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. . .
( )
2005.
1 , .
1.
.
.
.
, .
- , , h
R V R 2 h
- ,
a, b V abh .
- , S , V Sh .
,
D S , h ,
( h f ( M ( x, y )) ).
D
. M(x,y)
,
h f ( M ( x, y )) . .
.
,
.
1
f ( x, y )dS .
D
f (M i )
1. D
Di ,
z f ( x, y )
D Di ( )
i 1
2.
Mi
f ( M i ) f ( xi , y i )
3.
Mi
f (M
Di
D
x
i 1
)si , si - Di
4.
max i diam(Di ) 0 ( ),
,
. . .. .
.. . . . .. 2001 ( ).
2.
f ( x, y ) D3.
.
4.
- ,
- ,
- ,
5.
1.
)
( f
D
( x, y ) f 2 ( x, y )dS .= f 1 ( x, y ) dS + f 2 ( x, y )dS
D
) f ( x, y ) dS .= f ( x, y )dS
D
.
. ,
. ,
.
2. .
D D1 D2 ,
D2
. D ,
( )
D1, D2.
( ). ,
.1.
3.
dS S
D
- D.
4. D f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ) ,
f ( x, y )dS
D
g ( x, y )dS ( ).
D
. .
, , , g ( x, y ) 0
5. .
m, M , x, y D m f ( x, y ) M ,
mS D
f ( x,y )dS MS
, .
-
4
5
3
. m f ( x, y ) M
( 4),
m, M
. 3, .
6. ( ).
( xc , y c ) D , f (c)
1
SD
f ( x,y )dS .
D
f ( x, y )
.
D , inf D f ( x, y )
sup f ( x, y ) . x,y D S D f ( x, y )dS S D .
D
1
SD
f ( x,y )dS
SD ,
SD
f ( x,y )dS .
f ( x, y ) D ,
D . ,
f (c )
1
SD
f ( x,y )dS .
D
,
f (c) ,
f ( x, y )dS
D
.
, D ,
.
D , , ,
.
, -
,
. D
( 2) . ,
.
z
f(x,y)
S(x)
S ( x)dx ,
a, b
(x)
x
b
(x)
D x., S (x) -
(
x).
OXY ,
OY, (x)
(x). (x), (x)
S (x ) =
D.
( x)
( x)
f ( x, y ) dy -
..
dx .
f
(
x
,
y
)
dy
a ( x)
, . ,
d ( y)
dy .
V
f
(
x
,
y
)
dx
, OX.
c (y )
( )
b ( x)
d ( y)
dx = f ( x, y ) dS =
f
(
x
,
y
)
dy
f ( x, y ) dx dy V
a ( x )
D
c ( y)
1.
S (x ) , V
( x)
. .
1.
1
1 x 2
y
2
2
dx
1
f
(
x
,
y
)
dxdy
f
(
x
,
y
)
dy
D
0 1 x 2
x y 1
x0
1 x 2
dx
0
f ( x, y ) dx
f ( x, y ) dxdy
f ( x, y)dy
x 1
y 1
dx +
f
(
x
,
y
)
dy
1 x 1
y 1
0
dx = f ( x, y ) dx dy +
1 y 1
x 1
f ( x, y ) dx dy
0
y 1
f ( x, y ) dx dy =
1 y 2
f ( x, y ) dy =
1 x 2
dy
1 y 2
y x 1
y 1 x
2.
y x 1
y x 1
x 1
y0
3. x 1
yx
e y 1 dxdy =
D
2
e
0
y 1 2
dy dx (
)=
1
e
1
( y 1) 2
(1 y )e
0
dx dy =
y 1 2
dy
1 y 1 2 |1
1
e
(e 1)
0
2
2
f ( x, y )dS .
D
, D f ( x, y ) .
.
,
D, f ( x, y ) , .. .
,
, .
,
f ( x, y )dS
D
D, f ( x, y ) .
. V ,
z = 1-y2 x = y2 D,
OXY..
VD 2
0
S D 2
2
dy 2 ( y 2 y 4 ) dy 2( 1 1 ) 4
(
1
y
)
dx
0
0
3 5
15
y2
1
dy 2 y 2 dy 2
dx
0
0
3
y2
2. .
. Dxy Duv
,
x (u , v ), y (u , v) . f(x,y) Dxy.
f ( x, y )dxdy D f ( u, v , u, v ) | I | dudv , I u v
D
xy
uv
( ).
(). u, v: Q1,
Q3, Q4, Q2 du, dv.
x (u , v ), y (u , v) - P1, P3, P4, P2.
P
y
v
Q1 (u, v), Q2 (u+du, v), Q3 (u, v+dv),
Q
Q
P1 ( u , v , u, v ),
2
P1
P2 u du , v , u du , v
P4
P3
Q1
Q2
P2 ( u, v u' du ), u, v u' du
P3 u , v dv , u, v dv
P3 ( u , v v' dv ), ( u , v v' dv )
S P1 P2 P1 P3 | du du
dv dv
'
u
'
v
'
u
'
v
' du u' du
u'
0 | u'
k
|
v dv v' dv
v'
0
u'
| dudv | I | dudv .
v'
dxdy,
f ( x, y )dxdy f ( u , v , u , v ) | I | dudv
D
.
D
xy
. u , v :
x cos , y sin . I
y
x
cos
y
sin
sin
.
cos
. a(1 cos ) .
a (1 cos )
0
0 2
0
2
0
.
z x y .
V
/2
/2
d zd
d cos sin d
0
1
3
/2
(sin cos )d 3
x2 y2 1,
, .
.
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
,
. .
.
,
, .
.
,
, F(x, y, z) = 0
nk
z = f(x, y).
k
k,
, vk.
k
y
OXY D dk
sk. dk Mk.
Qk ( k),
dk
Mk, nk
{cosk, cosk, cosk}
Mk
.
D
vk k
x
,
vk cosk = sk.
vk=sk/ cosk. max diam k 0,
- , OXY, max diam dk
0.
z
Qk
1
s k
| cos x k , y k , z k |
| cos x, y. z |ds
D
cos x, y, z .
F(x, y, z) = 0,
gradF
n
gradF
1
'2
x
'2
y
'2
z
F , F
'
x
cos
S D 1
D
Fx'
Fz'
Fy'
Fz'
'
y
Fz'
'
Fx' Fy
1
,
1 2 2 .
2
2
2
Fx' Fy' Fz'
| cos |
Fz' Fz'
dxdy .
z = f(x, y),
F(x, y, z) = 0 :
f ( x, y ) z F ( x, y, z ) 0,
2
2
2
1
1 f x' f y'
| cos |
.
x y 2, x y 3.
z2 x2 y2 ,
F z 2 x 2 y 2 0,
y
3
1
x2 y2
1
2.
cos
z2
2
x
2
S 2dxdy 2 S D 2
D
1
9 4 5 .
2
2
, ,
.
D (x, y).
dm
:
OX, OY dmx = y dm = y (x, y) ds,
dmy = x dm = x (x, y) ds.
OX, OY
dJx = y2 dm = y2 (x, y) ds,
dJy = x2 dm = x2 (x, y) ds.
dJ0 = dJx + dJy.
D D.
m x y x, y ds , m y x x, y ds , J x y 2 x, y ds , J y x 2 x, y ds , J = J +
0
x
D
Jy.
x
my
m
,y
mx
, m
m
x, y ds
- D.
. x 2 y 2 R 2 , y 0
x, y y .
R
2
m x, y dxdy ydxdy r sin rdr d R 3
3
D
D
0 0
OY x).
m
m
3R
x y 0, y x
.
m
16
. x 2 y 2 R 2 , y 0
x, y y R .
J y R ( y R ) 2 x, y dxdy y 2 x, y dxdy 2 R y x, y dxdy R 2 x, y dxdy
D
2 Rm x R m .
2
.
.
10
, ,
:
( ) ( ).
,
. ,
, ,
.
6
,
. ,
, ,
.
. ,
D:
x2 y2 R
n 2 n 2 .
,
B:
dxdy
x2 y2
dxdy
x2 y2
n 2 n 2 .
x2 y2 R
D1 : R1 r x 2 y 2 R2 .
rd dr
D r n 0
1
dxdy
x2 y2
dxdy
x2 y2
1
dr d 2
R22 n R12 n .
2n
R1
2 R12 n
2
R22 n R12 n n 2 n 2
= lim R2
2n
n2
2 R22n
2
R22n R12n 2 n n 2
= lim R1 0
2n
n2
R2
1 n
( R1 R ),
( R2 R ).
,
.
.
x2
dx .
D : x 0, y 0
I
( x
= e
y2 )
dxdy
x2
dx .
y2
x2
dy
e dx e
0 0
x
y
2
e dx e dy J
0
, ,
/ .2
I=
d re r dr
0
lim r e r 1 .
4
4
11
x2
dx =
. e x
3 .
.
, V,
f(x, y, z).
.
.
V ,
( ) vk v k (
, 200 ).
Mk(xk, yk, zk).
f(xk, yk, zk) = f(Mk) ,
. vk
v k = f(Mk) v k . (
), V
f (M
) v k M V
, ,
max k diam v k 0 ( B).
M V lim max k diamvk 0
f (M
) v k
f ( x, y, z )dv .
V
7.
, 8.
, f(M) V .
, V , , - .
-,
.
. V f(M)=f(x, y, z)
.
.
lim max k diamvk 0
f (M
k
) v k
f ( x, y, z )dv .
V
. 9:
1) ,
2)
3) , B.
.
. VII
.
8
,
( VII.).
9
, , .
12
1.
f ( x, y, z ) g ( x, y,
)
)
z ) dv = f ( x, y , z ) dv + g ( x, y , z ) dv
V
f ( x, y, z )dv = f ( x, y, z )dv
V
, ,
. ,
, ( , ..
) . ,
, , .
2. ( )
V W
, ,
.
, V, W
( , ).
, .
, .
3.
dv V , V
V
V.
4. f(x, y, z) g(x, y, z),
v
k
v k CV
=
k
f ( x, y, z )dv g ( x, y, z )dv .
V
f ( M k )v k g ( M k )v k (
k
), .
. f(x, y, z) 0,
f ( x, y, z )dv 0.
V
5. . m f(x, y, z) M, mV f ( x, y, z )dv
V
MV.
m f(x, y, z) M, 4
.
6. . .
V, , f(C) =
1
V
f ( x, y, z )dv .
V
. f ( x, y, z )
V , inf V f ( x, y, z )
sup V f ( x, y , z ) .
x, y, z V
f ( x, y, z )dV
V
1
V
f ( x,y, z )dV
V
V .
1
V
f ( x,y, z )dV
. f ( x, y, z )
V , C V
1
. , f (C ) f ( x, y , z )dv .
C V
13
.
(x,y)
OXY D, OZ [c, d].
z = (x, y),
z = (x, y).
V V
OXY Dxy , OZ [z, z+z].
,
.
V
y
(x,y )
Dxy
D
x
Dxy,
( ), Dxy D (
x, y
), f x, y, z dz dxdy .
D x, y
[z, z+z] ( ),
. [c, d], ( ),
d
f ( x, y, z )dxdy
D( z)
dz . ,
.
. f(x, y, z) = z,
x+y+z = 1, x+z =1, x+y = 1, y+z =1.
1
1 1 z 1 x z
1 1 z
dz
dz
zdxdy
zdy
dx
dz
z
(
1
z
)
dx
0 D( z )
0 0 0
0 0
24
1 1 x 1 x y
1 x y
dxdy
dy dx 1
zdz
z
dz
D 0
0 0 0
24
1
4. .
.
. x = x(u, v, w), y = y(u, v, w), z =z(u, v,
w)
, Dxyz, Duvw
- .
14
Vx , y , z
Vu , v , w
x x x
u v w
y y y
I
- ( ).
u v w
z z
z
u v w
.
.
M
, , h.
x = cos, y = sin, z = h.
x
y
I
x
h
cos
y
sin
h
0
z
h
sin
cos
0
0
0 cos 2 sin 2
1
,
x 2 y 2 R 2 z x 2 y 2 .
z 0 .
R
4
d d 2 d 3 R
dh
0
2
0 0 0
15
r sin sin
r sin cos
0
sin cos
sin sin
cos
, r, .
x = r sin cos
y= r sin sin
z = r cos.
x
y
I
x
r
y
r
z
r
r cos cos
r cos sin cos sin cos r 2 r sin r sin 2 r 2 sin .
r sin
. ( , R),
,
OZ.
x 2 y 2 z 2 R 2 , x 0, y 0, z 0, x, y, z k x 2 y 2 kr sin
M
/2
/2
d dr
r 2 sin kr sin d k
R4 /2 2
kR 4 / 2
2 kR 4
sin
cos
2
.
2 4 0
16 0
32
.
.
3
dv V , V V.
,
, .
. ,
z x 2 y 2 ( (0, 0, 1))
x 2 y 2 ( z 1) 2 1 .
V
1 1 2
d d
1 1
1 2
2
3
2
2
dz 2 1 1 d 2
1
7
| .
4
6
3/ 2 1
0
,
, , ,
( x, y, z - ).
M
x, y, z dxdydz,
V
S xz
S xy
z x, y, z dxdydz, S yz
y x, y , z dxdydz, x 1 S ,
yz
M
x x, y , z dxdydz,
1
S xz ,
M
1
S xy .
M
2
2
(, J x y z x, y, z dxdydz )
V
16
x 2 y 2 z 2 R 2 , z.
S xy
d r
sin dr
/2
r cos
x y 0,
d r
sin dr
z 0,
R4
r cos d
.
4
/2
2 R
8
R.
, z
15
15
5
5 1 2 , ..
. 1 .
. - L:
(AB) f x y, z . .
, (
) ( ).
1. - L l i ,
n
L li ( )
i 1
2. Mi
f ( M i ) f ( xi , y i , z i )
n
f (M
3.
i 1
)li , l i - l i (
).
. ,
.
max i diam( l i ) 0 ( ),
:
f M l
i
i 1
10.
f ( x, y , z ) - L11.
.
.
- ,
- ,
- ,
.
1.
)
10
11
, .
, .
17
f ( x, y , z ) dl f ( x, y , z ) dl .
L
.
. ,
. ,
.
2. .
L L1 L2 ,
f ( x, y, z ) dl =
f ( x, y, z )dl + f ( x, y, z )dl
L1
L3
. L ,
( )
L1, L2.
( ). ,
.1.
3.
dl L .
L
4.
f ( x, y, z ) dl
L L .
L
f ( x , y , z ) g ( x, y , z ) ,
g ( x, y, z )dl
L
. .
, , , g ( x, y , z ) 0
5. .
m, M , x, y, z L m f ( x, y , z ) M ,
mL
f ( x, y, z ) ML
L
. m f ( x, y, z ) M ( 4),
1 m, M -
. 3, .
6. ( ).
( xc , y c , z c ) L , f (c)
1
L
f ( x, y, z )dl
L
. f ( x, y, z )
L , inf L f ( x, y, z )
sup f ( x, y, z ) . x, y , z L L f ( x, y , z ) dl ML .
L
1
f ( x, y , z )dl M .
LL
1
f ( x, y , z ) dl
L,
L L
. f ( x, y , z )
L, L
1
. , f (c ) f ( x, y , z ) dl .
LL
18
f ( x, y, z )dl f x t , y t , z t x t
L
2
2
y t z t dt
t0
. ( k)
: x a cos , y a sin , z .
2
M k a 2 sin 2 a 2 cos 2 1 d 2k a 2 1 .
0
2 .
.
F(M)
M AB?
AB ,
M AB,
A ( F , AB) | F || AB | cos , -
.
,
l i
.
r ,
diaml i 0 ( ).
F(Mi)
Mi
li
B
y
ri
1. - AB l i ,
n
L li ( )
i 1
2. Mi
F M i
n
3. F M i , ri , r i , ,
i 1
- l i .
4. max i diam( l i ) 0 ( ),
( ):
F , dr lim
AB
F M , r . F M a M
n
max i diamli 0
i 1
19
- a M P( x, y, z )i Q ( x, y, z ) j R ( x, y, z )k
- L12.
.
n
a
,
dr
lim
a M i , ri .
max
diam
i
i
i 1
AB
.
- ,
- ,
- ,
2 .
1.
)
)
((a
a 2 ), dr )
a , dr a , dr .
(a , dr ) (a
, dr )
.
. ,
, .
,
.
2. .
L L1 L2 ,
a , dr = a , dr + a , dr .
L
L1
L2
. L ,
( )
L1, L2.
( ). ,
.1.
3. .
a , dr = - a , dr
L
. L, ...
, ri ( ri ).
,
, .
,
.
, ,
.
.
12
, .
20
a M P ( x, y , z )i Q ( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y , z ) k .
x(t )
A x(t 0 ), y (t 0 ), z (t 0 )
L = AB: L y (t )
,
B x (t1 ), y (t1 ), z (t1 )
z (t )
x (t ), y (t ), z (t ) , .
, .
t1
t0
. ( a , dr ) , a ( x, y,1),
L
, 0 2 .
x cos t
L y sin t -
z lt
AB
dx yxdy ,
2
A(0,0,), B(1,1,) L1 : y x, L2 - , A, C(1,0), B, L3 : y x .
1) L1 : y x, dy dx
2
2
x dx yxdy 2 x dx
L1
2
,
3
2) L2 AC CB, AC : y 0, dy 0,0 x 1, CB : x 1, dx 0, 0 y 1
1
1
1 1 5
2
2
x
dx
yxdy
x
dx
L
AC CB 0
0 ydy 3 2 6 .
2
3)
L3
dx yxdy ( x 2 x 3 ( 2 x))dx
0
. ,
1 2 11
.
3 5 15
y2
1
dx yxdy
.
2
2
6. .
() . G -
L. P(x, y), Q(x, y)
G L.
21
Q P
dxdy .
x
y
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy
L
. 1) D ( OXY) ,
, (OX OY) ,
. , G
D .
k
k 1
.
,
-
.
G.
2) G . P, Q ,
P( x, y )dx
P
dxdy
y
Q
dxdy , . ,
x
Q( x, y )dy
L
dxdy
D y
a
y=(x)
L2
( x)
( x)
P
dy dx P ( x, y ) | ((xx)) dx
y
a
= P ( x, ( x ))dx P ( x, ( x)) dx
L
D
P( x, y )dx P( x, y )dx =
L2
L1
L1
L2
L1 L2
L1
P( x, y )dx
y=(x)
X
a
.
3 D
SD
dxdy .
P, Q , x y 1 ,
D
.
, Q=x, P=0. S xdy . Q=0, P=y,
L
S ydx .
L
x
y
,P ,
2
2
1
xdy ydx .
2 L
. a, b x a cos t , y b sin t
22
1
1
xdy ydx
2L
2
1
a cos tb cos t b sin ta( sin t ) dt 2 abdt ab .
).
P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y ) dy dV ( x, y ) -
V ( x, y ) - , ,
(
)
1)
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy
AB
A B
AB G ( ),
2)
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy 0
3)
Q
P
, x, y G ,
x
y
- G,
V
V
dx
dy .
x
y
. 4) 3) 2) 1) 4) .
4)
P ( x, y ) dx Q( x, y ) dy dV ( x, y )
.
4) 3) ,
V. .
Q
V
2V
2V
V
P
.
x
x y
xy
yx
y x
y
3) 2) . .
2) 1) . A, B L1 L2.
: L1 L2 , .2 .
0 P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y ) dy
= P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y ) dy =
L1 L2
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy -
L1
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy .
L2
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy =
L1
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy .
L2
( x, y )
1) 4) . , V ( x, y )
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy
- , ,
( x0 , y 0 )
V
V
P ( x, y ),
Q ( x, y ) . ,
x
y
.
( x x , y )
( x, y )
V
V ( x x) V ( x)
1
=
lim x 0
lim x 0
Pdx
Qdy
Pdx
Qdy
x
x
x x0, y0
( x0 , y 0 )
, ,
. (x, y),
,
23
lim
P( x, y )dx lim x 0
P ( x x, y )x
x 0
x ( x , y )
x x
x
=
( ,
, OX
). P(x, y)
x.
= lim x 0 P ( x x, y ) P ( x, y ) . .
y, ,
(x0, y0), (x, y+y) (x, y) ,
OY, (x, y) (x, y+y).
.
P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y ) dy dV ( x, y ) - , V ( x, y ) .
( x2 , y 2 )
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy V ( x
, y 2 ) V ( x1 , y1 ) , V ( x, y ) - .
( x1 , y1 )
. ,
( x, y )
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy .
V ( x, y )
( x0 , y 0 )
( x0 , y 0 )
( x1 , y1 )
( x1 , y1 )
(x0, y0).
( x2 , y 2 )
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy
( x2 , y 2 )
( x0 , y 0 )
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy -
( x0 , y 0 )
( x1 , y1 )
P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy
= V ( x 2 , y 2 ) V ( x1 , y1 ) .
( x0 , y 0 )
( ) .
AB - S, P(x, y, z), Q(x,
y, z), R(x, y, z) S.
.
24
1)
AB
( ),
.
2) S
3)
Q
P R
Q P
R
x
y y
z z
x
x, y, z S
V
V ( x, y , z ) -
. ,
: 4) 3) 2) 1) 4) . .
4) 3)
.
3) 2) ( ).
2) 1) .
1) 4) .
. -
.
.
.
1) , , ,
OX OY. , OX, dy=0, y
. , OY, dx=0, x
( x2 , y 2 )
P( x, y)dx Q( x, y )dy =
( x1 , y1 )
( x2 , y1 )
P ( x, y
( x2 , y 2 )
) dx +
( x1 , y1 )
Q( x
, y ) dy
( x 2 , y1 )
2) ,
-.
( 3, 6 )
ydx xdy .
(1, 2 )
( 3, 6 )
1)
ydx xdy =
(1, 2 )
2dx 3dy 4 12 16
V
y V xy g ( y ) C1
2)
x
V
x V xy h( x ) C 2 .
y
, V xy C .
25
( 3, 6 )
(1, 2 )
,
.
.
- 1 ,.... n . .
P ( x, y ), Q ( x, y )
x, y .
n
Q P
dxdy
P
(
x
,
y
)
dx
Q
(
x
,
y
)
dy
P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y )dy
x
y
k 1
D
k
p
A
q
D
s
n
Pdx Qdy
ABpCDqEKmA
AB
Pdx Qdy
AnKEsDCrBA
BpC
BA
CrB
CD
DqEsD
DC
KmAnK
DqE
,
f z dz
BpCrB
EsD
EK
KE
KmA
AnK
Q P
dxdy
x
y
D
Q P
dxdy
x
y
D
f z dz f z dz =.
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy =
Q P
dxdy
y
x
Q P
dxdy .
x
y
n = 2. n > 2 .
1. Pdx+Qdy n=1.
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy . , -
, P, Q ,
- , (
).
26
2. Pdx+Qdy -
Pdx Qdy W ,
,
,
L n
Pdx Qdy nW . .
7. .
.
1 ,
, .
-
f(x, y, z).
1. i ,
( ).
2. Mi i. f (Mi) = f (xi, yi, zi)
f (Mi)
i.. f (Mi) i .
, (
n
f (M
i 1
) i . i -
. , ,
.
3.
max i diam i 0 ( B). ,
( f(Mi)>0 ).
m
f ( M ) d = lim
max diam 0 f ( M i ) i .
i 1
. f ( M ) f ( x, y, z )
- .
.
n
f ( M ) d = lim
max diam 0 f ( M i ) i .
i 1
. ( ) :
1) ( ),
2) ,
3) ( ).
.
(
).
1) .
2)
f g ) d fd gd
fd fd
fd
1 2
27
3)
S - .
4) f ( x, y, z ) g ( x, y , z ) ,
fd gd
( f 0 ,
fd
0 ),
5) . m f x, y, z M , mS fd MS ,
6) . f ( M ) f ( x, y, z ) . ,
1
f (C ) S f x, y , z d
.
, , (
).
,
.
3, 4.
, , -
, .
.
d
f ( x, y , z ) d .
, f ( x, y, z ) ,
, z ( x, y )
f ( x, y, z ) d =
f ( x, y, x, y )
F ( x, y , z ) 0 ,
f ( x , y , z ) d =
f ( x, y, z )
D
Fx'
'2
z
Fy'
'2
z
dxdy . , (x, y, z)
.
. x 2 y 2 z 2 R 2 , z>0
W.
'
'
'
F ( x, y, z ) x 2 y 2 z 2 R 2 0 . Fx 2 x, Fy 2 y, Fz 2 z .
D - OXY.
m
2W
D
2
R
x2 y2 z 2
1
dxdy 2WR
dxdy WR d
2z
2z
D
0
0
R 2
2
2RW
2 R 2 2 | 0R 2R 2W .
2
d =
28
,
, - .
,
.
,
.
,
, , ..
.
.
M a
d .
, d
.
(
) ,
d . d h d prn a d a n d , n .
z
n
h
. ,
a
y
a n d
,
.
,
.
- ,
( ),
- .
a (M),
,
n
i a M i n M i .
i 1
max i i 0 ( )
a n d
lim max i i 0 a M i n M i .
i 1
, ,
, .
,
.
,
29
( ), ,
( ).
.
M(x, y, z),
+ ,
(OX , OY , OZ
) , - , . ,
, +
.
, (x, y, z) .
d cos dydz,
. - ,
x + y + z = 1
-
, -
z
, .. a n 0 .
y
,
x + y + z =1. ,
.
1
1 1 1
,
,
, a r x, y, z ,
3 3 3
3
().
2
1
x y z d 1 d 1 3 1
a n d
2
3
3
3 2
a nd
3 1
.
2
2
3
. - .
a n d xdydz ydxdz zdxdy 3 zdxdy 3 z x, y dxdy
=
D
D
D
D
D
yz
xz
1 x
2
= 3 ( (1 x y ) dy )dx 3 ((1 x)
xy
xy
xy
1
3
1
2
(1 x) 2 )dx x 1 dx .
2
20
2.
30
8
.
, ( ) (M),
(M).
, ( )
a (M),
a (M).
, ,
.
:, ,
.
:
( ) ,
.
.
.
(x, y) ,
(x, y) = .
, , (h (x, y) = 0
, h = 7000 , h = - 10000
).
(x, y, z) ,
(x, y, z) = .
, .
.
. x 2 y 2 z 2 C . > 0
, = 0 , < 0
.
.
() , .
,
,
.
x y z
grad
. .
. (x, y, z) g(x, y, z) = 0
. ,
.
dg ( x, y , z )
g
g
g
dx
dy
dz grad g dr 0 .
x
y
z
dr (x, y, z) - , (x, y, z) ,
, . (x, y, z)
, .
,
.
31
g
| M lim t 0
l
g M tl g ( M )
. ( V
t
),
g
l
| M gradg .
l
|l |
. g(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z3
{1,3,2} (1,0,4)
grad g 2 x, 2 y , 3 z 2 ,
| 1, 0, 4 2,0,48
l
1
3
2
98
,
,
.
14 14 14
14
.
- ,
.
a ( M ) P ( x, y , z ) i Q ( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y , z ) k dr dx i dy j dz k
dx
dy
dz
.
P ( x, y , z )
Q ( x, y , z )
R ( x, y , z )
.
dx dy
, xdx ydy,
y
x
xdx ydy 0, d ( x 2 y 2 ) 0,
x2 y2 C -
a (M ) y i x j
(>0).
, .
.
a ( M ) P ( x, y , z ) i Q( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y, z )k
V .
P Q R
dv .
x
y
z
, a (M )
.
. 1) , P, Q, R
, P, Q,
R. , P = 0, Q = 0
R. ( P = 0, R = 0, Q = 0, R = 0)
.
R
R ( x, y , z ) dxdy
dv
2)
V ,
, , OZ.
. ,
( ).
32
,
-
.
,
R ( x, y , z ) dxdy
dv
V, D OXY.
1
z z1 ( x, y ) , 2 z z 2 ( x, y ) .
, OZ, 3 .
, .
, R ( x, y, z )dxdy R x, y, z cos d 0 ,
3
cos 0 .
OZ
, 1 cos 0 ,
2 cos 0 . 2
D ,
1 D .
z
dxdydz
z
V
D
n1
3
n3
( x, y ) dxdy =
R ( x, y , z ) dxdy R ( x, y , z ) dxdy =
R( x, y, z
R
dz dxdy R( x, y, z1 ( x, y ) dxdy
z
z2 ( x , y )
D
z1 ( x , y )
+
=
n2
R ( x, y, z ) dxdy
R ( x, y , z ) dxdy
dv
(a )
div a dv
, .
V
-
P
() x y z .
,
. .
33
M V.
VM r M. M -
r.
diva dv diva ( M ) V
M VM ,
VM
1
diva M
VM
divadv V a n d
VM
( ).
M, M.
a n d
. .
diva ( M ) lim
VM M
VM
, M(1,2,3) .
a x 2 y i xzy j xz 2 k .
2
(1 P1 2 P2 )
(1Q1 2 Q2 ) (1 R1 2 R2 ) 1
x
y
z
y
z
y
z
x
x
1 diva1 2 diva 2 .
2) divC 0 , C c x i c y j c z k - .
c x
c y
c z
divC
0
x
y
z
, x, y , z - .
( P ) Q R
div ( a ) div ( Pi Qj Rk )
=
x
y
z
P Q R
P
= diva
Q
R
a grad .
3)
div a diva a grad
a M V, M
diva ( M ) 0.
.
34
1) , ,
.
,
.
2)
, .
1 2 ,
().
. P
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
2
1
P
.
0 ,
2 1 0 .
2
, .
1
3)
.
S .
n
a
S2
,
,
.
(S.= 0).
S1
S1 S2, ,
S1 S S 2 0, S1 S 2 .
.
.
,
, .
35
9 .
.
rot a
x
P
y
Q
a ( M ) P ( x , y , z ) i Q ( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y , z ) k
k
R Q P R Q P
i
k
j
z
z
x
y
z
y
x
R
i
j
rot (1 a1 2 a 2 )
x
y
1 P1 2 P2 1Q1 2 Q2
i
j
k
= 1 rot a1 2 rot a 2 .
x
y
z
2 P2 Q2 2 R2
2)
rotC 0,
rotC
x
C1
3)
C-
y
C2
k
i
=
z
x
1 R1 2 R2
1 P1
y
1Q1
+
z
1 R1
0
z
C3
rot ( a )
x
P
y
Q
k
( R ) ( Q ) ( P ) ( R ) ( Q ) ( P)
i
k
j
z
y
z
z
x
x
y
=
R Q
Q P
P R
i
k +
j
z
x
y
z
y
x
Q P
i P
k = rot a
R
Q
R
j
y
z
grad rot a .
.
V -
- .
36
a ( M ) P ( x, y , z ) i Q( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y, z )k
V.
R Q
Q P
P R
dydz
dxdy
dxdz
y
z
x
y
z
x
. , ,
, ,
(, , ,
).
.
,
(
).
y
,
P
dxdz
dxdy
z
y
.
D
Pdx
,
P.
x
,
y
y
x
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 x y
1 x y
1 x y
,
P
dxdz
dxdy
z
y
P
P
cos
cos
z
y
P x, y P
cos d
z
y
y
( z x, y , P y
z y )
P ( x, y, ( x, y ))
P
dxdy
= y dxdy
y
D .
Q P
dxdy
x
y
Pdx Qdy . ,
y dxdy Pdx . .
D
= P ( x, y , x, y ) dx
P ( x, y, z )dx
, z x, y , x, y ,
- OXY ( OZ).
.
37
a L
.
.
a rot a .
,
,
.
.
M V. ,
.
.
rot a n d
rot a ( M ) n M
, - . ,
M,
rot a M n M lim M
.
( M
, n M ).
.
n M n M -
, .
.
. ,
.
v r .
v x
z z y y z i x z z x j y x x y k
z
38
rot v
x
z y y z
2 x i 2 y j 2 z k 2
z
y x x y
y
x z z x
. 3)
2). .
( ) .
AB - S, P(x, y, z), Q(x,
y, z), R(x, y, z) S.
.
1)
AB
( ),
.
2) S
3)
Q
P R
Q P
R
x
y y
z z
x
x, y, z S
V
V ( x, y , z ) -
3) 2) .
x2 , y 2 , z 2
x2
y2
z2
x1 , y1 , z1
x1
y1
z1
P x, y1 , z1 dx Q x2 , y, z1 dy R x2 , y 2 z dz ,
( ).
x2 , y 2 , z 2
Qdy Rdz = V x
Pdx
x1 , y1 , z1
( a
gradV
, y 2 , z 2 V x1 , y1 , z1 , V x, y, z -
).
a (M ) ,
a (M ) ), a (M ) = gradV (M ) .
V (M ) (
39
1. a dr L =
L
.
AB
,
a dr = gradV dr dV
L
V ( B ) V ( A) .
2.
a dr = V ( A) V ( A) 0
(A = B),
3. , ..
rot a 0
k
2V
2V
z
zy
yz
V
z
y
V
y
2V
2V
xz
zx
2V
2V
k
yx
xy
i
j
k
y
z
x
x i y j z k grad .
-.
a M .
P Q R
diva 0,
x
y
z
a
x
P
y
Q
rot a.
z
R
.
,
.
.
grad diva .
grad , rot a ,
div grad , div rot a grad diva , rot grad , rot rot a .
, , .. rot grad =0.
, , ..
.
40
rot a
x
P
div rot a =
y
Q
k
R Q P R Q P
i
k
j
z
z
x
y
z
y
x
R
2R
2Q
2P
2R
2Q
2P
0.
xy
xz
yz
yx
zx
zy
. ,
. , , .
7 .
a b c b a c c a b .
,
rot rot a
2
2
2
- ( ).
x 2 y 2 z 2
2
2
2
div grad div
i
j
k
2 .
2
2
2
( div grad ) a 2 Pi 2 Qj 2 Rk - - a .
2
.
x, y , z ,
2
2 2 2
0 - .
x 2 y 2 z 2
, ( a
grad
),
2
- , .. 2 2 2 0 .
2
x
y
z
a
(M
)
. ,
,
.
. a (M ) - , ,
. a (M ) , a grad .
41
2.
10. .
a
n 1
. a n .
1 1 1 1
1
1. 1+ ... n 1 ... -
2 4 8 16
2
1
1
2
1
q .
,
1
2
2
2. 1+1+1+.. .
3. 1-1+1-1 ( , ).
: .
, S 2 1+
=1+
1 3
, S3
2 2
1 1 7
1 1 1 15
, S 4 1+
, - n S n
2 4 4
2 4 8
8
a
n 1
lim n S n S .
,
.
. , lim n
an 0 .
42
.
lim n a n lim n S n lim n
a n S n S n 1 .
S n 1 S S 0 .
.
. lim n a n 0 , .
( ). .
lim n a n 0 lim n a n 0 .
3n 2
2n 1
n 1
1
1
n
n 1
, lim n a n
3
0
2
, a n e 0 .
.
( ).
(
), , 0 N , n N , p 0 S n p S n .
. ( )
,
0 N , n N , p 0
S n p S n .
n
n 1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
| S n p S n | 1 ...
...
... 1 ...
...
2
3
n
n
1
n
p
2
3
n
n
1
n
1
1
p
1
...
n p
n p
n p
2
S n p S n
1
, p n . , N , n p n ,
2
. , .
.
1. k.
, k .
.
2. . ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
.
43
3.
a1 ...a k ( a1 ... a k B ) . ,
B.
S 2 1 a k 1 S1 k 1 B,...S 2 n a k 1 ... a k n S1 k n B .
S 2 S1 B .
. , k ,
Rk
n k 1
4. , .
( , 3).
, n.
5. ( ), ,
( ) .
a
n 1
b
n 1
c
n 1
c n a n bn . S c n S a n S b n . , S c S a S b .
.
1. 5+7-8+100+1+0,5+0,25+0,125+ . ,
( 3,4),
2. 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
... .
2 2 4 3 8 4
: ( )
( ). , ,
1 0
1
1
0 ... , 5
2
4
. . ,
.
1
1
1
...
... .
1 2 2 3
n( n 1)
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 ... ... 1 .
2 2 3 3
n n
1 1 1
1
1
... , . ,
1 ...
2 2 3
1 2 2 3
3.
( 2), 1.
11 .
,
() .
a
n 1
an 0
44
,
.
S n S n 1 a n S n 1 , .. a n 0.
,
, ,
, .. .
, , .
( ),
( ), ,
( , ).
.
, ( )
. ,
, (,
). , , , , ,
, (,
()).
, ,
: - ,
, , .
, ( ), ,
, .
,
. ,
-,
() -
.
.
x 1 ,
f(x), ,
f (n) a n , lim x f ( x ) 0 .
,
a
n 1
f ( x ) dx .
f(x), an
a1
a2
f ( x)dx
- f (x ) 1 x n .
an-1
a 2 a3 ... a n S n a1 ( )
an
, a1 a 2 ... a n 1 S n a n ,
n
S n a1 f ( x)dx S n a n .
1
1 2
n-1
45
. . ,
S n a1 f ( x)dx a1
f ( x)dx ,
S n .
, lim n S n S .
.
a
n 1
a
n 1
, lim n S n S ,
a n 0 n .
f ( x) 0 )
(,
lim n
f ( x)dx
1
. ,
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx , .. .
, .
.
,
, .. , , ,
. .
. .
b
1
1
dx
lim
dx lim b ln b ln 1 - ,
b
1 x
x
1
.
n
1
. ,
, , .
dx
p 1 . , p>1
lim b b1 p 1
P<1. p=1 ( ).
p 1
.
p 1
n ln n , n ln n ln ln n
n2
n 3
n ln
n 1
q 1 q 1 ,
( ).
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
46
a n bn n .
a
n 1
a
n 1
b
n 1
b
n 1
. ,
a n bn n.
. ,
.
. 1)
n 1
S a n S b n S b n . S a n
S b . . ,
lim n S a n S a S b .
.
2)
a
n 1
a
n 1
b
n 1
. . ,
ln n
n 2
, .1
b
n 1
1
1
,
ln n n
n
n 2
()
.
.
an
C 0 . a n bn
bn
n 1
n 1
, .. , , ,
.
lim n
. . 0 N , n N
an
C ,
bn
a
n 1
bn (C ) a n bn (C ) .
, 1
C 0, ) ,
b
n 1
a
n 1
n 1
b
n 1
a
n 1
b
n 1
(C ) (
( ).
an
C .
bn
(C ) ( ),
b
n 1
n 1
().
b
n 1
().
a
n 1
n 1
47
n 2 4n 2
. a n 3
(
n n5
).
1
n 1
1
1
sin
. sin 2 ~ 2 n , arctgn - .
n2
n
n
narctgn
n 2
n
n 2
- .
.
.
a n 1
q 1 ,
an
a n 1
q 1 ,
an
n N
n N
. n N
a
n 1
a
n 1
a n 1
q 1.
an
a n 1 qa n q 2 a n 1 q 3 a n 2 ... q n a1 .
S n a1 a 2 ... a n a1 a1 q ... a1 q n 1 a1 (1 q q 2 ... q n 1 )
a1
,
1 q
a
n 1
. , , ,
.
a n 1
q 1 , a 2 qa1 a1 , a3 qa 2 q 2 a1 a1 ...a n q n1a1 a1 .
n N
an
a n n ,
,
a
n 1
a n 1
a
q 1 , a n . lim n n 1 q 1 ,
an
an
n 1
a n 1
q 1 ,
a n . lim n
an
n 1
.
lim n
. lim n
0 q
a
n 1
a n 1
a
q 1 . 0 N , n N n 1 q .
an
an
a n1
q 1 .
an
48
lim n
1 q
a n 1
a
q 1 . 0 N , n N n 1 q .
an
an
a n 1
, n N
an
n ,
a n 1 a n . a n
a
n 1
. ,
.
, ,
n!~
.
lim n
n!
n
n 1
2 n n .
a n 1
(n 1)!n n
nn
lim n
lim
lim n
n
an
(n 1) n 1 n!
(n 1) n
1
1
1
1
e
.
.
a n 1 e n 1 n 1! n n
e n 1 n n
e
e n!
n 1
n
n
( n 1) e n! n 1 n 1
. n . a n
1
1
n 1 n
n
1 , ,
n N
a n 1
1
an
. , n N
e n ,
a n 1 a n . a n
n , , a n .
n 1
lim n
a n 1
an
1
lim n 1
n
,
.
.
.
n N
n N
a n q 1 ,
a n q 1 ,
. n N
n 1
n 1
.
.
a n q 1 . a n q n , q 1 , a n
n 1
49
n N
an q 1 .
an qn 1,
a
n 1
.
.
lim n
lim n
a n q 1 ,
. lim n
n
a n q 1
.
lim n
a n q 1 ,
n 1
n 1
a n q 1 , 0 N , n N
a
n 1
a n q n 1 ,
a
n 1
an q
a n q 1 , 0 N , n N
an q
a n q 1
.
.
lim n
n2 n
n 1
n 1 3
a n lim n
2n 3n 2
1 ,
3
3
.
. .
,
. . ,
, .
.
.
a
n 1
- .
, , .
. .
a k a m , m k .
, S m .
, , , ,
.
r .
r 1 . r
, - -
( ).
50
r
. , ,
. , r 1
.
12. .
a
n 1
| a
n 1
a
n 1
| .
. , .
| a
.
.
2 | a
n 1
a
n 1
| a n a n ,
n 1
| a
n 1
| an an
n 1
| , ( )
an an
n 1
2 | a
| ,
| a n | - , a n a n
n 1
n 1
n 1
| an |
a
n 1
, ,
.
. s -
a
n 1
a
n 1
, S
| a
n 1
|.
| a n | . , a n a n .
2 | a
n 1
| a n a n , a n a n . s + S.
n 1
b
n 1
a
n 1
| bn |
n 1
S.
| a
n 1
| .
51
a
n 1
| bn |
| a n | . , , S + s.
b
n 1
n 1
b
n 1
| bn |
| b
n 1
| ,
. , (S + s) S = s.
a
n 1
n 1
bn ,
a
n 1
n 1
a
n 1
| a
n 1
pn 0 -
. A
a
n 1
qn -
, Am
| a
n 1
| , P
p
n 1
, Po A,
. Q
q
n 1
, Qo
A, .
p1 p 2 q1 q 2 q3 q 4 p3 q5 q 6 p 4 p5 q7 ...
A
Am | p1 | | p 2 | | q1 | | q 2 | | q3 | | q 4 | | p3 | | q5 | | q6 | | p 4 | | p5 | | q7 | ...
p1 p 2 0 0 0 0 p3 0 0
p 4 p5 0 ...
Po
p1 p2
p3
p4 p5 ...
P
0 0 q1 q 2 q3 q 4 0 q5 q6
0 0 q7 ...
Qo
q1 q 2 q3 q 4 q5 q6
q 7 ...
Q
P, Po, Q, Qo .
. ,
.
. Po:
a r 1 ....a r k S Pr S Por S Por 1 ... S Por k , .. k
.
( ).
.
, .
Po P . Qo Q.
. P , Q , Am , .. A
.
52
. P , Po , Q , Qo
. Po (-Qo) (,
| p n | p n , | q n | q n ), . Am.
. P Q P Q , A
.
. . P Q .
Po . . A , ,
Po, Qo.
Q . .
P Q .
. A , P, Q .
. P, Q , Am ,
.. A . .
P Q P Q , A .(
). .
, P, Q .
, .
P , Q
P , Q A ,
P
Q
A .
P
A .
P
.
Q
A .
.
1
3
. 1
P: 1
Q:
1 1 1 1 1 1
...
2 9 4 27 8 81
1 1 1
... - .
2 4 8
1 1
1
1
...
3 9 27 81
. , A .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
...
2 3 4 5 8 7 16 9
1 1 1
1
. .. - .
P:
2 4 8 16
1 1 1 1
... (
Q:
3 5 7 9
). , A .
.
S ( ).
,
S.
53
. A , P, Q (
). S>0.
, S,
, S.
. S, P, Q (..
). ,
S.
| S n S | bn , bn - , S n S . bn n 0
.
, , S. bn .
( , ,
), , S. .
, S, ,
. S n n S .
.
,
, ..
a
n 1
v1 v 2 v3 v 4 ... . ,
, v k 0, k 1 .
,
. ,
(
).
.
1.
a
n 1
v1 v 2 v3 v 4 ... (, v k 0, k 1 )
2. v n
3. lim n v n 0
1)
a
n 1
2) | S | v1
.
S 2 n v1 v 2 v3 v 4 ... 0, .. v1 v 2 0, v3 v 4 0... (
vn
).
S 2 n v1 (v 2 v3 ) (v 4 v5 ) ... v1 , .. v 2 v3 0,
v 4 v5 0...
.. S 2 n v1 .
.. S 2 n .
lim n S 2 n S .
S 2 n 1 S 2 n v 2 n 1 .
54
lim n v n 0 , .. lim n v 2 n 1 0 .
lim n S 2 n S . ,
S .
lim n S 2 n 1 S .
0 N ( ), n N S n S n,
n. , n N ,
lim n S n S .
0 S 2 n v1 . ,
0 S v1 , .. S v1 .
. | Rn || a n 1 | .
.
.
, .
| Rn |
k n 1
a n 1
.
1 1 1
...
2 3 4
1
1
, v n . .
n
n
. 1
a n ( 1) n 1
. , .
Rn
1
n 1
13. .
u
1
( x ) ,
u n (x ) ,
V.
S n ( x) u1 ( x) ... u n ( x) .
x, .
u
1
( x ) x,
S n (x)
S (x )
0 N , x , n N S n ( x ) S ( x ) u n 1 ( x) ... .
- , N
.
, , x. x
.
.
u
1
( x ) x,
,
0 N ( , x ), n N , p 0 S n p ( x ) S n ( x ) u n 1 ( x ) ...u n p ( x )
.
, , .
55
. 1)
. V : 0.
2)
n 1
3)
n 1
4)
n! x
x 0 ,
xn
, V R .
n!
( 1) n x n
V (1,1] .
n
1
n cos x
n 1
V .
n 1
0 N
u
1
( x ) V,
n N , x V S n ( x ) S ( x ) u n 1 ( x ) ...
.
N , x, N
V. V.
. ,
, .
.
u
1
( x ) V,
,
0 N ( ), x V , n N , p 0 S n p ( x) S n ( x ) u n 1 ( x ) ...u n p ( x )
.
u n (x) (
) V ,
u n ( x) c n , x V , c n C .
n 1
u
1
( x ) V.
. ,
0 N ( ) n N , p 0 c n 1 ... c n p c n 1 ... c n p ( ,
c k 0 ).
0 N ( ), x V , n N , p 0 u n 1 ( x) ...u n p ( x) u n 1 ( x) ... u n p ( x)
c n 1 ... c n p
.
, ,
u
1
( x ) V .
sin nx
sin nx
1
2 ,
.
R,
2
2
n
n
n
1
.
.
n
n 1
56
u n (x)
x 0 - V.
u
1
( x ) -
( x ) V.
x0 V .
. V,
0 N ( ), n N , x V S n ( x) S ( x ) , S n ( x 0 ) S ( x 0 ) .
3
3
3
u
(x
)
x
S
(x
)
x
n
- 0 , n
0
n>N.
0 ( ) 0, x x0 S n ( x) S n ( x0 ) .
3
S n (x)
S ( x ) S ( x 0 ) S ( x ) S n ( x ) S n ( x) S n ( x 0 ) S n ( x 0 ) S ( x 0 )
S ( x) S n ( x) | | S n ( x ) S n ( x0 ) | | S n ( x 0 ) S ( x0 )
.
3 3 3
0 ( ) 0, x x0 S ( x) S ( x0 ) ,
x0 V .
.
lim x x0 u n ( x ) c n ,
n 1
u
1
( x ) S(x) V,
C lim x x0 S ( x ) ( cn lim x x0 S ( x ) ).
( ).
, .
u n ( x)
n 1
lim x x0
lim
n 1
x x0
u n ( x) , .
.
u n (x ) V,
u n ( x)dx
n 1 a
u
1
( x ) V.
n 1
S ( x)dx, S ( x) u
( x), a, b V , a b ,
.
b
, u n ( x )dx
a n 1
u
n 1 a
( x )dx.
57
u
1
( x ) V, S(x)
b
( ) S S ( x ) dx
a
u n (x ) , u n ( x )dx u n .
u
n 1 a
( x )dx ,
S ( x)dx.
Sn
u k ( x) dx S n ( x)dz.
k 1 a
( x ) V, n N S n ( x) S ( x ) , x V .
S Sn
S ( x)dx S n ( x)dx
a
S ( x) S n ( x) dx
a
S ( x ) S n ( x ) dx dx b a .
a
u n ( x), u n ( x ) V.
u
1
u
1
( x ) V,
( x)
. V.
( u n ( x) ) =
1
u
1
u x
n 1
( x ) ,
( x)
( x) .
S x
u
1
- ( ).
, .
x
S ( x)dx
a
u
(
x
)
dx
u
dx
n
n
u n ( x ) u n ( a ) S ( x) S (a )
n 1
n 1 a
n 1
, S x S , S ( x) u n ( x) S ( x)
n 1
n 1
14. .
a
n 0
( x x 0 ) n a 0 a1 ( x x 0 ) a 2 ( x x 0 ) 2 ... a n ( x x o ) n ...
x x0 , x0 - .
( x)
58
.
1) x1 x0 .
x x0 x1 x 0 , x 0 .
2) x1 x0 .
x x 0 x1 x 0 .
.
1)
x1 x0 ,
a
n 0
( x1 x 0 ) n
n
. a n ( x1 x0 ) n 0 .
n
0 N ( ) 0, n N a n ( x1 x0 ) .
, x : x x0 x1 x0 .
n
a n ( x x0 ) a n
q x
x1 x 0
x x0
x x0
x x0 x1 x 0
n
n
q n ( x) ,
1 x x 0 x1 x 0 , n N .
2)
x x0
( x x0 ) n
( x1 x0 ) n a n ( x1 x 0 ) n
n
( x1 x 0 )
x1 x 0
q
n0
, 0 q 1.
x1 x0 . x : x x0 x1 x0 .
x, . 1
x1 . .
. x q(x) . ,
q(x) V.
,
V .
, .
.
| x k x 0 | , ,
x k
a x
n0
x 0 . x k x 0 ,
n
( ),
. ,
. R lim k x k x0 .
R . ,
( ) x x 0 R
.
59
.
x
a
n 0
x x0
. .
.
,
lim n
a n 1 x x 0
a n x x0
n 1
a n 1
x x 0 lim n
R lim n
an
1 .
an
x x0
1
lim n
a n 1 .
an
a n 1
,
x x0 lim n
a n 1,
x x0
1
lim n
an
1
lim n
an
.
,
x x 0 R, x x0 R. ,
.
(1) n ( x 3) n
.
.
n 5n
n 1
x3
| ( 1) n | | ( x 3) n |
n
n5
n 5n
n 1
n 1
lim n
x3
n
1,
x 3 5.
1 n 5 n
n5
x = 8
1 n 5 n
n 5n
n 1
1
- , .
n
(1) n
- ( )
n
n 1
.
(-2, 8].
. .
.
R2
x x0 R1 R .
1
R1 R .
2
x1 x 0 R2
R2 : R1 R2 R ,
x1
, . (
60
a n ( x x0 ) n a n
x x0
( x x0 )
( x1 x0 ) n a n ( x1 x 0 ) n
n
( x1 x 0 )
x1 x 0
n
n
n
qn ,
R1
R
1 x x0 R1 R2 x1 x0 n N ( 1
R2
R2
x ).
x x 0 R1
(
).
.
, .
.
.
. (
)
.
lim n
a n 1 x x0
a n x x0
n 1
n
x x 0 lim
a n 1
an
1 R
lim n
a n 1 .
an
na x x
n 1
.
lim n
n 1 a n1
x x0
n a n x x0
n 1
x x0 lim
a n 1
an
1 R
lim n
a n 1 .
an
,
. ,
.
15. .
.
n 0
f x ).
f n x0
x x0 n (,
n!
x0 0 ,
n 0
n!
xn .
. .
n
. f x a n x x0
n 0
x x0 R .
x x0 , f x0 a 0 .
,
. ,
61
.
.. ,
. f x0 = a1 ,
f x0
n2
f x n n 1 a n x x 0
, f x 0 2 1 a 2 , a 2
,
n2
2!
f x0
n 3
f x n n 1 n 2 a n x x 0
, f x 0 3 2 1 a3 , a3
,
n 3
3!
f ( n ) x0
, a n
. .
n!
.
. .
.
,
.
.
,
f ( n ) x0
a n
, x0 0 .
n!
ex 1 x
x2
xn
xn
...
...
2!
n!
n 0 n !
sin x x
x3
x 2 n 1
x 2 n 1
n
n
... 1
... 1
3!
( 2n 1) !
( 2n 1) !
n 0
cos x 1
2n
2n
x2
n x
n x
... 1
... 1
2!
( 2n) !
( 2n) !
n0
shx x
x3
x 2 n 1
x 2 n 1
...
...
3!
( 2n 1) !
n 0 ( 2 n 1) !
chx 1
x2
x 2n
...
...
2!
(2n) !
x 2n
( 2n ) !
n 0
1
n
1 x x 2 ... 1 x n ,
1 x
n0
ln 1 x x
n
n
x2
n 1 x
n 1 x
... 1
... 1
, (1 x 1) (
2
n
n
n 1
1 x
x 1,
1 x
R\ N .
x 1.
1 2
1... n 1 n
1... n 1 n
x ...
x ... 1
x ...
2!
n!
n!
n 1
. ,
( ) , - .
62
. , ,
,
n .
. , 1
f x0
f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 ) f x0 ( x x0 )
( x x0 ) 2 ...
( x x 0 ) n Rn
2!
n!
. Sn .
f x0
f ( n ) ( x0 )
2
S n f ( x0 ) f x0 ( x x0 )
( x x0 ) ...
( x x0 ) n .
2!
n!
f (x ) , lim n ( f ( x ) S n ) 0 .
f ( x) S n Rn . , lim n Rn 0 .
. lim n Rn 0 , lim n ( f ( x ) S n ) 0 , S n -
. f (x ) .
. f (x)
. ( f n ( x) L, n) f (x ) .
.
f n ( )
(n 1)!
x x0
n 1
x x0
n 1
( n 1)!
0 , ,
n!. ( ) f (x) .
sin x, cos x. ,
.
ex [a, b]
eb, ex .
sh x, ch x ,
, .
1 x . ,
S (x ) . , ,
1 x S ( x) S ( x)
( ).
, S ( x) (1 x) .
.
1.
. arctg 0.3 0.01 .
x
dx
x3 x5 x7
...
2
3
5
7
0 1 x
arctg x
(0.3) 3 (0.3) 5
...
3
5
.
Rn
(0.3) n 1
0,01 . n, n=2. arctg 0.3 0,3 .
n 1
, -
, ,
63
.
2. .
0.3
1 x dx 0,01
0.1
1
1 x x 2 x 3 ...
1 x
0.3
0.3
1
x 2 x3
dx
(0.3) n 1 ,
1n
n 3,
0.3
0.3
R2 n (0.1) n 1 ,
(0.3) n 1 0.1
n 1
0.01
1 x dx (1 0.3 (0.3)
0.1
3. .
. y y 2 x, y 0 1
1 . y ( x )
x n (n ).
, x.
.
y ( x) a 0 a1 x a 2 x 2 a3 x 3 a 4 x 4 a5 x 5 .
, ,
k n, k
.
(x - x0), x0.
,
.
y ( x) a1 2a 2 x 3a 3 x 2 4a 4 x 3 5a 5 x 4 .
y y 2 x .
a1 2a 2 x 3a 3 x 2 4a 4 x 3 5a 5 x 4 = . (a 0 a1 x a 2 x 2 a3 x 3 a 4 x 4 a5 x 5 ) x .
a 02 a12 x 2 a 22 x 4 2a 0 a1 x 2a 0 a 2 x 2 2a 0 a3 x 3 2a 0 a 4 x 4 2a1 a 2 x 3 2a1 a 3 x 4 x.
, x5
a1 a 02 1
2a 2 2a 0 a1 1
x
x
x3
5a5 a 22 2a 0 a 4 2a1 a3
1
2
7
a0 1 a1 1, a 2 , a3 , a 4
2
3
12
2
x
2
7 4
y ( x) 1 x
x3
x
2 3
12
x
64
2 . y ( x) .
y ( x ) y (0) y (0) x
y (0) 1
y ( x ) y 2 ( x ) x, y (0) y 2 (0) 0 1
y ( x) 2 yy 1, y (0) 2 1 1
y ( x) 2 y 2 yy ,
2
y (0) 4
( x ) 4 y y 2 y y 2 yy , y 1V (0) 4 2 8 14
1
2
7 4
y ( x) 1 x x 2 x 3
x .
2
3
12
y
1V
1 , ,
1
..
2.
3.
4.
13
5.
1 2 ,
15
6.
20
26
.
.
6
10
30
35
2 .
10.
41
11.
44
12.
51
13.
55
14.
59
65
15.
62