Chapter

16

Chapter 17

Traveling wave is represented by:
!sin(kx t + )
#
y(x, t) = ym "or
#cos(kx t + )
$
Where :
k = 2 is; Angular Wave number

, is; The wavelength of the wave

2
, is; Angular frequency,
T
or Angular velocity
(-) is for wave moving to the right, (+) is
moving to the left.
1
f=
frequency
T
, is; Phase cons tan t

v=f =
Wave speed
k
Two Types of mechanical waves.
Longitudinal, and Transverse. L is faster
than T.
Speed of the wave on a string is :

= 2 f =

v=
is tension, and = mass / length

The speed and the acceleration of the

oscillating particles are:
dy(x, t)
dv(x, t)
v(x, t) =
a(x, t) =
dt
dt
2
vmax = ym
amax = y m
1
Average power : Pave = v 2 y 2m
2
Standing Waves:
y!(x, t) = [2ym sin kx]cos t
Points with zero amplitude: Nodes
Points with maximum displacement: Antinode

Resonant Frequencies:
v
f =n
n = 1, 2, 3, ......
2L
f, for n = 1, Is called Fundamental frequency
or the first Harmonics.

Chapter 18

Sound:
Mechanical Longitudinal
s(x, t) = sm cos(kx t)

p)x, t) = pmax sin(kx t)
pm = v sm

Interference:
If two sources are in phase:
Path difference
" m
Constractive
$

x = #

Destruactive
$%(2m +1)
2
If out of phase by 180o;
Path difference
" m
Destruactive
$

x = #

Constractive
$%(2m +1)
2
Intensity:
I = Power / Area = P/A=P/4r2
1
I = v 2 s 2m
2
I1 r22
=
I 2 r12
Sound Level:
I
= 10 log
I 0 = 110 12 W 2
m
I0
Pattern for a sring:

Beats:
fbeat = f1 f2
Doppler Effect:
v vD

f!=
v vs


v
sin =
Mach cone angle
vs

1
sin

Mach Number

"
%
$
P'
T = (273.16) $ lim '
P3 '
$
# gas0 &
TK = TC + 273.15

Conversion from
Fahrenheit to Celsius:

TF 32 TC

=
180
100

L = Lo T

A = 2 Ao T

V = 3Vo T = Vo T
Where : = 3

Q = mcT

Q = mL

Calorimetry :

(Q

+ QC ) = 0