Allied Schools

Chapter Wise Support Material

Subject: Physics
Book: Physics-10 (Punjab Textbook
Board)
Class: CHAPTER # 12

Geometrical Optics
Multiple choices:
Tick () the appropriate option.
1. The laws of reflection of light were discovered by ________.
a) Al-Beruni b) Al-Kundi
c) Ibn-ul-Haitham
d) Newton
2. The relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction was recognized
by ______.
a) Al-Beruni
b) Al-Kundi c) Ibn-ul-Haitham
d) Newton
3. According to the laws of reflection of light the angle of incidence is ______ to
the angle of reflection.
a) small
b) large
c) negligible
d) equal
4. The incident ray, ________ ray and normal at the point of incidence, all lie in
the same plane.
a) refracted
b) dispersed
c) reflected
d) diffracted
5. A spherical mirror in fact is a portion of the _________ surface of a hallow
sphere.
a) refracting
b) reflecting
c) diffracting
d) dispersing
6. Spherical mirrors are of _____ types.
a) three
b) two
c) four
d) one
7. ______ mirror is that whose inner curved surface is reflecting.
a) Convex
b) Concave
c) Simple
d) Plane
8. _______ mirror is that whose outer curved surface is reflecting.
a) Convex
b) Concave
c) Plane
d) Shaded
9. The __________ of the sphere, of which a concave mirror or convex mirror is a
part is known as the centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.
a) end
b) start
c) centre
d) axis
10.
The radius of __________ of the mirror is the radius of the sphere.
a) mirror
b) lens
c) circle
d) curvature
11.
The front section of spherical mirror is circular one and its diameter is
known as the _______.
a) aperture
b) radius
c) centre
d) axis
12.
The centre of the mirror is called the ________ of the mirror.

a) radius
b) focus
c) pole
d) middle
13.
The line joining the pole of the mirror and the centre of curvature is called
the _________ of the mirror.
a) principle focus
c) centre of curvature
b) principle axis
d) focus
14.
Rays of light parallel to the principle axis after reflection from a concave
mirror _______ to the point called the principle focus of the mirror.
a) diverge
b) converge
c) reflected
d) diffracted
15.
Rays of light parallel to the principle axis after reflection from a concave
mirror converge to the point called the ______________ of the mirror.
a) principal axis
c) principle focus
b) focus
d) focal length
16.
The principle focus of a convex mirror is a _____ focus.
a) real
b) virtual
c) temporary
d) imaginary
17.
The principle focus of the concave mirror is also called _____ focus.
a) real
b) virtual
c) temporary
d) imaginary
18.
The distance between the _____ and the principle focus of a spherical
mirror is called the focal length.
a) aperture
b) sphere
c) pole
d) radius
19.
The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is ______ of its focal length.
a) half
b) twice
c) three times
d) zero
20.
The characteristics and location of an image formed by a spherical mirror
can be determined from an equation called ________ formula
a) mirror b) spherical mirror
c) principle
d) simple
21.
The formula of concave mirror is _______
a) 1/f=1p-1/q
c) 1/f=1/p+1/q
b) 1/f=1/q-1/p
d) 1/f+1/p=1/q
22.
1/f=1/p+1/q is known as a ______ formula.
a) convex
b) concave
c) spherical mirror
d) mirror
23.
For convex mirror, the image is always virtual and according to sign
conventions the _______ of the convex mirror is taken as negative.
a) mirror formula b) principle axis c) focal length
d) angle
24.
For convex mirror, the image is always virtual and according to sign
conventions the _______ of virtual image is taken as negative.
a) length
b) height
c) distance
d) width
25.
The image formed by convex mirror is virtual, _______ and diminished.
a) curved
b) large
c) opposite
d) erect

26.

The ratio of the height of the image to that of the object is called the
______ magnification.
a) complex
b) difficult
c) linear
d) minor
27.
An object placed at a distance of 30cm from a concave mirror. The position
of the image is ___________ if the focal length of the mirror is 5cm.
a) 6cm
b) 10cm
c) 35cm
d) 25cm
28.
The positive value of q means image is _______.
a) real
b) small
c) virtual
d) large
29.
Doctors use _______ mirrors for examination of ear, nose, throat and eyes.
a) concave
b) convex
c) shaded
d) simple
30.
_________ mirrors are used to throw light on the slides of microscope so
that the slides can be viewed more clearly.
a) Concave
b) Convex
c) Plane
d) Simple
31.
All developed countries use giant ______ mirrors in their giant telescopes.
a) convex
b) concave
c) shaded
d) simple
32.
______ mirrors are used in motorcycles and automobiles which enable the
driver to see the automobiles coming behind him.
a) Concave
b) Convex
c) Plane
d) Simple
33.
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant, and this constant ratio is called ________ of the second
medium with respect to the first.
a) index
b) critical angle
b) refractive index
d) angle
34.
The refractive index of a medium is calculated by dividing the speed of
light in ________ by the speed of light in that medium.
a) water
b) vacuum
c) oil
d) solids
35.
The value of refractive index for air is ______.
a) 0
b) 1
c) 1.0003
d) 1.33
36.
The value of refractive index for water is ________.
a) 1.33
b) 1.0003
c) 0
d) 1.00
37.
The value of refractive index for diamond is ______.
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2.42
d) 1.66
38.
When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to rare medium, the
refracted ray bends ______ the normal.
a) towards
c) parallel to
b) away from
d) perpendicular to
39.
When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to rare medium, the angle
of refraction is _______ than the angle of incidence.
a) less
b) greater
c) minimum
d) maximum

40.
The critical angle of glass is _______.
a) 24
b) 42
c) 49
d) 0
41.
The critical angle of diamond is _________.
a) 42
b) 49
c) 24
d) 0
42.
When light enters from a denser medium to a rare medium then the angle of
incidence for which angle of refraction becomes 90 is called ______ angle.
a) critical
b) complex
c) refractive
d) simple
43.
The equation used for calculating the critical angle is ______.
a) sin =sinr/C
c) sin/sinr=C
b) sin=1/n
d)sin=n
44.
The image of an aeroplane is seen on the runway in summer days, it is due
to total internal _______.
a) refraction
b) diffraction
c) reflection
d) diffusion
45.
For total internal reflection the angle of incidence should be greater than
the ______ angle.
a) simple
b) critical
c) complex
d) refraction
46.
_______ is used in tanks and submarines, to see the objects outside the tank
on the surface of the sea.
a) Telescope b) Electron scope
c) Periscope
d) Prism
47.
The refractive index n of the material of the prism with respect to air can
be determined by expression _________.
a) n=sin(A+D)/sin(A/2)
b) n=
b) n=sin (A+D)/2
d) n=sin (A/2)(A+Dm/2)
48.
When white light passes through a prism then the waves of different
wavelengths deviate on different paths, due to this white light disperses in
different colors, which is called ________.
a) diffraction
b) reflection
c) dispersion
d) refraction
49.
The band of colors which is seen on the screen after the dispersion of white
light is called _______ spectrum.
a) white
b) rainbow
c) solar
d) simple
50.
A totally reflecting prism is that which has one of its angle equal to
________ and each of the remaining two angles equal to 45.
a) 180
b) 240
c) 130
d) 90
51.
A prism Binocular is made by using two _______ separated at a distance
equal to the distance between the two eyes.
a) prisms
b) telescope
c) diffraction
d) pipes
52.
The principle of total internal reflection is used in ______ fibres.
a) electron
b) optical
c) pipe
d) telescope

53.

In optical fibre the refractive index of inner tube is 1.52 and that of outer
coating is ______.
a) 1.47
b) 1.48
c) 1.48
d) 1.49
54.
_________ are used by doctors and engineers to illuminate those
inaccessible places which otherwise are not possible to examine.
a) Periscopes
b) Light pipes c) Endoscopes d) Optical fibres
55.
Optical fibres are highly _________ and light in weight and are much
cheaper as compared to copper cables.
a) flammable
b) solid
c) flexible
d) costly
56.
A cable consists of a bundle of _____ optical fibres.
a) 40
b) 30
c) 50
d) 20
57.
The transmitting capacity of light pipes is thousands of times _____ than
the radio waves.
a) greater
b) lesser
c) negligible
d) constant
58.
___________ is such an instrument which is used for viewing and
photographing of the internal structure of human body by using light pipes.
a) Prism
b) Light pipe
c) Endoscope
d) Lense
59.
________ is a type of Endoscope instrument to view the stomach.
a) Light pipe
c) Brancho scope
b) Gastroscope
d) Cystoscope
60.
________ is a type of Endoscope instrument to view the liver.
a) light pipes
c) Cystoscope
b) Gastroscope
d) Branchoscope
61.
After the rain, the every droplet of water suspended high up in the air
behaves like a ________.
a) mirror
b) prism
c) pipe
d) optical fibre
62.
Light rays entering the rain drops suffer refraction and total internal
reflection, and these rays are of __________ light so they split up into seven
colors.
a) black
b) grey
c) white
d) sun
63.
The primary rainbow has ______ colour on its outer and _____ colour on
its inner edge.
a) red, violet
c) blue, indigo
b) violet, red
d) yellow, blue
64.
The secondary rainbow is produced when the rays from the Sun suffer
_______ internal reflections.
a) single
b) double
c) triple
d) four times

65.

The secondary rainbow has _____ colour on its outer edge and ______
colour on its inner edge.
a) red, violet
c) blue, indigo
b) violet, red
d) yellow, blue
66.
The order of colours in secondary rainbow is violet, indigo, blue, _____,
yellow, orange and red.
a) golden
b) green
c) grey
d) brown
67.
The characteristics of an image can be derived by lens formula which is
______.
a) 1/f=1/p-1/q
c) 1/f=1/p+1/q
b) 1/p-1/q+1/f
d) 1/f-1/q
68.
In the lens formula, the focal length is taken _____ for convex lens.
a) positive
b) negative
c) zero
d) negligible
69.
In the lens formula, the q for virtual image is taken _______.
a) positive
b) negative
c) zero
d) negligible
70.
All the distances are measured from the ______ centre of the lens.
a) optical
b) focal
c) axis
d) principle
71.
The rays of light which pass through thick lenses of large _______ do not
focus at a single point.
a) focal length
b) aperture
c) principle axis
d) radius
72.
The reciprocal of the focal length of the lens is called ______ of the lens.
a) size
b) length
c) depth
d) power
73.
The unit of power of a lens is ______.
a) meter
b) dioptres
c) cm
d) dm
74.
The power of a convex lens is ______.
a) positive
b) negative
c) zero
d) constant
75.
The power of a concave lens is _______.
a) positive
b) negative c) zero
d) constant
76.
Opticians and eye specialists refer to the power of a lens instead of its
______ for their patients.
a) focal length
b) aperture
c) magnification
d) transparency
77.
A normal eye can see objects clearly at a far off distance down to about
_____ from the eye.
a) 30cm
b) 25cm
c) 15cm
d) 20cm
78.
There are _____ main defects of human eye.
a) three
b) two
c) four
d) five
79.
In short sightedness the image of distant object is formed _______ of the
retina instead of at retina.

a) at the back
b) in front
c) at infinity
d) at distance
80.
The short sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles having
suitable _______ lens.
a) concave
b) aperture
c) spherical
d) optical
81.
In long sightedness the light rays from near objects are not focused on the
retina but _____ the retina.
a) in front of
b) behind
c) at the side
of
d) at infinity
82.
The long sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles having
suitable _______ lens.
a) concave
b) convex
c) optical
d) pipes
Short Questions:
1. State the laws of reflection of light.
2. What is concave mirror?
3. What is convex mirror?
4. Define the principle axis.
5. How would you define the principle focus?
6. What is focal length?
7. What is spherical mirror formula?
8. Define linear magnification.
9. Write some of the uses of spherical mirrors.
10.

Why is concave mirror used for make up or shave?

11.

State the laws of refraction.

12.

Define refractive index.

13.

How is the refractive index of a medium calculated?

14.

What is the relation of refractive index to real and apparent depth?

15.
What happens when a ray of light passes from a denser medium to a
rarer medium?
16.

What is total internal reflection?

17.

Define critical angle.

18.

What are the conditions for total internal reflection?

19.

What is mirage?

20.
Which device is used in tanks and submarines to see the objects on
the surface of the sea and outside the tank?
21.

Define angle of prism.

22.

What is the factor on which angle of deviation depends?

23.
Give the equation by which the refractive index of the material of the
prism with respect to air can be determined.
24.

What is a phenomenon of dispersion?

25.

What is total reflecting prism?

26.
What happens when a ray of light strikes one of its faces
perpendicularly of the total reflecting prism?
27.

Why total reflecting prism is used in prism binocular?

28.

Write the construction of optical fibres.

29.

What phenomena occur when a ray of light enters an optical fibre?

30.

What are light pipes?

31.

What is Endoscope?

32.

How the phenomena of dispersion of light occur in solar spectrum?

33.
What is the difference between primary rainbow and secondary
rainbow?
34.

Define lens formula.

35.

Write the lens formula for convex lens and concave lens?

36.

What rules are adopted about the sign conventions of the lens?

37.

What is spherical aberration?

38.

What is chromatic aberration?

39.

How can the defect of spherical aberration be minimized?

40.

How can the defect of chromatic aberration be minimized?

41.

Define power of a lens.

42.
clearly?

What is the distance from which a normal eye can see objects

43.

What is the reason of short sightedness?

44.

How can the short sightedness be corrected?

45.

What is the reason of long sightedness?

46.

How can the long sightedness be corrected?

ANSWER KEY
Tick () the appropriate option.
1. The laws of reflection of light were discovered by ________.
c) Ibn-ul-Haitham
2. The relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction was recognized
by ______.
c) Ibn-ul-Haitham
3. According to the laws of reflection of light the angle of incidence is ______ to
the angle of reflection.
d) equal
4. The incident ray, ________ ray and normal at the point of incidence, all lie in
the same plane.
c) reflected
5. A spherical mirror in fact is a portion of the _________ surface of a hallow
sphere.
b) reflecting
6. Spherical mirrors are of _____ types.
b) two
7. ______ mirror is that whose inner curved surface is reflecting.
b) Concave
8. _______ mirror is that whose outer curved surface is reflecting.
a) Convex
9. The __________ of the sphere, of which a concave mirror or convex mirror is a
part is known as the centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.
c) centre
10.
The radius of __________ of the mirror is the radius of the sphere.
d) curvature
11.
The front section of spherical mirror is circular one and its diameter is
known as the _______.
a) aperture
12.
The centre of the mirror is called the ________ of the mirror.
c) pole
13.
The line joining the pole of the mirror and the centre of curvature is called
the _________ of the mirror.
b) principle axis

14.

Rays of light parallel to the principle axis after reflection from a concave
mirror _______ to the point called the principle focus of the mirror.
b) converge
15.
Rays of light parallel to the principle axis after reflection from a concave
mirror converge to the point called the ______________ of the mirror.
c) principle focus
16.
The principle focus of a convex mirror is a _____ focus.
b) virtual
17.
The principle focus of the concave mirror is also called _____ focus.
a) real
18.
The distance between the _____ and the principle focus of a spherical
mirror is called the focal length.
c) pole
19.
The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is ______ of its focal length.
b) twice
20.
The characteristics and location of an image formed by a spherical mirror
can be determined from an equation called ________ formula
a) mirror
21.
The formula of concave mirror is _______
c) 1/f=1/p+1/q
22.
1/f=1/p+1/q is known as a ______ formula.
c) spherical mirror
23.
For convex mirror, the image is always virtual and according to sign
conventions the _______ of the convex mirror is taken as negative.
c) focal length
24.
For convex mirror, the image is always virtual and according to sign
conventions the _______ of virtual image is taken as negative.
c) distance
25.
The image formed by convex mirror is virtual, _______ and diminished.
d) erect
26.
The ratio of the height of the image to that of the object is called the
______ magnification.
c) linear
27.
An object placed at a distance of 30cm from a concave mirror. The position
of the image is ___________ if the focal length of the mirror is 5cm.
a) 6cm
28.
The positive value of q means image is _______.
a) real
29.
Doctors use _______ mirrors for examination of ear, nose, throat and eyes.
a) concave
30.
_________ mirrors are used to throw light on the slides of microscope so
that the slides can be viewed more clearly.

a) Concave
31.
All developed countries use giant ______ mirrors in their giant telescopes.
b) concave
32.
______ mirrors are used in motorcycles and automobiles which enable the
driver to see the automobiles coming behind him.
b) Convex
33.
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant, and this constant ratio is called ________ of the second
medium with respect to the first.
b) refractive index
34.
The refractive index of a medium is calculated by dividing the speed of
light in ________ by the speed of light in that medium.
b) vacuum
35.
The value of refractive index for air is ______.
c) 1.0003
36.
The value of refractive index for water is ________.
a) 1.33
37.
The value of refractive index for diamond is ______.
c) 2.42
38.
When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to rare medium, the
refracted ray bends ______ the normal.
b) away from
39.
When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to rare medium, the angle
of refraction is _______ than the angle of incidence.
b) greater
40.
The critical angle of glass is _______.
b) 42
41.
The critical angle of diamond is _________.
c) 24
42.

When light enters from a denser medium to a rare medium then the angle of
incidence for which angle of refraction becomes 90 is called ______ angle.
a) critical
43.
The equation used for calculating the critical angle is ______.
b) sin=1/n
44.
The image of an aeroplane is seen on the runway in summer days, it is due
to total internal _______.
c) reflection
45.
For total internal reflection the angle of incidence should be greater than
the ______ angle.
b) critical
46.
_______ is used in tanks and submarines, to see the objects outside the tank
on the surface of the sea.

c) Periscope
47.
The refractive index n of the material of the prism with respect to air can
be determined by expression _________.
b) n=
48.
When white light passes through a prism then the waves of different
wavelengths deviate on different paths, due to this white light disperses in
different colors, which is called ________.
c) dispersion
49.
The band of colors which is seen on the screen after the dispersion of white
light is called _______ spectrum.
c) solar
50.
A totally reflecting prism is that which has one of its angle equal to
________ and each of the remaining two angles equal to 45.
d) 90
51.
A prism Binocular is made by using two _______ separated at a distance
equal to the distance between the two eyes.
a) prisms
52.
The principle of total internal reflection is used in ______ fibres.
b) optical
53.
In optical fibre the refractive index of inner tube is 1.52 and that of outer
coating is ______.
b) 1.48
54.
_________ are used by doctors and engineers to illuminate those
inaccessible places which otherwise are not possible to examine.
b) Light pipes
55.
Optical fibres are highly _________ and light in weight and are much
cheaper as compared to copper cables.
c) flexible
56.
A cable consists of a bundle of _____ optical fibres.
b) 30
57.
The transmitting capacity of light pipes is thousands of times _____ than
the radio waves.
a) greater
58.
___________ is such an instrument which is used for viewing and
photographing of the internal structure of human body by using light pipes.
c) Endoscope
59.
________ is a type of Endoscope instrument to view the stomach.
b) Gastroscope
60.
________ is a type of Endoscope instrument to view the liver.
c) Cystoscope
61.
After the rain, the every droplet of water suspended high up in the air
behaves like a ________.
b) prism

62.

Light rays entering the rain drops suffer refraction and total internal
reflection, and these rays are of __________ light so they split up into seven
colors.
c) white
63.
The primary rainbow has ______ colour on its outer and _____ colour on
its inner edge.
a) red, violet
64.
The secondary rainbow is produced when the rays from the Sun suffer
_______ internal reflections.
b) double
65.

The secondary rainbow has _____ colour on its outer edge and ______
colour on its inner edge.
a) violet, red
66.
The order of colours in secondary rainbow is violet, indigo, blue, _____,
yellow, orange and red.
b) green
67.
The characteristics of an image can be derived by lens formula which is
______.
c) 1/f=1/p+1/q
68.
In the lens formula, the focal length is taken _____ for convex lens.
a) positive
69.
In the lens formula, the q for virtual image is taken _______.
b) negative
70.
All the distances are measured from the ______ centre of the lens.
a) optical
71.
The rays of light which pass through thick lenses of large _______ do not
focus at a single point.
b) aperture
72.
The reciprocal of the focal length of the lens is called ______ of the lens.
d) power
73.
The unit of power of a lens is ______.
b) dioptres
74.
The power of a convex lens is ______.
a) positive
75.
The power of a concave lens is _______.
b) negative
76.
Opticians and eye specialists refer to the power of a lens instead of its
______ for their patients.
a) focal length
77.
A normal eye can see objects clearly at a far off distance down to about
_____ from the eye.
b) 25cm

78.

There are _____ main defects of human eye.

b) two
79.
In short sightedness the image of distant object is formed _______ of the
retina instead of at retina.
b) in front
80.
The short sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles having
suitable _______ lens.
a) concave
81.
In long sightedness the light rays from near objects are not focused on the
retina but _____ the retina.
b) behind
82.
The long sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles having
suitable _______ lens.
b) convex
Short Questions:
1: The laws of reflection of light are as follows:
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
The incident ray, the reflected ray and normal at the point of incidence, all lie in
the same plane.
2: Concave mirror is that whose inner curved surface is reflecting. Concave
mirror converges the rays of light to a single point.
3: Convex mirror is that whose outer curved surface is reflecting. Convex
mirror diverges the rays of light.
4: The line joining the pole of the mirror and the centre of curvature is called
principle axis of the mirror.
5: Rays of light parallel to the principal axis after reflection from a concave
mirror converge to a point; this point is called principle focus of the mirror.
For a convex mirror, rays parallel to the principle axis after reflection appear to
come from a point situated behind the mirror, this point is called the principle
focus of the convex mirror.
6: The distance between the pole and the principle focus of a spherical mirror is
called focal length.
It is denoted by f. the radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is twice of its
focal length i.e., f=R/2
7: The characteristics and location of an image formed by a spherical mirror can
be determined from an equation which is called spherical mirror formula.
The relationship between the object distance p from the pole, the image
distance q from the pole and the focal length of mirror f is given by equation
1/f=1/p+1/q, which is known as spherical mirror formula.

8: The ratio of the height of the image to that of the object is called as linear
magnification.
It is denoted by m, and can be written mathematically as:
M=image height/object height
9: Now-a-days the spherical mirrors have a large number of scientific and
practical use. A few are given as:
Doctors use concave mirror for examination of ear, nose, throat and eyes.
Concave mirrors with a parabolic shape are used in search light to throw an
intense beam of light to a large distance.
Giant concave mirrors are used in huge telescopes.
Convex mirrors are used in motorcycles and automobiles which enable the
driver to see the automobiles coming behind him.
10: Concave mirror is used for shaving because when a man stands between the
principle focus and pole of a concave mirror, he sees an enlarged, erect and
virtual image of his face. This is the reason why a concave mirror of large focal
length is used for make up or shaving.
11: The refraction of light takes place according to the following two laws:
The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie
in the same plane.
When a ray of light passes from one particular medium to another, the ratio of
the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is
constant.
12: For any two media, the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of
angle of refraction is constant; this constant ratio is called refractive index of the
second medium with respect to the first medium.
It is mathematically represented by:
n=sini/sinr
13: The refractive index of a medium is calculated by dividing the speed of light
in vacuum by the speed of light in that medium. As the speed of light in vacuum
is almost equal to the speed of light in air, therefore, we use the speed of light in
air instead of speed in vacuum, while calculating refractive index of a medium.
14: The relation of refractive index to real and apparent depth is given as:
n=real depth/apparent depth
15: When a ray of light passes from a denser medium (glass) to a rarer medium
(air), the refracted ray bends away from the normal and the angle of refraction is
greater than the angle of incidence.
16: When a ray of light from denser medium enters a rarer medium in such a
way that the angle of incident is greater than critical angle, then the ray is

reflected totally inside and does not emerge out from the denser medium. This
phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
17: The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which corresponding angle
of refraction is 90 in the rarer medium is called the critical angle.
This angle of incidence is denoted by C.
Angle of incidence=C, angle of refraction=90
sinC=1/n
18: The conditions essential for the total internal reflection are:
The ray of light should travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium.
The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle.
19: In hot summer days, reflections of motor cars are seen on the roads and the
image of an aero plane is seen on the runway, infact there is no water on the
runway. It is due to the total internal reflection known as mirage.
20: Periscope is the device usually used in tanks and submarines. Periscope is a
long tube at the two ends of which, two totally reflecting prisms are adjusted.
The rays of light from an object are totally reflected through an angle of 90 by
each prism. Thus light from a viewed object enters the observers eye.
21: Prism is a transparent body having three rectangular and two triangular
surfaces, the angle of the triangular surface opposite to its base is known as
angle of prism.
22: The value of angle of deviation depends upon the value of the angle of
incidence. When the angle of incidence is continuously increased from a small
value, the angle of deviation first decreases reaches a minimum value and then
starts increasing.
23: The refractive index of the material of the prism with respect to air can be
determined by the following relation:
Where A is the angle of prism and Dm is the angle of minimum deviation.
24: The refraction of waves depends upon their wavelength. Since the sunlight
consists of different colors, the waves of different wavelengths, thus when it
passes through a prism then the waves of different wavelengths deviate on
different paths, due to his white light disperses in different colors, which is
called dispersion.
The band of colors which is seen on the screen is called solar spectrum.
25: A total reflecting prism is that which has one of its angles equal to 90 and
each of the remaining two angles equal to 45.
26: If a ray of light strikes one of its faces perpendicularly, it enters the prism
without any change of direction and meets the hypotenuse at an angle of 45, so
the angle of incidence is also 45. As it is greater than the critical angle of the

glass, the ray will be totally reflected, the angle of reflection being 45. This
reflected ray thus strikes the other face perpendicularly and come out of the
prism. The ray thus deviated through an angle of 90.
27: A totally reflecting prism deviates the incident ray coming from the object
through an angle of 180and emerges out of the prism after two total internal
reflections inside the prism. Due to this fact, this prism is used in Prism
Binocular. A prsim binocular is made by using two telescopes separated at a
distance equal to the distance between the two eyes.
28: An optical fibre is made of a highly transparent fine strand of glass or
plastic coated or cladded with another type of glass whose refractive index is
less than the inner tube.
Generally, the refractive index of inner tube is 1.52 and that of outer coating is
1.48.
29: When light rays enter at one end of an optical fibre at an angle of incidence
greater than the critical angle then these rays undergo total internal reflection
repeatedly at the walls and come out at the other end without any loss of
intensity. Thus, light travels along the fibre no matter how it may be curved and
comes out with the same intensity.
30: If several thousands of fine strands of optical fibres are bundled together
then a flexible light pipe is obtained which can be used by doctors and engineers
to illuminate those inaccessible places which otherwise are not possible to
examine.
Generally, a cable consists of a bundle of 30 optical fibres. The transmitting
capacity of light pipes is thousands of times greater than the radio waves.
31: Endoscope is such an instrument which is used for viewing and
photographing of the internal structure of human body by using light pipes.
Endoscope consists of many different types of instrument. In Endoscope by
using a bundle of optical fibres, the affected part of the body is illuminated and
it is viewed by another bundle of fibres. A video camera is fitted outside this
bundle and this makes the interior visible to the surgeon which helps him to
diagnose easily.
32: The rainbow is a solar spectrum produced due to the dispersion of light.
After the rain, innumerable droplets of water remain suspended high up in air.
When Sun rays fall on these droplets, each droplet behaves like a prism and
light rays entering the drops suffer refraction and total internal reflection. Since
these rays are of white light so they split up into seven colours.

33: The primary rainbow has brightest colours and is easily visible. In primary
rainbow the light suffers only one internal reflection in rain drops. The primary
rainbow has red colour on its outer and violet colour on its inner edge. The
order of the colours present in the primary rainbow is red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo and violet.
The secondary rainbow is seen beyond the outer edge of the primary rainbow.
Secondary rainbow is fainter and is seldom visible. This is produced when the
rays from the Sun suffer double internal reflections. The secondary rainbow has
violet colour on its outer and red colour on its inner edge. The order of the
colours present in the secondary rainbow is violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,
orange and red.
34: The equation derived to study the characteristics of an image formed by a
lens is called the Lens Formula.
35: The convex lens formula represents the relation between distance q of the
image formed by a convex lens, distance of the object from the convex lens and
its focal length.
1/f=1/p+1/q
The concave lens formula can be written as:
1/p+1/q=1/f
36: The adopted rules about the sign conventions of the lens are:
All the distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens.
The distance of the real objects and real images are taken as positive and those
of virtual objects and virtual images are taken as negative.
The focal length is taken as positive for convex lens and negative for concave
lens.
37: It is observed that the rays of light which pass through thick lenses of large
aperture do not focus at a single point. Thus the images formed are not sharp
and well defined. This defect is called Spherical aberration.
38: White light while passing through a lens is refracted as well as dispersed.
As a result violet rays are focussed nearest the lens, while red rays are focussed
at the farthest away. This defect is called chromatic aberration.
39: The spherical aberration defect can be minimized by covering the lens with
a disc of size equal to the lens and having a small hole at the centre of this disc.
This disc allows only the central or paraxial rays to pass through the central part
of the lens but cut off the marginal rays. This method is used in cheap optical
instruments. In expensive instrument this defect is removed by using a
complicated lens made by combining lenses of different shapes.

40: The chromatic aberration defect can be minimized by combining a convex

lens of crown glass and a concave lens of flint glass in such a way that
dispersion of light produced by the convex lens is neutralized by the concave
lens. In high class cameras and optical instruments a complicated combination
of lenses is used.
41: The reciprocal of the focal length of a lens in metres is called power of lens.
It can be written mathematically as:
P=1/f
The unit of power of the lens is Dioptres.
Because the focal length of a convex lens is positive therefore the power of a
lens is also positive. Whereas, the focal length of a concave lens is negative
therefore the power of a concave lens is negative.
42: A normal eye can see objects clearly at a far off distance down to about
25cm from the eye.
43: A man suffering from short sightedness cannot see distant objects clearly
but can see near objects clearly. This defect may be due to that either the lens of
the eye ball is thick or the eye ball is longer than the suitable size. For this
reason the image of distant object is formed in front of the retina instead of at
retina.
44: Short sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles having suitable
concave lens. Light rays coming from the distant objects are now diverged by
the concave lens so that they appear to be coming from the eyes own far point.
Therefore rays are focussed on the retina, thus forming a sharp image.
45: A person suffering from long sightedness cannot see the near objects clearly
but can see the distant objects clearly. This defect may be caused by an eye ball
which is shorter than the normal size or eye lens is thinner i.e. less converging.
This means that the light rays from near objects are not focussed on the retina
but behind the retina.
46: Long sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles having convex
lens of such a focal length which forms a virtual image of the object placed at
normal 25cm at the near point of the eye. Hence a clear image of the object is
formed on the retina.