A Commentary foyel Herodotus Books I-IV DavidAsheri | Alan Lloyd | Aldo Corcella erie) Oswyn Murray & Alfonso Moreno oe een ea ee getOXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 60” Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lampur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Koren Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc,, New York. "This English edition has been translated from the original Italian poblication Eredote: Le Storie © Fondazione Lorenzo Valli English edition © Oxford University Press 2007 ‘The moral rights of the author have been asserted. Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, oF transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, ras expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization, Enquizies concerning reproduction ‘outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, ‘Oxford University Press, at the address above ‘You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ‘Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Bidales Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 978-0-19-814956-9 1357908642Contents David Asheri by Oswyn Murray Bibliographical Abbreviations List of Maps and Plans List of Figures COMMENTARY GENERAL INTRODUCTION (David Asheri) BOOK I (David Asheri) BOOK II (Alan Lloyd) BOOK III (David Asheri) Appendix I. The Inscription of Darius at Bisitun (Maria Brosius) Appendix II. List of Satrapies and Peoples in Herodotus and in the Persian Inscriptions BOOK IV (Aldo Corcella) xi xv lit Wi 57 219 379 528 538 343David Asheri Florence 1. 11, 1925—Jerusalem 3. 2. 2000Editorial Preface ‘The idea of publishing in English a revised translation of the great nine-volume Italian Mondadori commentary on Herodotus was suggested to the Oxford University Press in 1993, when the first four volumes of the original became available; for various reasons work began seriously in 1996. It was decided to follow the principles adopted in the English translation of the Mondadori Odyssey commentary, that is, to produce a two-volume commentary based on the original nine-volume edition (which also contains text, translation, and additional critical material). It proved impossible to find a single person capable of translating such a complex work, and we decided to produce a first draft of the translation by engaging a team of young graduate and undergraduate students in Classics who were bilingual in Italian and English. The primary responsibilities were as follows: the General Introduction and Book I were prepared by Barbara Graziosi (Corpus Christi College), Book III by Matteo Rossetti (Balliol College), Book IV by Barbara Graziosi, Carlotta Dus (Balliol College), and Vanessa Cazzato (Trinity College, Dublin). The team was overseen and their work was extensively revised by myself and by my colleague and former graduate student, Alfonso Moreno (Balliol and Magdalen Colleges). The three authors of the different volumes were consulted at all stages. Lloyd independently prepared a new edition of his commentary on Book Il. Corcella revised and updated the translation of his commentary on Book IV. Asheri checked and revised his commentary on Book III, and virtually rewrote the General Introduction and his commentary on Book I; he and his partner Dwora Gilula have revised the translation of these two books. Asheri willingly agreed to my suggestion that we should ask Maria Brosius to provide the English translation of the Bisitun inscription, which appears in place of his Italian translation as an appendix to Book Ill; this is taken with permission from her sourcebook, The Persian Empire from Cyrus II to Artaxerxes I(LACTOR 16, 2000), published by the London Association of Classical Teachers: we thank the Association, who hold the copyright. The result is a new English edition, completely updated to the date of Asheri’s death in February 2000, At an early stage the editors took the decision that we should not interfere in any way with the views of the original authors, or seek to add anything to their commentaries; we have, however, rationalized maps and bibliography. In preparing the commentary we have followed the practice of the English translation of the Odyssey commentary referred to above. The text of our lemmata is that of the Oxford Classical Text edition of C. Hude (1906; third edition 1927), which is still that most commonly in use; we have adapted comments on textual problems to take account of the information supplied byviii Editorial Preface Hude in his apparatus criticus, The numeration of chapters and paragraphs is the standard system adopted by Hude. These decisions were made for reasons of convenience, and do not preclude using the commentary with any other of the available modern texts. We thank Hilary O’Shea of Oxford University Press for her unfailing support, and Jeff New who was responsible for reducing the multi-authored commentary to a coherent copy-edited text. Thanks also go to Kathleen McLaughlin, Jenny Wagstaffe, Dorothy McCarthy, and Maggie Shade who comprised this volume’s editorial team, to cartographer Paul Simmons for creating its many detailed maps, and to the Jowett Copyright ‘Trust for making a generous donation towards their cost. The work of our team is dedicated to the memory of the greatest Herodotus scholar of his generation, who oversaw the whole, and wrote almost half, of the original Italian edition, and who helped the editors at all stages; our only sadness is that we were unable to present him with the English version of the book that will establish his reputation for all time. Oswyn Murray Holywell Manor August 2004David Asheri Oswyn Murray For fifteen years David Asheri worked on his Herodotus commentaries. He began in 1984; Book I was published in 1988, Book III in 1990. On his death, in 2000, he had revised the English translations of these two books and had finished Books VIII and IX for the Italian edition. He did many other things, but the Herodotus commentary is his greatest achievement, and represents his scholarship at the height of its power: in these last years he became the greatest living Herodotus scholar, though he would have denied such a verdict as likely to bring down the Herodotean thunderbolt of Zeus on those who stand too tall, He had the ideal talents for writing such a commentary—a consistency of purpose and a love of detailed work, an immense knowledge of the scholarly literature, a sense of reality, and a natural modesty and balance of judgement, a variety of approach and a generosity towards the achievements of others; yet he was also decisive and clear in the expression of his opinions. He set the standard for the other authors in the series of commentaries on Herodotus, and himself contributed both the masterly General Introduction and commentaries on four out of the nine books—almost half the work. It is for this reason that we have decided to dedicate to his memory the English edition of the commentary that essentially he created. David Asheri was born in Florence in 1925; his family was Sephardic and perhaps originally from Spain, but it had been established in Tuscany since before the Napoleonic period; the family name, Bonaventura, is probably an Italian translation of a Hebrew name, such as Ben-Ashur, Meushar, or the like; Asheri is in turn a translation of Bonaventura. David’s grandfather, after whom a street is named in Livorno, was a musicologist and a librarian at the Vatican; he was born in 1862, and belonged to the age of assimilation to the secular values of the Risorgimento; he lived to the age of 90. His father returned to a form of ‘integral Judaism’; he was a professor of psychology at the university of Florence; there were three boys in the family. Asheri himself described the family as middle class, completely assimilated, and politically anti-fascist. After a Jewish elementary school, David had a normal Italian education for two years at the famous public gymnasium, the Michelangelo, He studied Latin, and Greek literature in transla~ tion, but hated history because it was ‘presented in a demagogic way’. Though exempt from religious lessons, he was required to study ‘cultura fascista’ and undertake weapons practice; he also had to belong to a fascist youth movement. In September 1938 the racial laws were passed, and his third year was spent at a gymnasium organized by the Jewish community for the children expelled from the state schools; nevertheless he recalled taking the normal state oralxii David Asheri examinations in an atmosphere whose friendliness showed the real opinions of the professors about the racial laws. His father had lost his post immediately in 1938, and the family decided to emigrate, After a year of investigation, his father was offered a post at the Hebrew University, and the rest of the family left for Palestine from Trieste in September 1939, a few days after the German invasion of Poland and the British and French declarations of war. As David said, ‘for our survival I have to thank the Hebrew University’; his aunt was murdered in Auschwitz. In British Palestine David learned Hebrew and continued his education in a modern religious school; he spent a year in a college of education, since he wanted to become a teacher. The war of independence and a brief sojourn in a kibbutz interrupted his studies until 1952, when he was already 27 years old. He had been interested in mathematics but decided that he was too old to pursue such a career, and chose history as a major, with philosophy and Greek as minor subjects. He began to take an additional seminar in ancient history, which was taught by V. Tcherikover, and after his death by Ch. Wirszubski and A, Fuks. After gradu- ating he found a post in the university library (1954-62) and studied for a doctorate on land distribution in ancient Greece under Fuks, during which period he spent eighteen months in Rome. He completed his doctorate in 1962 and became an assistant in the Classics department at Jerusalem; in 1965 he was given tenure, with the grade of senior lecturer. Asheri’s initial research had centred on the legal and social aspects of land tenure in ancient Greece, and questions of the law of property and inheritance, especially in Athens. He approached agrarian history from this point of view, and became interested in colonization and urbanism as a result of seeing the aerial photographs of planned landscapes from the Black Sea and south Italy. Here he saw the practical implications of equality in colonial urbanism, which led him to a renewed interest in Greek utopian thought. ‘Then, in the mid sixties, I met a man to whom I owe one of the most important turns in my intellectual development, Arnaldo Momigliano ... He came to Israel invited by Wirs- zubski, who had studied with him when working on his Ph.D. Thanks to Momigliano, with whom I had close ties for more than twenty years, from that time until his death (1964-1987), I became interested in historiography, and understood that we are only very seldom able to know exactly what happened in history, the sources being as they are. But the image, how people saw and understood what happened, people who came later and wrote about it, this is something that can be known and can be based on sources. That is, we cannot know exactly how the battles between the Persians and the Greeks were conducted, in the way that it is possible to reconstruct the battle of Trafalgar today, because we do not know how the ships manoeuvred and because there are no archival documents; but we can know how people saw the events one generation later, through the historians of the fifth century; and we can follow the image generation after gencration through the historiography. This is, as a matter of fact, almost the only thing possible in all areas of ancient history with a few exceptions. Therefore [became more and more sceptical about the possibilities, and I am regarded as a hypercritical historian in this field of the research of the history of things as they really were, the res gestae.David Asheri xiii The last resort is the history of historiography. I owe this direction to Momigliano, In the nineteenth century, scholars used historiography as a source for learning what really happened. The aim was not to discover how the historian saw what happened, but to discover what happened: if they thought that the historian lied, they simply said, ‘he lied.” It is a question of how you look at it, whether the aim of studying historiography is the historian and his world, or what he wrote in its relation to historical reality. | started to study the historians themselves, in order to understand them. If they falsified events, why did they falsify them? Of course one has to know what happened in order to know that it was falsified; but the focus of interest is on the man, on a group of historians, on a school, rather than on what actually happened. In a sense this is the histoire des mentalités: it is more important to understand the mentality of human beings, how they see things, than to know how things really happened. ‘The study of historiography brings us ad absurdum to the study of the historiography of what did not happen, the study of myths. The Trojan War is one of the subjects I work on now (1993)—the war of Troy in ancient Greek historiography. For them it was history. ‘Today nobody knows whether such a war took place; everything is open, there is no proof. No archacological finds have proved anything to this day: it has been proved that ‘Troy existed, that Mycenae existed; but no-one can prove by excavations or by documents that such a war took place. But the ancient historians, writing hundreds of years later, were certain that it had taken place. They established causes and consequences, the people that took part in it, an exact chronology, and so on. This interests me because it is an example of something that did not happen, and yet had influence. One of the subjects that has interested me recently is the chronology of myths. The Greeks had their ways to establish a date that they believed in. This research can be done for other myths, for example Biblical mythology: it is not important whether there was or was not a crossing of the Red Sea, what is important is that generations believed that it had actually occurred and fixed a date for it, with causes and consequences, and put it into a historical context: from this aspect the question is important. This is not a new philosophy, only an application of an existing view in the research of ancient historiography. Asheri spent a lifetime teaching in Jerusalem, and participated in the usual administrative tasks, as head of the Institute of History (1971), Dean of Humanities (1972-5), and head of the School of Graduate Studies (1986-8). He was made a professor in 1978 and elected to the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 1991. But from 1984 (after his first major heart attack), his life was centred on his research, Every year in July he would leave for Oxford, where he would spend the next three months working in the Ashmolean Library: ‘I spend my sabbaticals in Oxford because the libraries there are the best. Itis very difficult to work in Italy” For his Oxford friends it was a sign that summer had really arrived, the day that David and Dwora were first seen walking towards the Ashmolean Library shortly before nine o'clock, down the Woodstock Road from the flat in a student block that they rented each year; their departure in late September presaged the start of a new university year. Yet despite this almost annual visitation for fifteen years, David never asked for anything from Oxford: he never sought to involve himself in Oxford life, to give lectures or attend seminars, or to intrude on the sacred research time of others. He was there to work: any social events would be at your insistence, and at lunchtime or in the evenings. He loved the anonymity of Oxford in the summer.xiv David Asheri David was physically small and always enjoyed avoiding notice. In later life he had an ironic and sceptical air; his manner was deliberate and thoughtful: he said only what was necessary, and spent much time smiling at the follies of others. He was a man of very high standards in scholarship, and he lived in a circle of a few friends to whom he remained committed, even when they were scarcely on speaking terms with each other: in friendship as in youth he practised the virtues of loyalty and absolute discretion. That is perhaps illustrated by the fact that his closest friends included Arnaldo Momigliano, Emilio Gabba, Luciano Canfora, and myself. David and I had known each other earlier through Momigliano, but when he began to visit Oxford he came deliberately to offer me the hand of personal friendship. In the course of these years we explored our common love of Herodotus and our common debt to Momigliano’s approach to history. In September 1999 we said goodbye over a meal at his favourite restaurant, the Elizabeth, knowing that in all probability we would not meet again. He was a great scholar and a man of absolute integrity. He died in Jerusalem on 3 February 2000. This brief memoir is based on a recording made by David Asheri for the Israel Academy of Sciences in September 1993; Lam grateful to Dwora Gilula for providing me with a translated transcript, and for her comments on an earlier draft. As far as I am aware the passage quoted above from this recording represents one of the jew theoretical statements he ever made.Bibliographical Abbreviations Editions The principal editions of Herodotus are the following: Aldus Manutius ‘Hpodérov Adyor evvéa, oinep émuxadobvrac Motoa, Herodoti libri novem, quibus Musarum indita sunt nomina, Venice 1502 (editio princeps) Stephanus Herodoti Halicarnassensis Historia, ed. H. Estienne, Geneva 1570 G, Jungermann Frankfurt 1608 (first division into chapters) 'T. Gale London 1679 J. Gronovius Leiden 1715 P. Wesseling Amsterdam 1763 (and L. C. Valckenaer) EV. Reiz Leipzig 1778 G.H. Schaefer Leipzig 1800-3 J. Schweighiuser Strasburg 1806 T. Gaisford Oxford 1824 J. C. B. Baehr Leipzig 1830-5 G. Dindorf Paris 1844 J. Bekker Berlin 1845? B. H. Lhardy Leipzig 1850-2 K. W. Krueger Berlin 1855-6 K. Abicht Leipzig 1861 H. Stein Herodoti Historiae, 1-1] (editio maior), Berlin 1869-71; editiones minores 1856-61, etc. H.R. Dietsch Herodoti Historiarum Libri 1X, 2 vols., revised H. Kallen- berg, Leipzig 1884-5 (1924-332) H. van Herwerden Utrecht 1885 C. Hude Herodoti Historiae I-11, Oxford 1908; 1927 Ph.-E. Legrand Heérodote, Histoires. Texte établi et traduit par..., 1-X, XI (Index analytique), Paris 1932-54 H. B. Rosén Herodotus, Historiae, Stuttgart—Leipzig, 1 1987; [1 1997xvi Bibliographical Abbreviations Latin Translations L. Valla, Venice 1474. J. Gronovius, Leiden 1715. E.V. Reiz (continuavit G. G. Schaefer), I-III, Leipzig 1778-1813. J. Schweighiuser (ad ed. Reizii et Schaferi emendata), I-11], Oxford 1820. G. Dindorf, Paris 1844. Overviews of Herodotean Studies L. Bergson, ‘Herodot 1937-1960), Lustrum, XI (1966), 71-138 (with list of previous overviews). G. T. Griffith, in M. Platnauer (ed.), Fifty Years (and Twelve) of Classical Scholar- ship, Oxford 1968, pp. 182-241 (for the years 1906-68). W. Krause, ‘Herodot, Anzeiger fiir die Altertumswissenschaft, XIV (1961), 25-58 (for the years 1950-60). P. MacKendrick, ‘Herodotus: The Making of a World Historian, CW XLVII (1954), 145-52 (for the years 1944-53) “Herodotus 1954-1961’, CW LVI (1963), 269-75. H. Verdin, ‘Hérodote historien? Quelques interprétations récentes, AC XLIV (1975), 668-85 (for the years 1970-5). F. Bubel, Herodot-Bibliographie 1980-1988, Hildesheim 1991. See also the compilation in W. Marg (ed.), Herodot, Eine Auswahl aus der neueren Forschung, Wege der Forschung XXVI, Darmstadt 19822, with copious bibliog- raphy. References to older work will be found in W. Schmid, Geschichte der griechischen Literatur, 12, Munich 1934, p. 673. Abbreviations Abicht K. Abicht, Curae Herodoteae, Liineburg 1862. Adams W. Y. Adams, Nubia, Corridor to Africa, London 1977. Adkins A. W. H. Adkins, Moral Values and Political Behav- iour in Ancient Greece from Homer to the End of the Fifth Century, London 1972. Albaum-Brentjes Lj. Albaum and B. Brentjes, Wachter des Goldes. Zur Geschichte und Kultur mittelasiatischer Vélker vor dem Islam, Berlin 1972.Alféldi Alliot Altheim-Stiehl, Die aramiische Sprache Altheim-Stiehl, Geschichte Aly Amandry Ampolo Anderson, Zoology: Mammalia Anderson, Zoology: Reptilia Andrewes ANET ANW Apfel Applebaum Archeologija SSSR IX Arkell Arieti Armayor Bibliographical Abbreviations xvii A. Alféldi, Die Struktur des voretruskischen Rémer- staates, Heidelberg 1974. M. Alliot, Le Culte d’Horus & Edfou au temps des Ptolémées, 1, Cairo 1949; Il, Cairo 1954, FE Altheim and R. Stiehl, Die araméische Sprache unter den Achaimeniden, 1-1, Frankfurt am Main 1960. F, Altheim and R. Stiehl, Geschichte Mittelasiens im Altertum, Berlin 1970. W. Aly, Volksmarchen, Sage und Novelle bei Herodot und seinen Zeitgenossen, Gdttingen 1921 (19692). P. Amandry, La Mantique apollinienne @ Delphes. Essai sur le fonctionnement de l’Oracle, Paris 1950. Plutarco. Le Vite di Teseo e di Romolo, ed. C. Ampolo and M. Manfredini, Milan 1988. J. Anderson, Zoology of Egypt. Mammalia, rev. W. E. de Winton, London 1902. J. Anderson, Zoology of Egypt. 1. Reptilia and Batra- chia, London 1898, A. Andrewes, The Greek Tyrants, London 1977. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testa- ment, ed. J. B. Pritchard, Princeton 1955? Princeton 19693. Aufstieg und Niedergang der rémischen Welt, ed. W. Haase and H. Temporini, Berlin-New York 1971 ff. H. Apffel, ‘Die Verfassungsdebatte bei Herodot (3, 80-82), Diss. Erlangen 1957. S. Applebaum, Jews and Greeks in Ancient Cyrene, Leiden 1979. Archeologija SSSR, tom IX: Antiénye gosudarstva Severnogo Pricernomor’ja, ed. G. A. Koielenko and V. Dolgorukov, Moscow 1984. A, J. Arkell, A History of the Sudan from the Earliest Times to 1821, London 1955. A. J. Arieti, Discourses on the First Book of Herodotus, Lanham, Md. 1995. O. K. Armayor, Herodotus’ Autopsy of the Fayoum: Lake Moeris and the Labyrinth of Egypt, Amsterdam 1985.xviii Artamonoy, Etnogeografija Artamonoy, Kimmerijey Artemis Lexikon Austin Babler Baedeker, Egypt Bahr Bakker Balcer Balcer, Prosopographical Study Ball, A Description Ball, Contributions Ball, Egypt BAR Barth, ‘Einwirkungen’ Barth, Methodologische Bates Bibliographical Abbreviations M. 1. Artamonoy, Etmogeografija Skifii, Moscow 1949. M. I. Artamonoy, Kimmerijcy i Skify, Leningrad 1974. Artemis Lexikon, Zurich and Stuttgart 1965 M. M. Austin, Greece and Egypt in the Archaic Age, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, Suppl. I, Cambridge 1970. B. Babler, Fleissige Thrakerinnen und wehrhafte Sky- then, Stuttgart—Leipzig 1998. K, Baedeker, Egypt and the Siidin, London 19147. Herodoti Halicarnassensis Musae, comm. J. C. F. Baehr, I-IV, Lipsiae 1856-612. E. J. Bakker, I. J. F. De Jong, and H. Van Wees (eds.), Brill’s Companion to Herodotus, Leiden 2002. J. M. Balcer, Herodotus and Bisitun: Problems in Ancient Persian Historiography, Historia Einzel- schriften, XLIX, Stuttgart 1987. J. M. Balcer, A Prosopographical Study of the Ancient Persians Royal and Noble c. 550-450 B.C., Lewiston— Queenston—Lampeter 1993. J. Ball, A Description of the First or Aswan Cataract of the Nile, Cairo 1907. J. Ball, Contributions to the Geography of Egypt, Cairo 1939, J. Ball, Egypt in the Classical Geographers, Cairo 1942. J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, |-V, Chicago 1906-7. H. Barth, ‘Einwirkungen der vorsokratischen Philo- sophie auf die Herausbildung der historiogra- phischen Methoden Herodots’, in Neue Beitriige zur Geschichte der Alten Welt. Zweite Internationale Tagung der Fachgruppe Alte Geschichte der Deutschen Historiker Gesellschaft vom 4. bis 8. September 1962 in Stralsund, |, Berlin 1964, pp. 173 ft. H. Barth, ‘Methodologische und Historiographische Probleme der Geschichtsschreibung bei Herodot’, Diss. Halle 1963. O. Bates, The Eastern Libyans: An Essay, London 1914,Beaulieu Beck Beloch Beltrametti Benardete Bengtson Berger Bernand Bernal Berve Bessonova BGU BHT Bichler Bichler-Rollinger Bickerman Bischoff Blavatskij Blom Blosel Bibliographical Abbreviations xix P.A. Beaulieu, The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Baby- lon 556-539 B.C., New Haven—London 1989. Beck, Die Ringkomposition bei Herodot und ihre Bedeutung fiir die Beweistechnik, Spudasmata, XV, Hildesheim—New York 1971. K. J. Beloch, Griechische Geschichte, I-IV, Stras- burg-Berlin 1912-272. A. Beltrametti, Erodoto. Una storia governata dal dis- corso. Il racconto morale come forma della memoria, Florence 1986. S. Benardete, Herodotean Inquiries, The Hague 1969. H. Bengtson et al., The Greeks and the Persians: From the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries, London—New York 1969. H. Berger, Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Erdkunde der Griechen, Leipzig 1903. A. Bernand, Le Delta égyptien d’apreés les textes grecs, MIFAO XCI, Cairo 1970 M. Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, 1, London 1987, H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, I-11, Munich 1967. 5. S. Bessonova, Religioznye predstavlenija skifov, Kiev 1983. Berliner Griechische Urkunden S. Smith, Babylonian Historical Texts Relating to the Capture and Downfall of Babylon, London 1924. R. Bichler, Herodots Welt. Der Aufbau der Historie am Bild der fremden Liinder und Volker, ihrer Zivilisation und ihrer Geschichte, Berlin 2000. R. Bichler and R. Rollinger, Herodot, Darmstadt 2000. E. J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World, London-Southampton 1968. H. Bischoff, ‘Der Warner bei Herodot,, Diss. Marburg 1932. V. D. Blavatskij, Zemiedelie v antiénych gosudarstvach Severnogo Pricernomor’ja, Moscow 1953. J. W. S. Blom, De typische Getallen bij Homeros en Herodotos. 1, Triaden, Hebdomaden en Enneaden, Nij- megen 1936. W. Blosel, Themistokles bei Herodot: Spiegel Athens im fiinften Jahrhundert. Studien zur Geschichte und his- toriographischen Konstruktion des griechischen Frei- heitskampfes 480 v. Chr., Stuttgart 2004.Xxx Boardman, Greeks Overseas Boedeker—Sider Bolton Bonacasa—Ensoli Bonneau, La Crue Bonnet, RARG Borchardt Bornitz Bosworth Bottini Boulenger Bowden Braswell Braun Braund. Bredow Briant, Etat et pasteurs Briant, Histoire Brouwer Brugsch Bruneau-Ducat Bibliographical Abbreviations J. Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colo- nies and Trade, London 19994, The New Simonides: Contexts of Praise and Desire, ed. D, Boedeker and D. Sider, Oxford 2001. J. D. P. Bolton, Aristeas of Proconnesus, Oxford 1962. N. Bonacasa and S. Ensoli (eds.), Cirene, Milan 2000. D. Bonneau, La Crue du Nil, Paris 1964. H. Bonnet, Reallexikon der dgyptischen Religions- geschichte, Berlin 1952. L. Borchardt, Die Entstehung der Pyramide. Beitriige zur jigyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde, 1, Cairo 1937. H. F. Bornitz, Herodot-Studien. Beitriige zum Ver- stiindnis der Einheit des Geschichtswerks, Berlin 1968. A. B. Bosworth, A Historical Commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander, 1. Commentary on Books I-III, Oxford 1980. A. Bottini, Archeologia della salvezza. L’escatologia greca nelle testimonianze archeologiche, Milan 1992. G, Boulenger, Zoology of Egypt: The Fishes of the Nile, London 1907, H. Bowden, ‘Herodotos and Greek Sanctuaries, Diss. Oxford 1991. B. K. Braswell, A Commentary on the Fourth Pythian Ode of Pindar, Berlin-New York 1988. M. Braun, History and Romance in Gracco-Oriental Literature, Oxford 1938. D. Braund, Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562, Oxford 1994 E.I.C. Bredovius, Quaestionum criticarum de dialecto Herodotea libri IV, Lipsiae 1846. P. 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