JOURNAL ARTICLE REVIEW TEMPLATE

North American University

Education Department
M.Ed. in Educational Leadership / M.Ed. in Curriculum and Instruction
EDUC 5324 Integrating Technology into Education
Name: Yilmaz Kahraman

Date: 9/6/2015

Cite the reviewed article in APA format:

Chang, I-Hua. (2012). The effect of principals' technological leadership on teachers' technological literacy
and teaching effectiveness in Taiwanese elementary. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 15(2),
328-340.

INTRODUCTION
Research Questions (if research questions are not specifically mentioned, what is
the theoretical background or overarching theme): The survey asked teachers to

measure the effectiveness of principals technological leadership, teachers technological

literacy, and teaching effectiveness. Additionally, the data were analyzed using structural
equation modeling to test how well the model captured the relationships between these
quantities.

Purpose of the research: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships

among technological leadership of principals and the technological literacy and teaching
effectiveness of elementary school teachers. The study also explores the notion that
principals technological leadership, as mediated by teachers technological literacy, can
affect teaching effectiveness.

METHODOLOGY
What is the methodology for the research or approach used to understand the
issue? Provide information regarding the following:

Participants: The survey target population consists of 1,000 teachers randomly selected
from Taiwanese elementary schools.
Procedures: Randomly sent to the Director of Academic Affairs Division of each
elementary school. Then, the Director randomly selected the teachers based on the cover
letter sent to the school.

Data Collection Methods/Data Source: The target population consisted of 1,000

teachers randomly selected from 100 elementary schools within the following six
metropolitan cities in Taiwan: Keelung City, Taipei City, Hsinchu City, Taichung City,
Tainan City, and Kaohsiung City. These cities are located in the northern, central, and
southern parts of the island respectively, and this sample is indicative of the broader
teaching population of Taiwan. The survey was randomly sent to the Director of
Academic Affairs Division of each elementary school. Then, the Director randomly
selected the teachers based on the cover letter sent to the school. The survey asked
teachers to evaluate the principals role in leading and facilitating technology use,
teachers technological literacy and teaching effectiveness in their schools. The
respondents in this study were teachers (i.e., tenured teachers, mentor teachers, teachers
serving as administrators and directors) reporting to their principals.

Data Analysis: This academic paper investigated the relationships among principals
technological leadership, teachers technological literacy, and teaching effectiveness and
tested the structural equation model (SEM). SPSS was used to calculate scale reliabilities
(the Cronbachs alpha) and to perform factor analyses. The final SEM model was done
with LISREL.

RESULTS
Findings or Results (or main points of the article): SEM lets researchers

simultaneously define and measure multidimensional constructs (e.g., principals

technological leadership). The fit of the model to the data was assessed with SEM fit
indices. The Chi-Square value was 271.97 with 74 degrees of freedom and significance
(p=.00). The NFI, NNFI, PNFI, CFI, SRMR, GFI, AGFI and PGFI values were .98, .99, .
80, .99, .043, .93, .90 and .66, respectively. The Critical N was 204.42. The results of
these common fit indices (see table 3) clearly indicated that the model fit these observed
data quite well.

DISCUSSIONS
Conclusions/Implications (for your profession):As this study indicates, principals as

technological leaders must develop and implement vision and technology plans for their
schools, encourage the technological development and training of teachers, provide
sufficient technological infrastructure support, and develop an effective school-evaluation
plan. Principals who can embrace their ever- 337 changing roles and become
technological leaders are those who can effectively lead and prepare their schools for the
decades to come. More important, teachers, who practice their craft in the technological
age, should look diligently to develop their own technological literacy; they should
change the traditional unidirectional method of teaching, and learn how to incorporate
technology into their teaching in order to encourage their students academic
achievement. It is an open question whether, in this age of information, principals (with
their ever-evolving roles) can become competent technology leaders who nurture and
increase the ability of teachers to integrate technology into their teaching. Such leaders
not only make teachers more effective but also directly affect students academic
achievement.

REFLECTIONS
Students Reflections (changes to your understanding; implications for your
school/work): Principals play crucial roles on their teachers and students development.

Article mentions that principals technological knowledge has an important effect on

teachers technological improvement. As this study points out, principals have to build
vision and goals for technology in the school, encourage the technological development
and training of teachers, provide sufficient technological infrastructure support, and
develop an effective school evaluation plan.