INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Scent has a lot to do with how people react towrads people. Having that scent
makes the person more comfortable with. The problem is, in these perfumes they may
have nice and soothing scents but they can really have a bad effect in our environment
and even to orselves because of the chemical used in making it. The researchers
thought of a way in which they can produce a soothing and great scent without
harming the surroundings and community. The researchers will test if the fruit extract
of can be a better distributer rather than other esential oil.
The study tries to help the environment by substituting the chemicals used in a
perfume by using Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) which is abundant in our
country. The Calamansis native homeland is in Southeast Asia. Tthe calamansi is
easy to cultivate. The plant grows well in cool and elevated areas and in sandy soils
rich in organic matter. It can also lessen the expenses of the people that will buy
perfumes. Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) has been proven to help alleviate
depression and anxiety. It is also among the few aromatics that not just masks bad
smell, but completely neutralizes them, making the essential oil a great additive to
cleansing products. Inventing a perfume that has a citrus scent, cheap, doesnt have a
bad effect towards our environment and our health and is made from something that is
abundant in our country is very helpful.

Statement of the Problem

Main Problem:
Can calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) fruit extract be a better substitute for
perfumes?
Specific Questions:
1. At which concentration of calamansi extract will be the most effective as
perfume?
a.) 25 mg/ml
b.) 30 mg/ml
c.) 45 mg/ml

2. How efficient is Calamansi extract as a Perfume in terms of:

a.) Fragrance
b.) Price

This study wants to test the calamansi extract as an alternative material to

substitute expensive perfumes. This is because calamansi is abundant here in the
Philippines. The Process of making the calamansi perfume has easier and cheaper
steps than making those expensive ones.

Significance of the Study

Other perfumes have bad effects caused by the chemicals. This is where the
researchers fiund their foundation and possible soultion. The researchers thought of a

way in which they can produce a soothing and great scent without harming the
surroundings and community and without spending a lot of money. The researchers
desire is to make a good-smelling perfume which does not have a bad effect in our
environment.
The benifit involves the environment, health of the people and the economy of the
Philippines. It will not use much harmful chemicals used in other perfumes. It has a
natural component. It will also expand the market for Filipino farmers because this
will enhance their rural economic development.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The purpose of the study is finding a better perfume, which is cheaper and does not
harm our environment. The experimental study will be conducted to certify if the fruit
extract of the calamansi, used in making perfume is better than others in terms of
benifits and smell. The study would be done at the Makati Science as well as the
Department of Science and Technology that would around 4 weeks to finish the study.
It would be a big constraint for the researchers to perform the study because of
their lack of facilities which is gravely required for the study. It would also be difficult
for the researchers to find the right equpments and materials necessary for the study.
The study focuses on the fragrance only of the perfume.
The researchers intended to solve these problems by asking for assistance from the
Science and Technlogy Department of Makati Science High School for help and
support to handle and borrow the equipment needed for the study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature
The researchers are looking for a cheaper perfume with ingredients that are usually
found locally. Calamansi is an example of this local ingredient that is needed for the
perfume. Citrofortunella microcarpa is a shrub or small tree growing to 36 metres
(9.820 ft). The fruit of the calamondin resembles a small, round lime, usually 2535mm in diameter, but sometimes up to 45mm. The centre pulp and juice is the
orange colour of a tangerine with a very thin orange peel when ripe
Citrofortunella microcarpa, the calamondin or calamansi, is a fruit tree in the
family Rutaceae native Asia. Other English language common names include
calamonding, calamandarin, golden lime, Panama orange, Chinese orange, acid
orange. Its cultivation has spread throughout Southeast Asia, India, Hawaii, the West
Indies, and Central and North America. The plant is characterized by wing-like
appendages on the leaf stalks and white or purplish flowers. Its fruit has either a
spongy or leathery rind with a juicy pulp that is divided into sections. The fruit is
indigenous and widely cultivated in the Philippines, Malaysia and neighbouring
northern parts of Indonesia. It is available year-round in the Philippines and is usually
seen in its unripened green state.
Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives,
and solvents used to give the human body, animals, objects, and living spaces a
pleasant scent
The Fragrance wheel is a relatively new classification method that is widely used
in retail and in the fragrance industry. The method was created in 1983 by Michael
Edwards, a consultant in the perfume industry, who designed his own scheme of

fragrance classification. The new scheme was created in order to simplify fragrance
classification and naming scheme, as well as to show the relationships between each
of the individual classes and cases.
The five standard families consist of Floral, Oriental, Woody, Fougre, and Fresh,
with the former four families being more "classic" while the latter consisting of newer
bright and clean smelling citrus and oceanic fragrances that have arrived due to
improvements in fragrance technology. Each of the families are in turn divided into
sub-groups and arranged around a wheel.
Plants have long been used in perfumes as a source of essential oils and aroma
compounds. These aromatics are usually secondary metabolites produced by plants as
protection against herbivores, infections, as well as to attract pollinators. Plants are by
far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery. The sources of these
compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant. A plant can offer more than
one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of coriander have
remarkably different scent from each other. Orange leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest
are the respective sources of petitgrain, neroli, and orange oils

Related Studies

Local
Calamansi, is a sour fruit that resembles a small mandarin, it is also called
calamondin,

calamonding, calamandarin, golden

lime, Panama

orange, Chinese

orange, acid orange. This fruit is indigenous to the Philippines that is usually used in
beverages, or in sauces to enhance the flavor of food. It is sold cheap in the market
and can be found in residential backyards as ornaments. Calamansi can be considered

as one of the super foods because of the many health benefits and uses which can be
derived from it.
Calamansi is a small citrus fruit, like a small orange, with skin and flesh that are
green in color. The pulp of the lime taste sour, and the fruit contains twice the amount
of juice as the yellow, larger lemon. The juice, as a drink, makes one of the best thirstquenchers. The acid content of lime is known to slow down the oxidation of freshcut fruits and vegetables, thus preventing discoloration and acting as preservatives.
Calamansi has several alternative medicinal uses, Like lightens freckles, good as
mouth wash, Cure coughs and expel phlegm, Helpful in dealing with hangover,
prevent and cure Osteoarthritis, Maintains kidney health, great tonic for the liver,
prevent Diabetes, lightens urine color, lowers body cholesterol and as a perfume.

Foreign
Calamansis cultivation is spread throughout Southeast Asia, Central and North
America, India and Hawaii. It is also called Golden Lime, Acid Orange, Calamondin
and Calamonding. It is also known as Kalamansi in the Philippines.
Calamansi is also used as a stain removal. They conducted this research to protect
the hands from the strong chemicals of Zonrox and to make an alternative product for
removing stains because Calamansi is cheaper. It is cheap and dont contain harmful
chemicals that may irritate your skin.
Calamansi is also used in medical purposes. In some medical products, Calamansi
is used as a Vitamin C supplement, because Calamansi is rich in Vitamin C. It is also
known to cure cough and colds because of its Vitamin C. Calamansi leaves can be an
herbal tea that can also be used to cure coughs.

Calamansi is also used as a skin moisturizer, skin whitener or cure for pimples by
rubbing the Calamansi on your skin. It is also used to treat dandruffs. Calamansi is
also known to heal wounds and can prevent damage from the eyes.
Calamansi can also clean your body and can also prevent body odor. It is also
sometimes used to clean and disinfect chopping boards. It also prevents decay and
loosening of the teeth, dental caries, toothache, bleeding of the gums and fragility of
bones.

Theoretical Framework
Calamansi/Calamansi fruit

Calansi Extract

Citric Acid

Compound that can be

used in making Perfumes

Figure 1.1 Flow chart showing the potential of the frut exractof the calamansi as a
perfume. Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamansi) is a citrus fruit, with a sour flavour
said to resemble a cross between mandarin and lime. As seen on Figure 1.1 its fruit
extract has citric acid which is a common scent in perfumes.
The researchers think that the citric acid found in the calamnsi may be the
compound that is effective in making perfume because of its natural fragrance.

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) also has this compound, in which grapefruit is use in
other perfumes. The calamansi has citric acid that is a auramatic compound used in
other perfumes. In which is why the researchers thought it would be a good idea to
use calamansi since it is abundant in the Philippines and calamansi is naturally
cultivated in the Phillipines. The calamansi extract can be an effective substitute to the
harmful chemicals that are used in making perfumes.

Conceptual Framework

Input

Nature of the
calamansi

Nature in making
Natural Perfume

Effective method
of extracting the
Calamansi fruit.

Process

Testing the fruit

extract from the
calamansi used to
substiture to the
other chemicals
and if it has a
good scent

Testing of the
fragrance and
effectivity of it as
a perfume

Output

A perfume that
uses calamansi
fruit extract as a
substitute for the
chemicals used in
making perfumes.

Figure 1.2 Paradigm of the concepts of the reearchers from input, process, and to
the output of the researchers. It provides the researchers overviewof the processes,
the testing and the output. to the people who will use it from the input, process and to
the output of the research. The citrus and the nature of the calamansi will serve as the
primary source of the information of the said experiment and will serve input. As the
experiment is conducted, the scented effect of the Calamansi will be tested and
validated. The experiment will produce an effective Calamansi fruit perfume.

Hypotheses
Problem: Can calamansi fruit extract be an alternative substite for the chemicals used
in making perfumes.

Null Hypothesis : Calamansi fruit extract cannot be an alternative substite for the
chemicals used in making perfumes.
Alternative Hypothesis Calamansi fruit extract can be an alternative substite for the
chemicals used in making perfumes.

Definition of Terms

Citric Acid - Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is a natural
preservative and is also used to add an acidic (sour) taste to foods and soft drinks.
Extracts - An extract is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material,
often by using a solvent such as ethanol or water. Extracts may be sold as tinctures or
in powder form.
Volatile Aroma - Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of plant-derived, aromatic
essential oils to promote physical and psychological well-being. It is sometimes used
in combination with massage and other therapeutic techniques as part of a holistic
treatment approach.
Fragrance - a pleasant, sweet smell

METHODOLOGY

Research Design
For the study, the researchers will use Completely Randomized Design. There will
be four independent variables: the three calamansi fruit extracts with different
concentrations, with the calamansi fruit extract with 100 % (25 ml.) concentration as
Treatment A, the calamansi fruit extract 100% (30 ml.) concentration as Treatment B,
the calamansi fruit extract 100 % (45 ml.) concentration as Treatment C respectively
and the commercialized perfume. ,. There would be a total of 16 sets of subjects.
Using simple random sampling, four of these sets are to receive each of the four
treatments.

Table. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with corresponding treatments on each

subject
1.

2.

A
9.

3.

B
10.

4.

C
11.

5.

A
12.

6.

C
13.

7.

C
14.

8.

D
15.

B
16.

Legend:

10

A- 25 mL. calamansi fruit extract

B- 30 mL. calamansi fruit extract
C- 45 mL. calamansi fruit extract
D- Control Group commercialized perfume

Sampling Design and Technique

The Researchers will use Complete Randomized design in order to determine
which of the 4 treatment is the most effective. One of the easiest ways to do this is by
the Lottery method, in which the researchers would use slips of paper to determine
what subjects will receive the treatments. For the researchers, this will be the most
appropriate and efficient sampling technique for the research.
There are four set-ups: the first set-up is the clamansi perfume will be tested to
thirty people and will be answering a observation sheet. The answers will be
recorded.The second set-up, the expensive perfume will be tested to the same thirty
people, they will be answering an observation sheet. The records will be compared to
indicate which is better.

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Procedures, Materials, and Equipments

Preparation of the materials and equipements

Collection of calamansi

Extraction of calamansi fruit

Adding the essential oil and vodka

Mixing all the elements
Recording, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Gathered
Preparing the finished product

Preparation of the materials and equipements The procedures will start with
preparing of the materials. The researchers will need a syringe, bowl, glass, clean
bottle (to put on the finished product), calamansi fruit, water, ethyl alcohol, and vodka

Collection of calamansi The researchers will collect calamansi fruit. They may buy
calamansi fruit at 10 php per pack or if they have a calamansi tree, they may pick
some calamansi fruits.

12

Extraction of calamansi fruit The researchers will have to extract the juice from the
calamansi fruit. Put it in a clean glass or bowl. The perfume will make use up to 70%
to 80% of calamansi fruit extract

Adding the essential oil and vodka The researchers will have to buy or use (if they
have a stock) essential oil and vodka. The perfume will have atleast 15% to 30% of
essectial oil, and 5% to 10% of vodka

Mixing all the elements The researchers will mix the extracted juice from the
calamansi fruit, the essential oil, and vodka. They will use a syringe and a mixer in
mixing all these elements to measure the amount of materials they are using.

Recording, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Gathered . The other questions like
the money spent, level of safety and contribution to the environment will be answered
when the data gathered from the experiment is recorded, analyzed and interpreted.

Preparing the finished product To make it look presentable, the researchers will put
the perfume in a clean bottle.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness of calamnsi fruit extract as a
perfume. The independent variable of this study is the calamansi fruit extract. There is
one hypothesis in this research that is indicated in the second chapter of this
investigation. The alternative hypothesis states that there will be a significant
difference in the effectiveness between the commercialized perfume and the calamnsi

13

perfume. The null hypothesis states that there will be no significant difference in the
effectiveness between the commercialized perfume and the calamnsi perfume. The
statistical treatment that will be used in this study is inferential statistics. Since it is an
inferential statistics, it is used to determine the significant difference of the variables
collected from the experimental research. The confidence level of the researchers is
85 %. This means that the researchers believe 85 % that the alternative hypothesis
shall overtake the null hypothesis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Calderon, J.(1993).Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Pines cor. Union Sts.
Mandaluyong City: Cacho Hermanos, Inc.
Sawamura, M. Citrus Essential Oils: Flavor and Fragrance. John Wiley &
Sons. Copyright.

Lorenzo, R.(October 25,2013). Benefits of Calamansi Essential Oil. I got this last
January 7,2014, in http://blog.thecasadelorenzo.com/2013/10/benefits-of-calamansiessential-oil.html

Hayes, M.(December 2009). What Are The Chemical Components Of Calamansi

Extract? I got this last January 5,2014, in http://science.blurtit.com/2086939/what-arethe-chemical-components-of-calamansi-extract
Apostol,V. (August 2013).Kalamansi. retrieved last January 8, 2014, in
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kalamansi.html
14

Horticulture, A.(May 31, 2011). Calamondin The Most Versartile Fruit. Retrieved
last
January
10,
2014,
in
http://aggiehorticulture.tamu.edu/PATIOCITRUS/calamondin.html
Cathcart, R. III.(May 16,2011). Medicinal Uses or Benefits of Calamansi. Retrieved
last January 12, 2014, in http://calaman-c.weebly.com/1/post/2011/05/medicinal-usesor-benefits-of-calamansi.html

Anonymus.(April 2011). Health Benefits of Calamansi. Retrieved last January 7,

2014, in http://healthbenefitsofcalamansi.blogspot.com/

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Fatima Serene S. Desuasido
Birthdate: March 14, 2001
Birthplace: Makati City
Parent: Girlie Grace Desuasido and Noel Desuasido

15

Personal Qualifications
Year: 2013 Present
Course: High School
School:
Makati Science High School
Year: 2007 2013
Course: Grade School
School: Pitogo Elementary School
Works / Research Agencies
Year: 2013 2014
Position: Student Researcher
Agency: Makati Science High School
Honors / Awards Received
Honors: 2nd Honor (Grade School) Pitogo Elementary School
Research Conduct
Fatima Serene S. Desuasido with co-authors Julienne Mae V. Potonia, Elisha A.
Vinarao, Justine M. Canlas, Arthur David F. Del Rosario and Louie Artagnan P.
Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Julienne Mae V. Potonia
Birthdate: October 27, 2000
Birthplace: Manila
Parents: Maria Fe and Ferdinand Potonia
16

Educational Qualifications
Year: 2013 - Present
Course: High School
School: Makati Science High School
Year: 2007 2013
Course: Grade School
School: South Cembo Elementary School
Works/Research Agencies
Year: 2013 2014
Position: Student Researcher
Agency: Makati Science High School
Honors/Awards Received
Honors: 7th honor (Grade School) South Cembo Elementary School
Research Conducted
Julienne Mae V. Potonia, with co-authors Fatima Serene S. Desuasido, Elisha A.
Vinarao, Justine M. Canlas, Arthur David F. Del Rosario and Louie Artagnan P.
Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Elisha A. Vinarao
Birthdate: October 29, 2000
Birthplace: Las Pinas City
17

Parents: Mateo and Ma. Ruby Vinarao

Educational Qualifications
Year: 2013 - Present
Course: High School
School: Makati Science High School
Year: 2007 2013
Course: Grade School
School: Fort Bonifacio Elementary School
Works/Research Agencies
Year: 2013 2014
Position: Student Researcher
Agency: Makati Science High School
Honors/Awards Received
Honors: 4th honor (Grade School) Fort Bonifacio Elementary School
Research Conducted
Elisha A. Vinarao with co-authors Fatima Serene S. Desuasido, Julienne Mae V.
Potonia, Justine M. Canlas, Arthur David F. Del Rosario and Louie Artagnan P.
Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume.

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Louie Artagnan P. Sansolis
Birthdate: March 22, 2001
Birthplace: Quezon City
Parents: Beth Sansolis and Rolando Sansolis
18

Educational Qualifications
Year: 2013 - Present
Course: High School
School: Makati Science High School
Year: 2007-2013
Course: Grade School
School: Comembo Elementary School
Works/Research Agencies
Year: 2013 2014
Position: Student Researcher
Agency: Makati Science High School
Honors/Awards Received
Honors: 2nd Honor (Grade School) Comembo Elementary School
Research Conducted
Louie Artagnan P. Sansolis, with co-authors Fatima Serene S. Desuasido, Julienne
Mae V. Potonia, Elisha A. Vinarao, Justine M. Canlas and Arthur David F. Del
Rosario, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume.

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Justine M. Canlas
Birthdate: March 31, 2001
Birthplace: Mandaluyong City
Parent: Lenith M. Canlas

19

Personal Qualifications
Year: 2013 Present
Course: High School
School: Makati Science High School
Year: 2007 2013
Course: Grade School
School: Rizal Elementary School
Works / Research Agencies
Year: 2013 2014
Position: Student Researcher
Agency: Makati Science High School
Honors / Awards Received
Honors: None
Research Conduct
Justine M. Canlas with co-authors Julienne Mae V. Potonia, Fatima Serene S.
Desuasido, Elisha A. Vinarao, Arthur David F. Del Rosario and Louie Artagnan P.
Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume.

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Arthur David F. Del Rosario
Birthdate: July 28 2001
Birthplace: Manila City
Parent: Fernando and Crisanta Del Rosario
Personal Qualifications

20

Year: 2013 Present

Course: High School
School: Makati Science High School
Year: 2007 2013
Course: Grade School
School: St. Anthony of Makati Montessori Inc.
Works / Research Agencies
Year: 2013 2014
Position: Student Researcher
Agency: Makati Science High School
Honors / Awards Received
Honors: 2nd Honor (Grade School) St. Anthony of Makati Montessori Inc.
Research Conduct
Arthur David F. Del Rosario with co-authors Julienne Mae V. Potonia, Fatima
Serene S. Desuasido, Elisha A. Vinarao, Justine M. Canlas and Louie Artagnan P.
Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume.

21