . (: (i)
8.1.2(i).)
(iii) X An , RK/k (X)
And . (: (ii) 8.1.3(ii).)
(iv) X An ,
f (x1 , . . . , xn ) = 0 .
, RK/k (X) And d . e1 , . . . , ed K k. xij , 1 6 i 6 n 1 6 j 6 d. f
P
xi dj=1 xij ej ,
e e =

d
X

c e ,

=1

K, c k.
f

d
X
j=1

x1j ej , . . . ,

d
X
j=1

xnj ej

d
X

fl (xij )el ,

l=1

d fl (xij ) = 0, 1 6 l 6 d. (: ,
(i).)
(v) X An . , , RK/k (X), , X, ,
(iv).

126

 8.1.5.
X K- . , RK/k (X) k-. (: 8.1.4(ii) 8.1.3(ii),(iii).)
8.1.6.
(i) X Pn = P(W ) K.
d
RK/k (X) P(n+1) 1

k. (: : K L k L-
W K, L W ( (K) L). L-

U = (W K,1 L) L . . . L (W K,d L)

X1 . . . Xd P(U) .
, 2.1.6(iii).)
(ii) , k 2. ,

k K = k( a), a k ,
RK/k (Pn ) (n + 1) (n + 1)

rk (A + AT ) + a(A AT ) 6 1 ,

rk , A 7 AT . (: g G = Gal(K/k). (n + 1)- k- V K- VK K g VK (. 2.1.6(iii)) (n + 1) (n + 1) K K- ,

M 7 g(M)T .

, k- (VK K g VK )G
K, , ,
(n + 1) (n+ 1) k:
A k (A + AT ) + a(A AT )
K. 2.1.6(i),(ii).)
127

(iii) (ii) , RK/k (P1 )

P3 ,
x2 y 2 + z 2 au2 = 0 .
, k = R a = 1 K = C, R-
RC/R (P1 ) .
(iv) Q P3
p

k, d(Q) 6= 1
(. 6.1.1). K = k d(Q) , C K,
cl(QK ) (. 6.1.3). , RK/k (C)
= Q.

(: 6.1.2(vi) QK = C C K. 6.2.1(i) K k
.)
(v) (iv) 6.1.4(ii).

8.2

Gm Z
Spec(Z[t, t1 ]). F Gm F , Gm
Z F .
8.2.1. k T k, k F F - TF
= Gn
m n.
, T F .
,
(. [77, 3.30]).
, , Gn
m .
k
RK/k (Gm ) ( 8.1.2(ii),(v)). 8.1.2(iv)

RK/k (Gm )(k)
= K .
k K .
k ,
. , k Gm .
K K.
8.2.2.
(i) ,
.
128

(ii) , K Gd
m ,

: Gk Sd Aut Gd
m
(. 8.1.2(v)).

(iii) , k K .
(: 8.1.2(iii).)
(iv) ,
NmK/k : K k

. (: , NmK/k

Gd
m Gm ,

(z1 , . . . , zd ) 7 z1 . . . zd

(ii).)
(v) , RK/k (Gm ). (:
NmK/k : K k

d k. (ii) (iv) ,
RK/k (Gm )
Ad .)

(vi) , K K NmK /K : K K
. (: (iii) (iv), k K K K , .
K k.)

8.2.3.
(o) , K k. (: 8.1.5.)
(i) , K /k k. (:
k
P(K)
= Pd1 .)
(ii) , K /K k. (: (i), k K K K , .
K k
8.1.5.)

129

 8.2.4.
(i) , NmK/k : K k (d 1)- k. (: 8.2.2(iv)
(d1)
, k sep Gm
.)
(ii) k K K . ,
NmK /K : K K k.
(: (ii), k K K K ,
. K k
8.2.2(i).)

8.2.5.
k K . 8.2.4(i), NmK/k : K k k. , k
k. (:
Gk .
, Aut(Gm )
= Z/2Z.)

8.3

, Gk Gal k sep /k .

8.3.1. T , k,
Gk
T = Hom(Tksep , Gm ) .

Gk T




g
(t) = g (g 1 t) , g Gk , T , t T (k sep ) .
8.3.2.
M
.


T = Spec k[M]) k, k[M] M, T
k[M] k[M] k k[M],

m 7 m m,

mM.

(i) , M
= T .
130

(ii) ,
End(T )
= End(T ) ,
End T , End T . (: (i), .)
(iii) k K .
(. 2.1.3(iv)) Spec K[M] Gal(K/k) M. (: (ii) 2.2.1(i).)
8.3.3 (. 8.3.1). M
Gk - M,

Z-,
K k Spec K[M] K, k K
, Gk M Gal(K/k) (. 8.3.2(iii) 2.1.5(vi)).
, 8.3.3 ,
K.
8.3.4.
, : T 7 T : M 7 M
k
Gk -, Z- (
).
, ,
Gk -, .
8.3.5. T , k.
, T (, ) , T (,
) Gk - (. 1.4.1 1.4.3).

8.3.6.
T , k.

131

(i) Gk -
(K )
= Z[Gk /GK ]
k K, Gk /GK .
(ii) , T
Q
T
= Ki ,
i

Ki k k. (: (i), 1.4.2(i) 8.3.4.)

8.3.7.
(i) T , k. ,


H 1 Gk , T (k sep ) = 0 .

(: 8.3.6(ii),
8.1.3(vi), 1.2.5(iii)
90. .)

(ii) , . (: (i) 2.6.2(i).)

8.3.8.
(i) , . (: 8.3.6(ii) 8.2.3(o).)
(ii) (i), , (. 4.3.3).

8.3.9.
T ,
k, X k. : V X T
(. 2.6.3). , V X T 4.3.3. (:
1.4.4, 8.3.7(ii), 2.6.4(i) 8.3.8(ii).)
132

8.4

, X ,
k, Pic(Xksep ) Z-.
8.4.1. X
TNS (X) = Pic(Xksep )
k, Pic(Xksep ) Gk - Pic(Xksep )
8.3.3.

8.4.2. Xksep
(i) L1 , . . . , Ln , l1 , . . . , ln
Pic(Xksep ). Li Li .
W = L1 X L2 X . . . X Ln .

TNS (X)ksep
= Gn
m ,

8.3.4

n
L
Z li .
Pic(Xksep )
=
i=1

, W TNS (X)ksep - Xksep .

(ii) , TNS (X)ksep - W

Li .

8.4.3. W , 8.4.2, Xksep .

8.4.4.
, X k- p, Xksep . 8.4.3, W Xksep .
(i) , g Gk
g W
= g L1 X . . . X g Ln ,
g W g Li 2.1.3(v).
133

(ii) , TNS (X)ksep - W Xksep

- W |p W p,
TNS (X)ksep -, k sep . (: , Xksep .)
(iii) (ii), ,
W Xksep - W |p , k sep . (: (ii) 2.2.1(i).) , W .
(iv) ,

H 1 Gk , TNS (X)ksep = {1} .

, TNS (X)- VX
X, TNS (X)ksep -


VX ksep
=W.
8.4.5. VX , 8.4.4(iv),
X.

8.4.6. X VX
, X k-, Xksep . , Gk - Pic(Xksep )
. , X VX
. (: 8.3.9.)

8.5

() , 2.4.2. , S,
,
, , .
, , (. 9). , . , S
.
134

 S (
).
, , S , Z.
, , Z.
, 4 P4 . (. [71])
, Z; ,
. ,
(. [CP14]),
9.
. , .-. -, .-. . - [BCSS85, 2].
k , 2. , Gk
Gal(k sep /k). P k. P ,
k. , P
k sep . R A1 P k sep .
, d = 2r 1 > 1 P
.
A3 k v1 , v2 u. a k S 0 A3
v12 av22 = P (u) .

(8.5.1)

S 0 , P2 A1
v12 av22 P (u)v32 = 0 ,

vi P2 , u A1 .
P O(r) O(r) O P1 . P2 A1 P, v1 v2 P2 O(r), v3 O. S S 0 P.
S e. P P1
S f : S P1 . S 0
(v1 , v2 , u) 7 u .

Fp S f p P1 ; , F
f P1 .
135

 8.5.2.
(o) , S P

V12 aV22 Q(U)V32 = 0 ,

Q(U) = U 2r P (U 1 ) .
(: , O(r),
, V1 = v1 ur . ,
.)
, S .
(i) , p R {} Fp
Fp = Dp Dp () Dp Dp
k sep . , f .
(ii) , k sep
S \ S 0 = F E E ,
E E f
(, , k sep ). ,
E, E , Dp Dp p R {},
, E Dp
Dp , E , , Dp
Dp . , ,
.
(iii) , k sep
X
Dp + D + E E rF 0 .
pR

(: (v1 av2 )/v3 .)

(iv) , Pic Sksep Z E, E , F Dp , p R. (: k sep f ,
P1 - P1 . ,


Pic Sksep Z D , E, F
Dp , p R. (iii).)
(v) , Gk -








0 Z[R] Z {Dp , Dp }pR Z {E, E } Z {F } Pic Sksep 0 .

(: , p R
Dp + Dp F , (iv).)
136

, n > 1 Dn 2n , n-. , D2
= S3 . n (
= Z/2Z Z/2Z D3
)
1 Z/nZ Dn Z/2Z 1 .
, n > 1 k , , k, Dn . , (P, a) , P , k,

Z/2Z,
k k( a). , (P, a) , a
k. (P, a),
P 3, a , ,
a 6 (k )2 .
8.5.3.
, (P, a) , d P .
(i) G P Dd , d-. ,
G- R P d-. (: G R , StabG () R 2. d , StabG () v
d-. Dd
, 7 v .)

(ii) k sep P . , k(, a)

P k. (: F
P

k. , Gal F/k( a)

Z/dZ
G = Dd . Gal F/k(, a)
Z/dZ . (i) , .)
(iii) k sep P . , k()

P (u) = (u ) F (u)2 aG(u)2 ,

F G (d 1)/2, k. (:
(ii) ,

G
= Gal k(, a)/k .
137

 (i)
Gal k(,

a)/k()
= Z/2Z

G R\{}.

= x + ay, = x ay, x, y k()

P , .
(u )(u ) = (u x)2 ay 2 .

k(u, ) k(u, , a)
, k() P . , , P .)
, , P k d, a k . S
.
8.5.4. k

(: (i) , k( a) S .

, E E k( a).)
(ii) , (P, a) . k sep P . , k() S . (:
8.5.3(iii) k()


P (u) = (u ) F (u)2 aG(u)2 .
, (8.5.1) S 0 S

v12 a
v22 = u .

A2 v1 v2 .)

8.5.4 ,
k. ,
k . ,
. .
138

 (. [67, 1.6], [70, 1] [72, 2];

[96, 4]).
, k . k f : P1 . , k,
k sep Gk - (1)-, f . ,
k ,
k- f . ( , ,
f !)
, ( ) 8.5.4(ii). , k() f ,
, k(). k(),
.
8.5.5. k
(i) , S k,

P k() a.
(: , k() a.
Fp f Gk
, p P1
. , S
k. , k()
a. , Gk - F
(1)-.)
(ii) k .
, P
k() a P 3. ,
S k. (: (i) .) , ,
P , .

,


Pic Sksep Gk -.
, (. [EM74, Theorem 1.5]
[EM74, Lemma 1.2]). G , . G-
0 M M M 0 ,

M M (1.4.6) Z-
. , .
139

 8.5.6.
, (P, a) . G
= Dd P .
(o) , Gk , 8.5.2(v), G.
(i) H
G d. , Pic Sksep
H-. (:
S k( a) 8.5.4(i).
2.4.2(iv). , 2.4.2 ,
k , , 2 .)
(ii) k sep P .
Z/2Z
= H G .

, Pic Sksep H -.
(: S k() 8.5.4(ii),
2.4.2(iv).)
(iii) p
, Gp G p-. ,


Pic Sksep Gp -. (:
P , 2- G H . (ii). , , p . Gp H.
(i) 1.4.4.)


(iv) , Pic Sksep G-,
, Gk -. (: 8.5.2(v)
, (iii) 1.4.5(iii)
.)
(v) , S VS ,
S VS . (: S , .
, S k-
D f . , VS
8.4.4(iv). , S VS
, 8.4.6.)

140

9
9.1

, . , .-. -,
.-. . - [BCSS85], X k , 2, , ( , ). k , X, , . ,
k ( , ).
, 0 (. [B96, Corollary V.5]), k X
. , k,
k k. ,
, 8.5. ,
, X e
() X.
, 8.5, ,
. , e ,
X,


ek . 2.4.2(v), Pic X
Gk -,
. , , , () , 8.5.5(ii)


ek 8.5.6(iv). , Gk - Pic X
e 8.4.6 (. 8.5.6(v)) , X
VXe . ,
( ,
, ). , (. [CSS87a] [CSS87b]).

.
VXe , , , X ( V , ).

141

 . , , X P3 P7 ,
.
, k
. ;
( . [BCSS85, 3]).
, .
( , , , ).

X


/

prA

Ao

AD

>B

 .
o

(9.1.1)

CO
?

B.
X = f 1 () V = g 1 (). X ,
V D . C
= X D.
= A D, V
, X . , (9.1.1) A, B, C D , . f
, g
P7 P3 , V
.

9.2

K, k K

, k , 2. ,
X,
,
k. V , , ,
, V .

142

 P k[x] 3
k a. , a 6 (k )2 , k = k( a) K = k(),
k P . , K K k k, K P .
9.2.1.
, :
Gal(K /k )
= Z/3Z ,

Gal(K /K)
= Z/2Z ,
= Gal(k /k)

Gal(K /k)
= S3 .

, (P, a) (. 8.5.3).
, k K .
8, K
RK/k (Gm ), K (
k- ). , K
RK/k (Ga ), K; , k Ga = Spec(k[t]).
k.

9.3

NmK/k : K k Nmk /k : k k .
A = K k k K k k , B = K .
f : A B .
9.3.1. A
, A
A5 ,
F3 (u1 , u2 , u3 ) = v12 av22 ,
u1 , u2 , u3 , v1 v2 A5 , F3 .
(: F3 NmK/k .)
K k- K k.
, k K, K (
k). , K
K .

= (k ) K K .
(9.3.2)
X = f 1 () A.

143

 9.3.3. X
(i) , A1 ,
P . (: 8.2.2(v), K K {NmK/k = 0}. , NmK/k k K P (t), t
k
= Ga . , ,
k k sep ( K ) 8.2.2(iv).)
(ii) , X A3 ,
P (u) = v12 av22 ,
u, v1 v2 A3 . , X
(. 8).
(iii) , X . (:
8.5.5(ii) 9.2.1. , P ,
P1 . , 8.5.5(ii), [72].)

9.4

, ( ) , . , C Pn v C, c C, v, hv, ci C.
, Pn , ( ,
, ).
M Pn Q1
Q2 , k. , dim(M) = n 2,
M Q1 Q2 . ,
p M
Tp (M) = Tp (Q1 ) Tp (Q2 ) ,
Tp () p. , M
k l,
:
144

(A) l Sing(M) M;
(B) M , l.
M.
9.4.1. ,
l.
Pn k,
qi Qi . , , qi , (,
) , l.
(o) , M . (: l
k, M , l Mk . l 6 Sing(M)
(A), , M
. , M - H Pn . M
i = Qi H,
Q

i = 1, 2 .

, H M , H ( M
).
i) ,
dim(M) = n 2 = dim(Q
1 Q
2 . M Q
,
1 ) 6 2 < 4 = deg(Q1 ) deg(Q2 ) ,
deg(M) 6 deg(Q
, M
Q1 Q2 .) , , , .

(i) , qi 6= 2l i = 1, 2. (: qi = 2l i = 1, 2, Qi l.
, Qi
, l. l Sing(M), (A).)
, qi = l li , li 6= l.
(ii) , l1 l2 (i) . (:
Q1 Q2 .)
145

(iii) l l () , p l, p 6 Sing(M). , l1 l2 p l . (: . ,
Tp (M)
= Pn2 . , , ,

S
,
Tx (M).)
xl

(iv) , l1 l2 () p, l. (: , p l. (iii) ,
p l \ l . , l, , p
. Qi p, , Qi p, ,
p. , M
p l, (B).)
(v) , M k. (:

M 99K Pn2
M l. (i), (ii) (iv),
, .)

(vi) M? (: (i), (ii) (iv) ,

M l
. , - ,
l . ,
Q1 = H H
, Q2 , l
Q2 H, l Q2 H
M ,
Q2 H
P1 - .)
.
C = K k

g : C B,

(x, y) 7 NmK /K (x) Nmk /k (y)1 .

146

,
C = C/k

k K k . g

g: C B .
9.4.2. g
(i) ,
1 Ker(NmK /K ) Ker(Nmk /k ) Ker(
g) k 1
(ii) (i), Ker(
g ) . (:
8.2.4 , ,
, .)
(iii) , g . (: Ker(
g ) Ker(g).)
(iv) , g .
V = g 1 () C (. (9.3.2)). , k P .
9.4.3. V
(i) B P(K k)
= P3 , C P(K k )
= P7 . , g



g : P(K k ) 99K P(K k) , (x : y) 7 NmK /K (x) : Nmk /k (y) .

(ii) , V

Ve = {(x : y) P(K k ) | NmK /K (x) + Nmk /k (y) = 0} ,
: K K/k .

, Ve 9.4.3(ii) V . 9.4.2(iv) , V ( , Ve ) . , Ve , k.
147

 9.4.4. Ve

(i) E F E Gal(F/E). E F
E. N : F E
N(s) = NmF/E (s) .
F s F F , E t E E.
N s
dN : 7

1
TrF/E (s) ,
2

F,

TrF/E : F E E F . (: ,




1
NmF/E s = s (s) = TrF/E s (s) ,
2

.)

(ii) (x, y) K k





Tx,y : (, ) 7 TrK /K (x) + Trk /k (y) , (, ) K k .

, (x : y) Ve (k) ,
Tx,y : K k K/k

. (: Ve 9.4.3(ii).)

(iii) , (x : y) Ve (k) x 6= 0. (: x = 0,
9.4.3(ii) ,
Nmk /k (y) k ,

, 6 k. ,
, - !)
(iv) , k- Ve . (:


TrK /K (x) : K K
, K K , x 6= 0
(iii).)
148


(v) , k-
Ve ?
(: . ,


TrK /K (x) : k6 k 3 ,

,
. , , (iv). , [BCSS85],
Ve k.)

9.4.4 Ve , 9.4.1. K (. (9.3.2)) P(K k) p = P(k 0). , Ve

l = P(k 0) P(K k ) .

(9.4.5)

9.4.6. V
(o) Ve P7 . (: 9.4.3(ii).)
(i) , l Ve . (: 9.4.4(iv), Ve
k-, l k.)

(ii) , Ve . (: , k. ,
k-, .)

(iii) , Ve ( , V ) . (: Ve , (i), (ii) 9.4.1.)

9.5

X V

f g (9.1.1), D. ,
g f .
.
C C = C/k
9.5.1. h : C A
149

(i) h : C k ,
NmK/k g = Nmk/k h .
(:
h (x, y) = NmK /k (x) Nmk /k (y)1 y 1 ,
x K , y k .)
(ii) , g h
h : C A = K k k ,
g = f h.

(iii) Gal(K /k )
= Z/3Z.
: A C

(r, s) = (r)1 , s1 .

, h,
h = idA .
(: K K.
,
= 2
Gal(K /k), ,
NmK/k (z) = NmK /k (z)
z K .)
, h
idC .
9.5.2. D
(i) , (x, y) C

(x, y) h (x, y)1 C

x K . K C. , (K ) K . (:







1

(x, y) h (x, y) = x NmK /K (x) , NmK /k (x) C,

9.5.1(iii).)
150

(ii) D = K / (K ). , D . (:
1

K / (K ) K /K
8.2.3(ii).)
9.5.2(i) : D C.
9.5.3. A D
=C
(i) 9.5.1 9.5.2,

AD C. (: C AD


(x, y) 7 h(x, y), x ,
x K , y k .)

(ii) (9.1.1).
(iii) , V X D. , X V . (:
(ii) 9.5.2(ii).)
, . , 9.3.3(iii) , X ,
9.4.6(iii) V . ,
9.5.3(iii) X V . , X
.

9.6

- , :
, X P2 . .
(. [77, 4.74]), , .
9.5.3(i),
C
= A D. D T = k /k .
9.5.2 , T - (x, y) C
T C , t 7 (x t Nmk /k (t), y t3 ) , t k .
3 t, T
() P7 = P(K k ). T P1 = P(k ),
151

 Z P(k ),
Nmk /k (t) = 0, t k ( , Z k). , x K y k
T - (x : y) P7
Z P(k 0) = l P7 ,
. (9.4.5). ,
Nmk/k (t) = 0, t 6= 0 y 6= 0, Nmk /k (y t3 ) = 0, y t3 6= 0.
H, l, T -
.
(9.1.1) , V C
T . , V H,
l, V /T ( slice
). V H -
, , 9.4.1. V H ,
, V /T .
V
= X D, prA : V X . T D, V /T X . ,
X V /T
S = D/T . , V /T S X. S k ,
2. , X P2 k.

152

10

.

( , (10.4.1)).
; ,
, [69, VII].

10.1

(., , [69, II.1]), () K

K R>0 ,

x 7 |x| ,

C R>0 ,
x K |x| 6 1 |1+x| 6 C. ,
|0| = 0. | |1 | |2 ,
R>0 , | |1 = | |2 .
, C = 1. ,
|x + y| 6 max{|x|, |y|}
x, y K. .
,
() . v, x 7 |x|v .
, | | K K

(x, y) = |x y|, x, y K .
, K,
, , .
10.1.1.
(i) , x 7 |x|
Q. Q
R.
(ii) p . r ordp (r) = d, r = pd r , r , p.
x Q x = m/n.
ordp (x) = ordp (m) ordp (n) .
, x 7 pordp (x)
Q. Q
p- Qp .
153

(iii) ,
v : K Z
(. 4.1) > 1
|x|v = v(x) , x K .
(, v !)

(., , [69, II.3.2]) ,

Q 10.1.1.
Q Fp (T ). (. [66, II.1])
. ,
( ).
Kv K
v (. 4.2.5). , v ,
Kv R,
C. v , Kv
p- Qp , Fq ((T )), q
. S
K
Q
K
Kv .
vS

(. [69, II.6.1]) , K
( K = Q
). Q,
K. ,
v K Q Kv , Q
K.
.

10.2

10.2.1.
F . F ,
F .
(o) , F . (:
1 + t
).
154

(i) Q Pn F
n
X

ai x2i = 0 ,

i=0

ai F . , > 0,
: |bi ai | < , Q ,

n
X
bi x2i = 0 ,

i=0

Q F . (: (o), > 0, bi /ai F 0 6 i 6 n |bi ai | < .)

(ii) Q , F . , Q
F . (: , ,
. (i).)
10.2.2.
Q PnF F , OF F ,
OF . , Q(F ) 6= .
(o) Q mF OF . Q k
= OF /mF .
, Q Pnk . (: k, Q?)
(i) , ,
, . (: , 3.2.4,
.)
(ii)
p Q(k) Pnk .

p l,


Tp Q Pnk .
l l
OF . , Q , l
F . (: , l Q.)
155

 10.2.3.
Q K. , Q Kv
v K. (: , Q . , v
Kv .
10.2.2.)

10.3

dim(Q) = 1

Q Pn K, dim(Q) > 3,
n > 4. Pn 2
: Pn 99K P1
. x P1 Qx
1 (x) Q. , Q -
.
10.3.1.
, x P1 , , Qx Pn1 , Q . (:
Pn , ,
(Pn ) , Q
(Pn ) .)
v K
pv Q(Kv ). Q 99K Pn1 Kv , Kv -
Q. , 10.3.1 ,
v S pv : Q 99K P1 .
S v K, Q Kv -. Q , 10.2.3, Q , S .
10.3.2.
v K xv P1 (Kv ), (pv ). , x P1 (K),
v S Qx Kv Qxv . (:
S 10.2.1(ii).)

156

 10.3.3. dim(Q) = 2
, dim(Q) > 3 dim(Q) = 2. (: , , 10.3.2
Qx Kv v S.
v
/ S Q Kv , ,
Qx Q
Kv . , Qx Kv v.
dim(Qx ) = dim(Q) 1 > 2 ,

dim(Q) , Qx K.
C, Q Qx K.)
10.3.4. dim(Q) = 1
Q P3 K.
p


d(Q) ,
L=K

d(Q) Q (. 6.1.1). C
L QL . ,
Q K
C L. (: w L
Lw Kv , v w K,
p


Lw
d(Q) .
= Kv

, Q
, Q Kv . 6.1.4(ii) C Lw . C
, C L. 6.1.4(ii)
, Q K.)

10.4

dim(Q) 6 1

K , Br(K). , v, ,

Br(K) Br(Kv )
(. 4.4.3).
(. [69, VII.9.6, VII.11.2(bis)]):
0 Br(K) v Br(Kv ) Q/Z 0 .
157

(10.4.1)

res : Br(Kv ) Q/Z ,

(. 4.2.6(i)),

1
Br(R)
= Z/Z
2
(. 3.1.4) Br(C) = 0. (10.4.1) Q/Z.
(. 3.3.2(i)), (10.4.1)
. , 2-, K = Q (. [09, 4.5.5]).

.
dim(Q) = 0 Q, K
: K ,
Kv v K. ,
(. [69, VIII]).
K = Q .
. (a, b) Br(K)
A(a, b), a, b Q (. 3.1.5).
, v Q (a, b)
Br(Q) Br(Qv )
. , (a, b) = 0.
(a, b) a b (. 3.1.5(iii),(iv)), ,
a b , , |a| 6 |b|.
M = |a| + |b|.
10.4.2. M
(o) M = 2 . (: a = 1 b = 1,
3.1.5(iii). , a = b = 1 , 3.1.5(ii) R.)
(i) M > 2, |b| > 1. p b.
, a p. (:
, 3.1.5(ii) ,
x2 ay 2 bz 2 = 0 ,
158

 Qp .) , a b,

a = c2 bb ,
(10.4.3)
c b . , , , b ,
(10.4.3) c
b/2 b/2. , ,
|c| 6

|b|
.
2

, |b | < |b|.
(ii) , b , (i),
(a, b) = (a, b ). (: ,
(a, b) + (a, b ) = 0 ,
(, ), (d, 1 d) = 0 d 6= 0, 1, . 3.1.5(iii).
2(a, b) = 0.) .
, K = Q, ,
10.4.2 Q.
, Q (. 10.3.4). Q,
(. [72, IV.3.2]). ,
, ,
.

10.5

M
K (, M
K). , M ,
X M : X K
, Kv v K. , ,
(
).
10.5.1.
, (. 2.2.6) . (: 3.3.4,
(10.4.1).)
159

 (10.4.1) ,
K L
0 Br(L/K) v Br(Lw /Kv ) Q/Z ,

(10.5.2)

v w, v K L ( , ).
10.5.3.
K L
( ).
(i) : a K b L , v
K w L, v, bw Lw ,
NmLw /Kv (bw ) = a .
(: (10.5.2) , 1.1.6(ii).)
(ii) , a K K
{b | NmL/K (b) = a} RL/K (Gm )
. (: (i).)
. , [Bi61] :
r Pn ,
d,
n > r(r + 1)(d 1)2d1 .
,
10,
15.

160

11

10 .
, .
,
1.

11.1

(. 4.4.1). , K
, Q.
X K.
Br(X) X
(. 4.4.1 4.4.2, 4.4). , X (, XK ). , v K Kv
. Br(X), v
K pv X(Kv )


h, pv iv = res pv () Q/Z ,

pv : Br(X) Br(Kv )

pv : Spec(Kv ) X , 4.4. res v 4.2.6(i). Kv

= R,
res
Br(Kv )
= Z/2Z Q/Z
(. 3.1.4(i)).
, v X Kv -.

Q
P
h, i : Br(X) X(Kv ) Q/Z, h, (pv )i = h, pv iv .
v

, ,
(. 4.4.3). OK
K. K OK , OK
, Spec(OK ) .
p OK K.
(., [66, II.1])
p OK
v K.
161

 Ov Kv
(OK )p .
,
: X Spec(OK )
X OK (. 4.5). Br(X)
U Spec(OK ) ,
U Br(XU ),
XU = 1 (U) .

, . 4.4.1. , ,
A.6. , ,
pv : Spec(Kv ) X

pv : Spec(Ov ) X

(., , [70, II.4.7]).

v, U,
pv () pv (U )
Br(Ov ) Br(Kv ) .
, v h, pv iv = 0 ( , 4.2.6(i)
, Br(Ov ) = 0).
11.1.1.
(i) ,
Br(K) Br(X)
h, i. (: (10.4.1).) ,


f
Br(X)
= Coker Br(K) Br(X) .
162

(ii) ,
Q
X(K) X(Kv )
v

h, i. (: (10.4.1).)

f
(iii) Br(X),

Q
(pv ) X(Kv )
v

h, (pv )i . , X
K-.

,
Q
X(K) Br(X) X(Kv ) ,
v

Q
Br(X) Br(X) v X(Kv ) h, i. ,
Q - v X
Kv - , , v X(Kv ) = , X K-.
X(K). , ,
Q
X(Kv ) 6= ,
v

Br(X) . X K-. Br(X)

K- X.

11.2

f
Br(X),
11.1.1, . ,
: Br()
b : Br(K) Br()


f
Br()/b Br(K) Br().

, X .
K F XF F (X).
:


= 0
H 3 GK , K
K (. [69, VII.11.4]).
163

f
11.2.1. Br(X)

(i)

f K(X)/K(X)

Br
/K .
= H 2 GK , K(X)

(: GK -

K(X)

1K
K(X)
/K 1 ,

) = 0.)
. 3.3.5(i). , H 3 (GK , K
(ii) ,



resD L


f K(X)/K(X)

Hom GK(D) , Q/Z ,

0 H 1 GK , Pic(XK ) Br
DX

(11.2.2)
D X. (:
GK -

1 K(X)
/K Div(XK ) Pic(XK ) 0 ,

. 3.3.5(ii). ,
KD K(D)

GK(D) GKD

Hom GKD , Q/Z Hom GK(D) , Q/Z .

(i) 2.4.1(iii).)
(iii) ,

f
Br(XK ) .
0 H 1 GK , Pic(XK ) Br(X)

(11.2.3)

(: 4.4.2 ,


resD L


f
f K(X)
0 Br(X)
Br
Hom GK(D) , Q/Z .

(11.2.4)

DX

(ii) ,

f K(X)/K(X)

f K(X) .
Br
H 1 GK , Pic(XK ) Br
164

(11.2.5)

 (11.2.2)
(11.2.4) ,


H 1 GK , Pic(XK ) (11.2.5)



f
f K(X) .
Br(X)
Br
,




f K(X)
f X 
/ Br
Br


Br XK

 

Br K(X)

(11.2.3) .)
(iv) , Br(XK ) = 0. (, XK
K.
, H 2 (X, OX ) = 0
XC X - (, , ) K C


H 3 X(C), Z tors = 0 ,
. A.7.) ,


f
.
H 1 GK , Pic(XK )
= Br(X)
(: (iii).)

(v) , Br(XK ) = 0, Pic(XK ) ( , Pic0 (XK ) = 0). ,

f
Br(X)
. (: ,
Pic(XK ) X , , . , Pic(XK )
. 2.3.9(iii).)
(vi) , Br(XK ) = 0 Pic(XK )
= Z. (, X
.) ,
f
Br(X)
= 0.

(: (iv) 2.3.7(iii).)
, 11.2.1(iii) (. A.6)
H i GK , Hejt (XK , Gm )

165

= Hei+j
t (X, Gm ) .

 11.2.6. ,
K L
G n. s G.
(o) D Div(XL ) f K(X) ,

X
g(D) = (f ) Div(X) ,
gG

(f ) f . , D


[D] H 1 G, Pic(XL ) .

(: 1.1.6(ii).)

(i) , K(X) L(X) , G. A(f )

K(X), f K(X) , K(X) L(X) s G (. 3.1.6(i)).


f K(X)
, [D] Br






f
f K(X)
Br
H 1 G, Pic(XL ) H 1 GK , Pic(XK ) Br(X)
[A(f )]. (: 11.2.1(ii), 1.1.7(iv).) ,
[A(f )]




Br(X) = Brnr K(X) Br K(X) .

(ii) , [A(f )]




Brnr K(X) Br K(X) ,


, [A(f )] Br K(X)
X . (: 4.2.3(ii)

resE [A(f )] = 0

E X,
Supp(f ) (f ). D,
Supp(f ), h L(X) ,
(h) = D D ,

( ) D

X
(f ) =
g(D) .
gG

166



,

A
Nm(h)

Br K(X) , . 3.1.6(o). Nm K(X) L(X). ,



 


[A(f )] = A Nm(h) + A f Nm(h)1


Br K(X) .)

, Br(X) v K,
h, pv iv pv X(Kv ).
= [A(f )], f A(f ) , 11.2.6. ,
h, pv iv Br(X),
f
Br(X).

Br(X) , . 11.1.1(i).
. X X OK (. 4.5 11.1). v
v = OK /p, p OK ,
v. Xv
Xv = Spec(Ov ) Spec(OK ) X ,
X (v) Xv
Spec(v ) Spec(Ov ) .
, X (v) X
Spec(v ) Spec(OK ) .

f K(X) (, Kv (X) ) Supp(f )

f X
(, Xv ).
K L . v
K
r
Q
Lw
(11.2.7)
L K Kv
=
i

i=1

r (, 4.1.2 , ). , v L,
Lwi Kv . v L,
i Kv Lwi (. 4.1).
, K, ,
L (. [66, III.2.8]).
167

 11.2.8.
11.2.6.
(i) , [A(f )]




Br K(X) Br Kv (X)

Kv (X), Kv (X) Lw (X),

sr

f K(X) Kv (X)

Gal(Lw /Kv ) Gal(L/K)

(. 4.1.2(v)), w (11.2.7) wi , 1 6 i 6 r. (: 1.2.2(iv)

3.1.6(o).)
(ii) , v
L. ,

A(f ) Br Kv (X) . (:
(i).)
(iii) , f pv X(Kv ), f (pv ) 6= 0.
,


pv [A(f )] Br(Kv )

, Kv Lw , f (pv ) Kv sr Gal(Lw /Kv ), r w

(i). (: (i), 3.1.6(i)
pv 4.)

(iv) , v L.
11.1, pv X(Kv )
pv : Spec(Kv ) Xv ,

pv : Spec(Ov ) Xv .

, pv Supp(f ) Im(
pv ) Xv . ,
h[A(f )], pv iv = 0 .

(: , pv , f
pv ,
f (pv ) Ov Kv .

(iii) 4.2.3(ii).)
168

(v) , v L, Supp(f ) X (v) Xv . , pv X(Kv )
h Lw (X) ,

Supp f Nm(h)1 Im(
pv ) Xv , Nm
Kv (X) Lw (X). (:
Xw = Spec(Ow ) Spec(Ov ) X .
D Xw , D XL 11.2.6(o). 11.2.6(ii) D Xw ,
X Spec(OK ).)

(vi) S v K, v L, Supp(f ) X (v),

K, L.
, S . , v 6 S,
pv X(Kv )
h[A(f )], pv iv = 0 .
(: (iv)
(v), ,
[A(f Nm(h)1 )] = [A(f )]

Br Kv (X) , . 11.2.6(ii).
(ii).)
, OK (, K = Q),
c K , Supp(c f ) X (v)
v.

11.3

,
. , E F 1 F F -.
11.3.1.
(i) , E (. 2.6.1) . (:
J(E) E ,
J(E) E.)

169

(ii) , E Fq



q) = 0 .
H 1 G Fq , E(F
(:
q Id : E Fq E Fq ,

q - , q F
, q. 2.3.8.)
(iii) ,
Fq Fq -. (: (i) (ii),
2.6.2(i).)
(iv) , ( )
. (: (iii), , 10.2.2(ii).) , ( )
.
,
g 7 q (g) g 1

q (. [La56],
F
[Ste77]).
X K
( K- X). ,
X F Div(X) ,
: X P1 K ( |F |). Z Div(X) .
, Z K. K L,
Z = E + (E) ,
E Div(XL ) ,
L K.
11.3.2.
(i) , f K(X) ,
Z 2F = (f ) ,

, , (f ) f . (,
L.)
170


(ii) a K , L = K( a). ,


Br K(X)
A1 (a, f )


Br(X) Br K(X) .

(: 11.2.6 D = E F .)

, . ( .-. [Li40]
. [Re42].) X Q, U A2 x y

2y 2 = x4 17 .
, X U
V , , A2 z w
2z 2 = 1 17w 4 .

X F = {w = 0}.
11.3.2 :

z
Z = {y = 0} = {z = 0} U V, L = Q( 17), f = y = 2 .
w
v () Q.
11.3.3. X
(o) , p, vp
Q Q Q( 17), p = 17. (:

Qp Qp ( 17) .
, p 6 {2, 17} (. 4.1).
, v2
Q Q( 17), , 17 Q2 .)
(i) ,
v 6 {v , v2 , v17 }
Q pv X(Qv ). (: 11.3.1(iv).)
171

(ii) ,
v {v , v2 , v17 }
pv X(Qv ). (: v = v .
v = v2 Z(Q2 ) 6= , 17 Q2 .
v = v17 F (Q17 ) 6= , 2 Q17 .)
(iii) , v 6= v17 pv X(Qv )

h, pv iv = 0 ,
11.3.2(ii). (:
(o) 11.2.8(vi).)

(iv) , p17 X(Q17 )

h, p17 iv17 6= 0 .
(: p17 X(Q17 ) Z17 U V .
p17 U(Z17 )
h, p17 iv17 Q/Z


17, y(p17) 17 4.2.3(iv). ,


v17 y(p17 ) = 0 ,

y(p17 ) 17, 2
F17 . p17 V (Z17 ).)

(v) , X(Q) = . , X . (: (iii) (iv), 11.1.1(iii).)

172

, . [89], [83].
. [FK88].

A.1

. , [89, 4.2.1], [83, I.3]. ,
. X
{Ui X}, X,
[83, II.1]. X ,

` {Ui X}. U = i Ui () U X,
[89, 4.2.2].
, , [83, II.1.1].
, . : x
U
, , , [89, 3.4.3]. , , U ,
.
U,
x.

A.2

F X U 7 F (U) X ,
[89, 4.3.1], [83, II.1]. , , [89, 4.3.2].
, , {Vi U}
U X
a
F (V )
F (Vi )
i

`
`
i F (Vi ) i,j F (Vi U Vj ), Vi U Vj Vi Vj , [83, II.1]. ,
173

 K GK K, [89, 4.3.2].
S
U 7 hS (U) = Hom(U, S) ,
[89, 4.3.1.1], [83, II.1.7]. , ,
, . ,
Gm l ,

1
l
Spec(Z[T, T ]) Spec Z[T ]/(T 1) , , [89, 4.4.1.2],
[83, II.2.18(b)]. X Y
hX hY , [89, 4.3.3].
F X
X Fet (U) = (U, F ) : U X,
[89, 4.3.1.2], [83, II.1.6].

A.3

X
F 7 F (X), [89, 4.4.2],
[83, III.1.5(a)]. Heit (X, F ). , , [83, III.2]. ,
(, ),
,
[83, III.2.17]. .
K GK -, [89, 4.4.3].
, (. 1.1.3).
, [89, 4.6.5],
[83, III.3.12].
F X
i
(X, F )
HZar
= Heit (X, Fet ) ,

Zar , et
. [89, 4.4.4],
[83, III.3.7], [83, III.3.8].

174

 Q :
, ,
[83, III.2.20].
. l X. n
n
= Hom(n
l
l , Z/lZ) ,
l-








Heit X, Zl (n) = lim Heit X, n
, Heit X, Ql (n) = Ql Zl Heit X, Zl (n) ,
r
l

. [89, 4.7.1]. l-
. X d ,




X,
Q
(d

n)
Ql ,
Heit X, Ql (n) Ql He2di
l
t

. [89, 4.7.5], [83, VI.11.1]. ( ) l- , , [89, 4.7.6]. , [89, 4.7.8]. , l- ,

,
, [89, 4.7], [83, VI]. . l-
- . . [De74],
[De80], [89, 4.7.9, 4.7.10, 4.8], [83, VI.12, VI.13].

A.4

: () U X
- B U; , B A X?
A? ,
2 X.
[Gro59], [Vi04].
, X M, X, U X M(U), q : V U X
175


q : M(U) M(V ) .
, X. ,
, U M(U) ,
M(U) . , M(U)
U,
U ( ).
(
, X ). f : U X ,
pi : U X U U,

pij : U X U X U U X U

. , B M(U)

, : p1 B p2 B,
p13 () = p23 () p12 () : p1 B p3 B .
, A M(X) f A. , M ,
f M(X) M(U) . X,
V X, M .
, M .
A M(X) Aut(A),
V 7 Aut(q A) q : V X. 2.2.1(i),

f A Het U/X, Aut(A) , 1.1.8(i),

. [83, III.4]. ,
2.2.1(iii), M 1 U/X, Aut(A) , H
et
U- A, A M(X), f A
= f A ,
[83, III.4], [89, 4.4.5].
, M , Aut(A) ( ). 1.1.8(ii) 1.1.8(iii), , , . 3
IV.2.5 [83].
, ., , [83, I.2.21], [83, I.2.22].
2.1.4. , , ,
176

1 (X, GLn ) H
1 (X, GLn )
H
Zar
et

, [83, III.4.9]. ,
Pic(X)
= He1t (X, Gm ) .
( ): , [83, I.2.23],
, [83, III.4.7],
[83, III.4.8], ,
[SGA1, Proposition VIII.7.8]. , , , 1 (X, PGLn ), . [83, III.4]. H
et
, ,
, . [Vi04, Example 4.39] ( ,
).
.

A.5

l X, r . ,
, [83, III.4], [89, 4.4.6]:
lr

1 lr Gm Gm 1 .

(A.5.1)

2.5.2(i). A.4,
Pic(X)
= He1t (X, Gm ) .

1 (X, OX
)/lr He1t (X, lr ) Pic(X)lr 0 ,
0 Pic(X)/lr He2t (X, lr ) He2t (X, Gm )lr 0 .

(A.5.2)
(A.5.3)

, X ,
(A.5.2)
He1t (X, lr )
= Pic(X)lr .
, (A.5.3) 3.1.10(iii).
177

 X, (A.5.3) r,

0 Pic(X) Z Ql /Zl He2t (X, l ) He2t (X, Gm )l 0 .

(A.5.4)

, X ,


(A.5.5)
He2t (X, Gm )tors
= Coker Pic(X) Z Q He2t (X, ) .

, , He2t (X, Gm )tors .

He2t (X, Gm )tors X k . (A.5.5) , He2t (X, Gm )tors
P1 . f : X 99K Y
e
k. X
f,

X
f



f / Y

,
. ,

e Gm )tors ,
: He2t (X, Gm )tors He2t (X,

( )1 f : He2t (Y, Gm )tors He2t (X, Gm )tors .

, f 1 ,

He2t (X, Gm )tors He2t (Y, Gm )tors .

, .

A.6

3 .
(i), (ii)
(iii) 3.1.2, ,
(. [83, IV.2.5])
: Br(X) He2t (X, Gm ) ,
178

 Br(X) , . 4.4.1 (
, X ).
3.1.10(ii) , Br(X)
, [83, IV.2.7] ( , , ).
, 3.1.2(iv)
, . ,
[Gro66b, Remarque 1.11] X, He2t (X, Gm ) . ,
[dJ] , X

: Br(X) He2t (X, Gm )tors .

X k



: He2t (X, Gm ) Br k(X) ,

k(X)
X, [83, III.2.22].


, Br k(X)
(. 3.1.10(o)), X
He2t (X, Gm )tors = He2t (X, Gm ) .

(A.6.1)

, A.5 He2t (X, Gm ) .

X

: He2t (X, Gm ) Brnr (X) .

A.5.
[C95, 3.4]. Brnr (X) .
. Br(X)
X Z, [83, IV.2.19].

A.7

X . C- X(C),
179



C. H i X(C), X(C), -
.



He2t (X, )
(A.7.1)
= H 2 X(C), Q/Z .
(A.5.5), (A.6.1) (A.7.1), A.6 ,




r
2

Br(X) = Coker Pic(X) Z Q H X(C), Q/Z .

,

0 Z Q Q/Z 0

H 2 X(C), Z H 2 X(C), Q H 2 X(C), Q/Z H 3 X(C), Z tors 0 .


r H 2 X(C), Q ,







2
2
0 Coker Pic(X) Z Q H X(C), Z H X(C), Q


Br(X) H 3 X(C), Z tors 0 .
, () ,







H 0 (X, 2X ) H 1 (X, 1X ) H 2 X(C), Q = Im Pic(X) Z Q H 2 X(C), C ,

iX
i- X.

H 2 X(C), C H 2 (X, OX )







2
2
Coker Pic(X) Z Q H X(C), Z H X(C), Q
=



= Coker H 2 X(C), Z H 2 (X, OX )

tors

,






0 Coker H 2 X(C), Z H 2 (X, OX )
Br(X) H 3 X(C), Z tors 0 .
tors

(A.7.2)


, H X(C), Z tors , Br(X). (A.7.2) , ,


Br(X) H 2 X(C), AX tors
3

, AX
X(C).
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