hi tho quc t xy dng nh cao tng

t chc ti thnh ph h ch minh- vit nam

Gs L Kiu

Nhng c trng cng ngh

Thi cng cc nhi
Xy dng nn mng nh cao tng
Trong thnh ph
Bo co ti Hi tho Quc t
v Nh cao tng
Vit nam

Hi tho

Ti liu tng quan chnh ca

t.p. h ch minh
Ngy 16 thng 1 - 1997

nhng c trng cng ngh

1

thi cng cc nhi

xy dng nn mng trong thnh ph
Gs L Kiu
Ch nhim b mn
B mn Cng ngh , T chc
XD
My xy dng v Kinh t Xy
dng
Trng i hc Kin trc
Xy dng trong thnh ph : v l do chu lc cng nh
v an ton cho cc cng trnh hin hu ln cn v bo m
cho cc iu kin mi trng nn s dng cc nhi v mng
barrette .
Cc nhi mi vo Vit nam v mt thc t ( trc y
c tc gi th nghim quy m nh ) khong ba bn nm
tr li y , ch yu cho cc cng trnh lin doanh hoc
nc ngoi u t .
Mi cng trnh nu cc c trng k thut kim tra
cng ngh thi cng mng cc nhi khc nhau . Mt s nhn
xt theo quan im cng ngh ca tc gi c trnh by
trong ti liu ny .
summary
Technology specifi cations of bored piling
in the foundation building in the towns
Prof.Dr. le kieu
Technology and Planning
Division
of Hanoi Architechture
Institute
Building in the towns , for the purpose to secure safety
for existing ambient houses and environment protection,
bored piling and barrette are appropriate solutions.
Bored piling is a new technology applied in Vietnam for
the last four years . Most of buildings which are applied
with the bored piling are joint ventures or foreign
investments .

Each building has a range of specifi cations for

examining the quality of bored piles .
The author exposes
some remarks on technology viewpoint in this proceeding ./.
nhng c trng cng ngh
thi cng cc nhi
xy dng nn mng trong thnh ph
Gs L Kiu
Nh cao tng c nhng c im ng ch :
* Ti trng tp trung thng ng chn ct
. Ngoi ra , di chn cu thang v thang my ,
vch cng cng c ti trng kh ln . Ti trng
nh vn n nh ca nh cao tng l nhng
c xem xt mt cch nghim tc .

ln ng k
chn nhng
ngang cng
bi ton cn

* Nh cao tng rt nh y vi ln , c bit l ln lch .

Ln kiu g cng gy nhng tc ng m nh m n s lm
vic tng th ca cc kt cu nh .
* Trong tnh tr ng th ca ta hin nay , nh cao tng
li s c xy dng trong khu vc ng dn c , mt nh
c sn kh dy c . Vn m bo an ton cho cc cng
trnh c l mt c im xy dng nh cao tng ca
nc ta .
T nhng c im nu khi qut m gii php chn
cho mng nh cao tng hay thy l mng cc nhi v mng
barrette .
Nhng u im ca mng cc nhi c th tm tt :
@ Khi thi cng cc khoan nhi cng nh s dng cc khoan
nhi m bo an ton cho cc cng trnh hin c chung
quanh . Loi cc khoan nhi t su khng gy ln nh hng
ng k cho cc cng trnh ln cn .
@ Qu trnh thc hin mng cc , d dng thay i cc thng
s ca cc
( chiu su , ng knh ) p ng vi
iu kin c th ca a cht di nh .
@ Cc khoan nhi tn dng ht kh nng chu lc ca b
tng mng cc do iu kin tnh ton theo lc tp trung .

@ u cc c th chn cao ty cho ph hp vi kt cu

cng trnh v quy ho ch kin trc mt bng .
@ Nu s dng mng barrette rt d dng lm tng hm cho
nh cao tng .
Theo kinh nghim ca cc nc ng Nam , Hng
cng , i loan th c 6~7 tng cao nn lm mt tng hm cho
nh cao tng l thch hp . C tng hm , cng trnh nh cao
tng c nhiu ci li .
Nu lm tng hm , nn di nh c gim ti trng do
ly i lp t do hm chim ch . Nh c hm , tng n
nh khi chu cc tc ng ngang rt ng k . Nh c
tng hm s dng c thm din tch phc v nhng tng
su .
Cc nhi mi vo Vit nam v mt thc t ( trc y
c tc gi th nghim quy m nh ) khong ba bn nm
tr li y , ch yu cho cc cng trnh lin doanh hoc
nc ngoi u t .
Mi cng trnh nu cc c trng k thut kim tra
cng ngh thi cng mng cc nhi khc nhau . Mt s nhn
xt theo quan im cng ngh ca tc gi c trnh by
trong ti liu ny .
I. Cng ngh lm cc nhi
1.1 Cc d ng cc nhi ph bin :
Cc nhi ni trong ti liu ny l cc nhi b tng ct
thp thc hin ti ch . Ngoi ra cn cc d ng cc nhi ct , cc
nhi cui hoc dm m thut ng quen dng l cc ba-lt
s c chuyn thi cng ring .
a) Cc nhi n gin :
( i) Cc nhi n gin nng

(ii) Cc nhi hnh tr su :

Cc lm xong
b) Cc nhi m rng y :

Cc cn gi ng vch

(i) M rng y trn hoc bt k

(ii) M rng y do khoan mt t m rng hoc

nhiu t m rng xut thn :

Ti liu ny cng ch cp n lo i cc nhi hnh tr

s dng kh ph bin t i H ni , thnh ph H ch Minh .
1.2

Cng ngh khoan

1.2.1 Thit b v ph tng phc v khoan

(i) Thit b khoan :
* S dng cc my khoan a cht cng trnh v a cht
thy vn sn c:
Tn dng b my v c cu quay ca cc my khoan
a cht cng trnh v a cht thy vn m nc ta
nhp t trc nhng nm 1990 .
Khi s dng nhng my ny cn c nhng b phn
chuyn dng cho cng tc khoan ca cc khoan nhi nh mi
khoan v gu khoan c ng knh ln .

* Cc thit b , my chuyn dng khoan cc nhi :

Loi ny c thit k chuyn dng cho cng ngh khoan
cc nhi . Khng phi ch t o thm cc ph tng phc v
m s dng ngay , trc tip.
Ti H ni c nhng my ca cc hng SOIMEC ,
HITACHI , NIPPON SHARYO , SANWA ,...
Nhng thit b khoan chuyn dng ca Hng NIPPON
SHARYO ,ly th d , gm cc lo i c cho hng l
DHJ40 ,
DHJ 60-2 ,
DHP-80 , DH 408-95M ,
DH 508-105M ,
DH 608-120 M .
Nhng my ny thng phc v nhng cng tc khc
nhau nh : khoan dn th d nh khoan dn th cc , dng
lm my ng cc c , dng khoan trong vch .
My ch thng dng ng c diesel Lo i HINO , s
dng nc lm l nh , 4 k , phun nhin liu trc tip . Cng
sut thng t 117 m lc n 185 m lc . Ph bin
l 2000 vng pht . Lng nhin liu tiu th t 165
( g/m
lc gi ) n 171 ( g/m lc gi ) .
B phn thy lc ca my c bm ch vi p lc 245
KG/cm 2 v c lung chuyn l 223 lt/pht . Bm hp s c p
lc 120 KG/cm 2 v lung chuyn l 74.8 lt/pht .
Tc quay t 2 n 3,5 vng/pht . Tc nng h
l 66/33 m/pht .
Tc di chuyn t 0,8 n 1,9 km/gi .
My nng t 21 tn n 44,2 tn . Din tch phn bnh
ln t t 45.500 cm 2 n 83.060 cm 2 .
Thng my gn mt cn trc trc tip phc v cc
cng on khoan . Cn trc mmen nng ti t 35 tn x 3,7
mt n 65 tn x 3,9 mt . Cn chnh t 10 mt n 55
mt v mc ph t 6 n 15 mt .
My c kch thc chiu di tng c 6,6 mt n 8,5
mt ; chiu rng my t 2,7 mt n 4,5 mt .
Cn o vn hnh theo nguyn tc ng lng . Chiu di
cn ch thng 21 mt . Khi cn o su hn th t trong cn
ch c on ng lng nh ra o . Cc my ph bin nhp
vo nc ta u c th o su c ti 50 mt.

(ii) u khoan :
Thng s dng ph bin ba d ng u khoan :
* Mi khoan gn kim lo i rn hoc bnh xe quay c gn cranh-ng :
Nhng loi ny thng dng khi khoan qua lp cng ho
c qu trnh khoan gp phi lp nhiu cui si trm tch
lng l ( trm tch y ao h ) thnh d ng thu knh cha n
su t mng theo thit k . Lo i mi khoan ny dng
kh ph bin trong khu khoan bn mn ph trong cc
m khai thc .

(Hnh v mi khoan )
* Mi khoan cnh xon ( auger fl ight ).
Mi khoan c cnh xon vt c th c cc chiu di khc
nhau . C th o n xon theo chiu di c 21 mt cng c th
on xon ch 4 ~ 5 mt .
Hnh dng ca mi xon ging nh ci m nt chai cho
loi nt bng li-e ( in in ) hoc mi khoan xon khoan
g .
Thng dng lo i mi khoan ny khoan t st ,
khoan t lp trn c nhiu r cy nh , g ch v , mnh snh ,
c rc .Khi gp nhng lp ct ln cui kh cht mng , c th
dng loi mi khoan ny o xuyn hoc xi ti cho gu vt
tip .

(Hnh v mi khoan xon)

* Gu khoan ( buck ):
gu
li
np
tm

i vi khu vc t H ni v thnh ph H ch Minh lo i

kiu thng rt thng dng . Gu kiu thng c np kim
ct t y . Np gn vi thn thng bng bn l .
y c hai hoc ba l ct t ( ming ct ) b tr hng
np . C gn rng o ca ct t ny .

Loi gu ny thch hp vi t tht , t st d ng bn ,

ct ht nh , ht trung hoc ct c hm lng si khng qu
nhiu trong mi trng sng nc . Khi gp lp si hoc ct
cht hm lng si c h t trn 30 mm kh nhiu th gu ny
kh s dng .

(Hnh v gu o )
(iii) Mt s s c hay gp vi thit b khoan :
Mi khoan kiu xon , kiu thng thng hay b bin d ng
rng ct t khi gp t rn hoc gp si cui , r cy
nhiu . Rng ca gu thng thng c v bc chng mn .
Nhng v bc ny mau mn v gy . Do c ch d dng thay
th nn khi o cn c lng v bt rng s dng trong
qu trnh o .
Phn cp treo cn o c ni vi cn o nh mt c
cu truyn gi cho khi cn o quay m khng gy xon cp
pha trn . B phn ny hay c gi l "con chut" . Nu
con chut b bi ct chui vo hoc st g ,.khi cn quay lm
vic lm cho xon cp . Cn ch thng xuyn bo dng b
phn con chut ny .
1.2.1(*) Thit b mi:

Gn y ( nm 1998 ) n c ta mi nhp loi my o

h Casagrand loi o theo kiu xoay p. My ny nhp t
Italia. Nhng nc khc cng sn xut nh Hoa k, CHLB c.
My c c tn l LEFFER. My Italia c k hiu GCL- GCP HB/E
loi GL- GV.
My ny o kiu n chm dn v casing xung t.
t bn trong v ly dn ln bng gu o kiu ngom. Cc
ng casing ni dn theo su. Mi khoang ng di t 2
mt n 6 mt v ni vi nhau kiu rng ngp ri cht. ng
knh o t 500 mm n 2500 mm.

(Hnh v my LEFFER hay CASSAGRAND)

1.2.2 Cng ngh khoan
(i) ng vch :
ng vch c ng knh ln hn ng knh cc l 100
mm . Chiu di ca ng vch t 3 mt n c chiu su cc
nu cn . Thng lm ng vch 4 ~ 8 mt .Chiu dy tm
thp cun thnh ng vch t 10 ~ 20 mm . Nhim v ca
ng vch l chng gi cho vch khoan lp trn ngay t mt
t xung khng b xp st v gi cho t chung quanh
lp trn ca h khoan khng chui vo h khoan lm nh
hng xu n nhng cng trnh hin hu chung quanh .
Thng ng vch ny rt ln ngay sau khi b tng
s dng cho nhiu h . Nhng khi lm cc qu st cng trnh
hin hu th lun vch chng ny t i ch m khng ly i .
C th lm vch bng v b tng ct thp ri b lun
nh o v ca cc . Nu khoan c v o th qu trnh thi
cng rt yn tm trong khu chng xp l vch h khoan .
Theo nhng kin ca cc nh thit k th gii php vch
chng xut chiu su bng v b tng ct thp l gii php
tt cho s chu lc ca cc nhi b tng .

(ii) Vic s dng dung dch bn khoan bentonit :

Bentonit l lo i t st c kch thc h t nh hn t
st kaolinit . Nn dng t st bentonit ch t o bn khoan
. Khi him t st bentonit c th dng mt phn t st
a phng c ch s do khng nh hn 0,2 v cha cc h t
c kch thc ln hn 0,05 khng qu 10% v cc h t nh hn
0,005 khng t hn 30 % . S thch hp cui cng ca t st
a phng c xc nh theo kt qu ca th nghim
trong phng i vi dung dch st ch t o t t st y .
Dung dch st c thnh phn v tnh cht m bo s
n nh ca h o trong thi gian xy dng v lp y h .
Dung dch st bentonit c hai tc dng chnh :
@ Lm cho thnh h o khng b xp nh dung dch
chui vo cc khe ct , khe nt , quyn vi ct ri d sp l
giw cho ct v cc vt th vn khng b ri v t o thnh mt
mng n hi bc quanh thnh vch h gi cho nc khng
thm thu vo vch , V l thuyt c nghin cu kh
y trong l thuyt v vch bn t o khun ( parois
moules) .
@
To mi trng nng nng nhng t , vn
khoan , ct vn ni ln mt trn tro hoc ht khi h
khoan .
Trong trng hp c bit c th thay bn bentonit bng
cht do sinh hc ( biopolymres ) . T i H ni c cng
trnh nh Thp ( Ha l c ) s dng lo i cht do sinh hc
ny .
Ty tng trng hp c th m trong bn st bentonit c
th cho thm cc ph gia ha nh Natri Carbonate ( Na 2 CO 3 )
hoc Natri Fluorua ( Na F ).
Vic cho thm ph gia nhm tha mn cc ch tiu c cc
quy phm ra :
(a) nht , c trng cho tnh lu ng ca dung dch
bn trong khong 18 - 30 centipoa ( theo C B - 5 ) ;
(b) S kt ta ngy m ( tch nc ) v tnh n nh
c trng cho s n nh ca dung dch chng s phn tng
:
Tch nc khng ln hn 4%
n nh khng ln hn 0,02 G/cm 3 ;
( theo dng c IC-1 hoc IC-2 )

10

c) Hm lng ct , biu th mc trong dung dch phi

di 4% ( theo OM-2);
d) mt nc , c trng kh nng truyn nc cho t
m ,- khng ln hn 30 cm 3 trong 30 pht ( theo dng c BM
-6);
) ng sut ct tnh , biu th bn cu trc v xc bin
ca dung dch st , trong ph m vi t 10 ~ 50 mg/cm 2 qu 10
pht sau khi khuy trn n ( theo dng c CHC );
e) Mt trong khong t 1,05 n 1,15 g/cm 3 khi dng
st bentonit v t 1,15 n 1,30 g/cm 3 khi dng st khc .
Cc c trng ca bn khoan bentonit theo Tiu chun
Php ( DTU 13.2 ) l :
-

Dung trng ;
nht theo cn Marsh ( c s l 1/2 lit ) ;
Hm lng ct trong dung dch ;
lc ;
Chiu dy lp mng bn .

Bn mi trc khi s dng phi c cc thng s c trng sau

y :
- Dung trng trong khong 1,01 v 1,05 ( tr trng hp cn
c bn nng hoc bn st );
- nht Marsh trn 35 giy ;
- Khng c c hm lng ct ;
- tch nc nh hn 30 cm 3 ;
- dy lp vch do ( cake ) nh hn 3 mm .
Bn bentonit sau khi khoan , lm s ch h khoan phi t
cc ch tiu sau y :
- Dung trng di 1,20 ( tr lo i bn nng );
- nht gia 35 v 90 giy;
- Hm lng ct . Kh m xc nh mt gi tr xc thc v
n ph thuc vo a cht ca h khoan , c th l hm lng
nhng cht b mi mn c trong dung dch . Ni chung hm
lng ny khng c qu 5% . Nhng thy c tr s ln hn
cn gn lc dn cho long bt .
- tch nc di 40 cm 3 ;
- Chiu dy lp vch do ( cake ) nh hn 5 mm .

11

Phm cht ca Bentonit theo API

Institut ):

American

Petroleum

Theo Vin Du m Hoa k th cht lng ca Bentonit

phi tha mn cc yu cu sau y :
- nht c khi quay 600 vng/pht ti thiu t 30 pht ;
- T s YP/PV ti a l 3
- tch nc ti a l 15 mls ( militre second );
- Ht cn ng trn sng 75 microns ti a l 4% theo trng
lng ;
- m khng qu 10 % .
Phm cht ca bn bentonit theo ngh ca Cng ty Bachy
Soletanche :
- Mt ( g/ml )
1,025 0,0005 ,
sau khi ra h khoan t hn 1,08;
- tch nc sau 30 pht th nghim ( ml ) 25 4 trc
khi b tng khng qu 40 .
- nht ( sec. Marsh cone) 30 - 35 . Trc khi b tng
t 30-40;
- Hm lng ct ( % ) t hn 2 % .
- PH 8 - 10,8 .
Qu trnh s dng bn bentonit :
Nh trn bit , bn c tc dng gi vch nu n
m bo ng cht lng nh cc yu cu nu . Qu
trnh khoan su th bn xm nhp vo khe l , t o vch bn ,
nn mt bentonit gim i , nn qu trnh khoan phi
thng xuyn tip thm bn mi vo h khoan .
(iii) Thi ra h khoan khi t su :
Khi khoan t su , ngng cho ct lng ng trong
thi gian 30 pht , ly gu vt , vt ht lp ct lng ng
ri bt u thi ra cho s ch nhng mn khoan v ct ln trong
dung dch .
Qu trnh khoan , bi ct v mn khoan trn ln vo
dung dch bentonit lm cho dung trng ca dung dch ny
tng ln . Vic vt b ct lng ng v thi ra ht sc quan
trng nhm bo m cho cht lng cc sau ny .
Nu dung trng ca bn vt qu nhng ch s c
trng nu , khi b tng , b tng khng n ht c
bn khi h khoan chim ch ca n , gy nhng ti bn

12

trong b tng . Nu khng vt s ch ct lng ng di y

h khoan s to ra mt lp bn m gia cc b tng v nn
y cc , khi chu ti cc b ln qu mc cho php .
Vic thi ra c thc hin nh sau :
* Trang b :
+ Mt ng bng thp c chiu dy 8 ~ 10 mm ,
ng knh 254 mm , di bng chiu su h khoan ( cn c
tn gi l ng trmie ) . m bo lp xung h khoan c
th ng chia thnh cc o n , mi o n di 2 ~ 3 mt , ni
vi nhau bng mng-sng m
lng ng khng b mu
nh.Ming trn cng vn lp mng-sng lm g ta cho ton
ng ln mt gi ta .
+ Gi ta l mt thp tm lm thnh hai mnh nh
hai cnh ca m gia c bn l gn vo mt khun thp .
Gi ta t trn mt ng chng vch . Trn c hai cnh thp
c khot mt l ng knh bng ng knh ngoi ca ng
trmie .Khe m cnh ca chnh l ng knh qua tm vng
trn mt ct ngang ca ng trmie .
Thng dng ngay ng trmie lm ng dn btng
b tng sau ny .
+ ng thp dn kh nn xung su cn thit ,
thng l gn n y . ng ny c chiu dy 4~6 mm ,
ng knh ngoi 60 ~ 80mm. u trn ca ng c tin khc
ni vi ng cao su chu p dn kh nn t my nn kh
ra .
+ My nn kh , thng dng lo i c p kh 6 ~ 8
atm. Cc ph tng ngva ng dn n hi chu p tng
ng .
* Qu trnh thi ra :
+ Thi im bt u : 30 pht sau khi khoan xong v vt
ct lng ng bng gu .
+ Thi gian thi ra : ti thiu 30 pht , trc khi thi
ra phi kim tra cc c trng ca bn bentonit theo cc ch
tiu nu . Ty tnh hnh cc thng s kim tra ny m d
bo thi gian thi ra . Phi thi ra n khi t cc c
trng yu cu .
+ Ch , trong thi gian thi ra phi b sung lin tc
dung dch bn ti cho s bn ln ct v mn khoan b qu
trnh thi y hoc ht ra . Chiu cao ca mt trn lp dung
dch bn phi cao hn mc nc ngm n nh ca khu vc
h khoan l 1,5 mt . Nu khng cao ny c kh
nng xp thnh vch h khoan do p lc t v nc bn

13

ngoi h gy ra . Nu khng bo m dung trng ca bn ti

nh yu cu cng gy ra xp vch h khoan do iu kin p
lc bn ngoi h .
+ p lc kh nn thi cn c vo l thuyt nng nh kh
( air lift) .
Dung trng ca dung dch c k hiu l
b
v dung trng ca dung dch bn , kh l b k , chiu
cao ct nc dung dch c thi c quan h :
H
Hmax

bk

Lng kh cn thit v p lc kh tun theo

quan h trong biu :
Q,
Qmax
max

Q
V1

V'

V2

V nng nh kh s c chuyn chng ti

s gii thiu chi tit trong chuyn mc khc .
(iv) Kim tra cc ch tiu quyt nh cho lp thp
v cc trang b b tng .
V su y cc khoan nhi : do ngi thit k ch
nh . Thng thng y cc nn t trong lp ct to h t c
hm lng si cui kch thc h t trn 10 mm ln hn 20% t
1,5 n 2 mt tr ln .
iu kin c th ca tng cng trnh , quyt nh
su ca cc phi theo ti trng tnh ton m mi cc phi
chu .
Thng gii php thit k tn dng cc khoan nhi
pht huy ht kh nng lm vic ca n , nn cc khoan nhi

14

cho nh cao tng t i khu vc H ni , thnh ph H Ch Minh ,

Hi phng nn lm trong khong 42 ~ 50 mt.
1.2.3 Cng ngh lp ct thp :
Ct thp trong cc khoan nhi su t ngha chu ti
m ch c tnh cht cu t o . Ty ngi thit k quy nh
nhng thng thp t khi lm chiu su ca cc . Thanh
thp lin hin nay ch t o di 12 mt nn ct thp ca cc
khoan nhi hay chn l bi s ca 12 mt .
Ct thp c khuych i thnh lng tng o n 12
mt . Khi c php s th xung h khoan tng lng . Lng
di ni vi lng trn theo cch buc khi th lng di
gn ht chiu di , ngng thanh t ln vch chng la qua
lng buc ni thp . Sau th tip . Ton b lng
thp c mc treo vo ming vch chng bng 3 si 16
v nhng si ny dng h quang in ct i trc khi ly vch
ln .
Thp dc ca lng thp hay dng 25 ~ 28 , cc
thanh dc cch nhau 150 ~ 200 mm . ai c th vng trn
hay xon . ng knh thp ai hay dng 10 ~ 12 .
1.2.4 Cng ngh b tng :
B tng c khi kim tra s ch h khoan
v vic t ct thp.
Thng lp li ng trmie dng khi thi ra lc trc lm
ng dn b tng .
Cp phi b tng do thit k tha thun theo mt
trong 4 dng :
- Hn hp c thit k
- Hn hp theo n t
- Hn hp tiu chun
- Hn hp c ch nh
[ Xem thm BS 5328 Phn 2 : 1991 : Cc phng php
nu c trng cho hn hp b tng ( Concrete - Part 2 .
Methods for specifying concrete mixes ) ].
st ca b tng thng chn t 120 mm n 160
mm p ng iu kin thi cng ( workability ) . Nu
khng st theo yu cu m lng nc vt qua

15

mc cho php phi dng ph gia ha do . Khng nn

st qu ln ( qu 160 mm ) s nh hng n cht lng b
tng.
(i) Thit b s dng cho cng tc b tng :
-

Btng ch trn sn ch n bng xe chuyn dng ;

ng dn b tng t phu xung su yu cu ;
Phu hng b tng t xe ni vi ng dn ;
Gi ng v phu . Gi ny m t trn .

(ii) Cc yu cu b tng :
- ng dn b tng c nt bng bao ti hoc nt bng
ti nylng cha h t bt xp trnh s t o nn nhng ti kh
trong b tng lc ban u . Nt ny s b b tng y ra
khi .
- Ming di ca ng dn b tng lun ngp trong b
tng ti thiu l 1 mt nhng khng nn su hn 3 mt .
- Khi b tng , b tng c a xung su trong
lng khi b tng, qua ming ng s trn ra chung quanh ,
nng phn b tng n lc u ln trn , b tng c nng
t y ln trn . Nh th , ch c mt lp trn cng ca b
tng tip xc vi nc , cn b tng gi nguyn cht lng
nh khi ch to .
- Phm cp ca b tng ti thiu l C 25 ( tng ng
mc 300 th nghim theo mu lp phng ).
- B tng phi n cao . Khi rt m cui
cng , lc nng rt vch c 1,5 mt nn thm b tng
b vo ch b tng chy lan vo nhng hc quanh vch
c to nn, nu c , khi khoan su .
II . Cc barrette xy dng trong thnh ph
Phng php xy dng nn mng kiu barrette thc cht
l phng php tng trong t bng b tng ct thp . i
vi nhng nh c nhiu tng hm th phng php barrette t
ra u vit v d sao , phng php cc nhi th vn phi gii
quyt c chng nc , chng xp vch quanh nh lm hm
.
Phng php barrette c m t nh sau :

16

Chu vi nh c lm mt h tng bao ngm trong t .

Tng ny c chiu su ging nh cc nhi , ngha l khong
30 ~ 50 mt su . Chiu rng tng thng thng l 600
mm . Bn trong lng tng vy ny , ty gii php thit k v
tnh ton c th c nhng mng cc kiu barrette cho ct .
Mng cc kiu barrette c th l mng c mt ct ch
nht , mng c mt ct ch L , ch Y , ch thp ...

0,6
2,2 ~2,8m
2,2 ~ 2,8 m
Loi
Loi
Loi
Loi
Loi
Loi

tit din ch nht c th chu 600 ~ 1000 tn lc

tit din ch thp c th chu 1000 ~ 1800 tn lc
tit din ch T c th chu 1000 ~ 3600 tn lc
tit din ch L c th chu 1000 ~ 2000 tn lc
tit din ch H c th chu 1600 n 3200 tn lc
tit din ch Y c th chu 1600 ~ 3000 tn lc .

(i) Cng ngh o mng barrette :

o mng barrette dng gu xc kiu hai mnh nh cc
kho vt liu ri hay s dng . Ci c bit ca gu ny l lm
thm khung bao dn hng o t o c nhng h o
thng ng . Khung bao cao khong 3 mt bc quanh ph m vi
o ca li gu . o nhng mt u tin , thng xy
to hng cho gu trt theo . Khi c vch t th gu
trt theo vch t.
C o tng on 2,2 mt ~ 3 mt theo chiu di tng
. Chiu rng nn quyt nh l bi s ca chiu rng gu .
Chiu rng gu l 600 mm.
Thng thng chn chiu rng tng l 600 mm.

17

Hnh dng khi qut gu o kt cu barrette

Qa trnh o phi s dng dung dch bn st bentonit
nh phn cc nhi gii thiu .
Khi o n su thit k , kim tra cht lng
dung dch , ngng 30 pht ct lng ng , vt ct bng
gu , c th th ct thp v xc ra nh nu phn cc
nhi .
Sau khi ra xong h khoan , cho tm giong vo v tr
c tng tip ri b tng . Cch b tng nh nu
trong phn cc nhi .
Nh vy thc hin phng php barrette c nhng
trang b chuyn :
- Gu c khung dn hng o
- Ming giong ni chng thm gia khe thi
cng.
Ming giong l phin cao su c chuyn dng , n
c ngm mt na vo khi b tng chun b cn na
na dng tm thp c ch t o ring , p st vo vch t
s o tip cng o n sau . Khi b tng xong o tip
tc cho on sau . Khi gii phng khng gian thn tng ,
g tm thp p na giong ni , ly tm thp y ln
v g cho na giong dn ra v na giong ny s nm trong
on b tng tip . Nh th , khe thi cng c gn st
nhau v c l giong ni xuyn gia hai o n tng c v mi
chng nc thm qua khe thi cng gia cc o n tng .
III . Cc c trng k thut dng kim tra cc khu
trong qu trnh thc hin cng ngh thi cng cc nhi
v barrette :
Trong kinh t th trng , thng thng c quan k
thut c bn ch u t thu lm t vn k thut cng vi
bn thit k c nhim v nu ra cc c trng k thut phi
t c trong qu trnh thi cng nhm xc nh r cht
lng sn phm xy dng ghi trong hp ng giao nhn
thu .

18

Ngi bn sn phm chnh l ngi thi cng nn ngi

thi cng phi chu trch nhim cp chng ch cho sn phm
ca mnh l t cc ch tiu k thut . Vic cp chng ch
ny thng qua cc th nghim kim tra do bn thi cng t lm
hoc do bn thi cng thu mt c quan c chc nng tin
hnh .
V h thng kim tra , thng phn bit :
* Kim tra c phng th nghim hoc dng c th nghim
tin hnh cc php th nhm bit cc ch tiu t c ca
sn phm . Lo i kim tra ny c th nm ngay trong n v sn
xut , c th l c quan chuyn mn c t cch php nhn
tin hnh .
* Kim tra s ph hp l s chng kin cc qu trnh thi
cng , qu trnh th nghim kim tra , i chiu vi tiu
chun , quy ph m v xc nh s ph hp ca sn phm so vi
yu cu ca hp ng .
Cc c trng k thut v yu cu kim tra phi a vo
cc yu cu k thut phi t trong hp ng giao nhn thu
thi cng .
Nhng c trng ch yu v kim tra trong thi cng cc
nhi nh sau:
3.1 c trng nh v ca cc v kim tra :
(i) c trng :
-V tr cc cn c vo h trc cng trnh v h trc gc .
- Cao trnh mt h khoan
- Cao trnh mt t t i ni c h khoan
- Cao trnh y h khoan
(ii) Kim tra :
- Dng my kinh v v thy bnh kim tra theo nghip v
o c .
( Ngi thc hin nhim v o c phi c chng ch
hnh ngh o c ).
3.2 c trng hnh hc ca h khoan v kim tra :
(i) c trng :
- ng knh h khoan hoc s l ng knh cc .
- nghing l thuyt ca cc . nghing thc t .
- Chiu su l khoan l thuyt , chiu su thc t .

19

- Chiu di ng vch .
- Cao trnh nh v chn ng vch .
(ii) Kim tra :
o c bng thc v my o c .
Phi thc hin nghim tc quy ph m o kch thc hnh
hc v dung sai khi o kim .
3.3 c trng a cht cng trnh :
(i) c trng :
-C 2 m theo chiu su ca h khoan l i phi m t lo i
t gp phi khi khoan i chiu vi ti liu a cht
cng trnh c c quan kho st a cht bo thng qua m
t ct l khoan thm d ln cn .
Phi m bo tnh trung thc khi quan st . Khi thy
khc vi ti liu kho st phi bo ngay cho bn thit k
v bn t vn kim nh c gii php s l ngay .
3.4 c trng ca bn khoan :
( i) c trng :
Nh cc ch tiu bit : Dung trng , nht ,
hm lng ct , lp v bm thnh vch ( cake ) , ch s lc ,
pH .
(ii) Kim tra :
Trn hin trng phi c mt b dng c th nghim
kim tra cc ch tiu ca dung dch bn bentonit .
3.5 c trng ca ct thp v kim tra :
(i) c trng :
- Kch thc ca thanh thp tng lo i s dng
- Hnh dng ph hp vi thit k
- Loi thp s dng ( m hiu , hnh d ng mt
ngoi thanh , cc ch tiu c l cn thit ca lo i thp ang
s dng ).
- Cch t hp thnh khung , lng v v tr
tng i gia cc thanh .

20

- sch ( g , bm bn , bm bn ), khuyt
tt c di mc cho php khng .
- Cc chi tit chn ngm cho kt cu hoc
cng vic tip theo : chi tit sau hn , mc st , chn bu
lng , ng quan st dng siu m , dng phng x ( carrota ).
(ii) Kim tra :
Quan st bng mt , o bng thc cun ngn , th
nghim cc tnh cht c l trong phng th nghim .
3.6 c trng v b tng v kim tra :
Cn da vo quy ph m thi cng v nghim thu cc kt cu
b tng v b tng ct thp nu cc c trng cho cng
tc ny .
(i) c trng :
- Thnh phn , cp phi .
- Cht lng ct liu ln , ct liu mn ( kch thc
ht , gc , ln cc h t khng t yu cu , s ch vi
cht bm bn )
- Xi mng : phm cp , cc ch tiu c l ,cc hm
lng c hi : kim , sunpht ...
- Nc : cht lng
- Ph gia : cc ch tiu k thut , chng ch ca
nh sn xut .
- st ca hn hp b tng , cch ly st .
- Ly mu kim tra cht lng b tng ha cng
.
- Kim tra vic b tng ( chiu cao , ct
nh cc , chiu di cc trc hon thin , khi lng l
thuyt tng ng , khi lng thc t , d gia thc t
v l thuyt ...)
- ng cong b tng ( quan h khi lng chiu cao k t y cc tr ln )
(ii) Kim tra :
Chng ch v vt liu ca ni cung cp b tng
Thit k thnh phn b tng c s tha thun ca bn
k thut kim tra cht lng .
st ca b tng.
Cch ly mu v qu trnh ly mu .
Kim tra giy giao hng ( tch k giao hng )
Chng kin vic p mu .

21

3.7 Lp h s cho ton b mt cc nhi c thi cng :

Qu trnh thi cng mt cc phi tin hnh lp h s cho
tng cc .
Da vo cc c trng nu m bn thi cng phi bo
co y cc ch tiu , kt qu kim tra tng ch tiu
c trng .
Kt qu v h s ca cc kim tra cui cng bng tnh
ti , bng cc phng php khc.
Trong h s c y cc chng ch v vt liu , kt
qu th nghim kim tra cc ch tiu c cp chng
ch .
Mt bo co tng hp v cht lng v cc ch tiu l
thuyt cng nh thc t ca tng cc .
Mt lu th v l lu nay cc cng ty cng trng t
ch n tnh php l ca h s . Mt chng ch xi mng
chng hn thng l bn chnh hay bn sao c nh my cp
cho l hng . Nh th cha tnh php l trong h s .
Ngi s dng phi ghi r xi mng ca phm cht ny c
n v ti s dng vo kt cu no trong h ng mc no ca
cng trnh no . Ngha l phi c ngi c trch nhim xc
nhn a ch s dng th giy t y mi c gi tr s dng
.
IV Cng ngh kim tra cht lng cc nhi :

Cht lng cc khoan nhi l khu ht sc quan

trng v chi ph cho vic ch to mt cc rt ln cng
nh cc phi chu ti ln. Ch cn s xut nh trong bt
k mt khu no ca qu trnh kho st a cht,
khu thit k nn mng hay khu thi cng cng
lm nh hng n cht lng cng trnh. Vic kim tra
cht lng cng trnh cc khoan nhi c khi qut trong
s :

Kim tra cht lng

cc khoan nhi
22

Tro ng qu tr nh
thi cng

Cc qu
trnh:
* Chun b
* Khoan to l

Khi lm xong
cc

Kim tra cht lng nn:

* Cc phng php
tnh
* Th cc kiu
phn tch ng
lc (PDA)

* Hon thnh
khoan

Kim tra cht lng cc:

* Khoan ly mu
* Ct thp
* Th nghim cc
ton vn qua
* b tng
pphp (PIT) hoc
m di (PET)
* Ph u cc
Th nghim
siu cng vic
Thi cng cc khoan nhi l *vic
kn khut,
m,tp,
v kh
tuyn,
i cc
i hi *nhng
cng on phc
nh gi cht l phng
x,
hiu
ng v chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t nh : ng
in - thu lc,
vn.

* iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht thu

*
*
*
*

Trang thit b thi cng

Cng ngh thi cng.
Cht lng ca tng cng on thi cng.
Vt liu thi cng.

Cc nhi l sn phm c ngha quan trng trong

khu chu lc ca cng trnh nn cht l ng cn c lu
tm ht sc. Vic kim tra k cht l ng thi cng tng
cng on s lm gim c cc khuyt tt ca sn phm
cui cng ca cc nhi.
Trc khi thi cng kim tra cht l ng cc khu chun
b, trong qu trnh thi cng loi b vt liu khng t,
trang thit b khim khuyt, kim tra k tng nguyn
cng, phn on, tun th trnh t thi cng nghim
ngt nhm trnh cc s xut c th gy ra khuyt tt.
23

Cc khuyt tt c th :
+ Trong khu chun b thi cng ch a tt nh nh v h
khoan khng chnh xc dn n sai v tr.
+ Trong khu thi cng : Cng on to l xp vch.
co tit din cc, nghing cc qu mc cho php.
Nhiu khi thi cng ch a n chiu su tnh ton m bn
thi cng dng khoan lm cc khu tip theo, c
khi s dng ny c ng tnh ca ng i gim st hoc
thit k khng c kinh nghim quyt nh m khuyt
tt ny ch c pht hin l sai khi th ti khi ngy.
Cng on b tng khi y h khoan cn bn
lng ng, rt ng nhanh lm cho cht l ng b tng
khng ng u, b ti bn trong thn cc. C khi
thn cc b t on.
Cng on rt ng vch c th lm cho cc b nhc
ln mt on. cc b tht tit din.
Nhng khuyt tt ny trong qu trnh thi cng c
th gim thiu n ti a nh khu kim tra cht l ng
c tin hnh ng thi im, nghim tc v theo
ng trnh t k thut, s dng ph ng tin kim tra
m bo chun xc.
Kim tra cht lng sau khi thi cng nhm khng
nh li sc chu ti tnh ton ph hp vi d bo khi
thit k. Kim tra cht l ng cc sau khi thi cng l cch
lm th ng nhng cn thit. C th kim tra li khng
ch cht lng chu ti ca nn m cn c cht l ng b
tng ca bn thn cc na.
Kim tra trc khi thi cng:
(i) Cn lp phng n thi cng t m, trong n
nh ch tiu k thut phi t v cc b c cn kim tra
cng nh s chun b cng c kim tra. Nhng cng c
kim tra c c quan kim nh kim v ang
cn thi hn s dng. Nht thit phi th ng trc
nhng dng c kim tra cht l ng ny k vi ni thi cng
v lun lun trong tnh trng sn sng phc v. Ph ng n
24

thi cng ny phi c t vn gim st cht l ng tho thun

v i din Kin trc s/K s l ch nhim d n ng .
( ii) Cn c ti liu a cht cng trnh do bn
khoan thm d cung cp cho thit k ngay ti ni
thi cng s dng i chiu vi thc t khoan.
dy
ph
my
my

(iii) Kim tra tnh trng vn hnh ca my thi cng,

cp, dy cu, b phn truyn lc, thit b hm, cc
tng my khoan nh bp chut, gu, rng gu, cc
ph tr phc v khu bn khoan, khu lc ct nh
bm khuy bn, my tch ct, sng ct.

(iv) Kim tra li nh v cng trnh v tng cc.

Kim tra cc mc khng ch nm trong v ngoi cng
trnh, k c cc mc khng ch nm ngoi cng tr ng.
Nhng my o c phi c kim nh v thi hn c
s dng ang cn hiu lc. Ng i tin hnh cc cng tc
v xc nh cc c tr ng hnh hc ca cng trnh
phi l ngi c php hnh ngh v c chng ch.
Kim tra trong khi thi cng:
Qu trnh thi cng cn kim tra cht ch tng cng
on yu cu kim tra:
(i) Kim tra cht l ng kch thc hnh hc. Nhng s liu
cn c khng nh: v tr tng cc theo hai trc
vung gc do bn v thi cng xc nh. Vic kim tra
da vo h thng trc gc trong v ngoi cng tr ng.
Kim tra cc cao trnh: mt t thin nhin quanh cc,
cao trnh mt trn ng vch. thng ng ca ng
vch hoc nghing cn thit nu c thit k cng
cn kim tra. Bin php kim tra thng ng hay
nghing ny gii trnh v c A/E ( kin trc s
hay k s l ch nhim d n) duyt. Ng i kim tra phi
c chng ch hnh ngh o c.
(ii) Kim tra cc c tr ng ca a cht cng trnh v
thu vn. C khoan c 2 mt cn kim tra loi t v
tr thc a c ng khp vi bo co a cht ca bn
kho st lp tr c y khng . Cn ghi chp theo thc
t v nhn xt nhng iu khc nhau, trnh bn A/E
25

 A/E cng thit k quyt nh nhng iu chnh

nu cn thit. c cng trnh ngay ti H ni vo cui
nm 1994, khi quyt nh ngng khoan lm tip cc
khu sau khng i chiu vi mt ct a cht cng
nh ngi quyt nh khng am tng v a cht nn
phi b hai cc c b tng khng m bo
su v kt qu p tnh th ti ch t 150% ti tnh
ton cc hng.
(iii) Kim tra dung dch khoan tr c khi cp dung dch
vo h khoan, khi khoan su v khi xc ra lm
sch h khoan xong.
(iv) Kim tra ct thp tr c khi th xung h khoan. Cc
ch tiu phi kim tra l ng knh thanh, di thanh
ch, khong cch gia cc thanh, sch du m.
(v) Kim tra y h khoan: Chiu su h khoan c o
hai ln, ngay sau khi va t su thit k v sau
khi lng v vt li. Sau khi th ct thp v th ng
trmie, trc lc b tng nn kim tra xc nh
lp cn lng. Nu cn c th ly thp ln, ly ng
trmie ln vt tip cho t sch y h. y
h khng sch s gy ra ln d qu mc cho php.
(vi) Kim tra cc khu ca b tng tr c khi vo h.
Cc ch tiu kim tra l cht l ng vt liu thnh phn
ca b tng bao gm ct liu, xi mng, n c, cht ph
gia, cp phi. n cng tr ng tip tc kim tra st
Abram's, c mu kim tra s hiu, s b nh gi
thi gian s ninh.
(vii) Cc khu cn kim tra khc nh ngun cp in
nng khi thi cng, kim tra s lin lc trong qu trnh
cung ng b tng, kim tra thng ca mng , m ng
n dung dch tro t h khi b tng ...
Cc phng php kim tra cht l ng cc nhi sau khi
thi cng xong:
Nh ta thy s cc ph ng php kim tra
cht lng cc nhi, thng c hai loi bn khon: cht l ng
ca nn v cht lng ca bn thn cc.
Sau khi thi cng xong cc nhi, vn kim tra c
hai ch tiu ny c nhiu gii php c thc hin vi
nhng cng c hin i.
Tuy chng ta mi tip cn vi cng ngh cc khoan
nhi cha lu nhng v kim tra, chng ta ban hnh 26

c TCXD 196:1997 lm c s cho vic nh gi cc nhi.

Tiu chun ny mi cp n ba loi th: nn tnh,
phng php bin dng nh PIT v ph ng php siu m.
Tnh hnh cc cng ngh kim tra cc nhi trong n c v
th gii hin nay l v cng phong ph.
C th chia theo cc phng php tnh v ng. Li
c th chia theo mc ch th nghim nh kim tra sc
chu ca nn v cht l ng cc.
Ngy nay c nhiu cng c hin i xc nh
nhng ch tiu m khi tin hnh kim tra kiu th cng
thy l ht sc kh.
(i) Kim tra bng ph ng php tnh :
Phng php gia ti tnh :
Phng php ny cho n hin nay c coi l phng
php trc quan, d nhn thc v ng tin cy nht. Ph ng php ny dng kh ph bin n c ta cng nh trn
th gii. Theo yu cu m c th thc hin theo kiu
nn, ko dc trc cc hoc y theo ph ng vung gc
vi trc cc. Th nghim nn tnh c thc hin nhiu
nht nn ch yu cp y l nn tnh.
C hai qui trnh nn tnh ch yu c s dng l
qui trnh ti trng khng i ( Maintained Load, ML ) v
qui trnh tc dch chuyn khng i ( Constant
Rate of Penetration, CRP ).
Qui trnh nn vi ti trng khng i (ML) cho ta
nh gi kh nng chu ti ca cc v ln cu cc
theo thi gian. Th nghim ny i hi nhiu thi gian,
ko di thi gian ti vi ngy.
Qui trnh nn vi tc dch chuyn khng i
( CRP) thng ch dng nh gi kh nng chu ti gii
hn ca cc, thng ch cn 3 n 5 gi.
Nhn chung tiu chun th nghim nn tnh ca
nhiu nc trn th gii t khc bit. Ta c th so snh tiu
chun ASTM 1143-81 ( Hoa k), BS 2004 ( Anh) v TCXD
196-1997 nh sau:
Qui trnh nn chm vi ti trng khng i
Ch tiu so

ASTM D1143-

BS 2004

TCXD 19627

snh
Ti
trng
nn ti a,
Qmax

ln
cp
tng ti
Tc ln
n nh qui
c
Cp ti trng
c bit v
thi gian gi
ti ca cp

ln cp h
ti

a*

81
200%Q 150%Qa~20
0%Qa
25%Q

25%Q ax
a

0,25 mm/h

1997
200%Qa

0,10mm

/h

200%Qa 100%Qa,
v
150%Qa
12 t
vi t
24h
6h

25%Qm
0,10 mm/h

(100%&200%
)Qa
t= 24h
25%Qmax

25%Qa
50%Qa
Qui trnh tc chuyn dch

khng i
Ch tiu
so snh
Tc

chuyn dch

ASTM
D
1143-81
0,251,25mm/min
cho
cc
trong
t
st

BS
2004
Khng
th
qui nh c
th

TCXD
1961997
Cha c qui
nh
cho loi th
kiu ny.

0,75~2,5mm/
min

cc
Qui nh v cho
dng
th trong t ri t ti trng
nghim
gii hn
nh trc
t ti trng Chuyn dch
gii hn tng
trong
nh trc
khi lc khng
tng
hoc
gim
trong
khong
Chuyn dch 10mm
t 15%D
Chuyn dch
t 10%D
Ghi ch: Qa = kh nng chu ti cho php ca cc

28

V i trng gia ti, c th s dng vt nng cht

ti nhng cng c th s dng neo xung t. Tu iu
kin thc t c th m quyt nh cch to i trng.
Vi sc neo kh ln nn khi s dng bin php neo cn
ht sc thn trng.
i b phn cc cng trnh th ti tnh dng cch
cht vt nng lm i trng. Cho n nay, ch c mt
cng trnh dng ph ng php neo th ti l cng
trnh Grand Hanoi Lakeview Hotel s 28 ng Thanh
nin do Cng ty Kinsun ( Thi lan) thuc tp on B&B
thc hin.
Gi th ti tnh kiu cht ti l kh cao. Hin nay
gi th ti loi ny t 180.000 n 250.000 ng cho
mt tn ti th m cc qui phm u yu cu th 1% cho
tng s cc vi s cc th khng t hn 1 cc. Thi gian
th ti thng t 7 ngy n 10 ngy/cc.
Phng php gia ti tnh kiu Osterberrg:
Phng php ny kh mi vi th gii v n c ta.
Nguyn tc ca ph ng php l mt lp b tng
dy di y ri th h hp kch ( O-cell ) xung , sau
li tip phn cc trn. H iu khin v ghi
chp t trn mt t. S dng ph ng php ny c th
th nghim ring bit hoc ng thi hai ch tiu l
sc chu mi cc v lc ma st bn ca cc. Ti th
nghim c th t c t 60 tn n 18000 tn. Thi
gian th nghim nhanh th ch cn 24 gi, nu yu cu
cng ch ht ti a l 3 ngy. su t trang thit
b th nghim trong mng c th ti trn 60 mt. Sau
khi th xong, bm b tng xung lp h kch cho cc c lin tc.
Tin s Jorj O. Osterberg l chuyn gia a k thut
c tn tui, hin sng ti Hoa k. ng hin nay ( 1998 )
v hu nhng l gio s danh d ca Northwestern
University, Vin s Vin Hn lm K thut, 1985 l
ging vin trng Tersaghi, nm 1988 l thnh vin Vin
nn mng su. Nm 1994 ph ng php th tnh
Osterberg ra i vi tn O-Cell , c cp chng ch
NOVA. Chng ch NOVA l dng c coi nh gii Nobel v
xy dng ca Hoa k.
Phng php th tnh O-Cell c th dng th ti cc
nhi , cc ng, tng barettes, th nghim ti hng
29

cc, th nghim cc lm kiu gu xoay ( Auger Cast

Piles ).
Nc ta c mt s cng trnh s dng ph ng php
th ti tnh kiu Osterberg. Ti H ni c cng trnh
Thp Vietcombank , ti Nam b c cng trnh cu Bc
M thun s dng cch th cc kiu ny.
(ii) Phng php khoan ly mu li cc:
y l phng php th kh th s. Dng my khoan
khoan, c th ly mu b tng theo ng knh
50~150 mm, dc sut su d nh khoan.
Nu ng knh cc ln, c th phi khoan n 3 l
nm trn cng mt tit din ngang mi tm c khi nim
v cht lng b tng dc theo cc.
Phng php ny c th quan st trc tip c cht
lng b tng dc theo chiu su l khoan. Nu th
nghim ph hu mu c th bit c cht lng b tng
ca mu. u im ca ph ng php l trc quan v kh
chnh xc. Nhc im l chi ph ly mu kh ln. Nu
ch khoan 2 l trn tit din cc theo chiu su c cc
th chi ph xp x gi thnh ca cc. Th ng phng php
ny ch gii quyt khi bng cc ph ng php khc xc
nh cc c khuyt tt. Phng php ny kt hp kim
tra chnh xc ho v s dng ngay l khoan bm
pht xi mng cu cha nhng on hng.
Phng php ny i hi thi gian khoan ly mu
lu, qu trnh khoan cng phc tp nh phi dng
bentonite tng mt khoan ln b, phi ly mu nh
khoan thm d v tc khoan khng nhanh lm.
Hin nay Vin Thit k Giao thng n c ta c yu cu
nhiu cng trnh th nghim theo ph ng php ny.
Nhiu cc nhi mng tr cu Vit tr khoan ly
mu theo phng php ny.
(iii) Phng php siu m:
Phng php ny kh kinh in v c dng ph
bin. Phng php th l dng k thut nh gi kt cu
khng ph hu mu th ( Non-destructive evaluation,
NDE ). Khi th khng lm h hng kt cu, khng lm
thay i bt k tnh cht c hc no ca mu. Ph ng
php c Chu u v Hoa k s dng kh ph bin.
30

Cch th thng dng l qut siu m theo tit din

ngang thn cc. Tu ng knh cc ln hay nh m b
tr cc l dc theo thn cc tr c khi b tng. L dc
ny c ng knh trong xp x 60 mm v l l ng nha
hay ng thp. C khi ng i ta khoan to l nh phng php
kim tra theo khoan l ni trn, nu khng l tr c.
u thu pht c hai kiu: kiu u thu ring v
u pht ring, kiu u thu v pht gn lin nhau.
Nu ng knh cc l 600 mm th ch cn b tr
hai l dc theo thn cc i xng qua tm cc v nm
st ct ai. Nu ng knh 800 mm nn b tr 3 l. ng knh 1000 mm, b tr 4 l... Khi th, th u pht
siu m xung mt l v u thu l khc. ng qut
kim tra cht l ng s l ng ni gia u pht v
u thu. Qu trnh th u pht v u thu cn m
bo hai u ny xung cng mt tc v lun lun
nm cng su so vi mt trn ca cc.
Trng i hc Northwestern Hoa k c Khu th
nghim a k thut Quc gia mi lm nhng th nghim
v siu m kim tra cht l ng cc nhi vo nm 1997 vi
cc nhi c c vi nhng khuyt tt nh tr c. Kt
qu cho thy phng php qut siu m trong tit din
ngang cc thu c biu phn nh kh chnh xc v
tin cy. Qui phm ca nhiu n c qui nh th nghim
kim tra cht lng cc b tng bng ph ng php khng
ph hu phi lm cho 10% s cc.
Phc tp ca phng php ny l cn t tr c ng
th u thu v u pht siu m. Nh th, ngi thi
cng s c ch trc nhng cc s th v lm tt hn,
mt yu t ngu nhin trong khi chn mu th. Nu lm
nhiu cc c ng th siu m qu s l ng yu cu s gy
ra tn km.
Phng php th bng phng x ( Carota ):
Phng php ny cng l mt phng php nh gi
khng ph hu mu th ( NDE ) nh phng php siu m.
Cch trang b th nghim khng khc g ph ng
php siu m. iu khc l thay cho u thu v u
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pht siu m l u thu v pht phng x. N c ta sn

xut loi trang b ny do mt c s ca qun i tin
hnh.
Ging nh phng php siu m, kt qu c biu
thu phng x c th bit c ni v mc ca
khuyt tt trong cc.
(iv) Phng php o m di:
Phng php ny th nghim kim tra khng ph
hu mu bit cht lng cc , cc nhi, cc barrettes.
Nguyn l l s dng hin t ng m di
( Pile Echo
Tester, PET ). Nguyn tc hot ng ca ph ng php l
g bng mt ba 300 gam vo u cc, mt thit b ghi
gn ngay trn u cc y cho php ghi hiu ng m
di v my tnh s l cho kt qu v nhn nh cht l ng cc.
Ti Hoa k c Cng ty GeoComP chuyn cung ng
nhng dch v v PET.
My tnh s dng s l kt qu ghi c v m di l
my tnh c nhn tiu chun ( standard PC ) , s dng
phn cng b sung ti thiu, mi tn hiu thu nhn v
s l qua phm mm m phn mm ny c th nng
cp nhanh chng, tin li ngay c khi lin h bng e-mail
vi trung tm GeocomP. Phm mm da vo c s
Windows theo chun vn hnh hin i , c nghin cu
ph hp vi s hp l ti a v cng thi hc
( ergonomic ).
Ch cn mt ngi lm c cc th nghim v
m di vi nng sut 300 cc mt ngy.
Khi tip xc vi http://ww.piletest.com/PET.HTM ta c
th c c kt qu chun mc khi th cc v c cung
cp min ph phn mm cp nht theo ng e-mail.
Vi s tin li l chi ph cho kim tra ht sc thp
nn c th dng ph ng php ny th nghim cho 100%
cc trong mt cng trnh. Nh c im ca phng php l
nu chiu su ca cc th nghim qu 20 mt th
chnh xc ca kt qu l thp.
(v) Cc phng php th ng:
Cc phng php th ng ngy nay v cng
phong ph. Vi khi nim ng lc hc ca cc, th tr 32

ng cng c th nghim c rt nhiu trang thit b nh

my phn tch ng cc th theo ph ng php bin
dng ln ( PDA), my ghi kt qu th theo ph ng php
bin dng nh (PIT), my ghi saximeter, my phn tch
hot ng ca ba ( Hammer Performance Analyzer,
HPA ), my ghi kt qu gc nghing ca cc ( angle
analyzer), my ghi kt qu ng cc ( Pile installation
recorder, PIR ), my phn tch xuyn tiu chun ( SPT
analyzer) ...
* My phn tch cc theo ph ng php bin dng ln PDA
c loi mi nht l loi PAK. My ny ghi cc th nghim
nng cho mi trng xy dng c nghit. My ny ghi
kt qu ca phng php th bin dng ln cho cng
trnh nn mng, cho thm d a k thut . Phn mm
s l rt d tip thu. S liu c t ng lu gi vo
a s dng v sau. Ch ng trnh CAPWAP ci
t c vo PAK nn vic nh gi kh nng ton vn
v kh nng chu ti ca cc rt nhanh chng.
* S dng phng php th Bin dng nh ( PIT ) l cch
th nhanh cho s ln cc. Php th cho bit cht l ng b
tng cc c tt hay khng, tnh ton vn ca cc khi
kim tra cc khuyt tt ln ca cc. Cc loi my phn
tch PIT dung ngun nng l ng pin, c ng nhanh chng
v s dng n chic. Dng c ca ph ng php PIT dng
tm cc khuyt tt ln v nguy him nh nt gy, tht c
chai, ln nhiu t trong b tng hoc l rng.
(vi) Phng php tr khng c hc:
Phng php ny quen thuc vi tn gi ph ng php
phn tch dao ng hay cn gi l ph ng php truyn
sng c hc. Nguyn l c p dng l truyn sng,
nguyn l dao ng c ng bc ca cc n hi. C hai ph ng php thc hin l dng tr khng rung ng v dng
tr khng xung.
Phng php tr khng rung s dng m t in
ng c kch hot do mt my pht tc ng ln
cc. Dng mt my ghi vn tc sng truyn trong cc.
Nhn biu sng ghi c, c th bit cht l ng cc

33

qua ch tiu ng u ca vt liu b tng cc v

tr .
Phng php tr khng xung l c s cho cc ph ng
php PIT v PET. Hai phng php PIT v PET ghi sng m
di. Phng php tr khng xung ny ghi vn tc truyn
sng khi p ba to xung ln u cc.
S khc nhau gia ba phng php ny l my ghi c cc hin tng vt l no v phn mm chuyn cc dao
ng c l hc y d i dng sng ghi c trong my v
th hin qua biu nh th no.
V. Kt lun :
Thay cho kt lun chng ti mun nu mt s kinh
nghim khi thi cng cc nhi gp .
5.1 Cht lng b tng thn cc :
(i) B tng thn cc mt tng mng do b tng c st
qu ln .
(ii) B tng cc mt tng mng do c ti nc trong thn h
khoan .
(iii) B tng thn cc mt tng o n do gp ti nc ln trong
thn h khoan.
(iv) Mi cc mt mt o n b tng do y xc ra khng s ch
.
(v) Thn cc thu nh tit din , l mt khi b tng bo v do
rt ng khi b tng s ninh , mt phn ngoi b tng b
ma st vi thnh vch chng i ln .
(vi) Cc b mt thng ng do khi rt ng c tc ng
ngang trong qu trnh rt ng .
(vii) Cc b thiu mt s b tng do thp qu dy , b tng
khng chy dng kn ht khng gian .
(viii) Thn cc nham nh do b tng c st nh .
(ix) Thn cc c o n ch c si hoc c cc l rng ln do
b tng b gin o n .
(x) on trn thn cc c cc nhnh b tng m ra nh r
cy do on ny khng c nc ngm , kh t , l i b st
trong qu trnh khoan t o nn rnh c hnh r cy . Khi rt
ng chng lc b tng cn nho nn b tng chy ra.
(xi) Tn d nhiu b tng do vch b xp tng o n .
(xii) Km ti liu ny , ti gii thiu vi ng nghip v s di
chuyn ca b tng trong thn cc nhi c lm th
nghim ti Strasbourg .

34

5.2 Cht lng cc chu ti tnh khng p ng :

(i) Do khng khoan n su cc quy nh thi cng
cc cng on sau.
(ii) Do cn lp bn qu dy tn y h khoan b
tng .
5.3 Cht lng ct thp khng t :
(i) t khng ng khong cch gia cc thanh , lng thp
b mo m , bin hnh so vi thit k .
(ii) Thp b bn . Nh rng mi trng lm vic rt sn bn
dy bn ct thp.
( iii) Ni thp khng ng quy nh cch ni , v tr ni .
5.4 iu kin cng tc km :
(i) Mt bng lun ngp nga trong bn . Nh rng qu trnh
khoan phi dng hng chc khi bn . Khi b tng th tch
b tng n hng chc khi bn ra mt t , gy ngp nga
bn quanh ch lm vic .
(ii) Mt bng ngp nga cn tr thi cng nhng cc tip ,
dy bn ra thp , ra cc thit b khc trn cng trng ,
chy lnh lng ra ng ph v cng thot nc chung ca
thnh ph .
(iii) Phi c thit k tr liu kh nng t o bn trn mt bng
c gii php khc phc t u . c cng trng b
tng trn ton b mt bng ng thi vi h thng thu hi
bn .
5.5 Gp d vt khi khoan :
(i) Gp r cy , gp nhng thu knh si cui do trm tch ao
h .
(ii) Gp rc xy dng do ph r dn khng s ch : dm , mng
tng , khi b tng .
(iii) Gp cc c : Ch khng c nh cc c v nh th s
ph hoi kt cu nn .
(iv) Gp m ci chm .
5.6 Khoan st cng trnh hin hu :
(i) C nhng h khoan ch cch cng trnh hin hu vi chc
centimet . Cn gi vch nhng ch ny . ng thi qu
trnh khoan khng gi m nh gu gy rung chn ng .
(ii) Cn c gii php chng hu hiu cc cng trnh hin
hu c kh nng bin d ng do qu trnh thi cng cc .
5.7 Cht lng thit b , trang b km :

35

 c tai nn do khi rt ng b tng b t mi hn .

5.8 Ma :
Ma v bin ng thi tit cn tr thi cng . Khi thi cng c
kh khn , phi ngng thi cng khi ang o d , c th dng
gii php lp tm bng ct sch cho y h v m bng qu n
ng . Gii php ny cng s dng cho khi b ngng thi cng
v nhng l do khc .
5.9 Kinh nghim v th nghim :
Nn t chc kim tra cp chng ch theo kiu kim tra
cho gia cc n v th nghim .
5.10 Lp h s :
Cn yu cu h s v h s cn c a ch nh trnh
by trn .
Cui cng th , cht lng cc nhi m bo tui th
ng nh mong mun cn nhiu vn cn cn nghin cu
thm . Tuy c nhiu cch kim tra cht lng b tng nhng
cng cha tht hon chnh . Ngoi ra cn tng quan nn-cc
. Thi gian v cng sc cn i hi nhiu . Nhng kt qu t
c cng tm chp nhn , t ra l n giai o n ny ./.

36