Whats diabetes

.
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational diabetes
Pre-diabetes
Fast facts

Whats insulin

.
Difference between genders

.
What parts of body does diabetes effect

How to know you have diabetes

Recipes
Surveys

World diabetes Day

Websites that can be useful

List for a healthy diabetic food

.
How to test you blood pressure

What is Diabetes?
Diabetes can strike anyone, from any walk of life.
And it does in numbers that are dramatically increasing. In the last decade, the cases
of people living with diabetes jumped almost 50 percent to more than 29 million
Americans.
Worldwide, it afflicts more than 380 million people. And the World Health
Organization estimates that by 2030, that number of people living with diabetes will
more than double.
Today, diabetes takes more lives than AIDS and breast cancer combined -- claiming the
life of 1 American every 3 minutes. It is a leading cause of blindness, kidney failure,
amputations, heart failure and stroke.
Living with diabetes places an enormous emotional, physical and financial burden on
the entire family. Annually, diabetes costs the American public more than $245 billion.
Just what is diabetes?
To answer that, you first need to understand the role of insulin in your body.
When you eat, your body turns food into sugars, or glucose. At that point, your pancreas
is supposed to release insulin.
Insulin serves as a key to open your cells, to allow the glucose to enter -- and allow
you to use the glucose for energy.

But with diabetes, this system does not work.

Several major things can go wrong causing the onset of diabetes. Type 1 and type 2
diabetes are the most common forms of the disease, but there are also other kinds,
such as gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy, as well as other forms.

Type 1

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease - the person's body has destroyed his/her own insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas.
People with Diabetes Type 1 are unable to produce insulin. Most patients with Diabetes Type 1 developed
the condition before the age of 40. Approximately 15% of all people with diabetes have Type 1.
Type 1 diabetes is fatal unless the patient regularly takes exogenous insulin. Some patients have had
their beta cells replaced through a pancreas transplant and have managed to produce their own insulin
again.
Type 1 diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes or childhood diabetes. Although a large number of
diabetes Type 1 patients become so during childhood, it can also develop after the age of 18. Developing
Type 1 after the age of 40 is extremely rare.
Type 1, unlike Type 2, is not preventable. The majority of people who develop Type 1 are of normal weight
and are otherwise healthy during onset. Exercise and diet cannot reverse Type 1. Quite simply, the
person has lost his/her insulin-producing beta cells. Several clinical trials have attempted to find ways of
preventing or slowing down the progress of Type 1, but so far with no proven success.
A C-peptide assay is a lab test that can tell whether somebody has Type 1 or Type 2. As external insulin
has no C-peptide a lack of it would indicate Type 1. The test is only effective when ALL the endogenous
insulin has left the body - this can take several months.

Diet for a person with type 1

A person with Type one will have to watch what he/she eats. Foods that are low in fat, salt and have no or
very little added sugar are ideal. He/she should consume foods that have complex carbohydrates, rather
than fast carbohydrates, as well as fruits and vegetables. A diet that controls the person's blood sugar
level as well as his/her blood pressure and cholesterol levels will help achieve the best possible health.
Portion size is also important in order to maintain a healthy bodyweight.
Meal planning needs to be consistent so that the food and insulin can work together to control blood
glucose levels. According to the Mayo Clinic there is no 'diabetes diet'.
The Clinic says you do not need to restrict yourself to boring bland foods. Rather you should, as
mentioned above, consume plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains - foods that are highly nutritious,
low in fat, and low in calories. Even sugary foods are acceptable now and again if you include them in
your food plan.
If you have Type 1 you should seek the help of a registered dietitian. A dietitian can help you create a food
plan that suits you. Most dietitians agree that you should aim to consume the same quantity of food, with
equal portions of carbs, proteins and fats at the same time each day.

Complications - the bad news and the good news

A person with Type 1 has a two to four times higher risk of developing heart disease, stroke, high blood
pressure, blindness, kidney failure, gum disease and nerve damage, compared to a person who does not
have any type of diabetes.
A person with Type 1 is more likely to have poor blood circulation through his/her legs and feet. If left
untreated the problem may become such that a foot has to be amputated. A person with Type 1 will likely
go into a coma if untreated.
The good news is that treatment is available and it is effective and can help prevent these complications
from happening.

How to help prevent complications

Keep your blood pressure under 130/85 mm Hg.

Keep your cholesterol level below 200 mg.

Check your feet every day for signs of infection.

Get your eyes checked once a year.

Get your dentist to check your teeth and gums twice a year.

Physical activity helps regulate blood sugar levels

Before starting exercise make sure your doctor tells you it is OK. Try to make physical activity part of your
daily life. You should try to do at least 30 minutes of exercise or physical activity each day. Physical
activity or exercise means aerobic exercise.
If you have not done any exercise for a while, start gently and build up gradually. Physical activity helps
lower your blood sugar. Remember that exercise is good for everybody, not just people with Type 1.
The benefits are enormous for your physical and mental health. You will become stronger, fitter, your
sleep will improve as will your skin tone - and after some time you will look great!
Exercise will help your circulation - helping to make sure your lower legs and feet are healthy.
Remember to check your blood sugar level more frequently during your first few weeks of exercise so that
you may adapt your meal plans and/or insulin doses accordingly. Remember that a person with Type 1
has to manually adjust his/her insulin doses - the body will not respond automatically.

Type 2
A person with diabetes type 2 either:
1.

Does not produce enough insulin. Or

2.

Suffers from 'insulin resistance'. This means that the insulin is not working properly.

The majority of people with Type 2 have developed the condition because they are overweight. Type 2
generally appears later on in life, compared to Type 1. Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes.
In the case of insulin resistance, the body is producing the insulin, but insulin sensitivity is reduced and it
does not do the job as well as it should do. The glucose is not entering the body's cells properly, causing
two problems:
1.

A build-up of glucose in the blood.

2.

The cells are not getting the glucose they need for energy and growth.

In the early stages of Type 2 insulin sensitivity is the main abnormality - also there are elevated levels of
insulin in the blood. There are medications which can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce glucose
production by the liver.
As the disease progresses the production of insulin is undermined, and the patient will often need to be
given replacement insulin.

Excess abdominal fat is much more likely to bring on Type 2 Diabetes than excess
fat under your skin

Many experts say that central obesity - fat concentrated around the waist in relation to abdominal organs may make individuals more predisposed to develop Type 2 diabetes.
Central obesity does not include subcutaneous fat - fat under the skin. The fat around your waist abdominal fat - secretes a group of hormones called adipokines. It is thought that adipokines may impair
glucose tolerance.

The majority of people who develop diabetes Type 2 were overweight during the onset, while 55% of all
Type 2 patients were obese during onset.
Sometimes all the patient needs is to do more exercise,
lose weight and eat fewer carbs"

It is not uncommon for people to achieve long-term satisfactory glucose control by doing more exercise,
bringing down their bodyweight and cutting down on their dietary intake of carbohydrates.
However, despite these measures, the tendency towards insulin resistance will continue, so the patient
must persist with his/her increased physical activity, monitored diet and bodyweight.
If the diabetes mellitus continues the patient will usually be prescribed orally administered anti-diabetic
drugs. As a person with Type 2 does produce his/her own insulin, a combination of oral medicines will
usually improve insulin production, regulate the release of glucose by the liver, and treat insulin resistance
to some extent.
If the beta cells become further impaired the patient will eventually need insulin therapy in order to
regulate glucose levels.

The risk factors for type 2

Age and ethnicity. The older you are the higher your risk is, especially if you are over 40 (for white
people), and over 25 (for black, South Asian and some minority groups). It has been found in the UK that
black people and people of South Asian origin have five times the risk of developing Type 2 compared to
white people.

Diabetes in the family. If you have a relative who has/had diabetes your risk might be greater. The risk
increases if the relative is a close one - if your father or mother has/had diabetes your risk might be
greater than if your uncle has/had it.

Bodyweight (and inactivity combined with bodyweight). Four-fifths of people who have Type 2
became so because they were overweight. The more overweight a person is the higher his/her risk will
be. The highest risk is for a person who is overweight and physically inactive. In other words, if you are
very overweight and do not do any exercise your risk is greatest.

Cardiovascular problems and stroke. A person who has had a stroke runs a higher risk of developing
Type 2. This is also the case for people who suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure), or have had
a heart attack. Any diagnosis of a problem with circulation indicates a higher risk of developing Type 2.

Gestational Diabetes. A woman who became temporarily diabetic during pregnancy - gestational
diabetes - runs a higher risk of developing Type 2 later on. Women who give birth to a large baby may run
a higher risk, too.
Impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) - Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). A person who has been
diagnosed as having impaired fasting glycaemia or impaired glucose tolerance and does not have
diabetes runs a significantly higher risk of eventually developing Type 2. People with IFG or IGT have
higher than normal levels of glucose in their blood. In order to prevent diabetes it is crucial that you eat
healthily, keep an eye on your weight and do exercise.
Severe mental health problems. It has been found that people with severe mental health problems are
more likely to develop Type 2.

Diabetes and cardiovascular diseases

People with diabetes type 2 are much more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary
heart disease, stroke, hypertension, inflammatory heart disease and other cardiovascular conditions.
Treatments tend to be similar to the ones used on patients who do not have diabetes. Stents versus
bypass surgery for clogged artery - Patients with diabetes who have one clogged artery tend to have
better results from heart bypass surgery than drug coated stents, researchers from Saint Luke's MidAmerica Heart Institute in Kansas City, Missouri, explained at the American Heart Association's (AHA's)
Scientific Sessions 2012 in Los Angeles (4 November, 2012).
Although stents may be cheaper and appear initially to be a better option, over the long term, bypass
surgery patients in a trial had fewer heard attacks and were less likely to die prematurely, the
investigators explained.
Senior author, Elizabeth A Magnuson, said "Our results demonstrate that bypass surgery is not only
beneficial from a clinical standpoint, but also economically attractive from the perspective of the US
healthcare system. The economic data are important because of the large number of people with
diabetes who are in need of procedures to unblock clogged arteries."
The findings confirm the American Heart Associations recommendations which have been in place since
the 1990s that diabetes patients with one clogged heart artery should receive bypass surgery.

Gestational diabetes

This type affects females during pregnancy. Some women have very high levels of glucose in their blood,
and their bodies are unable to produce enough insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells,
resulting in progressively rising levels of glucose.
Diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made during pregnancy.
The majority of gestational diabetes patients can control their diabetes with exercise and diet. Between
10% to 20% of them will need to take some kind of blood-glucose-controlling medications. Undiagnosed
or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the risk of complications during childbirth. The baby may be
bigger than he/she should be.
Scientists from the National Institutes of Health and Harvard University found that women
whose diets before becoming pregnant were high in animal fat and cholesterol had a higher risk for
gestational diabetes, compared to their counterparts whose diets were low in cholesterol and animal fats.

What is prediabetes?
The vast majority of patients with type 2 diabetes initially had prediabetes. Their blood glucose levels
where higher than normal, but not high enough to merit a diabetes diagnosis. The cells in the body are
becoming resistant to insulin.

Studies have indicated that even at the prediabetes stage, some damage to the circulatory system and
the heart may already have occurred.

Fast facts

7,000 cases of diabetes in Oman every year

1,200 adults died from diabetes in Oman last year
199,000 adults with diabetes in Oman as of 2013
382 million people living with diabetes in 2013
592 million predicted to have diabetes in 2035
25 age of people being seen with diabetes and full complications in Oman
25 age of people being seen with diabetes and full complications in Oman
20 times more likely to go blind if you are diabetic
25 times more likely to have a limb amputated
40 times more likely to have a heart attack

Diabetes is a long-term condition that causes high blood sugar levels.

In 2013 it was estimated that over 382 million people throughout the world had diabetes ( Williams
textbook of endocrinology).

Type 1 Diabetes - the body does not produce insulin. Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases
are type 1.

Type 2 Diabetes - the body does not produce enough insulin for proper function. Approximately
90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are of this type.

Gestational Diabetes - this type affects females during pregnancy.

The most common diabetes symptoms include frequent urination, intense thirst and hunger,
weight gain, unusual weight loss, fatigue, cuts and bruises that do not heal, male sexual dysfunction,
numbness and tingling in hands and feet.

If you have Type 1 and follow a healthy eating plan, do adequate exercise, and take insulin, you
can lead a normal life.

Type 2 patients need to eat healthily, be physically active, and test their blood glucose. They may
also need to take oral medication, and/or insulin to control blood glucose levels.

As the risk of cardiovascular disease is much higher for a diabetic, it is crucial that blood pressure
and cholesterol levels are monitored regularly.

As smoking might have a serious effect on cardiovascular health, diabetics should stop smoking.

Hypoglycemia - low blood glucose - can have a bad effect on the patient. Hyperglycemia - when
blood glucose is too high - can also have a bad effect on the patient.

What is insulin?

Insulin is a hormone. It makes our body's cells absorb glucose from the blood. The glucose is stored in
the liver and muscle as glycogen and stops the body from using fat as a source of energy.
When there is very little insulin in the blood, or none at all, glucose is not taken up by most body cells.
When this happens our body uses fat as a source of energy. Insulin is also a control signal to other body
systems, such as amino acid uptake by body cells. Insulin is not identical in all animals - their levels of
strength vary.
Porcine insulin, insulin from a pig, is the most similar to human insulin. Humans can receive animal
insulin. However, genetic engineering has allowed us to synthetically produce 'human' insulin.

The pancreas
The pancreas is part of the digestive system. It is located high up in your abdomen and lies across your
body where the ribs meet at the bottom. It is shaped like a leaf and is about six inches long. The wide end
is called the head while the narrower end is called the tail, the mid-part is called the body.
The pancreas has two principal functions:
1.

It produces pancreatic digestive juices.

2.

It produces insulin and other digestive hormones.

The endocrine pancreas is the part of the pancreas that produces insulin and other hormones.
The exocrine pancreas is the part of the pancreas that produces digestive juices.
Insulin is produced in the pancreas. When protein is ingested insulin is released.
Insulin is also released when glucose is present in the blood. After eating carbohydrates, blood
glucose levels rise.
Insulin makes it possible for glucose to enter our body's cells - without glucose in our cells they would not
be able to function. Without insulin the glucose cannot enter our cells.
Within the pancreas, the Islets of Langerhans contain Beta cells, which synthesize (make) the insulin.
Approximately 1 to 3 million Islets of Langerhans make up the endocrine part of the pancreas (mainly the
exocrine gland), representing just one fiftieth of the pancreas' total mass.

Etymology (history) of the word pancreas

It is said that the pancreas was described first by Herophilus of Chalcedon in about 300B.C. and the
organ was named by Rufus of Ephesus in about 100A.D
However, it is an established fact that the word pancreas had been used by Aristotle (384-322B.C.) before
Herophilus.
In Aristotle's Historia Animalium, there is a line saying "another to the so-called pancreas". It is considered
that the words "so-called pancreas" imply that the word pancreas had been popular at the time of

Aristotle, but it had not been authorized yet as an anatomical term.

However, the word pancreas presumably has been accepted as an anatomical term since Herophilus.
The word pancreas comes from the Greek pankreas, meaning sweetbread

Difference between genders

It's a troubling fact: Women with diabetes have it worse, on average, than men with diabetes.
This shocking inequality was revealed in a 2007 study that found that, between 1971 and 2000,
death rates fell for men with diabetes, while rates for women with the disease didn't budge.
Plus, while men with diabetes live 7.5 years less on average than those who don't have the
disease, among women the difference is even greater: 8.2 years.
Why the disparity? It's most likely a combination of factors, according to the 2007 study
in Annals of Internal Medicine. For starters, the bodies of men and women are of course not the
same, so differences in physiology are almost certainly involved. In addition, research has
suggested that, as a group, doctors treat men and women differently. That gap in care leads to
poorer outcomes for women and can even be downright deadly.

The Female Predicament

In the general population, women live longer than men, largely because of their lower rates of
heart disease. Yet, when women get diabetes, something happens that strips them of this
advantage. "The risk for heart disease is six times higher for women with diabetes than those
without," says Marianne Legato, MD, FACP, director of the Partnership for Gender-Specific
Medicine at Columbia University. With men, diabetes increases the risk for heart disease two- to
threefold. Data also show that women with diabetes are more likely than men with the disease
to have poor blood glucose control, be obese, and have high blood pressure and unhealthy
cholesterol levels.

Heart Attack Alert

It's important to recognize the

warning signs of a heart attack to
ensure prompt medical treatment.
Women's symptoms may be different
from men's. For example, while chest
pain is considered the most common
heart attack warning sign, many
women have heart attacks without
chest pain. Some less familiar
symptoms are more common in
women than in men. Here is a list of
the leading symptoms.

Symptoms

Symptoms

(Men and

(Especially

Women)

Women)

Chest pain or

Fatigue

discomfort

Nausea or

Pain or

vomitting

discomfort in the
upper body (arm,

Light-

back, neck,

headedness or

upper stomach,

dizziness

etc.)

Sleep

Shortness of

problems

breath

What compounds the female predicament is that heart disease is more

deadly in women with diabetes than it is in men with the disease. A 2007 study published in the
European Heart Journal found that the association between diabetes and death by heart failure
was stronger for women than it was for men. A Finnish study also found that in people with
diabetes, heart attacks are more often fatal for women than they are for men. "For an older
woman with diabetes, if she has a heart attack, it's a big deal," says Deborah Wexler, MD, MSc,
an endocrinologist at Massachusetts General Hospital.
This greater risk, Wexler says, may stem in part from biological differences in how women and
men experience heart attacks. For both, the most common warning sign of a heart attack is
chest pain or discomfort in the upper body. However, women are more likely than men to
experience only nausea, shortness of breath, and back or jaw pain during a heart attack. If a
woman experiences these but doesn't recognize them as heart attack warning signs, she may
not seek treatment, lowering her chances of recovery.
Another diabetes complication, kidney disease, is also worse for women than men. In general,
men have a higher risk for kidney disease, but that distinction again disappears with the
appearance of diabetes. "Kidney disease generally doesn't affect women until they get to
menopause," a time when estrogen levels fall and women, at least hormonally speaking,
become more like men, says Christine Maric-Bilken, PhD, associate professor at the University

of Mississippi Medical Center. "Yet, women with diabetes are just as likely to get kidney disease
as men regardless of age."
Depression is about twice as common in women as it is in men, and may take a greater toll on
women with diabetes than on men with the disease. A landmark 2010 study of women
in Archives of Internal Medicinesuggested that depression increases the risk of diabetes and
vice versa. Other research has shown that women with both conditions are twice as likely to die
early as women who have neither diabetes nor depression. These studies didn't look at men,
but a 2006 study in the journal Public Health did, finding that diabetes and depression are
associated in women, but not in men.

Biology or Psychology?
The greater toll that diabetes takes on women is likely to be caused, at least in part, by biology.
Legato speculates that HDL ("good") cholesterol, which is normally higher in women than men,
may be behind the gender disparity. "When you get diabetes, the high triglycerides [blood fats]
drive down HDL levels in women," Legato says. "They're like a seesaw." And the combination of
high triglycerides and low HDL adds up to a greater risk of heart disease.
Maric-Bilken is studying whether the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone are the key to
why women with diabetes are more vulnerable to kidney disease than men with diabetes.
"Women with diabetes have less estrogen," she says. "In diabetes, once you lose that estrogen,
the testosterone creeps up [and] takes up the slack of estrogen." Studies have indeed found
that lower estrogen levels are associated with kidney disease, but it's not known whether there's
a cause-effect relationship or exactly how the lack of estrogen may contribute to kidney disease.
It's also possible that high testosterone is to blame. If there is a sex hormone connection, MaricBilken says, perhaps women with diabetes could improve their kidney health if the balance
between testosterone and estrogen were restored with hormone therapy. But more research is
needed to validate such an approach.

There's also evidence that women with diabetes may get less effective health care, a difference
that would stem not from biology but from psychological or sociological factors. One problem,
according to Wexler, is perception. Since women in general are less likely to have heart attacks
than men, "a woman sitting in front of a doctor may not raise the same alarm bells as a man,"
she says. But women with diabetes are in fact not less likely to have heart attacks.
The gender bias was apparent in a 2005 Diabetes Care study led by Wexler. It found that
women with diabetes were less likely than men to receive medication for heart disease risk
factors, such as high LDL ("bad") cholesterol. "Women tend to be treated less aggressively than
men for cardiovascular risk factors," she says.
The experience of diabetes is sex-differentiated for other reasons, too. Men with diabetes are
much more likely than those without to develop erectile dysfunction, hampering their sex lives.
Women with diabetes may also have issues such as lack of libido due to the disease. They are
more likely to have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is a risk factor for diabetes and
can result in fertility problems. When they do get pregnant, women with diabetes can have a
harder time than those without. Diabetes also makes women more prone to urinary and vaginal
infections.

Body Areas Affected by Diabetes

Diabetes can affect a number of areas in the body. The eyes, arteries, kidneys, nervous
system and blood vessels can all be affected.

How you know you have diabetes

Easily ignored in Type 2, if any diabetes is left untreated, it may result in blindness, nerve
damage, numbness, heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure and amputations of toes, feet or legs.
Only half of the people who have diabetes have been diagnosed, because in the early stages of
Type 2 diabetes there are few obvious symptoms, or the symptoms may be the similar to
symptoms of other health conditions -- but is already dangerous and does damage

Common warnings signs of diabetes include:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Increased thirst.
Increased hunger (especially after eating)
Dry mouth.
Frequent urination or urine infections.
Unexplained weight loss (even though you are eating and feel hungry)
Fatigue (weak, tired feeling)
Blurred vision.
Headaches.

Top 25 power foods for diabetes

Apples, Asparagus ,Avocados ,Beans ,Blueberries ,Broccoli Carrots ,Cranberries ,Flaxseed ,Fish

Garlic ,Kale ,Nuts Melon,Oatmeal ,Quinoa Raspberry ,Red onions ,Red grapefruit ,Red pepper
,Soy,Spinach Tea, Tomatoes ,Yogurt.1

recipes

Seared Tuna with Pesto Sauce

You should eat at least 2 servings of fish, such as tuna, every week for good heart health. Many people are intimidated to
make fish, but this recipe proves that cooking fish is both easy and delicious!
Prep Time: 5 minutes

Nutrition Facts
Serving Size: 1 tuna fillet

255
Carbohydrate 1 g
Protein 28 g
Fat
15.0 g
Saturated Fat 2.9 g
Sugar 0 g
Dietary Fiber 0 g
Cholesterol 45 mg
Sodium
185 mg
Calories

1 http://www.diabeticlivingonline.com/food-to-eat/nutrition/top-25-power-foods-diabetes?page=25

Potassium

325 mg

Ingredients
1 Tbsp olive oil
4 (4 oz) tuna fillets
4 Tbsp jarred pesto sauce

Instructions
1.
2.

Heat the olive oil in a skillet over medium-high heat.

Lay the tuna fillets in the hot oil and sear for 3-4 minutes on one side. Flip the tuna
and apply 1 Tbsp pesto sauce to each filet. Cook for additional 3-4 minutes.
Choices/Exchanges: 4 Lean Protein, 1 1/2 Fat

Breakfast Parfait for One

10 MIN Prep Time

10 MIN Total Time

1 Servings

Quickly turn plain cereal into a pretty treat by layering it with fruit and yogurt.

Ingredients
1
container (6 oz) Yoplait Original yogurt (any fruit-flavored)
1/3
cup Oatmeal Crisp or Whole Grain Total cereal, slightly crushed
1/2
cup blueberries, sliced strawberries and or raspberries

Directions

1In tall narrow glass, place 1/3 of the yogurt. Top with 1/3 of the cereal and 1/3 of the

fruit. Repeat layers twice.

Surveys
If you want to start searching about diabetes and want to do a survey you can ask
these questions:

Diabetes Patient Health

These are the questions you will be asked on the Diabetes Patient Health Survey. Diabetes involves many
aspects of life. This information will help us to help you. We look forward to being a part of your diabetes team.

General Information

Name, Date

Birth date, Age, Gender

Best phone number, Best time to call, OK to leave messages? [Yes/No]

What is your preferred language? Spoken/written

Primary Care Doctor, Diabetes Doctor

If you would like to be added to a confidential mailing list to receive diabetes-related

updates, you will be asked for your email address

Diabetes History

When diagnosed? Blood glucose (sugar) on diagnosis? Recent A1C/date (if known)

What type of diabetes do you have? [Dont know / Type 2 / Type 1 (Do you wear a
pump?) / Other]

For women, did you have gestational diabetes or a baby weighing more than 9
pounds? [Yes/No]

Any family members with diabetes? [Yes / No - If yes, who?]

How do you feel about having diabetes?

Have you ever had diabetes education? [Yes / No - If yes, when? Where?]

How would you rate your understanding of diabetes? [Good / Fair / Poor]

Does anybody help you take care of your diabetes? [Yes / No - If yes, who?]

What do you want to learn? [Healthy eating / Exercise guidelines / Monitoring glucose /
Medication info / Dealing with stress / Problem solving / Reducing complication risk /
Other]

Medical History

How would you rate your general health? [Excellent / Good / Fair / Poor]

What other conditions or problems do you have? [Blood pressure / cholesterol / heart /
eye / thyroid / current or recent infection / kidney / sexual / gastrointestinal / nerve
(neuropathy) / depression / Other / Explain any of these]

Major operations / recent hospitalizations

Last eye exam? Last foot exam? Last medical exam? Last dental checkup? Last flu
shot? Last pneumonia shot?

Nutrition

What is your current weight? Height? What is your goal weight? Has your weight
changed in the past year? [Yes / No - If yes, pounds gained / lost]

Do you have a history of an eating disorder? [Yes / No - If yes, describe]

Who cooks? Who shops? How often do you eat out and where?

What special food plan or diet do you follow (including any cultural/religious diet
restrictions, if any)?

What changes have you made in your diet recently, if any?

Do you count carbohydrates? [Yes / No / I dont understand the question]

List any food allergies or intolerances

Diet History (What foods do you usually eat?) List types and amounts.

Breakfast / Lunch / Dinner / Snacks:

Exercise

Have you been advised to limit exercise? [Yes / No - If yes, describe]

Do you exercise on a regular basis? [Yes / No / - If yes, type of exercise]

How many times a week do you exercise? For how long?

Pain Assessment

Are you having any pain now? [Yes / No - If no, skip this section]

Where is the pain? Describe

Are you under the doctors care for pain? [Yes / No]

Current Level of Pain: (circle the number that reflects the intensity)
0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10
None - Mild - Moderate - Severe - Very Severe - Worst Possible
Annoying - Uncomfortable - Distressing - Horrible - Excruciating - Agonizing

What is your goal? [comfortable / increase function / able to sleep / reduce intensity]

What do you do to manage the pain?

Monitoring

Do you test your blood glucose (sugar)?

Yes. My type of meter is:
No (skip to Lows below)

What do you consider an acceptable blood glucose reading?

How often do you test?

What time(s) of the day?

Usual blood glucose before meals / Two hours after meals

Lows

Have you ever had low blood glucose?

When? / Never (skip to Highs below)

Can you feel when your glucose is too low? [Yes / No - If yes, list your
symptoms]

How do you treat low blood glucose?

Do you wear a medical identification bracelet or necklace? [Yes / No]

Have you ever been unconscious from low glucose? [Yes /No - If yes,
when?]

Do you have a Glucagon kit at home for severe lows? [Yes / No - If yes,
who in your household has been taught how to use it?]

Highs

What are your current levels of high blood glucose?

How do you treat the highs?

Do you test for ketones? [Yes / No]

Pregnancy (if applicable)

Are you pregnant? [Yes / No - If yes, expected due date]

Are you planning to become pregnant? [Yes / No - If no, Birth control method / N/A]

Risk Factors

Do you have trouble sleeping? [Yes /No]

Are you told you snore? [Yes /No]

Are you sleepy during the day? [Yes /No]

Smoke or exposure to cigarettes? [Yes /No - If yes, number of cigarettes each day]

Do you drink alcohol? [Yes /No - If yes, how much]

Do you use illicit drugs? [Yes, No - Yes, explain]

Health Beliefs

I believe following my diet is the best thing I can do to control my diabetes. [Agree /
Neutral /Disagree]

I have some control over whether or not I get complications of diabetes. [Agree /
Neutral /Disagree]

I feel diabetes is the one of the worst things that ever happened to me. [Agree /
Neutral / Disagree]

I will have to or have given up many things because of my diabetes. [Agree / Neutral /
Disagree]

If I dont take care of myself, I believe diabetes could be a great threat to my life.
[Agree / Neutral / Disagree]

Social/Learning History

How do you learn best? [Reading / Demonstration / Hands on / Watching TV]

Do you have difficulty with: [Hearing / Speech / Vision / Mobility / Sitting for 2 hours or
more / Concentrating - Explain]

How would you describe the amount of stress in your life? [Low / Medium / High]

How do you handle it?

Do you have any financial concerns or worries?

Do you work? [Yes / No - If yes, type of work? Work hours?]

School/grade level completed?

Marital Status: [Single / Married / Domestic partner/ Divorced / Separated / Widowed]

Number in Household? Living situation?

Have you signed an advanced directive or medical power of attorney?

(Optional) Race/Ethnicity (for data collection purposes only)

What else you would like us to know about you?

Your expectations of our diabetes program CDS

Country

Total numbers in 2000

% Population in 2000

Projected numbers in 2030

United Arab Emirates

350,000

7.78

684,000

Bahrain

37,000

5.96

99,000

Qatar

38,000

4.67

88,000

Oman

113,000

4.40

343,000

Lebanon

146,000

4.08

378,000

Kuwait

104,000

3.87

319,000

Pakistan

5,217,000

3.73

13,853,000

Saudi Arabia

890,000

3.62

2,523,000

Egypt

2,623,000

3.54

6,726,000

Jordan

195,000

3.42

680,000

Syria

627,000

3.29

2,313,000

WORLD DIABETES DAY

World Diabetes Day (WDD) is celebrated every year on November 14. The World Diabetes
Day campaign is led by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and its member
associations. It engages millions of people worldwide indiabetes advocacy and awareness.
World Diabetes Day was created in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation and the
World Health Organization in response to growing concerns about the escalating health
threat that diabetes now poses. World Diabetes Day became an official United Nations Day
in 2007 with the passage of United Nation Resolution 61/225. The campaign draws attention
to issues of paramount importance to the diabetes world and keeps diabetes firmly in the
public spotlight.
World Diabetes Day is a campaign that features a new theme chosen by the International
Diabetes Federation each year to address issues facing the global diabetes community.
While the themed campaigns last the whole year, the day itself is celebrated on November
14, to mark the birthday of Frederick Banting who, along with Charles Best, first conceived
the idea which led to the discovery of insulin in 1921.
Healthy Living and Diabetes is the World Diabetes Day theme for 2014-2016.

WHERE IS IT CELEBRATED?
World Diabetes Day is celebrated worldwide by the over 200 member associations of the
International Diabetes Federation in more than 160 countries and territories, all Member
States of the United Nations, as well as by other associations and organizations, companies,
healthcare professionals and people living with diabetes and their families.

HOW IS IT MARKED?

The global diabetes community including International Diabetes Federation member

associations, diabetes organizations, NGOs, health departments, civil society, individuals
and companies develop an extensive range of activities, tailored to a variety of groups.
Activities organized each year include:

Radio and television programmes

Sports events
Free screenings for diabetes and its complications
Public information meetings
Poster and leaflet campaigns
Diabetes workshops and exhibitions
Press conferences
Newspaper and magazine articles
Events for children and adolescents
Monument lightings
Human blue circles
Walks
Runs
Cycle Race
Political Events

IS THERE A THEME?
Each year World Diabetes Day is centred on a theme related to diabetes. Topics covered in
the past have included diabetes and human rights, diabetes and lifestyle, and the costs of
diabetes. Recent themes include:
2007-2008: Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
2009-2013: Diabetes Education and Prevention

THE WORLD DIABETES DAY LOGO

The World Diabetes Day logo is the blue circle - the global symbol for diabetes which was
developed as part of the Unite for Diabetes awareness campaign. The logo was adopted in

2007 to mark the passage of the United Nations World Diabetes Day Resolution. The
significance of the blue circle symbol is overwhelmingly positive. Across cultures, the circle
symbolizes life and health. The colour blue reflects the sky that unites all nations and is the
colour of the United Nations flag. The blue circle signifies the unity of the global diabetes
community in response to the diabetes pandemic.

Useful websites that you even can do a risk test:

http://www.diabetes.org/are-you-at-risk/diabetes-risk-test/?loc=atrisk-slabnav

Other:
http://diabetesinyou.weebly.com/
https://www.diabetes.org.uk/Guide-to-diabetes/What-is-diabetes/

How to test blood sugar

To test your blood sugar level, collect your blood
glucose meter, a test strip and lancing device.

Wash and dry your handsusing warm

water may help the blood flow.1
Turn on the meter and prepare a test strip
as outlined in your owner's booklet.
Choose your spotdon't check from the
same finger all the time.1
Follow the manufacturer's instructions to
prepare the lancing device and get a drop of
blood from the side of your fingertip or other
approved site.2
Check your blood sugar by touching and
holding the test strip opening to the drop until it
has absorbed enough blood to begin the test.
View your test result and take the proper
steps if your blood sugar is too high or low, based
on your healthcare professionals'
recommendations.
10.
11.

Discard the used lancet properly.

Record the results in a logbook, hold them
in the meter's memory or download to a
computer so you can review and analyze them
later.
For meter-specific instructions on how to test
your blood sugar levels, choose your system:

PREVENTION:
Exercise swimming, cycling, brisk walking, dancing
30 minutes of exercise a day can reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes
by 40 per cent
Weight loss
Balanced and nutritious diet
Reducing stress
Stop smoking

TREATMENT:
Theres no cure for diabetes, so treatment aims to keep blood glucose levels as
normal as possible and control symptoms.
Diabetes type 1 occurs because the body isnt producing enough insulin.
Treatment includes insulin injections or using an insulin pump. It can be managed
well.
Diabetes type 2 usually gets worse over time. Making lifestyle changes such as
diet, exercise and weight loss can help, but medication will eventually be needed.