CELL SPLITTING

2) Cell Splitting –

Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a

congested cell into smaller cells such that each
smaller cell has its own base station with
Reduced antenna height and
Reduced transmitter power.
It increases the capacity of a cellular system
since number of times channels are reused
increases.

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 CELL SPLITTING

The increased number of cells would increase the

number of clusters over the coverage region,
which again would increase the number of
channels and thus capacity.

The distance between co-channel cells also

reduces to half (D=D/2) as the cell radius is
reduced to half (R=R/2).
Thus the co-channel reuse ratio (Q=D/R ) remains
same. 11/04/21 3
 C

D E

G D

E B

F D
F
C A
F

C G
E C

D
E

B G

Fig: Cell splitting

Splitting – Static, Dynamic
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11/04/21 5
3) Sectoring –

The co-channel interference in a cellular system may be reduced by

replacing a single omni-directional antenna at the base station by
several directional antennas radiating within specified sectors.
A cell is normally partitioned in three 120 sectors or six 60
sectors.
A given cell will receive interference and transmit with only a
fraction of the available co-channel cells. In the sectoring scheme,
the co-channel interference is reduced and thus system capacity is
improved. Co-channel interference is reduced because the number
of interferer gets reduced.
2 2
1 3 1 3
1 1
2 2 4 6 4
6
3 3 5 5

(a) (b)

Fig: (a) 120 sector and (b) 60 sector

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 SECTORING

 The sectoring is done by replacing a single omni-directional

antenna with 3 directional antennas (120O sectoring) or
with 6 directional antennas (60O sectoring)

 In this scheme, each cell is divided into 3 or 6 sectors.

 Each sector uses a directional antenna at the BS and is
assigned a set of channels.

 The number of channels in each sector is the number of

channels in a cell divided by the number of sectors.
 The amount of CCI is also reduced by the number of sectors.
 Reduced Tx Power .. Bty life more
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 IMPROVING CC IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS

Aim: To provide more channels per unit coverage

area

Sectoring uses directional antennas to further control

the interference and frequency reuse of channels.
Examples: Omni, 120O

11/04/21 8
 IMPROVING CC IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS

Aim: To provide more channels per unit coverage

area

Sectoring uses directional antennas to further control

the interference and frequency reuse of channels.
Examples: 60O and 90O

11/04/21 9
11/04/21 10
 Handover or HANDOFF

11/04/21 11
 BASICs

 Higher priority is given to ongoing connections than new call

attempts.
 A channel remains allocated to a mobile user until, either its call
is completed in the cell, or it crosses the cell boundary, requiring
a new channel frequency to continue.
 This procedure that transfers an ongoing call from one cell to
another is called Handover or HANDOFF.
 Handover attempt that finds all channels occupied in the Target
cell will be forced to terminate unsuccessfully.
 That is not desirable.

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 Call Handover
Handover procedure may be based on the
measurement such as –   
  
i.   Signal strength of Current and Target CELLs
ii.       Bit error rate
iii.     Traffic load (Heavily / Lightly Loaded CELLs)
iv.      Carrier to interference ratio etc.
 

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Where should Handoff take place ? at Point A, B, C or D
11/04/21 14
 Rx SS vs Threshold Value

The effect of the threshold depends on its value compared to the signal strengths
of the two base stations at the point at which they are equal.

If the threshold is Higher than this value, say T1, the handover occurs at
position A.
If the threshold is Lower than this value, say T2, the mobile will delay
handover until the current signal level crosses the threshold at position B.

In the case of T3, the delay may be so long that the mobile drifts far into the new
cell (Position D). This reduces the quality of the communication link
and may result in a dropped call or HANDOFF
FAILURE
11/04/21 15
*
How to prevent ping-pong effect

Relative signal strength from both BTSs allows a user to

hand over
• Only if the new base station is sufficiently stronger than
the current one.
• In this case the handover will occur at point C.
• This technique prevents the so-called ping-pong effect, the
repeated handover between two base stations caused by
rapid fluctuations in the received signal strengths from
both base stations.

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•Relative signal strength and Threshold
•Handover to a new BTS is done only if the current signal
Strength drops below a threshold and
•the target BTS is stronger than the current one by a given
HO Margin.

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Many input parameters can be considered for Hand-Off
1. Distance from base station -- defined as very near, near,
medium, far and very far
2. Signal strength difference -- defined as very high, high,
medium, low and very low
3.Velocity of mobile user -- defined as very low, low, high
and very high
Handover state - No handover, Wait, Be careful,
Handover, Sure handover

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Umbrella cell approach to accommodate wide range of velocities
-

11/04/21 19