Allied Schools

Chapter Assessment
Subject: Physics
Board)
Class: X

Book: Physics-10 (Punjab Text Book

CHAPTER # 16
Basic Electronics
Multiple choices:
Tick () the appropriate option.
1. Electronics is that branch of ________ physics which discusses those
principles and ways by means of which we control the flow of electrons using
diodes, transistors and any other semiconductor devices in order to meet our
various requirements.
a) nuclear
b)
applied
c)
atomic
d)
electronic
2. Electronic devices have been installed in artificial satellites orbiting the Earth
which, by means of ____________ waves, keep their contact with Earth.
a) X-ray
b) UV
c) electromagnetic d) micro
3. The biggest achievement of electronics is _________ which has taken the
whole world into its grip.
a) robot
b) satellites
c) computer
d) calculator
4. In near future which person would be considered as illiterate?
a) Without the knowledge of satellites
b) Without the knowledge of computer
c) With the knowledge of internet
d) With the understanding of electronics
5. A microchip equal to size of thumb nail has about ______________
electronic devices.
a) ten thousand b) one thousand c) ten lakh d) one hundred
6. Electronics is divided into two main branches: one is _________ and the
other digital.
a) analysis
b) conductor
c) analogue
d)
optical
7. Which of the following is the analogue quantity?
a) temperature
c) distance

b) pressure

d) all of them

8. The public address system is an analogue system in which the __________

converts sound into a continuously varying electric potential.
a) amplifier
c) chip
b) microphone
d) camera
9. Which of the following are using digital technology in the appliances?
a) Radar system
b) naval
c) modern telephone system
d) all of the above
10. The circuit which converts analogue signal into a digital signal is called
analogue to digital:
a) device
b) amplifier
c) clock
d)
convertor
11. Which of the following is not an example of conductor?
a) copper
b) rubber
c) aluminium

d) silver

12. What causes the electric current to flow through the conductors?
a) free protons b) free neutrons c) free electrons d) positrons
13. Which of the following is not an example of non-conductor?
a) mica
b) plastic
c) glass

d) copper

14. The ____________ and silicon are two main semi-conductors.

a) Copper
b)
Aluminium
c)
Glass
Germanium

d)

15. Both germanium and silicon belongs to _________ group of the periodic
table.
a) V
b) IV
c) III
d) II
16. The binding force due to which the electrons are not allowed to leave the
orbit is known as __________ bond.
a) ionic
b) co-ordinate
c) covalent
d) single
17. In which form the crystals of silicon and germanium behaves as an
insulator?
a) impure
b) pure
c) amorphous
d) powder
18. A crystal of silicon or germanium behaves as an insulator, this occurs near
___________temperature.
a) 100K
b) 0K
c) 0C
d) 0F
19. At ordinary temperature the electrons of the silicon or germanium have a
___________motion due to thermal kinetic energy.

a) potential
b) vibrational

c) kinetic
d) rotational

20. A covalent bond breaks; it creates a/an ______________ pair.

a) proton-hole
c) positron-hole
b) electron-hole
d) neutron-hole
21. Who is responsible for silicon and germanium behaving as semi-conductor?
a) Free electrons and holes
b) holes
c) free electrons
d) electrons and protons
22. A semi-conductor in its purest form is not such a good:
a) conductor
b) insulator
c) agent

d) oxidizer

23. Which of the following type of atoms can be added as impurity while a
single crystal of silicon or germanium is being grown?
a) trivalent
c) pentavalent
b) tetravalent
d) both a & c
24. Which of the following pentavalent impurity can be added to crystals of
silicon or germanium?
a) arsenic
c) bismuth
b) phosphorous
d) all of the above
25. Which of the following is not pentavalent impurity which can be added to
crystals of silicon or germanium?
a) antimony
c) gallium
b) bismuth
d) phosphorous
26. What is the ratio of the impurity to the number of atoms of silicon or
germanium?
a) 10:1
b) 1:107
c) 1:108
d) 10:108
27. When the pentavalent impurity is added to a silicon or germanium crystal it
is known as ____________ semi-conductor.
a) p-type
b) n-type
c) np-type
d) pn-type
28. Which of the following trivalent impurity can be added to crystals of silicon
or germanium?
a) gallium
c) indium
b) boron
d) all of the above
29. Which of the following is not trivalent impurity which can be added to
crystals of silicon or germanium?
a) boron
b) gallium
c) bismuth
d) indium

30. When the trivalent impurity is added to a silicon or germanium crystal it is

known as ____________ semi-conductor.
a) n-type
c) np-junction
b) p-type
d) pn-junction
31. When a trivalent impurity is added to a silicon or germanium crystal, a/an
_________ is formed and due to which the whole current flows through it.
a) free electron b) hole
c) metal
d) conductor
32. If a crystal of silicon or germanium is __________ in such a way that its
one part becomes n-type and other p-type, then p-n junction is formed between
them.
a) mixed
b) doped
c) subtracted
d)
reacted
33. Which layer of ions is formed adjacent to the junction in the n-region is
formed?
a) positive
c) neutral
b) negative
d) both a & b
34. The layer of positive and negative ions creates a/an ____________ across
the sides of the junction.
a) current
c) potential difference
b) hole
d) film
35. Which is responsible to stop the motion of the electrons from n-region to pregion?
a) free electrons
c) potential difference
b) hole
d) protons
36. What is the value of potential barrier for silicon?
a) 0.6 volt
b) 0.7 volt
c) 1 volt

d) 0.7 A

37. What is the value of potential barrier for germanium?

a) 0.3 volt
b) 0.7 volt
c) 1 volt

d) 0.7 A

38. What is the region called of the layers of positive and negative ions across
the junction who does not contain free electrons or holes?
a) depression region
b) depletion region
c) depth region
d) dual region
39. The p part of the diode is known as _________ and n part of the diode is
known as:
a) positive, negative
b) anode, cathode
c) cathode, anode
d) negative, positive

40. Under ordinary condition, no current passes through a diode due to its
________ potential barrier.
a) zero
b) external
c) internal
d) unit
41. In a forward biased the p-junction of the diode is connected with the
_________ terminal of the battery.
a) negative
b) positive
c) neutral
d) zero
42. In a forward biased the n-junction of the diode is connected with the
_________ terminal of the battery.
a) negative
b) positive
c) neutral
d) zero
43. In a forward biased the potential of the battery should be __________ the
potential barrier of the diode.
a) lesser than
c) equal to
b) greater than
d) zero
44. What is added in the biasing circuit to stop diode getting heated up and from
getting damaged?
a) cell
b) battery
c) resistance
d)
wire
45. When a diode is forward biased, the width of the depletion region:
a) increases
c) approaches zero
b) decreases
d) gets limited
46. In a reverse biased the p part of the diode is connected with the
___________ terminal of the battery.
a) positive
b) negative
c) neutral
d) zero
47. In a reverse biased the n part of the diode is connected with the
___________ terminal of the battery.
a) positive
b) negative
c) neutral
d) zero
48. When a diode is reversed biased the width of the depletion region:
a) increases
c) approaches zero
b) decreases
d) get limited
49. What is the process called of converting alternating current into direct
current?
a) degasification
c) edification
b) rectification
d) electrification
50. What is the central region of transistor called?
a) emitter
b) base
c) collector

d) power

51. What are the either sides of the transistor called?

a) emitter
b) collector
c) base

d) both a & b

52. The importance of the transistor is based upon the fact that value of the
_________ current is many times greater than the ________ current.
a) base, collector
b) collector, base
c) emitter, base
d) collector, emitter
53. Which of the following digits are usually used to represent the two states of
Boolean variables?
a) 0 and 10
b) 0 and 010.0
c) 0 and 1 d) 1 and 10
54. The value of output is _______ when no current is passing.
a) 1
b) 0
c) 001.0
d) 0.1
55. What are the possible states of the two switches A and B as input variables?
a) Both A & B are closed
b) The switch A is open & B is closed
c) The switch A is closed & A is open
d) All of the above
56. The current passing through the circuit with two switches A & B, its value
would be ________ when bulb connected in a circuit glows.
a) 1
b) 0
c) 10
d) 0.1
57. In which of the following condition the current flows through the circuit,
when the input variables are A & B?
a) A=0 & B=0
c) A=0 & B=1
b) A=1 & B=0
d) A=1 & B=1
58. The ________ operation to be such a logic operation that its output is 1
only when all the values of its input are 1.
a) OR
b) NOT
c) AND
d) digital
59. In which of the following operation we connect two switches A and B in
parallel combination and make a circuit?
a) OR
b) NOT
c) AND
d) electron
60. The AND operation is represented by the sign of __________ or by a dot.
a) division
c) multiplication
b) sum
d) subtraction
61. The ________ operation to be that in which the output has a value 1 when at
least one of its inputs is at 1.
a) OR
b) AND
c) NOT
d) digital

62. The OR operation is represented by the sign of:

a) subtract
b) dot
c) plus

d) division

63. In OR operation the value of its output would be ______ only when all of
its inputs are at zero.
a) 1
b) 0
c) infinite
d) finite
64. Which of the following operation has only one input terminal and only one
output terminal?
a) OR
b) NOT
c) AND
d) digital
65. The ________ operates in such a fashion that if its input is 0, its output
would be 1.
a) OR
b) NOT
c) AND
d) digital
66. A _________ gate is formed by coupling a NOT gate with the output
terminal of an AND gate.
a) NOR
b) NAND
c) AND
d) TAND
67. In NOR gate the output of OR gate is coupled with a ________ gate.
a) OR
b) AND
c) NOT
d) NAND
Short Questions:
1. Electronics belong to which branch of physics and what is discussed in
electronics?
2. What is the importance of electronics regarding satellites?
3. Which is the biggest achievement of electronics?
4. What are analogue quantities?
5. By the help of public address system explain analogue electronics.
6. What are digital electronics?
7. Why was it needed to convert analogue signal into a digital signal?
8. What are conductors?
9. Define insulators?
10. What are semi-conductors?
11. How crystals of silicon or germanium are covalently bonded?
12. Why germanium or silicon in its pure form behaves as an insulator?
13. How a hole is created in the silicon or germanium crystal?

14. How the current flows in the crystals of silicon or germanium due to the
presence of free electrons and holes?
15. Why the semi-conductors are doped?
16. Write the elements which can be added as pentavalent impurity in crystals
of silicon or germanium.
17. What is seen when silicon crystal is doped with antimony?
18. What is meant by n-type semi-conductors?
19. Write the elements which can be added as trivalent impurity in crystals of
silicon or germanium.
20. What is seen when silicon crystal is doped with aluminium atom?
21. What is meant by p-type semi-conductors?
22. How p-n junction is formed?
23. What happens when p-n junction is formed and electrons move to the ptype region?
24. How a diode is formed?
25. Which two conditions are to be satisfied for a forward biased junction?
26. Why a resistance is attached in the circuit of the diode?
27. When a diode is forward biased, the width of its depletion region decreases.
Why?
28. When a diode is reversed biased?
29. What happens to the depletion region in reversed biased diode?
30. What is rectification?
31. How are the two types of transistors formed?
32. Which junction of the transistor is forward biased and which is reversed
biased?
33. What is meant by Boolean variables?
34. By which of the digits Boolean variables are represented usually?
35. In AND operation what are the four possible states of the two switches A &
B which are input variables?
36. What would be the values of output current in the circuit of AND
operation?
37. When A=0 & B=0, is current going to pass or not?

38. When A=1 & B=0, is current going to pass or not?

39. When A=0 & B=1, will current pass or not?
40. When A=1 & B=1, will current pass or not?
41. How would you define AND operation?
42. How is the AND operation represented and read?
43. How the OR operation circuit is made?
44. In OR operation what are the four possible states of the two switches A & B
which are input variables?
45. What would be the values of output current in the circuit of OR operation,
in the four possible states of two switches A & B?
46. Define OR operation.
47. How is the OR operation represented and read?
48. What is meant by OR gate?
49. Define NOT operation with the help of an example.
50. How is the NOT operation represented and read?
51. How the NOT operation operates?
52 How the NAND gate is formed?
53. How the NOR gate is formed?
54. On what operation the house safety alarm system works?
ANSWER KEY
Multiple choices:
1. b

11. b

21.a

31.b

41.b

51.d

61.a

2.c

12.c

22.a

32.b

42.a

52.b

62.c

3.c

13.d

23.d

33.d

43.b

53.c

63.b

4.b

14.d

24.d

34.c

44.c

54.b

64.b

5.b

15.b

25.c

35.c

45.b

55.d

65.b

6.c

16.c

26.c

36.b

46.b

56.a

66.b

7.d

17.b

27.b

37.a

47.a

57.d

67. c

8.b

18.b

28.d

38.b

48.a

58.c

9.d

19.c

29.c

39.b

49.b

59.a

10.d

20.b

30.b

40.c

50.b

60.c

Short Questions:
Ans 1: Electronics is that branch of applied physics which discusses those
principles and ways by means of which we control the flow of electrons using
diodes, transistors and other semi-conductor devices in order to meet our
various requirements.
Ans 2: Electronics devices have been installed in artificial satellites orbiting the
Earth which, by means of electromagnetic waves, keep their contact with Earth.
These satellites are designed to serve world wide communication network, to
scan Earths natural resources and to provide us data on weather and climate.
Ans 3: The biggest achievement of electronics is computer which has taken the
whole world into its grip. By using the facility of internet, provided by
computers, we can contact any institution of world and get the required
information. Now-a-days computers are being used even for shopping purposes.
By E-mail we can immediately communicate anywhere in the world. Computer
is the pivot of the whole information technology.
Ans 4: Those quantities whose values vary continuously or remain constant are
known as analogue quantities.
For example, the temperature of air varies continuously during 24 hours of a
day. If we plot a graph between time and temperature recorded at different
times, the graph shows that the temperature varies continuously with time.
Therefore temperature is an analogue quantity. Similarly time, pressure,
distance etc. are analogue quantities.
Ans 5: The public address system is an analogue system in which the
microphone converts sound into a continuously varying electric potential. This
potential is an analogue signal which is fed to an amplifier. Amplifier is an
analogue circuit which amplifies the signal without changing its shape to such
an extent that it can operate a loudspeaker. In this way loud sound is produced
out of the speaker.
Ans 6: The part of electronics which provides the data in form of a maximum
and minimum voltage signals such that by two voltage levels only, is known as
digital electronics.

Modern telephone system, radar system, naval and other systems of military
importance, devices to control the operation of industrial machines, medical
equipments and many other household appliances are all using digital
technology.
Ans 7: In our daily life, the quantities that we perceive by our senses are usually
analogue quantities which can not be processed by digital circuits. To resolve
this difficulty, a circuit has been designed which converts the analogue signal
into a digital one in the form of digits. This circuit is known as analogue to
digital convertor i.e., ADC.
Ans 8: The substances in which electric current flows easily are called
conductors. Usually, metals are good conductors. For example gold, silver,
copper, aluminium and other metals. Our body is also a good conductor of
electricity. Earth is also a very big conductor.
Ans 9: These are substances through which electric current does not flow. For
example, mica, plastic, rubber, glass etc. In these substances all the electrons are
bound with their respective atoms and cannot move freely. It is because of this
reason that the electric current does not flow through them.
Ans 10: These are substances, the ability of which to conduct current at room
temperature lies mid way between conductors and insulators. Germanium and
silicon are two main semi-conductors.
Ans 11: Both germanium and silicon have four valence electrons. The four
valence electrons of its own and borrows four from its neighboring atoms, one
from each. In this way, each atom has eight electrons in its outermost orbit. It
represents a stable configuration and the electrons do not change this stable state
as if they are bound in the orbit. This binding force due to which the electrons
are not allowed to leave the orbit is known as covalent bond. In this way all the
valence electrons present in crystals of silicon or germaniums are bound in their
orbits by covalent bonds.
Ans 12: Both germanium and silicon have four valence electrons. The four
valence electrons of its own and borrows four from its neighboring atoms, one
from each. In this way, each atom has eight electrons in its outermost orbit. It
represents a stable configuration and the electrons do not change this stable state
as if they are bound in the orbit. In this way all the valence electrons present in
crystals of silicon or germaniums are bound in their orbits by covalent bonds
and no free electrons are available for the flow of electric current. So a crystal
of silicon or germanium in its pure form behaves as an insulator.

Ans 13: The motion of some of the electrons is so vigorous that the covalent
bond is unable to keep them in their orbits. Such electrons break their covalent
bonds and get free, leaving behind the vacancy of an electron in the orbit. This
vacant place for an electron in the orbit is known as hole. Whenever a covalent
bond breaks, it creates an electron-hole pair.
Ans 14: Whenever electron from a certain location moves to fill a hole, a hole is
created at that particular location. When an electron from other place moves to
fill this hole, a hole is created at that place. In this way electrons begin to move
because of the presence of holes. This motion becomes a means for the flow of
current. Thus, at ordinary temperature, a crystal of germanium or silicon
becomes a semi-conductor due to presence of free electrons and holes.
Ans 15: A semi-conductor, in its purest form is not such a good conductor, so it
is of little practical value. But it can be rendered useful by increasing the
number of holes and free electrons according to our requirement. This is done
by adding specified quantities of trivalent or pentavalent atoms as impurity
while a single crystal of silicon is being grown.
Ans 16: The elements which can be added as pentavalent impurity in crystals of
silicon or germanium are arsenic (As), phosphorous (P), bismuth (Bi) or
antimony (Sb).
Ans 17: Antimony, being a pentavalent atom, has five valence electrons. Four
of them get bound by forming covalent bonds by sharing one electron from each
of the four silicon neighbours. But the fifth electron of antimony atom does not
find any electron from its four neighbours to form a covalent bond. As such it
becomes a free electron. Thus, each impurity atom gives birth to a free electron.
This increases the number of free electrons as compared to pure crystal. By
controlling the number of impurity atoms during doping, the required number of
free electrons can be obtained.
Ans 18: When a pentavalent impurity is added to crystal of silicon or
germanium, the number of free electrons increases in it. The impurity is usually
in the ratio of 1:108 i.e., for 108 atoms of silicon or germanium there is one atom
of the impurity. Such a germanium or silicon crystal is known as n-type semiconductor.
Ans 19: The elements which can be added as trivalent impurity in crystals of
silicon or germanium are aluminium (Al), indium (In), boron (B) or gallium
(Ga).

Ans 20: Aluminium being trivalent has three valence electrons which form
covalent bonds by sharing one electron from each of its three silicon
neighbours. But the aluminium atom does not provide any electron for sharing
to its fourth neighboring atom. Thus a vacancy for an electron is created here
i.e., a hole has been formed. As every impurity atom creates a hole, therefore
the number of holes in such crystals is much larger as compared to that in a pure
crystal.
Ans 21: If a trivalent impurity atom is doped while preparing single crystal of
germanium or silicon, the number of holes in these impure crystals is much
greater as compared to the number of holes in pure crystal. Such doped semiconductors are known as p-type.
Ans 22: If a crystal of silicon or germanium is doped in such a way that its one
part becomes n-type and the other p-type, then a p-n junction would be formed
in between. On one side of this junction, there would be a region of n-type
having free electrons as majority charge carriers. On the other side of the
junction, there would be a region of p-type having holes as majority charge
carriers.
Ans 23: Just after the formation of p-n junction, some of the electrons of n-type
region, due to their free random motion cross the junction and enter into the ptype region where the holes are in abundance. When an electron reaches the site
of a hole, it fills up the vacant site and becomes a part of the orbit of impurity
atom, having that hole.
Ans 24: When the p and n-regions of a p-n junction are connected to metallic
wires and enclosed in a glass or a metallic case in such a way that only the wires
connected to n and p-regions project outside the case, then such an encapsulated
p-n junction is known as a diode.
Its p part is known as anode and n part as cathode.
Ans 25: The diode is said to be forward biased, for this two conditions are to be
satisfied:

The p-junction or the anode of the diode is connected with the positive terminal
of the battery and its cathode with the negative terminal of the battery.

The potential of the battery should be greater than the potential barrier of the
diode so that the battery could provide the requisite amount of energy to charge
carriers present in the p-n junction to overcome the potential barrier.
Ans 26: A specific amount of current is allowed to flow through a diode. If the
current passing through the diode exceeds this specific value, the diode gets

heated and is likely to be damaged. Therefore, in the biasing circuit, a resistance

R has been added which limits the current passing through the diode within its
specific value.
Ans 27: When a diode is forward biased, the width of its depletion region
decreases. It means that the quantity of positive and negative ions present in the
depletion region becomes less due to which the potential barrier also gets low
and the current begins to flow easily through the junction.
Ans 28: When the p part of the diode, i.e., its anode is connected with the
negative terminal and its cathode with the positive terminal of the battery, the
diode is said to be reverse biased.
Ans 29: In reverse biased, the current passing through the diode is nearly zero,
it is because of the fact that in reverse biased state, the width of the depletion
region increases due to which the potential barrier becomes so high that the
charge carriers are unable to overcome it. Therefore, no current passes through
the junction.
Ans 30: The process of converting alternating voltage into direct current is
known as rectification. The device used for this purpose is known as rectifier.
Ans 31: If a crystal of germanium or silicon is doped in such a way that n-type
regions are formed at its two sides with a very thin p-type region in between, it
forms an n-p-n transistor.
Alternatively the crystal can be formed such that it can have p-type regions at
the two sides with a thin n-type region in the centre. Such a transistor is known
as p-n-p transistor.
The central region of the transistor is known as base and the regions on its either
sides are called emitter and collector.
Ans 32: The transistor consists of two junctions. One is the emitter base
junction (EB) and the other is collector base (CB). Generally, the emitter bas
junction is forward biased, while the collector base junction is reverse biased.
Ans 33: The things which can have only two possible states are known as
Boolean variables. The two states of Boolean variables are usually represented
by the digits 0 and 1.
Ans 34: The two states of Boolean variables are usually represented by the
digits 0 and 1. For example, a closed switch is represented by 1 and an open one
by 0. If there are two switches and we say that they are in state 1, and then it
would mean that both of them are closed.
And 35: In order to understand AND operation, we consider input variables A
and B as two switches. There are four possible states of these two switches
which are given below:

i.

Both A and B are open i.e., A=0, B=0

ii.

The switch A is closed and B is open i.e., A=1, B=0

iii.

The switch A is open and B is closed i.e., A=0, B=1

iv.

Both switches A and B are closed.

Ans 36: In AND operation the A and B are two input variables. Whereas the
current passing through the circuit is the output variable X. Its values would be
1 when bulb connected in circuit glows showing that current is passing through
the circuit. But the value of X would be 0 when the current through the circuit
does not flow and the bulb would not glow.
Ans 37: If A=0 and B=0 both the switches are open, in this condition, no
current would pass through the circuit, so the value of X would be zero.
Ans 38: In second line of the table, A=1, B=0 i.e, switch A is closed and B is
open. Even in this condition no current would pass through the circuit and X=0.
Ans 39: In third line of table A=0, B=1 i.e. switch A is open and B is closed. No
current would pass through the circuit, and X=0.
Ans 40: In fourth line of the table A=1, B=1 i.e. both the switches are closed.
Now the current would pass through the circuit and bulb would glow. Thus X
would be 1.
Ans 41: The AND operation to be such a logic operation that its output is 1 only
when all the values of its inputs are 1.
Ans 42: The AND operation is represented by the sign of multiplication or by a
dot. Thus it is written as X=A.B and it is read as X equal A AND B.
Ans 43: If we connect two switches A and B in parallel combination and make a
circuit, the value of the output current X in this circuit will depend upon the
state of the switches A and B, i.e., upon the value of the input variables A and B.
Ans 44: In order to understand OR operation, we consider input variables A and
B as two switches. There are four possible states of these two switches which
are given below:

i.

Both A and B are open i.e., A=0, B=0

ii.

The switch A is closed and B is open i.e., A=1, B=0

iii.

The switch A is open and B is closed i.e., A=0, B=1

iv.

Both switches A and B are closed.

Ans 45: The value of X is 0 only in the state when A=0 and B=0. In all other
states, the current flows through the circuit and the value of X is 1.

Ans 46: The OR operation to be that in which the output has a value 1 when at
least one of its inputs is at 1. The output is 0 only when all the inputs are 0.
Ans 47: The OR operation is represented by the plus sign (+). The value of X
can be written as X= A + B
It is read as X equals to A or B.
Ans 48: The electronic circuit which implements the truth table of OR operation
is known as OR gate. It has two or more than two inputs and has only one
output. It operates in such fashion that its output is at 1 even when one of its
inputs are at 0.
Ans 49: A Boolean variable, after NOT operation changes its state and acquire
the second possible state. For example, if the value of a Boolean variable is 0,
then after NOT operation, it would change to 1. Similarly if its value is 1, then
after NOT operation, it would be 0. Thus NOT operation inverts the value of
Boolean variable.
Ans 50: If the value of a Boolean variable, after NOT operation becomes X,
then it is symbolically written as
X=
NOT operation is represented by a sign of bar and it is read as X equals A NOT.
Ans 51: The NOT operates in such a fashion that if its input is 0, its output
would be 1. Similarly if the input is 1, then its output would be 0. It has only
one input terminal and only one output terminal.
Ans 52: A NAND gate is formed by coupling a NOT gate with the output
terminal of an AND gate. The NOT gate inverts the output of the AND gate.
The output of the NAND gate equals and it is written as X= . The value of the
output has been obtained by inverting the value of the output of the AND gate
corresponding to that line.
Ans 53: In NOR gate the output of OR gate is coupled with a NOT gate. This
NOT gate inverts the output A+B of the OR gate i.e., the output of the NOR
gate is which is expressed by the following equation
X=
It is read as X equals A OR B NOT.
Ans 54: The alarm system consists of a ralay and bell. It operates in such a way
that whenever the output of the OR gate is in 1 state, the alarm system starts
working and the bell beings to ring. When the output of OR gate is 0, the alarm
remain quite.