F1 - Wes (Oic) 013011

F1 WES (OIC) 013011
===========================
(Secondary Review Material)
(Pang-dagdag Sa Ating Kaalaman)
pages 2 27: COLOR CODED
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SOLVING
Pages 28 197: Some QUESTIONS
WITH illustrations and key words
===========================
By: Capt. DENSAN
Happy Sailing Enjoy Reviewing
TO FIND DISTANCE BY BOW AND BEAM BEARING:

A ship on course of 253 T at 14 knots. At 2329 a lighthouse was
observed bearing 282 T. At 2345 the same lighthouse bears 300 T.
Find the ships distance off the second bearing and when abeam?
1. Find first Angles A, B and C :
a.)Co = 253 T
Brg1 = 282 T
-------------------------A = 29 R
b.) Co = 253 T
Brg2 = 300 T
------------------------B = 47 R
c.) Angle B = 47 R
Angle A = 29 R
------------------------Angle C = 18 R
2. Then solve for AB(Distance Run Between 1st & 2nd Observation)
AB = ( Time 2 Time 1 ) x Speed
= ( 2345 2329 ) x 14 knots
= 16 minutes x 14 knots
AB = 3.73 nautical miles
3. Solve for Distance off at second bearing (BC): (By SINE Law)
BC = Sin A x AB / Sin C
Busy SinA AB at SinCha
BC = Sin 29 x 3.73 / Sin 18
BC = 5.9 nautical miles (Distance off at 2nd bearing)
4. Solve for Distance at Abeam (CD) : (By SOH CAH TOA)
CD = BC x Sin B
Si Dee Busy Rin Ba?
CD = 5.9 x Sin 47
CD = 4.3 nautical miles ( Distance at Abeam)

TO FIND LATITUDE BY MERIDIAN TRANSIT
(UPPER TRANSIT):
What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the zenith of the
observer at local apparent noon of June 21 or 23?
If the Sun is at the Zenith it means that Altitude( Ho) = 90
- 90
--------------ZD = 0
Declination of the Sun on June 21/23 = 23 27 N
-----------------------Lat = 23 27 N
What is the latitude of a place where the observer is stepping on his

shadow at local apparent noon at March 21 or 23?
NOTE: When the Observer is stepping at his shadow at local apparent noon,
this means that the Sun is exactly at the Zenith, therefore, the
Ho = 90 and ZD = 0.
ZD = 0
DEC = 0 > > > March 21 or 23
----------------LAT = 0 or at the Equator
The sun crosses the upper branch of the celestial meridian of the
observer at a position 15 South of his zenith. If the suns declination
is 15 S. What is the latitude of the observer?
ZD = 15 S
DEC = 15 S (N) >>> (reverse sign; if diff.name )
-----------------------LAT =
0 or at the Equator

TO FIND LATITUDE BY MERIDIAN PASSAGE
(LOWER TRANSIT):
NOTE: Lower Transit means Passage at the Lower Branch of the Meridian.
Lower Transit can only be observed when a body is a circumpolar body.
A circumpolar body is a celestial body which does not set but remains above
the horizon for 24 hours.
LAT = PX + Ho
PX (Polar Distance) = 90 Declination
RULE: Latitude is named according to the name of Declination.
What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the horizon at

midnight of June 21?
Declination of Sun on June 21 = 23 27 N
Polar Distance (PX) June 21 = 66 33 N >>> (90 - Dec)
Ho at Horizon = 0 ( - )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------LATITUDE = 66 33 N
What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the horizon at

midnight of December 21 or 23?
Declination of Sun on Dec. 21 or 23 = 23 27 S
Polar Distance (PX) Dec21/23 = 66 33 S >>> (90 - Dec)
Ho at Horizon = 0 ( - )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------LATITUDE = 66 33 S
Find the Amplitude of a rising body with a Declination of 21 07.8' N

at Latitude 47 18.6' N.
TO FIND AMPLITUDE (AMP):
Sin AMP = Sin DEC / Cos LAT

= Sin 21 7.8 / Cos 47 18.6
AMPLITUDE = E 32 7.1 N
NOTE: Prefixed E >> Body is Rising [W if Body is Setting]
Suffixed N >> Declination is North [S if DEC is South]
At Latitude 55 53N; Long. 130 18 W, suns Declination is 12 40 S.

Find True Azimuth (Zn) at sunset.
TO FIND TRUE AZIMUTH (Zn):

1.) First find Amplitude:
= Sin 12 40 / Cos 55 53
AMPLITUDE = W 23 S
NOTE: Prefixed W >> Body is Setting [ E if Body is Rising ]
Suffixed S >> Declination is South [ N if DEC is N ]
2.) Then convert Amplitude to True Azimuth:

To convert AMPLITUDE (AMP) to TRUE AZIMUTH (Zn):
1. E x N
2. E x S
3. W x S
4. W x N
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
90 AMP = Zn
90 + AMP = Zn
270 AMP = Zn
270 + AMP = Zn
In the above example: AMP = W 23 S >> 270 23 > > Zn = 247 ( T )
An observer at Latitude 45 00 South took a gyro bearing of the Sun

on the horizon and found to be 078(pgc). The declination of the Sun
obtained from the almanac gives 14 00 N. Calculate the gyro error.
TO FIND GYRO ERROR (G/E):
= Sin 14 / Cos 45
AMPLITUDE = E 20 N
NOTE: Prefixed E >> Bearing is 078 (pgc) which is Easterly
and it means that the Body is Rising.
direction
Suffixed N >> Declination is North

To convert Amp E 20 N to True Azimuth: 90 20 = 070 T
True Bearing = 070 (T)
> > Obtained by calculation
Gyro Bearing = 078 pgc ( ) > > Taken by observation
--------------------------------------Gyro Error = 8 or 8 W > > If result is (), G/E is W ; If (+) G/E is E .
Or you can apply the OLD RULE:
Compass BEST, Error WEST
Compass LEAST, Error EAST
The bearing of a rising sun at Latitude 38 08' S was 078 28'. Find
the declination at time of sight.
TO FIND DECLINATION by AMPLITUDE FORMULA:

Sin DEC = Sin AMP x Cos LAT
[ Formula 1 ]
Sin DEC = Cos Azimuth x Cos LAT
[ Formula 2 ]
Sin DEC = Cos 78 28 x Cos 38 08

DECLINATION = 9 03 N > > > (N since 078 28 is towards North or
it has a Northerly component)
You are on a voyage from New York, USA to San Francisco, USA.
The distance from pilot to pilot is 5,132 miles. The speed of advance
is 13.5 knots. You estimate 32 hours for bunkering at Colon and 14
hours for the Panama Canal transit. If you take departure at 0600
hours (ZD +4) on May 16, what is your ETA (ZD +7) at San Francisco?
TO FIND ETA or LZT of ARRIVAL:
a.) By GMT METHOD:
LZT departure
0600 16th May
ZD departure = (+)4 (W) + >>>

[ LEG : E / W + ]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GMT departure = 1000 16th May
+ Steaming Time = 2009 15days >>> [ Steaming Time: always + ]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GMT arrival
= 3009 31st May
ZD arrival
= (+)7 (W) >>>
[ GEL +: E + / W ]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LZT arrival
= 2309 31st May
Bunkering
32 +
>>>
[ Any Delays: always + ]
Panama Canal Transit = 14 +

>>> [ Any Delays: always + ]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LZT arrival
= 2109 02nd June
b.) By TIME DIFFERENCE (TD) METHOD:

ZD departure = (+) 4
ZD arrival = (+) 7 ( ) >>> Note: always subtract ( )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Time Difference = 3
Steaming Time(D / S) =
LZT departure =
Bunkering =
2009 15 days
>>> 5,132 miles / 13.5 knots
0600 16th May

32 +
>>>
Panama Canal Transit = 14 + >>>

----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------LZT arrival = 2109 02nd June

c.) By SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION METHOD:
Pt. A >_________________+_________________+____________________<Pt. B
NYK
Colon
Panama Canal Transit
SFO
(ZD+4)
(32h)
(14h)
(ZD+7)
S.T. = Distance / Speed = 5132 miles / 13.5 knots = 380.148 hrs
0600 May 16
>>>>>>
S.T. 15d 20h 09m
>>>>>>
?? 2109 June 2 ??
d.) By HOUR CALCULATION METHOD:
Steaming Time = Distance / Speed

= 5,132nm/13.5k >>>
380.148 hrs
Departure Time >>> +
hrs
ZD departure >>>> + (+)4

ZD arrival >>>>>>> (+)7
DELAYS: Bunkering >>>>>>> +
32
Note: always (- )
hrs
P. Canal Transit >>> + 14

hrs
------------------------------------------------------TOTAL No. of HOURS >>> 429.148 hrs / 24
17.881 days
Departure Date >>> + 16th MAY
------------------------------------------------------------------------33.881
How many days in MAY???
>>> 31 days
-------------------------------------------------------------------------2.881 days
ARRIVAL MONTH and DAY!!! >>> 2nd JUNE
------------------------------------------------------------------------0.881day x 24
ARRIVAL TIME!!! >>>
2109 hrs
NOTE: If ZD is not given, just divide the Longitude by 15. Take the whole
number of hour. A fraction of 0.5 and above will be considered to the next
hour. ( Ex. 4.4 = ZD 4 but 4.5 = ZD 5)
At Place A, Long. 175 10.5 W, the LMT is 16h 02m 03s Dec 3.
Find the LMT and date at place B, Long. 3208 W.
TO FIND LMT of PLACE B:
(175 10.5 32 08) = 143 2.5 E / 15 = 9h 32m 10s

(+)
Dec.3, 16h 02m 03s
--------------------------------25h 34m 13s
Dec.4, 01h 34m 13s
The ZT at place A is 0800. If the Long of A is 4930 W, what is the ZT

of place B in Long 8315 W?
TO FIND ZT of PLACE B:
Long of A = 49 30 W / 15 = 3.3 >>> ZD Place A = +3

()
Long of B = 83 15 W / 15 = 5.6 >>> ZD Place B = +6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Time Difference = 3 Hrs
ZT Place A = 0800
Time Difference = 3 Hrs
------------------------------------ZT Place B = 0500
What is the length of the shadow of a man, 6 feet tall, when standing
in an open field at local apparent noon of a certain day when the
suns Declination is about 20 S and his Latitude is 20 S?
TO FIND ZENITH DISTANCE if LATITUDE / DECLINATION are given:
LAT = 20 S
DEC = 20 (S) N >> > (always reverse sign; if same name
-----------------with Lat + but if diff.name then affix
ZD = 0
sign of quantity with greater value)
NOTE: It means that the sun is exactly at the Zenith (directly above your
head), therefore Zenith Distance (ZD) is zero and no shadow will be seen.
Find the height of the observer in Lat 45 N when he is casting a

shadow 10 feet long at local apparent noon on a day when the sun
declination is 20 N.
TO FIND HEIGHT OF OBSERVER:
Lat = 45 N
Dec = 20 (N) S
-----------------------ZD = 25 N
>>> (always reverse sign; if same name

with Lat + but if diff. name then affix
sign of quantity with greater value)
90
-------------------Ho = 65
Height of Observer (Ho) = Tan 65 x 10 feet (shadow)

= 21.25 feet
10

THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS are FINDING HOW FAR is the
SUN to the ZENITH of OBSERVER or the FINDING the ANGULAR or
the ZENITH DISTANCE:
How far and where will the Sun be from the Zenith of the observer at
noon of June 21 or 23 if the observer is navigating along the Tropic
of Cancer?
Tropic of Cancer >>> Lat = 23 27 N

June 21 or 23 >>> Dec = 2327 N ( )
------------------------------------------------------ZD = 0
RULE: If LATITUDE of Observer and DECLINATION of the Sun

are of same name, subtract ( ) and affix the sign of quantity
with greater value; if different name, add ( + ).
What is the angular distance of the sun from the zenith of the
observer at noon of June 21 or 23 if the observer is navigating along
the Tropic of Cancer?
Observer is along Tropic of Cancer = 23 27 N

Declination of the Sun on June 21/23 = 23 27 N ( )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Angular Distance = 0
11
How far and where will the sun be from the zenith of the observer at
noon of December 21 or 23 if the observer is navigating along the
Tropic of Cancer?
Observer is navigating along the Tropic of Cancer = 23 27 N
Declination of the Sun on Dec. 21/23
= 23 27 S ( + )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------How far is the Sun to the Observer (ZD) = 46 54 South

NOTE: It is named South since the Sun is south of the Observer.
How far and where will the sun be from the zenith of observer at
noon of March 21 or 23 when the observer is navigating along the
Arctic Circle?
Observer is navigating along the Arctic Circle = 66 33 N
Declination of the Sun on March 21/23 = 0 N/S (+/ )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------How far is the Sun to the Observer (ZD) = 66 33 South
NOTE: It is named South since the Sun is south of the Observer.
What is the angular distance of the sun from the zenith of the
observer at noon of March 21 or 23 when the observer is navigating
along the Arctic Circle?
Observer is along Arctic Circle = 66 33 N

Declination of the Sun on March 21/23
= 0 N/S (+/ )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Angular Distance = 66 33
12
What is the difference of latitude between the Antarctic Circle and

the Tropic of Capricorn?
Antarctic Circle >>> LAT = 66 33 S
Tropic of Capricorn >>> LAT = 23 27 S ( )
---------------------------------------------------------------------DLAT = 43 06
What is the difference of latitude between the Arctic Circle and the
Tropic of Cancer?
Arctic Circle >>> LAT = 66 33 N
Tropic of Cancer >>> LAT = 23 27 N ( )
------------------------------------------------------------------DLAT = 43 06
How far (in angular distance) is the Arctic Circle from the North
Pole?
North Pole = 90 00 N
Arctic Circle = 66 33 N ( )
-----------------------------------------Angular Distance = 23 27
How far in angular distance is the Antarctic Circle from the South
Pole?
South Pole = 90 00 S
Antarctic Circle = 66 33 S ( )
-----------------------------------------Angular Distance = 23 27
13
A ship sailing eastward crosses the 180th meridian at 1130 ZT of

June 6. What is the new zone time and date of crossing?
TO FIND ZT and DATE when crossing Equator:
a.) By Formula:
ZD before crossing = 12 (E)
>>>
ZD after crossing = + 12 (W)

----------------------------------------------
>>>
Time Difference (TD) = 24 hrs

Or 1 day
NOTE:
LZT = 1130 June 6

TD = 24h or 1d ( )
----------------------------------LZT = 1130 June 5
< < < ZD dep ZD arr = (12) (+12)
TD is applied between two ZTs.

TD is the difference of two ZDs.
b.) By Simple Illustration Method:
E Long._______________________(180)_______________________W Long.
IDL
>>> 1 >> Day >>Less >>> (Easterly Course)
1130 ZT, June6
1130ZT, June5
( Westerly Course) <<< 1 << Day << More <<<
NOTE: Remember the 180th meridian is the I.D.L. (International Date Line) or
I.D.L. means 1 Day Less. In short, crossing the IDL from E to W (eastward),
you subtract 1 day. And crossing from W to E (westward), you add 1 day.
14
A ship is in Longitude 137 45' E, clocks keeping ZT. Find the LMT at
1123 ship's time.
TO FIND LMT if LZT or ZT is given:
Long. 137 45 E / 15
= 09h 11m (E) > > > Long. in Time (t) (hh mm ss)
= -9 (E)
> > > > > > ZD (whole number of hour)
LZT = 1123 (ships time)

ZD = 9 (E)
-------------------GMT = 0223
(t) = 0911 (E) +
---------------------LMT = 1134
Note: [ L E G / G E L + ]
LZT to GMT: E / W +
GMT to LMT: E + / W
NOTE 1: In converting LZT to LMT or vice versa, you apply Longitude in

Time (t) and ZD but DO NOT interchange them, otherwise you will get a
wrong answer. From LZT to GMT or vice versa , you apply ZD. Both LZT and
ZD with Z should go hand in hand. From GMT to LMT or vice versa, you
apply, of course Long in Time (t) at wala ng iba pa.
NOTE 2: Local Zone Time or Zone Time or Local Time is the Standard Time
maintained within a certain zone as designated by Zone Description. This
standard time is the time being maintained on board ship and this is what
we call the Ships Time.
15
The LMT of sunrise on the standard meridian is 0552H. Your

Longitude is 99 15 E. What is your ZT of sunrise?
TO FIND LZT or ZT if LMT is given:
Long. 99 15 E / 15 = 6h 37m
= 6h 37m (E) > Long. in Time (t)
= 7 (E) > > > > ZD
LMT sunrise = 0552

t = 0637 (E)
-----------------------------------GMT sunrise = 2315
ZD = 7 (E) +
-----------------------------------LZT sunrise = 0615
NOTE: LEG / GEL +

LMT to GMT: E / W +
GMT to LZT: E + / W
The local mean time of sunset at Long. 73 30' E is 18h 40m 00s.
What is the corresponding local zone time of sunset?
Long. 73 30 E / 15 = 4h 54m
= 4h 54m (E) > Long. in Time(t)
= 5 (E) > > > > ZD
LMT sunset = 18h 40m 00s

t = 04h 54m 00s (E)
-----------------------------------GMT sunset = 13h 46m 00s
ZD = 5 (E) +
----------------------------------LZT sunset = 18h 46m 00s
16
[LEG ]
[GEL +]
The LMT of LAN is 1200H. What will be the zone time of LAN if you
are located in Longitude 120 30 W?

Long. 120 30 W / 15
= 08h 02m (W) > Long in Time (t)
= +8 (W) > > > > ZD
LMT LAN = 1200
t = 0802 (W) +
-------------------------------GMT LAN = 2002
ZD = 8 (W) -------------------------------LZT LAN = 1202
The zone time of LAN is 1152. Your longitude is 73 15' E. What time
would you use to enter the Nautical Almanac to determine the
declination of the Sun at LAN?
TO FIND GMT OF LAN:
Long = 73 15 E / 15 = 4h 53m > > > ZD = 5 (E)
LZT LAN = 1152
ZD = 5 (E)
---------------------------GMT LAN = 0652
Note: [ L E G ]
LZT to GMT: E - / W +
The ZT at Long. 141 18 W is 6h 18m 24s. What is the GMT?

TO FIND GMT:
Long = 141 18 W / 15 = 9h 25m 12s > > > ZD = + 9 (W)
Note: [ L E G ]
LZT to GMT: E / W +
LZT LAN = 06h 18m 24s

ZD = 9 (W) +
------------------------------------GMT = 15h 18m 24s
17
If the Greenwich Hour Angle of the sun at noon of Feb.26 is 356

23.6. What is the Equation of Time?
TO FIND EQUATION OF TIME (E.T.):
NOTE: If GHA > 180, then E.T. = (360 - GHA) / 15

If GHA > 180, then Mean Sun is Ahead, Apparent Sun is Behind, E.T. +
E.T. = (360 - 356 23.6) = 3 36.4 / 15 = 00h 14m 26s
The GHA of the sun at 1200 GMT was found in the nautical almanac
to be 356 28.4. What will be the GMT of the meridian passage?
TO FIND GMT at MERIDIAN PASSAGE:
a.) Find first E.T. as above formula:
b.) Then find GMT of MP as below:
GAT
= 12h 00m 00s
>>> Greenwich Apparent Time
E.T. = 00h 14m 06s + > > > (see above problem)
---------------------------------GMT
= 12h 14m 06s
>>>
Greenwich Mean Time
Note: If GHA > 180, then Mean Sun is Ahead, E.T. +
In this problem, GHA = 356 28.4 which is more than 180, therefore,
Mean Sun is Ahead and E.T. is +.
18
The GHA of the Sun at 1200h GMT was found in the Almanac to be
002 31.6. What is the equation of time?
TO FIND EQUATION OF TIME (E.T.):
NOTE: If GHA < 180, then E.T. = GHA / 15
If GHA < 180, then Mean Sun is Behind, Apparent Sun is Ahead, E.T.
E.T. = 002 31.6 / 15 = 10m 06s
The GHA of the Sun at 1200h GMT was found to be 002 31.6. What
will be the GMT of Meridian Passage if your longitude is at
Greenwich?
TO FIND GMT at MERIDIAN PASSAGE (MP):

a.) Find first E.T. as above formula:
b.) Then find GMT of MP as below:
GAT = 12h 00m 00s
> > > Greenwich Apparent Time
E.T. = 00h 10m 06s > > > ( see above problem )
------------------------------------GMT = 11h 49m 54s
Note: If GHA < 180, then Mean Sun is Behind, E.T.

In this problem, GHA = 002 31.6 which is less than180, therefore,
Mean Sun is Behind and E.T. is .
19
The GHA Aries is determined as 348 16.3, an observer is located at

178 39.2 East . The LHA Aries he will use in solving latitude by
Polaris is:
TO FIND LHA OF ARIES:
LHA Aries = GHA Aries +/- Long

NOTE: G E L + > > > GHA to LHA: E + / W
LHA of Aries = 348 16.3 + 178 39.2 E
= 526 55.5 - 360
LHA of Aries = 166 55.5
You depart LAT 50 06 N, LONG 153 06 E and steam 879 miles on

course 090. What is the LONG of arrival?
TO FIND the LONGITUDE of ARRIVAL:
DLO = DEP / Cos LAT

= 879 / Cos 5006
= 1,370 / 60
DLO = 22 50 E
LONG departure = 153 06 E

DLO = 22 50 E +
-----------------------------------------------LONG arrival = 175 56
You depart LAT 25 54' N, LONG 9 38' E and steam 592 miles on
course 270. What is the LONG of arrival?
TO FIND the LONGITUDE of ARRIVAL:
DLO = DEP / Cos LAT
= 592 / Cos 25 54
= 658 / 60
DLO = 10 58 W
LONG departure = 009 38 E

DLO = 10 58 W
-------------------------------------------------LONG arrival = 001 20 W
20

TO CONVERT GHA to LONGITUDE:
RULE: If GHA > 180, then Long = 360 GHA and named East.
If GHA < 180, then Long = GHA and named West.
What is the geographic longitude of a body whose GHA is 232 27'?

Long = 360 - 232 27 = 127 33 E
What is the geographic longitude of a body whose GHA is 215 15'?

Long = 360 215 15 = 144 45
What is the longitude of the geographical position of a body whose

GHA is 210 30'?
Long = 360 210 30 = 149 30
TO CONVERT GEOGRAPHIC LONGITUDE to GHA:

RULE: If Longitude is E then GHA = 360 Longitude
If Longitude is W then GHA = Longitude
A position of the Earth has a longitude of 74 10' E. Its celestial

counterpart would have a ________.
GHA = 360 - 74 10 = 285 50
21
At meridian passage, upper transit, the observers latitude was

found to be 43 34.7 N, Dec. is 1 46.3 N. Find the observed altitude.
TO FIND OBSERVED ALTITUDE (Ho):
Lat. = 43 34.7 N
Dec. = 1 46.3 (N) S >>> ( always reverse sign; if diff.name )
---------------------------ZD = 41 48.4 N
90
>>> (always 90 since Ho + ZD = 90)
--------------------------Ho = 48 11.6 N
The distance to the nearest vertex from any point on a great circle
track cannot exceed___________.
The maximum distance from the VERTEX to any point on a GREAT CIRCLE
TRACK = 5,400 nautical miles > > > 90 x 60
Your vessel is at the equator at midnight on 1 January, and a star is

observed rising. At what time will this same star rise on 1 February,
assuming your vessels location is still at the equator?
1 solar day = 24h 00m 00s
1 sidereal day = 23h 56m 04s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Difference = 0h 3m 56s < < <Stars rises late daily
x 31 days < < < < < Jan.1 to Feb.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Diff. = 2h 01m 56s
Midnight Jan.1 = 24h 00m 00s ( )
----------------------------------------------------------The star will rise = 21h 58m 04s on Feb.1
22
The propeller of the vessel has a diameter of 20.6 feet and a pitch of 23.4 feet.
What would be the apparent slip if the vessel cruised of 538 miles in a 24 hour
day (observed distance) at an average RPM of 87?
TO FIND ENGINE SPEED AND SLIP:
E.S. = RPM
Engine Speed (E.S.) = RPM x Pitch x 60Min
----------------------------------6080
>>>
Divide by 6080
If Pitch is in Feet
= 87 x 23.4 x 60
-------------------------6080
E.S. = 20.09 knots x 24 hours
Engine Distance (E.D.) = 482.16 miles
Observed Speed (O.S.) = 538 miles (O.D.) / 24 hours

O.S. = 22.42 knots
Slip = E.S. O.S.

----------------E.S.
Slip = E.D. O.D.

------------------E.D.
OR;
= 20.09 22.42
--------------------20.09
Slip = 11.%
= 482.16 538
-------------------482.16
Slip = 11.6% (Ans.)
(Ans.)
A ships propeller is 4882 mm diameter with pitch of 4226 mm. The engine
RPM is 122. What is the engine speed of this vessel?
Engine Speed (E.S.) = RPM x Pitch x 60

---------------------------1852
>>>
= 122 x 4.226 x 60
--------------------------1852
E.S. = 16.70 knots
(Ans.)
23
Divide by 1852
If Pitch is in mm.
Convert Pitch
from mm to meter.
TO FIND AVERAGE PISTON SPEED

If the piston stroke of a diesel engine is 10 1/2 inches and the speed of
the crankshaft is 720 RPM, what is the average piston speed?
( 10.5 inches 6) x 720 RPM = 1260 ft/minute
TO FIND AVERAGE PISTON SPEED

What is the average piston speed of a five cylinder low speed engine which has
a bore of 29.5 inches, a stroke of 63 inches, and a rated speed of 123 RPM?
( 63 inches 6) x 123 RPM = 1291.5 ft/min
To Find Percentage of the Working Pressure

Working pressure of a boiler is 470 psig. The safety valve lifts at 510 psig and
blows down to 480 psig. The blow down is what percentage of the working
pressure?
( 510 480 ) 470 x 100 = 6.4
24
FINDING NEW SPEED

A cape size vessel consumes 333 barrels of fuel oil per day while steaming at
15.5 knots. In order to reduce consumption to 176 barrels of fuel oil per day,
determine for the maximum speed the vessel can turn.
New Consumption = New Speed^3
-----------------------------------------------Old Consumption
Old Speed^3
176
-------------------333
1968.17
Raise to
1/3rd or
cube root of
1968.17
New Speed^3
----------------------15.5^3
176 x 15.5^3
-------------------------- =
333
1968.17^(1/3)
12.5 knots
New Speed^3
= New Speed
=
New Speed
FINDING SPEED OF ADVANCE

The pitch of the propeller is 19 feet and the propeller slip is 10 percent. If the
propeller is turning 70 RPM's, what is your speed of advance?
Speed of Advance = RPM x Pitch x 60 x Efficiency

--------------------------------------6080
=
Speed of Advance
70 x 19 x 60 x 90%
-----------------------------6080
= 11.81 knots
25
Efficiency = 100% - Slip

= 100% - 10%
Efficiency = 90%
What is the natural cosine of the middle latitude between Lat. 20 14 N and
Lat. 11 35 S?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.99714
0.99715
0.07527
0.99716
Solutions:
* Mid-Lat = ( Lat 1 Lat 2 ) 2
>>> If diff. name
*Mid-Lat = ( Lat 1 + Lat 2 ) 2 >>> If same name
Mid-Lat = ( 20 14N 11 35N ) 2

= 8 39 2 = 4 19.5
= natural cosine of 4 19.5
= 0.99715 (Ans.)
A ship sailed from Latitude 49 10 N to Lat. 25 10 N. What is the log secant
of the middle latitude?
A. 10.21887
B. 10.09296
C. 10.09861
D. 10.10248
Mid-Lat = ( 49 10N + 25 10N ) 2

= 74 20 2 = 37 10
= 1 cos 37 10 >>> sec = 1 cos
= log 1.2548917
= 0.09861 + 10 >>> log is always +10
= 10.09861 (Ans.)
Note:
secant = 1 cosine angle

log is always +10
26
A ship sailed from Lat. 12 35 N to Lat. 18 53 N. What is the log cosine

of the complementary angle of the middle latitude?
= (12 35 N + 18 53 S ) 2
= 31 28 2 = 15 44
= 90 - 15 44 = 74 16 (Complementary)
= log cos 74 16
= - 0.56677 + 10
= 9.43323 (Ans.)
A ship sailed from Lat. 49 10 N to Lat. 25 10 N. What is the log cosine of

the middle latitude?
A. 9.96073
B. 9.90139
C. 9.90704
D. 9.99054
= ( 49 10 N + 25 10 N ) 2
= 74 20 2 = 37 10
= log Cos 37 10
= - 0.09861 + 10
= 9.90139 (Ans.)
27
APPARENT MOTION OF THE SUN IN THE ECLIPTIC

( See F1 Book page NA 23 )
DATE >>> Sign of Constellation >>> Position of Sun
March21 >>> First Point of Aries > Vernal Equinox
June21 >>> First Point of Cancer > Summer Solstice
Sept.23 >>> First Point of Libra
>
Declination
> 0 inc. to max North
> 2327 North
> Autumnal Equinox > 0 inc. to max South
Dec.22 >>> First Point of Capricorn > Winter Solstice

Solstices and Equinoxes
> 2327 South
Because Earth orbits the Sun, we see different constellations throughout the year. And
the Sun (if it were visible at night) appears to move through a stationary starry
background. The Sun's apparent (True Sun) path through the stars, over the course
of one year, forms a circle called the ecliptic. Twice each year, the Sun's path crosses the
celestial equator (or the Equinoctial = path of the Fictitious Sun) (Earth's
equator projected onto the sky). At these times, night and day are of equal length. These
dates are called equinoxes -- the Latin word for "equal night." Solstices -- Latin for
"standing Sun" -- occur when the Sun is at its highest point above the celestial equator
(summer solstice, the longest day of the year) and the lowest point below it (winter
solstice, the shortest day of the year)
EQUINOX = meaning EQUAL NIGHTS
There are 2 Equinoxes (Vernal and Autumnal). During these dates,
the Declination of SUN is 0 degrees. Every place on earth has equal length of
daytime and night time.
SOLSTICE = meaning SUN STAND STILL.
There are 2 Solstices (Summer and Winter). During these dates, the SUN has
reached its maximum declination 23 27 North and South. The length of day time
and night time is not equal. Longer nights are experienced in one place while shorter
days in another or vice versa.
28
The vernal equinox in the celestial sphere is where the sun

declination is:
The autumnal equinox is the point in the celestial sphere where

the sun declination is ___________.
When the sun is at the winter solstice its declination is ________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
north and increasing to maximum

north and decreasing to 0
south and increasing to maximum
south and decreasing to 0
0 increasing to
maximum north
0 increasing to
maximum south
south and
decreasing to 0
The summer solstice is the position of the sun on or about :
June 21
The winter solstice is the position of the sun on or about :
Dec. 21
A.
B.
C.
D.
March 21
Sept 21
Dec. 21
June 21
Capricorn is the point of:

A.
B.
C.
D.
winter solstice
vernal equinox
winter solstice
autumnal equinox
summer solstice
During the month of October the Sun declination is ____________. south and
A.
B.
C.
D.
south and decreasing

north and increasing
north and decreasing
south and increasing
increasing
Vernal Equinox is also known as ______.
First Point of Aries
A. First Point of Libra

B. First Point of Cancer
C. First Point of Capricorn
D. First Point of Aries
The hour circle that passes through the First Point of Aries is
Equinoctial Colure
known as the _______________.

A. Circle of Equal SHA
B. Solsticial Colure
C. Vernal Equinoctial Circle
D. Equinoctial Colure
Libra is the point of:

A.
B.
C.
D.
autumnal equinox
winter solstice
autumnal equinox
vernal equinox
summer solstice
29
The points of intersection of the ecliptic and the celestial equator Equinoxes
are called _______.
A. Equinoxes
B. Solstices
C. Equinoctial colure
D. Solsticial colure
When the sun is at the summer solstice its declination is:

A.
B.
C.
D.
south and increasing to maximum

north and increasing to maximum
south and decreasing to 0
north and decreasing to 0
north and
decreasing to 0
Cancer is the point of:
summer solstice
The maximum difference between mean time and apparent time
about 16 minutes
is :
The sidereal day begins when the___________.
first point of Aries is

over the upper
branch of the
reference meridian
What is the average speed of movement of a hurricane prior to 10 to 12 knots

recurvature?
A.
B.
C.
D.
10 to 12 knots
6 to 8 knots
4 to 6 knots
15 to 20 knots
NOTE: hurricane prior (before) to recurvature
What is the average speed of the movement of a hurricane

following the recurvature of its track?
20 to 30 knots
NOTE : hurricane following (after) the recurvature
Recurvature of hurricanes track usually results in the
Increasing
forward speed ________.
When the air is saturated, the relative humidity is said to be :
100%
At the surface, the standard atmospheric pressure is ______
1013.2
hectopascal(hPa).
NOTE: 1 mb = 1 hPa
30
The standard sea level pressure of the atmosphere is _____

A.
B.
C.
D.
1013.25 millibars of mercury

You are on course 138 T. To check the latitude of your vessel
1013.25 millibars of
mercury
000
you should observe a celestial body on which bearing?

A. 270
B. 000
C. 318
D. 138
To check Latitude: either 000(North) or 180(South) no

matter the course is.
You are on course 061 T. To check the longitude of your vessel
090
you should observe a celestial body on which bearing?

A. 000
B. 090
C. 180
D. 061
To check Longitude: either 090(East) or 270(West) no

matter the course is.
You are on course 146 T. To check the speed of your vessel you 146
should observe a celestial body on which bearing?
A. 146
B. 056
C. 000
D. 090
To check Speed: same or reciprocal to course +/-180

= 146 same as course>>> 146
You are on course 042T. To check the course of your vessel you 132
should observe a celestial body on which bearing?
A. 090
B. 132
C. 180
D. 222
To check Course: course +/- 90 (Port or Stbd beam)

= 42 + 90 = 132
31
As radiant energy from the sun arrives at the earth, how many
19%
percent is absorbed by the atmosphere?

A. 29%
B. 19%
C. 24%
D. 52%
NOTE:
absorbed by the atmosphere = 19%

absorbed by the surface of the earth = 52%
reflected back into space = 29%
Memory Aid:
In 1952, you are 29 years old.
52%
percent is absorbed by the earth?

A. 29%
B. 19%
C. 24%
D. 52%
29%
percent is reflected back by the earth and the atmosphere?

A. 24%
B. 19%
C. 52%
D. 29%
TYPES OF CLOUD AND ITS ALTITUDE:

1. High Clouds ---------------- Above 20,000 Feet
(All Clouds with CIRRUS Ex. Cirrus, Cirrocumulus and Cirrostratus)
2. Middle Clouds ---- Between 6,500 and 20,000 Feet
(All Clouds with ALTO Ex. Altocumulus and Altostratus)
3. Low Clouds ------------------ Below 6,500 Feet
(Any other Cloud without Cirrus or Alto Ex. Cumulus, Stratus, Stratocumulus,
Nimbostratus, Cumulonimbus)
( See F1 Book page METEO 3 and METEO 4 )
___________ may form when air moves across the surface of the
earth that is forced to ascend over a hill or mountain and
thus cools adiabatically.
32
clouds
Collections of water droplets or ice crystals, or combination clouds

of these two states of water suspended in the atmosphere are
called:
Consist of innumerable tiny droplets of water, or ice

crystals formed by condensation of water vapor around
clouds
microscopic particles in the air.

A. Fog
B. Precipitation
C. Drizzle
D. Clouds
Cirrus and cirrostratus belong to the ______

A.
B.
C.
D.
high clouds
high clouds
middle clouds
low clouds
stratosphere
Clouds with CIRRUS = high clouds

Clouds with ALTO = middle clouds
Clouds without CIRRUS and ALTO = low clouds
NOTE:
Which clouds are arranged from the highest to the lowest in the
sky?
Cirrostratus,
altostratus and
stratus
Altocumulus and altostratus belong to the _____.
middle clouds
Cumulus and cumulonimbus belong to the _____.
low clouds
A.
B.
C.
D.
middle clouds
ionosphere
low clouds
high clouds
High clouds have a mean lower level above ______.

A.
B.
C.
D.
20,000 ft
20,000 ft
25,000 ft
30,000 ft
40,000 ft
Middle clouds have a mean level ______.
between 6,500 ft
and 20,000 ft
33
Low clouds have a mean level of less than ______.

A.
B.
C.
D.
6,500 ft
3,500 ft
4,500 ft
5,000 ft
6,500 ft
Which cloud type is normally associated with thunderstorms?
Cumulonimbus
This is a deviation error caused by the miscalculation of

azimuth or by physical misalignments rather than magnetic
A - error
effects of soft iron.

A. A error
B. B error
C. C error
D. E error
______ results from both the fore-and-aft permanent

magnetic field across the compass.
A.
B.
C.
D.
D error
A error
B error
C error
_____ results from the athwartship permanent magnetic

field across the compass.
A.
B.
C.
D.
C - error
D error
A error
B error
C error
This error is due only to induction in the symmetrical

arrangements of horizontal soft iron.
A.
B.
C.
D.
B - error
D - error
D error
A error
B error
C error
This error is caused by induction in the unsymmetrical

A. B error
B. C error
C. E error
D. D error
34
E - error
EARTH SYSTEM
Line p-p = parallel or parallel of latitude
Line E-Q = Equator
Angle Q-p = Latitude
Angle Np-p = Co-latitude
Line Np-X-Sp = Meridian
A line on Earth parallel to the equator is a ______________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
small circle
small circle
gnomonic curve
meridian
great circle
This is the angular distance from a primary great circle or plane

measured north or south through 90.
35
latitude
In the Celestial Equator system of coordinates, when the bodys

diurnal circle coincides with the celestial equator, the meridional
zenith distance is equal to the _____.
A. Azimuth of the body
B. Declination of the body
C. Altitude of the body
D. latitude of the observer
The intercepted arc along the observers celestial meridian

between the celestial horizon and the elevated pole is equal to
the:
A. Azimuth of the body
B. latitude of the observer
C. polar distance
D. altitude of the body
latitude of the
observer
latitude of the
observer
The Tropic of Cancer is a ____________.
parallel of latitude
The Tropic of Capricorn is a _______________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
meridian
longitude
latitude
If the altitude of the elevated pole is 90 degrees, the ___.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Latitude of the observer is at the pole

Polar distance is also 90 degrees
Declination is indeterminate
Polar distance equals the declination
A parallel of latitude other than the equator is a ____________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Latitude of the
observer is at the
pole
small circle
great circle
gnomonic curve
small circle
loxodromic curve
In the Celestial Equator System of coordinates, when the bodys

diurnal circle coincides with the celestial equator, the altitude
during upper transit will be equal to the:
A. Azimuth
B. Latitude
C. Declination
D. co-Latitude
36
co-Latitude
A plane that cuts the Earths surface at any angle and passes
A great circle
through the center will always form________.

A. a small circle
B. a meridian
C. a great circle
D. the equator
A plane that cuts the Earth surface at any angle and passes
a meridian
through the center will always form ________________.

A. a loxodromic curve
B. a meridian
C. the equator
D. a small circle
The value of the intercepted arc of a meridian between the
co-Latitude
elevated pole and the observers zenith is known as ____.

A. Co-latitude
B. Meridian angle
C. Polar distance
D. Zenith distance
The distance between any two meridians measured along a

parallel of latitude:
A. decreases as DLO increases
B. decreases with increased latitude
C. increases in north latitude and decreases in south latitude
D. increases with increased latitude
The distance between any two meridians measured along a
decreases with
increased latitude
departure
parallel of latitude and expressed in miles is

the________________.
A. difference in longitude
B. meridian angle
C. departure
D. mid-longitude
This is the celestial pole below the horizon of opposite name of the depressed pole
latitude or the elevated pole.
A. Depressed pole
B. Nadir
C. Circumpolar pole
D. Centripetal pole
Plane that cuts the Earth surface and passes through the poles will a meridian
always form ____________.
37
A plane that cuts the Earths surface at any angle and passes
a great circle
through the center will always form ________.
The rhumbline distance is the same as the great circle distance in

which of the following?
A. Course 180 T when you cross the equator
B. Course 090 T in high latitudes
C. Course 045 T in low latitudes
D. The rhumbline distance is always longer than the great circle
distance
A great circle track provides the maximum saving in distance

on_______________.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a rhumb line?

A. It plots as a straight line on a Lambert conformal chart
B. It cuts each meridian at the same angle
C. The course angle constantly changes to form the loxodromic
curve.
D. It is shortest distance between two points on the Earth
Each great circle on the Earth has a length of ________:

NOTE:
Course 180 T when

you cross the
equator
easterly courses in
high latitudes
It cuts each
meridian at the
same angle
21,600 miles
360 x 60 = 21,600 miles
The distance to the nearest vertex from any point on a great circle 5400 nautical miles
track cannot exceed ___________.
NOTE:
90 x 60 = 5,400 miles
38
CELESTIAL EQUATOR or
EQUINOCTIAL SYSTEM
Line d-d' = parallel of declination is a small circle.
Line Q-Q = celestial equator (equinoctial) is a great circle.
Parallel of declination is also known as the diurnal circle which is the
daily path of a celestial body.
Angle Q- d = Declination
Angle Pn d and Angle Ps d = Co-declination or the Polar Distance
Line Pn-X-Ps = Hour Circles or Celestial meridians
39
All of the following arcs or angles can be measured in the Horizon
Declination
system of coordinates EXCEPT ______.

A. Amplitude
B. Declination
C. Altitude
D. Azimuth
What is a parallel of declination?
A small circle on
the celestial sphere
parallel to the
celestial equator
In the celestial equator system of coordinates, latitude is
Declination
comparable to _________.
The GP of a body for a high altitude sight is determined from the
declination
Greenwich hour angle and the ________.
The angular distance measured along the hour circle to the diurnal Declination of the
circle of the celestial point is known as:
A. Diurnal Angle
B. Hour angle of the point
C. Parallel of declination
D. Declination of the point
point
What is the equivalent of the meridians in the celestial system of
Hour circles
coordinates?
The angle measured from the elevated pole along the hour circle
Polar Distance
to the diurnal circle passing by the body is called:
What is the equivalent of the co-altitude in the celestial equator

system of coordinates?
40
Polar distance
HORIZON SYSTEM
Line h-h' = Parallel of altitude or altitude circle
Line Hn-Hs = Celestial horizon
Angle Hs- h = Altitude
Angle Z h = Co-altitude or the Zenith Distance
Line Z-X-Na = Vertical Circle
NOTE:
A small circle on the celestial sphere parallel to the horizon connecting all points of
equal altitude. Also known as almucantar; altitude circle or parallel of altitude. Two stars
which have the same almucantar have the same altitude.
41
A body at the observers zenith will have a/an ____.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Altitude of 90
Azimuth of 090
Altitude of 90
Declination of 90
Amplitude of 45
In the horizon system of coordinates, latitude is equivalent
Altitude
to______.
In the horizon system of coordinate, longitude is equivalent to
Azimuth angle
_______.
The radius of the almucantar is equal to the ______.

A.
B.
C.
D.
co-altitude
co-altitude
amplitude
altitude
declination
The radius of a circle of equal altitude of a body is equal to the

_________________.
A. Co-altitude of the body
B. altitude of the body
C. co-declination of the body
D. polar distance
The intercepted arc of a vertical circle between the celestial

horizon and the almucantar is called the _____.
A. Rational horizon
B. Amplitude of the celestial body
C. Altitude circle of the body
D. Altitude of the celestial body
Co-altitude of the
body
Altitude of the
celestial body
The horizontal direction of a celestial point from a terrestrial point azimuth

expressed as the angular distance from a reference direction is
called ______ :
A. hour angle
B. right ascension
C. azimuth
D. bearing
The intercepted arc of the horizon between the principal vertical

circle and the vertical circle passing through the body when rising
or setting is called _____.
A. amplitude
B. azimuth
C. zenith distance
D. altitude
42
azimuth
When the azimuth is measured from north or south and labeled
azimuth angle
accordingly, it is called:
In working out a local apparent noon sight for your latitude, you
subtract the Ho from 90. The 90 represents the angular distance
from _____________________.
The DLAT between the geographic position of a celestial body and
your horizon to
your zenith
Zenith distance
your position, at the time of upper transit, is represented by

________.
The radius of a circle of equal altitude of a body is equal to:

A.
B.
C.
D.
zenith distance
geographical position
declination
polar distance
zenith distance
When the azimuth is measured from east or west and labeled
amplitude
accordingly, it is called:
A. azimuth angle
B. hour angle
C. amplitude
D. bearing
The rudder is hard over, full ahead in shallow water. How much
about 10 %
lift force remains when the engine is stopped?
The rudder is hard over, full ahead in deep water. How much lift
About 20%
force remains when the engine stopped?
When a conventional rudder is put hard over it creates a lift force about 80 %
and a drag force. When the ship has started to turn, how much lift
force do you think remains if the rudder-angle is decreased to 20
degrees from hard over position (35 degrees)?
The pivoting point of a vessel going ahead is __________.
about one-third of
the vessel's length
from the bow
The wind blowing up on an incline as a result of surface heating is anabatic wind

______.
NOTE:
Anabatic = Up
Katabatic = Down
43
HELION refers to the SUN

GEE refers to the MOON
NOTE:
PERI is Near
PERI = near (PERInear = Sobrang Lapit)
PeriHelion = earth Near the Sun >>> January
PeriGee
= earth Near the Moon
AP is Away or Far
AP = far (APfar = Sobrang Layo)
ApHelion = earth Away or Far from the Sun >>> July
ApoGee = earth Away or Far from the Moon
The Earth is closest to the sun in what month?

A.
B.
C.
D.
July
October
April
January
The sun is at Perihelion during month of ______________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
January
April
October
January
July
The Earth is farthest from the sun in what month?

A.
B.
C.
D.
perihelion
perigee
apogee
perihelion
aphelion
The sun is closest to the earth in what month?

A.
B.
C.
D.
January
July
October
April
January
In each planets orbit, the point nearest the sun is called:

A.
B.
C.
D.
January
July
October
April
January
44
July
The sun is at Aphelion during the month of :

A.
B.
C.
D.
July
July
October
April
January
The visible diameter of the sun as seen from the Earth during
31.5
aphelion is _____.
A. 31.5
B. 36.0
C. 32.0
D. 32.6
The visible diameter of the sun as seen from the Earth during
32.6
perihelion is _____.
A. 32.6
B. 32.0
C. 31.5
D. 30.0
The Sun at the maximum declination north would be
aphelion
approximately at ________________.
A. first point of Aries
B. autumnal equinox
C. perihelion
D. aphelion
The period of the Earth revolution from perihelion to perihelion is
anomalistic year
the ____________.
In a moons orbit, the point nearest the sun is called:

A.
B.
C.
D.
apogee
perigee
aphelion
perihelion
In a moons orbit, the point farthest from the sun is called:

A.
B.
C.
D.
perigee
apogee
perigee
aphelion
perihelion
45
apogee
The Moon appears larger in diameter at the zenith than when near Augmentation
the horizon. What is this called?
A. Horizontal Parallax
B. Libration
C. Augmentation
D. Parallax in altitude
What is the term used to identify the violent intense cold wind
blizzard
laden with snow mostly or entirely picked up from the ground?

A. cold front
B. foehn
C. fall wind
D. blizzard
As the propeller turns, voids are formed on the trailing and leading cavitation
edges of the propeller blades causing a loss of propulsive
efficiency, pitting of the blades, and vibration. These voids are
known as __________.
TIDES and CURRENTS

(c ) Level of water
(b) to ( c ) = ( e ) Height of Tide
__________________________ (b)Tidal Datum or Chart sounding Datum
( a) to (b) = ( d) Charted Depth
======================== (a) Sea bed or Sea bottom
( See F1 Book page TC 4 )
The height of the tide is the ______________.
difference between
the depth of the
water and area
tidal datum
All depths indicated on charts are reckoned from some selected
chart sounding
datum
levels of the water called______.

A. chart sounding datum
B. chart datum
C. mean high water
D. mean low water
46
Neap tides occurs only________________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
when the Moon is at quadrature

when the Sun, Moon and Earth are in line
at approximately 28-day intervals
at new or full moon
Spring tides occur_________________.

A. when the Sun and Moon are at approximately 90-deg. to
each other as seen from the Earth
B. at the start of spring, when the Sun is nearly over the
equator
C. when the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly in line, in any
order
D. only when the Sun and Moon are on the same side of the
earth and nearly in line
The velocity of a rotary tidal current will be decreased when the
when the Moon is

at quadrature
when the Sun,

Moon and Earth are
nearly in line, in any
order
at apogee
Moon is ______________.
Mean low water is the average height of_________________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
all low waters
high waters and low waters

all low waters
the lower of the two daily tides
the surface of the sea
When the moon is new or full, what type of tide occurs?
Spring
Current refers to the _____________________.
horizontal
movement of the
water
The movement of water away from shore or downstream is called ebb current
a (n) ______________.
In some river mouths and estuaries the incoming high-tide wave

crest overtakes the preceding low-tide trough. This results in a wall
of water proceeding upstream, and is called a___________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
bore
seiche
boundary wave
surge
47
bore
This is the high tide wave that abruptly move up to the river of
bore
peculiar configuration or location and may present hazards to

shipping.
This term refers to a heavenly body which has two meridian
circumpolar
passages one above and one below the elevated pole.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Bi-polar
Circumpolar
Elevated Pole
Center polar
What usually accompanies high pressure areas?

A.
B.
C.
D.
NOTE:
Clear cool weather
Humid sticky weather

Cool fog
Clear cool weather
Precipitation
HIGH PRESSURE AREAS = areas of good weather
The average long term meteorological condition of a place or
climate
region is called _____.

A.
B.
C.
D.
meteorological condition
climatic condition
climate
weather
In reading a weather map, high winds will be indicated by ______.

Closely spaced or steep pressure gradient means
high or strong winds.
NOTE:
The dense black cumulonimbus clouds surrounding the eye of a
Closely spaced
pressure gradient
lines
cloud walls
hurricane are called:
The Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (I.T.C.Z.) is generally

associated with :
Chart intended for inshore coastwise navigation where the course

may lie inside outlying reefs and shoals, for entering and leaving
harbour is called _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
sailing chart
general chart
harbour chart
coastal chart
48
Cloudy and
showery weather
coast chart
FRONTAL SYSTEM
-RED HALF CIRCLES = WARM FRONT

-BLUE TRIANGLES = COLD FRONT
-ALTERNATE PURPLE TRIANGLES AND HALF CIRCLES =

OCCLUDED FRONT
-cold air displaces warm air = cold front
-warm air displaces cold air = warm front
-cold front overtaking warm front = occluded front
A boundary between two masses is a _______________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
front
isobar
lapse rate
continent
What is TRUE about a front?

A.
B.
C.
D.
front
All of these
There are abrupt pressure differences across a front.

It is a boundary between two air masses.
All of these
There are temperature differences on opposite sides of a
front.
49
An air mass is termed warm if:

A.
B.
C.
D.
it originated in a low pressure area

it originated in a high pressure area
it is above 70 F
the ground over which it moves is cooler than the mass
This is an extensive body of air with fairly uniform (horizontal)
the ground over

which it moves is
cooler than the
mass
air mass
physical properties, especially temperature and humidity.

A. Pressure gradient
B. Cold front
C. Warm front
D. Air mass
The low pressure enclosed by one or more isobars is called:
Frontal depression
The resultant of the commencement of the air when it forces its
frontal depression
way to the cold air:
On a weather map, warm fronts are drawn as ____________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
a solid red line
a solid red line

a solid purple line
a solid blue line
a solid band of red and blue line
On a weather map, a stationary front is represented as _________. alternating red and

A.
B.
C.
D.
blue lines
alternating red and blue lines with circles and triangles
alternating red and blue lines with half circles and triangles
red lines
On a weather map, warm fronts are drawn as _________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
a solid red line with half circles

a solid red line with triangles
a solid blue line with half circles
a solid blue line with triangles
This term is applied to the closing of the isobars at a front which

means that the activity at the front is increasing with a deepening
of the depression or more likely the formation of a secondary
depression.
A. Secondary depression
B. Photogenesis
C. Frontolysis
D. Frontogenesis
50
blue lines with half

circles and triangles
a solid red line with

half circles
Frontogenesis
This term is applied to spreading of the isotherms at a front, which Frontolysis

means that the front is less active and the depression will be
filling.
Frontolysis occurs when ___________.
the isobars are

cyclonic
This term is applied to spreading of the isotherms at a front, which Frontolysis

means that the front is less active and the depression will be
filling.
A. Secondary depression
B. Photogenesis
C. Frontolysis
D. Frontogenesis
In the Northern hemisphere, gusty winds shifting clockwise, a
Cold front
rapid drop in temperature, thunderstorms or rain squalls. In

summer ( frequent rain/snow squalls in winter) then a rise in
pressure followed by clearing skies, indicate the passage of a (n) :
NOTE: Descriptions during the passage of a cold front are
somewhat BIGLA!!! Or PANGGULAT!!! Like gusty winds, rapid
drop, thunderstorm, etc Then after passage of cold front,
generally comes good weather, gaganda na ang panahon like
rise in pressure followed by clearing skies
After a cold front passes the barometric pressure usually ____.

A.
B.
C.
D.
remains the same

fluctuates
remains the same, with clouds forming rapidly
rises, often quite rapidly, with clearing skies
Squall lines with an almost unbroken line of threatening black

clouds and sharp changes in wind direction, generally a/an _____.
A. fast-moving cold front
B. slow-moving warm front
C. stationary front
D. occluded front
rises, often quite

rapidly, with
clearing skies
fast-moving cold
front
Note: Description of cold fronts: Brief, short, sudden, sharp
When cold air displaces warm air you have a/an:

NOTE:
cold air displaces warm air = cold front

warm air displaces cold air = warm front
cold front overtaking warm front = occluded front
51
cold front
Which weather change accompanies the passage of a cold front in A line of

the Northern Hemisphere?
cumulonimbus
clouds
In the northern hemisphere, wind is veering sharply to the west or cold front has
northwest with increasing velocity are indications that a ______.
An occluded front is usually caused by a ______.

NOTE:
cold air displaces warm air = cold front

warm air displaces cold air = warm front
cold front overtaking warm front = occluded front
On a weather map, the half circles in a stationary front are
passed
cold front
overtaking a warm
front
colder air
pointing towards _____.

A. low pressure area
B. high pressure area
C. warmer air
D. colder air
The movement of a cyclone tends to be:
Parallel to the
isobars in their
warm sectors
After the passage of a cold front, the barometric pressure:
rises, and the

temperature drops
What happens to the pressure and wind as the cold front passes
Pressure rises and

wind become gusty
the place of the observer?

A. Pressure rises and wind become gusty
B. Pressure drops and wind calms
C. Pressure drops and wind calms
D. Pressure drops and wind become steady
As a cold front passes an observer, pressure _______.

A.
B.
C.
D.
drops and winds become variable

rises and winds become variable
rises and winds become gusty
drop and winds become gusty
52
rises and winds

become variable
The first indications a mariner will have of the approach of a

warm front will be:
A. large cumulonimbus (thunderclouds) building up
B. high cirrus clouds gradually changing to cirrostratus and
then to altostratus
C. low dark clouds accompanied by intermittent rain
D. fog caused by the warm air passing over the cooler water
Clouds appearing in the following order: cirrus, cirrostratus,
high cirrus clouds

gradually changing
to cirrostratus and
then to altostratus
warm front
altostratus, status, and nimbostratus usually indicate the approach

of a (n) ______________.
A. occluded front
B. warm front
C. cold front
D. medium front
Which of the following is a characteristic of the weather preceding steadily falling

an approaching warm front?
A. decreasing relative humidity
B. clearing skies
C. steadily falling barometric pressure
D. gusty winds
barometric
pressure
NOTE: On the other hand, an approaching warm front means bad

weather is coming
Steady precipitation is a typical of __________.
A warm front
weather condition
On a weather map, triangles are pointing toward the _______.
warmer air
A.
B.
C.
D.
warmer air
colder air
high pressure area
low pressure area
A warm front marks the region _________________:
where a warm air is

replacing cold air
On the approach of a warm front, barometric pressure usually :
falls
A.
B.
C.
D.
falls
remains steady
is uncertain
rises
53
Which of the following is typical of warm front weather
steady precipitation
conditions?
A. scattered cumulus clouds
B. a wind shift from southwest to northwest
C. steady precipitation
D. a steady barometer
The slope of a warm front is about:
1 mile vertically to
150 miles
horizontally
The final stage of the development of a cyclone is called a (n)
Occluded front
__________.
This is a kind of front which appears on weather maps as a solid
occluded front
purple line with at alternating triangles and half circles.
In the last stages of the extra-tropical cyclone, the closing of its
Occlusion
warm sector by an overtaking cold front which races about the

systems center is called:
A stationary front is a ______________.
Either I or II
I. cold front
II. Warm front
In the Southern Hemisphere, the westerlies blow throughout the
roaring forties
year steadily approaching that of the trade winds. These are called
the ______.
A. roaring forties
B. prevailing westerlies
C. horse latitudes
D. polar winds
______ refers to any change of permanent magnet or soft iron

correctors to reduce normal compass errors.
A. compass correction
B. compass adjustment and compensation
C. compass adjustment
D. compass compensation
54
compass
adjustment
When a vessels degaussing coils are energized, the magnetic field
Compass
of the vessel is completely altered. This introduces large deviations compensation
in the magnetic compasses. This is then removed by introducing at
the magnetic compass an equal and opposite force with energized
coils by a process known:
A. Compass adjustment
B. Compass compensation
C. Degaussing compensation
D. Deviation adjustment
The term used to identify the semi-circular deviation which is
Coefficient C
proportional to the cosine of the compass heading, where it is

maximum on the North or South and zero on East or West heading
is:
NOTE:
Sine of compass heading = Coefficient B

Cosine of compass heading = Coefficient C
Sine Twice of compass heading = Coefficient D
Cosine Twice of compass heading = Coefficient E
What is the semi-circular deviation which is proportional to the
Coefficient B
sine of the compass heading?
A relatively low pressure neck between two cyclones is called
col
______.
What causes an air particle to be deflected to the right of its line of Coriolis Force
motion in the North Hemisphere and to the left of its line of
motion in the South Hemisphere?
What is the apparent force that causes a deflection of ocean

current to the right in the Northern hemisphere and to left in the
Southern hemisphere?
WIND CIRCULATION:
NLCC >>> N.H. > L.P. > Counter Clockwise Inward
N.H. > H.P. > Clockwise Outward
S.H. > L.P. > Clockwise Inward
S.H. > H.P. > Counter Clockwise Outward
55
Coriolis force
What is the wind circulation around a high pressure (H.P.) center

in the S. Hemisphere(S.H.)?
Present weather is sunny with a steady barometer. A low swell

approaches your vessel from the south with crests passing at
relatively long periods of about four per minute. This usually
indicates __________.
What classification of tropical cyclone would have closed isobars,
Counterclockwise
and moving
outwards from the
high
a tropical cyclone
south of your vessel
A tropical storm
counter clockwise rotary circulation, and sustained winds between

34 and 63 knots?
Which condition exists in the eye of a hurricane?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Wind rapidly changing in direction

Towering cumulonimbus clouds
A temperature much lower than that outside the eye
An extremely low barometric pressure
An extremely low
barometric
pressure
This is the angle, which the wind makes with the isobars.
angle of indraught
A relatively thin shell of air, water vapor, and suspended
atmosphere
particulates surrounding the earth is called _____.

A. stratosphere
B. troposphere
C. ionosphere
D. atmosphere
In weather analysis, the approach of a storm is through

observation of wind, waves, swell and the ______.
A. storm surge
B. atmospheric pressure
C. storm tide
D. storm wave
The principal guide to the state of the atmosphere at any given

time is the ______.
56
atmospheric
pressure
atmospheric
pressure
The inner cloud bands of a hurricane, when viewed from a
bar of the storm
distance, form a mass of dense, black cumulonimbus clouds called

the ______________.
Atmospheric pressure is measured by a _____.

A.
B.
C.
D.
barometer
hygrometer
barometer
aneroid barometer
mercurial barometer
The daily recurring pattern of pressure changes most noticeable in diurnal variation of
low latitudes is the __________.
pressure
What do the numbers on isobars indicate?
barometric
pressure
This is the outward force from the center of high or low pressure.
cyclostrophic force
A.
B.
C.
D.
foehn wind force

gradient force
coriolis force
cyclostrophic force
Which star is at the head of the Northern Cross?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Alioth
Alkaid
Denebola
Deneb
One of the two pointers in the Ursa Minor pointing to Polaris is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Deneb
Kochab
Alphecca
Alioth
Kochab
Dubhe
NOTE: Ursa MINOR = Kochab

Ursa MAJOR = Dubhe
One of the two stars pointing to Polaris in the Ursa Major is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Dubhe
Kochab
Alphecca
Alioth
57
Dubhe
One of the stars pointing to the Southern Cross is the:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Hadar
Canopus
Procyon
Hadar
Rigel
Northern lights are also called _______.

NOTE:
aurora borealis
AURORA means Light

BOREALIS refers to North
AUSTRALIS refers to South
Hence, Aurora Borealis is Northern Light

Aurora Australis is Southern Light
A complex mirage due to objects generally magnified and
fata morgana
distorted is ______.
This is a complex mirage characterized by marked distortion on
fata morgana
objects, magnified and at times, even multiplied generally in the

vertical and even appeared towering.
A. superior mirage
B. inferior mirage
C. fata morgana
D. spectrum
A circular band of the sky extending 8 degrees on each side of the
zodiac
ecliptic is called:
A. constellation
B. zodiac
C. solstice
D. zodiacal belt
A faint glow observed extending upward along the ecliptic before

sunrise and after sunset is called ______.
A. gegenschein
B. halo
C. corona
D. zodiacal light
58
zodiacal light
This is a faint cone of light which extends upward from the horizon zodiacal light
along the ecliptic after sunset or before sunrise
A. gegenschein
B. counterglow
C. zodiacal light
D. twilight
The angle between the magnetic meridian and the axis of a
deviation
compass card expressed in degrees east or west to indicate to

indicate which direction is the compass card offset from the
magnetic north is called ______.
A. magnetic dip
B. deviation angle
C. deviation
D. variation
What is the most elusive factor of a magnetic compass which
deviation
change with every direction given to the ships heading?

A. compass error
B. course error
C. deviation
D. variation
Pressure Gradient is a _______________.

A. difference in pressure in unit distance measured at right
angles to the isobars
B. Line joining places having equal pressure
C. Kind of gradient wind
D. Daily change in barometric pressure
This is the term used to identify the instance when an electronic
difference in
pressure in unit
distance measured
at right angles to
the isobars
diffraction
wave is partially obstructed from two different places.

A.
B.
C.
D.
refraction
ionization
diffraction
interference
It is the angle between the grid and magnetic meridian at any

place.
A.
B.
C.
D.
NOTE:
Deviation
grivation
inclination
dip
GRID Variation or Grivation
59
Dip (but correct

answer should be
grivation)
What procedure do you use when placing lines from two different Dipping the eye
vessels on the same bollard?
In evening observations, the first stars to be observed are those
Eastern
with azimuth in what quadrant?

NOTE:
Either evening or morning observations:

the first stars to be observed = Eastern
the last stars to be observed = Western
The path of the sun appears to take among the stars due to the
ecliptic
annual revolution of the earth in its orbit is called ______.

A. declination
B. elliptic
C. ecliptic
D. diurnal circle
At meridian passage, the bearing of the body will be:

A.
B.
C.
D.
South
North
neither North nor South
either North or South
The difference between local apparent time (LAT) and local mean
either North or
South
equation of time
time (LMT) is indicated by the_______.

A. zone description
B. longitude in time units
C. difference of longitude between the local and central
meridian in time units
D. equation of time
A group of stars close together forming a striking

configuration such as a person or animal is called _________.
Constellation
A large group of stars revolving around a center is known
Galaxy
as a :
A.
B.
C.
D.
Universe
Constellation
Star Clouds
Galaxy
60
A vast collection cluster of stars and clouds of gas is called: Galaxy

A.
B.
C.
D.
Universe
Constellation
Star Clouds
Galaxy
Milky Way is a term associated with ___________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Galaxy
Universe
Constellation
Star Clouds
Galaxy
A cloudy patch of matter in the heavens within the galaxy of
Galactic Nebula
which the sun is a part is called:

A. Globular cluster
B. Galactic nebula
C. Super nova
D. Extra galactic nebula
A cloudy patch of matter in the heavens outside the galaxy is
Extragalactic nebula
called _____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Open cluster
Gegenschein
Extragalactic nebula
Nova star
In the Horizon system of coordinates, the arc of the horizon

measured from the East point of the horizon in a direction
towards the Principal Vertical circle through the North Celestial
Pole will give an amplitude in which quadrant?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Third Quadrant
Fourth Quadrant
First Quadrant
Second Quadrant
61
First Quadrant
MAJOR CIRCLES OF EARTH MARKED BY THE PATH OF THE SUN
NORTH POLE ------- 90 00 N
North Frigid Zone

ARCTIC CIRCLE ----------------------------------- 66 33 N
North Temperate Zone

TROPIC OF CANCER-------------------------------------------------23 27 N
North Torrid Zone

EQUATOR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 00
South Torrid Zone

TROPIC OF CAPRICORN ------------------------------------------23 27 S
South Temperate Zone

ANTARCTIC CIRCLE ----------------------------66 33 S
South Frigid Zone

SOUTH POLE--------- 90 00 S
NOTE: There are instances that the Latitude of Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of
Capricorn appears to be 2326 N or S.
The areas inside the polar circles are called ______.

A.
B.
C.
D.
polar circles
torrid zone
temperate zone
frigid zone
Places situated in Lat 30 N are within the:

A.
B.
C.
D.
frigid zone
North Frigid Zone

limits of the polar circles
Torrid Zone
62
North Temperate
Zone
Places situated in Lat 30 N are within the _____________.
North Temperate
Zone
The Arctic Circle marks the___________________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
northern limit of
southern limit of the north temperate zone
the north
the southern limit of the south temperate zone
temperate zone or
northern limit of the north temperate zone or southern limit southern limit of
of the north frigid zone
the north frigid
northern limit of the south temperate zone
zone
The Antarctic circle marks the________________________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
southern limit of the south temperate zone

northern limit of the south temperate zone
southern limit of the north temperate zone
northern limit of the north temperate zone
northern limit of
the south
temperate zone
The tropic of Capricorn marks the _____________________.
northern limit of
the south
temperate zone
The Arctic Circle marks the________________.
southern limit of
the north frigid
zone
The regions between the frigid zones and the torrid zones are
temperate zones
called ______.
A. polar regions
B. temperate zones
C. Antarctic regions
D. Arctic regions
Everywhere between the parallels of about 23 26 North and 23
torrid zone
26 South, the Sun is directly overhead during the year. This area is
called the:
A. temperate zone
B. torrid zone
C. polar circles
D. frigid zone
The tropic of Capricorn marks the southern limit of the :
63
Torrid Zone
It is the atmosphere in the vicinity of a low pressure area = cyclone

CYCLONE = Low Pressure (Bad weather)
ANTI-CYCLONE = High Pressure (Good Weather)
(ANTI means opposite)
NOTE:
64
The navigable semi-circle of a storm in the Northern hemisphere is From the direction
that area of the storm measured __________.
NOTE:
N-D-R
>>>>>> N.H. >> Dangerous >> Right

N.H. >> Navigable >> Left
S.H. >> Dangerous >> Left
S.H. >> Navigable >> Right
Storm Path
Navigable
Semi-circle
of the storm
movement
counterclockwise
Dangerous
Semi-circle
Storm Track
The typhoon track is the line which a typhoon :
Has already passed
NOTE: Typhoon PATH = forecasted to pass dadaanan pa lang

Typhoon TRACK = already passed nadaanan na!
The typhoon path is the line in which a typhoon :
Is forecasted to
pass
The dangerous semi-circle of a typhoon in the Northern
to the right of the

storm track
Hemisphere is the area:
The navigable semicircle of a typhoon in the Southern

You are attempting to locate your position with reference to a

hurricane center in the Northern Hemisphere. If the wind
direction remains steady, but with diminishing velocity, you are
most likely.
NOTE:
1. wind direction remains steady, but with diminishing
velocity = on the storm track behind the center
2. wind direction remains steady, but with increasing
velocity = on the storm path ahead
3. wind is veering = dangerous semi-circle
4. wind is backing = navigable semi-circle
65
to the right of the

storm track
on the storm track

behind the center
It is the atmosphere in the vicinity of a low pressure area.

NOTE:
cyclone
CYCLONE = Low Pressure (Bad weather)

Which of the following conditions does not indicate an

approaching tropical storm?
A. Halos about the sun or moon
B. Long high swells
C. Decrease in wind velocity
D. Cirrus clouds
In the Northern Hemisphere, the largest waves or swells created

by a typhoon or hurricane will be located:
What kind of conditions would your observe as the eye of a storm

passes over your vessel position?
A. Flat calm seas, heavy rain, light winds and an extremely low
barometer
B. Huge waves approaching from all directions, clearing skies,
light winds and an extremely low barometer.
C. Huge waves approaching from all directions, clearing skies,
light winds and high pressure
D. Flat calm seas, heavy rain, light winds and high pressure
A wind speed of 63 knots and above in the Beaufort scale
Decrease in wind
velocity
Forward and to the

right of its course
Huge waves
approaching from
all directions,
clearing skies, light
winds and an
extremely low
barometer
Hurricane
indicates:
A hurricane moving northeast out of the Gulf passes west of your
Light showers
position. You could expect all of the following EXCEPT _______?
What kind of pressure systems travel in easterly waves?
Low pressure
In the relatively calm area near the hurricane center, the seas
mountainous and
confused
are___________.
A. calm
B. mountainous and confused
C. mountainous but fairly regular as far as direction is
concerned
D. moderate but easily navigated
66
The edge of a hurricane has overtaken your vessel in the Gulf of

Mexico, and the northwest wind of a few hours ago has shifted to
the west. This is an indication that you are located in the
__________.
If you are in the Northern Hemisphere and experience backing

winds in a tropical cyclone, you are in the ________.
The largest waves or swells created by a typhoon or hurricane will

be located:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Navigable
semicircle
navigable semicircle
forward and to the

right of its course
In the southeast quadrant of the storm

Directly behind the storm center
Behind and to the left of its course
forward and to the right of its course
What is the usual characteristic of anticyclones?
Dry fair weather
NOTE:
Anticyclones are usually characterized by _____________.
Dry, fair weather
A tropical wave is usually preceded by _________.
good weather
A.
B.
C.
D.
heavy rain
heavy seas
good weather
tropical storms
The direction of surface wind is:
From high pressure

toward low
pressure deflected
by the earths
rotation
If an extremely cold air from shore passes over warmer water,
frost smoke
what would occur?
67
A belt of low pressure at the earths surface near the equator is
doldrums
called _____.
A. meteorological equator
B. equatorial doldrums
C. doldrums
D. equatorial belt
The diurnal pressure variation is most noticeable in the
doldrums
_________.
A. doldrums
B. horse latitudes
C. roaring forties
D. polar regions
Where is the diurnal pressure variation most noticeable?

A.
B.
C.
D.
doldrums
horse latitudes
roaring forties
polar regions
Which of the following will act to dissipate fog?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Rain that is warmer than air

Upwelling cold water
Down slope motion of an air mass along a coast
Advection of warm air over a colder surface
Frost smoke will occur when ___________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
extremely cold air from shore passes over warmer water

warm dry air from shore passes over cooler water
cold ocean water evaporates into warm water
cool rain passes through a warm air mass
A tropical wave is located 200 miles due west of your position,

which is north of the equator. Where will the wave be located 24
hours later?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Doldrums
farther away to the west

farther away to the east
closer and to the east
farther away to the west
68
Down slope motion

of an air mass along
a coast
extremely cold air

from shore passes
over warmer water
farther away to the

west
The air temperature is dropping and is approaching the dew point. fog
Which type of weather should be forecasted?
Which is TRUE about Light Lists?

A. furnishes complete information about navigation lights and
other navigational aids
B. replace charts and sailing directions
C. they do not supplement but replaces charts and sailing
directions
D. determine the characteristics of all navigational aids
Chart intended for coastwise navigation outside of outlying reefs
furnishes complete
information about
navigation lights
and other
navigational aids
general chart
and shoals is called______.

A.
B.
C.
D.
sailing chart
general chart
harbour chart
coastal chart
Chart with a natural scale of 1:180,000 is classified as a:

A.
B.
C.
D.
General chart
sailing chart
general chart
harbour chart
coastal chart
When land is within sight, navigating on coastwise outside outlying general chart
danger such as reefs and shoals, which nautical chart is to be
used?
A.
B.
C.
D.
coastal chart
sailing chart
harbor chart
general chart
What of the following describes the forecast for the next 24 hours
of wind, weather, and visibility for each coastal area and the latest
report from coastal stations?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Coastal weather report

Coastal
General synopsis
Coastal warnings
69
General synopsis
A projection where points on the earth are transferred directly to
gnomonic
a plane and the origin of the projecting rays is the center of the
earth is called _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stereographic
poluclonic
gnomonic
orthographic
A projection where the plane is tangent to the earth and points
Gnomonic
are projected geometrically from the center of the earth is called

______.
This is a type of perspective azimuthal projection in which points

on the surface of a sphere are conceived as projected by radial
from the center to the tangent plane.
A.
B.
C.
D.
azimuthal projection
stereographic projection
conic projection
gnomonic projection
A low HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) number such as

2 indicates a ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
gnomonic
projection
good fix
good signal quality

poor signal quality
poor fix
good fix
During sunset, the refraction of light from the sun passing thru the green flash
atmosphere is called:
What type of day mark (IALA-B) is used to mark the port side of
the channel when entering from sea?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Green square
Black and white diamond
red triangle
Red and white octagon
70
Green square
Often expressed in time units, it is the arc between the hour circle
of the apparent sun and the lower branch of the Greenwich
meridian.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Greenwich
Apparent Time
Local Apparent Time

Right Ascension
Greenwich Apparent Time
Greenwich Mean Time
What is the equivalent of the longitudes in the celestial system of

coordinates?
The error in a compass which indicates the direction in which the
Greenwich Hour
Angle
gyro error
axis of the compass is offset from true north is the ____.

A.
B.
C.
D.
compass error
deviation
gyro error
magnetic compass error
If the isobars are curved, the wind blowing is called _____.

A.
B.
C.
D.
gradient wind
geostophotic wind
pressure gradient wind
gradient wind
geostropic wind
If the isobars are straight, the wind is called geostrophic and if it
gradient wind
curved it is called:
The greater the pressure difference between a high and a low

pressure center, the _______________.
What kind of weather would you expect to accompany the

passage of a tropical wave?
A. dense fog
B. a tropical storm
C. good weather
D. heavy rain and cloudiness
Which factor is/are used in the charted information of a

lighthouse?
71
Greater the force of

the wind will be
heavy rain and

cloudiness
Height and intensity

of the light
Geographical range of a light depends upon the:

A.
B.
C.
D.
height of the light

height of both the light and the observer
the visibility at the time
height of the observer
The difference in apparent position as viewed from the Earth and

the sun is known as _____.
A. Heliocentric parallax
B. Horizontal parallax
C. Geocentric parallax
D. Parallax in Altitude
height of both the

light and the
observer
Heliocentric
parallax
NOTE: HELION also refers to the Sun.
The diurnal pressure variation is commonly observed on the area
horse latitude
of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
roaring forties
doldrums
polar regions
horse latitude
Along the poleward side of each trade wind belt and
horse latitudes
approximately with the belt of high pressure in each hemisphere is

a region with weak pressure gradients and correspondingly with
light, variable winds. These winds are called the ______.
A. trade winds
B. polar winds
C. horse latitudes
D. prevailing westerlies
_______ is a measure of the atmospheres vapor content.

A.
B.
C.
D.
humidity
humidity
hygrometer
psychrometer
relative humidity
Which condition will occur after a cold front passes?
Humidity decreases
A swift current occurring in a narrow passage connection large
hydraulic current
bodies of water, which is produced by the continuously changing

difference in height of tide at the two ends of the passage, is called
a:
72
The scale on the chart is given as 1:5,000,000. This means that:
I inch is equal to
5,000,000 inches on
the earth surface
When the radar waves are trapped in the atmosphere, which of
increase of radar
range
the following occurs?

A.
B.
C.
D.
increase of radar range

decrease of radar range
loss of energy to the radio waves
radar energy remained unchanged
The change in the length of the day becomes greater as latitude

increases because of the_________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
increased obliquity
of the Suns diurnal
circle
decreasing distance relative to the equator

increased obliquity of the Suns diurnal circle
path of the ecliptic relative to the equator
changing distance between the Earth and the Sun
Chart information details to be used in ECDIS should be the latest

edition of information originated by a government authorized
hydrographic office and conform to the standards of (the) :
The area in low latitudes in which the trade winds of the Northern
and Southern hemispheres converge is called:
The normal variation between the actual depth of water and the
International
Hydrographic
Organization
Inter-tropical
Convergence Zone
is extremely cold
indicated depth on an electronic depth sounder due to water

conditions is on the side of safety. This would NOT be true in a
case when the water____________________.
A. is fresh
B. has high salinity
C. is extremely cold
D. is unusually warm
An amplitude of the Sun in high latitudes___________.

A. is most accurate before sunset
B. should only be observed when the Sun lower limb is above
the horizon
C. is most accurate after sunset
D. is most accurate when the Sun center is observed on the
visible horizon
73
is most accurate
when the Sun
center is observed
on the visible
horizon
The prefix ISO means EQUAL or the same.

ISOBAR = EQUAL PRESSURE
ISALLOBAR = EQUAL CHANGE OF PRESSURE
ISOHYET = EQUAL RAINFALL
ISODYNAMIC = EQUAL MAGNETIC INTENSITY
ISOHALINE = EQUAL SALINITY
ISOHEL = EQUAL SUNSHINE
ISOTHERM = EQUAL TEMPERATURE
At some distance above the earths surface, the wind tends to
blow along lines connecting points of equal pressure called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
gradient force
doldrums
isobars
pressure gradient
Isallobar is a ________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
line joining places having equal pressure

line joining places having an equal change of pressure
line joining places having an equal height above sea level.
line joining places having equal temperature
NOTE:
line joining places having equal rainfall

line joining places having equal sunshine
line joining places having equal barometric pressure
line joining places having equal temperature
Isohaline is a _____________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
isodynamic line
isogram line
isoclinic line
isogonic line
isodynamic line
Isohyet is a ________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
line joining places

having an equal
change of pressure
ISOBAR = PRESSURE
ISALLOBAR = CHANGE OF PRESSURE
A line connecting points of equal magnetic intensity.

A.
B.
C.
D.
siobars
line joining places having equal salinity

line joining places having equal sunshine
line joining places having equal rainfall
line joining places having equal barometric pressure
74
line joining places

having equal
rainfall
line joining places

having equal
salinity
Isohel is a ________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
line joining places of equal sunshine

line joining places of equal rainfall
line joining places of equal barometric pressure
line joining places of equal temperature
The line joining all places having the same temperature on
line joining places

of equal sunshine
isotherm
weather maps is called :
On an isomagnetic chart, the agonic line indicates the _________.
Points where there

is no variation
One of the advantages of a gyro compass over the magnetic
it does not seek the

magnetic meridian
compass is:
A. it does not seek the magnetic meridian
B. its directive force never change
C. it is run by electricity
D. its accuracy is unaffected by latitude
What do you call the current which is similar to the Gulf Stream
Kuroshio current
predominantly flows on north-north-easterly direction?
The trade winds is the wind you are likely to encounter in the
Lat 5 and 30
North Atlantic between:
In the Buoyage system, this aids to indicate the sides of a

navigable channel, marks junctions and bifurcations in channels
and also marks the general safe centerline of wide bodies of
water.
A.
B.
C.
D.
cardinal system
separation scheme
lateral system
traffic flow system
NOTE: LATERAL refers to side.
75
lateral system
A spherical buoy may be:

A.
B.
C.
D.
lettered
numbered
lettered
all of these
lighted
NOTE: Any buoy which can be placed at the center or middle of a

channel is LETTERED. Like a spherical buoy which implies a safe
water mark. Also for a preferred channel buoy, it is LETTERED.
For lateral marks, they are NUMBERED.
What is the phase of the moon when it rises about midnight and
Last quarter
sets at about noon?

A. Last quarter
B. Full moon
C. First quarter
D. New moon
An irregularity in the motion of the Earth due to the disturbing
lunar pertuberance
effect of other celestial bodies, principally the moon is called :

A. aberration
B. nutation
C. augmentation
D. lunar pertuberance
NOTE:
LUNAR refers to the moon.
An instrument for indicating a horizontal difference relative to the
magnetic compass
earth depending upon the magnetic attraction of the earth is

called :
A. gyroscopic device
B. magnetic device
C. magnetic compass
D. gyro compass
Deviation and variation are applied to the :

A.
B.
C.
D.
magnetic compass
true north
magnetic north
gyro compass
magnetic compass
What is the angle the magnetic north measured clockwise to the

direction of the object being measured?
76
magnetic course or
bearing
Deviation is caused by ___________.
magnetic influence
inherent to that
particular vessel
It is the direction of the horizontal component of the earth
magnetic meridian
magnetic field running towards the north magnetic pole.
In what direction is the magnetic compass pointing if it is
magnetic north
influenced by the earths magnetic field and is free from the

magnetic influence of surrounding structures?
Variation in a compass is caused by____________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
magnetism within the vessel

lack of oil in the compass bearings
magnetism from the earth magnetic field
worn gears in the compass housing
Compass deviation is caused by__________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
misalignment of the compass

magnetism within the vessel
a dirty compass housing
magnetism from the earth magnetic field
All of the following arcs or angles can be measured in the Horizon
magnetism from
the earth magnetic
field
magnetism within
the vessel
Meridian angle
system of coordinates EXCEPT ______.

A. Co-altitude
B. Rising Amplitude
C. True Azimuth
D. Meridian angle
The difference in degrees between the GHA of the body and the
Meridian angle
longitude of the observer is the _________.
Climate is prevalent ________ condition of a place or region.
Meteorological
The term gegenschein is associated with ________________.
meteors
A.
B.
C.
D.
stars
moon
planets
meteors
77
Zodiacal light is related to _____________.
meteors
A Pulse length is expressed in:
micro-seconds
Asteroids lie chiefly between Mars and Jupiter and are considered
Minor Planets
_____.
A. Minor Planets
B. Inferior Planets
C. Outer Planets
D. Inner Planets
What do you call the type of tide where the presence of a diurnal
mixed tides
wave is conspicuous by a large inequality in the heights of either

the two high tides or two low tides usually occurring each tidal
day?
A seasonal wind blowing from a large land mass to the ocean in
Monsoon
winter and in the opposite direction in summer is :
The Earth is the primary of the ______________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Moon
Moon
Venus
Sun
Jupiter
Note: Sun is the primary of Earth
Tropic tides are caused by the________________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Moon being at perigee

Sun and Moon both being near 0-deg. declination
Moon crossing the equator
Moon being at its maximum declination
To warp a vessel means to __________.

NOTE:
Moon being at its

maximum
declination
move the vessel by

hauling on lines
WARPING means hauling lines by the use of winches.
____________ is a maritime radio warning system consisting of a

series of coast stations transmitting radio teletype safety
messages.
A. Digital Selective Calling (DSC)
B. AMVER
C. Maritime Safety Information (MSI)
D. NAVTEX
78
NAVTEX
A wind speed of between 28 to 33 knots is called __________ in
Near gale or force 7
the Beaufort scale?

Use Formula:
v = 1.63 x B.Force^1.5
= 1.63 x 7^1.5
v = 30 knots (between 28 to 33 knots)
Refraction is greatest when the celestial body is ________.
Near the horizon
You are in the Northern Hemisphere and a tropical wave is located Nearby to the east
east of your position. Where will the wave be located 12 hours
later:
In the Horizon System of coordinates, the arc of the horizon
Fourth Quadrant
measured from the West point of the horizon in a direction

towards the Principal Vertical circle through the North celestial
Pole will give an amplitude in which quadrant?
A. Fourth Quadrant
B. Second Quadrant
C. First Quadrant
D. Third Quadrant
The horizontal intensitys component along a geographic or true
North component
meridian is the:
What is the horizontal intensity component along a geographic or
North component
true meridian?
In magnetism, what is the region in which the lines of force leave
North pole
the iron?
If your weather bulletin shows the center of a low pressure area to north to northwest
be 100 miles due east of your position, what winds can you expect
in the northern hemisphere?
A. north to northwest
B. east to southeast
C. east to northeast
D. south to southeast
79
According to Buys Ballot Law, when an observer in the Northern
northeast
Hemisphere (N.H.)experiences a northwest wind, the center of the

low pressure(L.P.) is located to the ____ .
Buys Ballots Law:

N-L- R > Facing the Wind: N.H >> L.P. to the Right
N.H. >> H.P. to the Left
S.H. >> L.P. to the Left
S.H. >> H.P. to the Right
Low Pressure is somewhat or slightly behind.
High Pressure is somewhat or slightly ahead.
How would the pressure gradient between the horse latitudes and north-south
doldrums run?
The pressure gradient between the horse latitudes and doldrums
north-south
runs _________ :
A. northwest-southwest
B. northeast-southeast
C. east-west
D. north-south
This is a rocky crag or small mountain projecting from and
Nunatak
surrounded by glacier or ice sheet.

A. Nunatak
B. Rime
C. Nilas
D. Sastrugi
What type projection is formed if a plane is tangent to the earth,
Oblique gnomonic
and the points:
The celestial sphere as seen by an observer at Lat 30N is called

the :
A.
B.
C.
D.
quadrantal sphere
oblique sphere
right sphere
parallel sphere
The suns changing declination is caused by the :

A.
B.
C.
D.
oblique sphere
earth rotation
obliquity of the ecliptic
precession of the equinoxes
earth annual revolution around the sun
80
obliquity of the
ecliptic
Tropical cyclones do not form within 5 of the Equator because:
of negligible
Coriolis force
Clouds may form when air moves across the surface of the earth
orographic
that is forced to ascend over a hill or mountain and thus cools

adiabatically are called ______.
This is the type of rain that falls on the weather side of a mountain orographic rain
ranges and give some of the heaviest rain known:
A projections where points on the earth are transferred directly to Orthographic

a plane and the projecting lines are parallel to each other is called :
This is an azimuthal type of projection, in which the projection

lines emanating from a point at infinity are perpendicular to a
tangent plane.
A. gnomonic chart
B. stereographic projection
C. orthographic projection
D. polyconic projection
In making compass adjustments at sea, which international flag
orthographic
projection
Oscar Quebec
signal is hoisted?
A. Bravo
B. Quebec Oscar
C. Alpha
D. Oscar Quebec
What are slightly curved lines between the low and adjacent high? parallel isobars
The celestial sphere as seen by an observer at the geographical

poles is called the:
A. quadrantal sphere
B. oblique sphere
C. right sphere
D. parallel sphere
81
parallel sphere
At meridian transit, the diagram used by a navigator to illustrate

the angles involved is based on the________.
A. celestial equator as observed from above the south celestial
pole
B. plane of the Greenwich meridian
C. plane of the observers meridian
D. celestial equator as observed from above the south celestial
pole
plane of the
observers meridian
The deposit on the earths surface of water in liquid or solid state precipitation
or a combination of both is called ______.
NOTE:
The following are kind of precipitation:

1. rain
2. hail (with ice pellets)
3. drizzle
4. snow
5. sleet (combination of rain and snow)
Any or all forms of water particles whether liquid or solid that fall
precipitation
from the atmosphere and reach the ground is _____.

A. rain
B. precipitation
C. sleet
D. snow
Pressure gradient is a measure of ______________.
pressure difference
over horizontal
distance
A change in pressure with horizontal distance is called ____.
pressure gradient
A.
B.
C.
D.
isobaric pressure
isobaric gradient
pressure gradient
pressure gradient force
A resultant force of high and low pressure is:
Pressure gradient
force
The change of pressure with distance, the change of atmospheric
pressure gradient
force
pressure per unit horizontal distance, measured along a normal to

the isobars is ______.
82
The atmospheric pressure change is termed ______.
pressure tendency
On the poleward side of the high pressure belt in both
prevailing
westerlies
hemispheres, the atmospheric pressure again diminishes. The

wind in motion moves towards the poles and diverted by the
earths rotation toward the east. This wind system is called
_______.
What is the airflow along the poleward side of the high pressure
belt in each hemisphere diverted by the earth rotation towards
the east?
MARINE SEXTANT
83
Prevailing
westerlies
One complete turn of the drum of the sextant moves the index
1 degree
arm ________ along the arc.

A. 1/10th of a degree
B. 1 second of arc
C. 1 minute of arc
D. 1 degree
When the faces of the sextant shade glasses and mirrors are not
prismatic error
parallel, the error is called:

A. graduation error
B. centering error
C. index error
D. prismatic error
The principle of a sextant is that, when a plane surface reflects a
incidence
light ray, the angle of reflection equals the angle of:

A. plane surface
B. light ray
C. the body
D. incidence
The movable arm of the sextant is the:

A.
B.
C.
D.
index arm
release vernier
micrometer drum
tangent screw
index arm
The error remaining in the sextant after the navigator has
index error
removed side error, perpendicularity error and collimation error is:
Which of the following is a non-adjustable sextant error?

A.
B.
C.
D.
prismatic error
all of these
centering error
graduation error
Which of the following is adjustable sextant error?

A.
B.
C.
D.
all of these
perpendicularity error
all of these
index error
side error
84
all of these
The use of a marine sextant is/are:
all of these
A. measure vertical angles to find the range of an object of

known height
B. measure the altitudes of celestial bodies above the visible
horizon
C. measures the angle between two points by bringing them
into coincidence
D. all of these
What happens because of augmentation?

A. The horizon appears elevated when observing a bright Sun
or Moon at low altitudes
B. The Moon appears larger at the full Moon
C. The Moon appears larger as the elevation increases
D. The Sun appears larger when viewed against the darker
background of the horizon
The Moon appears

larger as the
elevation increases
A phase correction is applied to ________.
Planets
The bulletin issued by NMC for the period stated that includes the
Prognosis
anticipated wind, visibility, weather and wave condition.
Which deviation change signs approximately each 90 degrees

change of headings caused by induced magnetism in horizontal
soft iron?
Quadrantal
deviation
NOTE: Quadrantal deviation = 90 degrees change of headings

Semi-circular deviation = 180 degrees change of headings
Residual deviation = what remains (residue)
QUADrant = 90 ( of 360)
SEMI-circular = 180 (1/2 of 360)
Day marks (IALA-A) marking the starboard side of the channel
red squares
when going towards the sea are _____________.
It is the deviation of a magnetic compass after adjustment or

compensation.
A. coefficient deviation
B. residual deviation
C. magnetic deviation
D. dip
85
residual deviation
The elongated area of high pressure extending outwards from an
ridge
anticyclone area is called _________.

NOTE:
ridge = high (take note both have i )

trough = low ( take note both have o )
In the Northern hemisphere, the earths rotation is affecting the
Right
direction of the current by deflecting the set, or direction of flow

towards the :
The celestial sphere as seen by an observer at the equator is called right sphere
the :
A.
B.
C.
D.
quadrantal sphere
oblique sphere
right sphere
parallel sphere
The force that causes the axis of a spinning gyro to turn in a
Rigidity
direction 90 away from the applied force is:

A. Spin
B. Rigidity
C. Friction
D. Torque
Which of the following is a basic property of the gyro compass
Rigidity in space
which is similar to the gyroscopic inertia?

A. Torque
B. Rigidity in space
C. Precession
D. Ballistic
The chart indicates an isolated rock named using vertical letters.

This means the:,
This is a swell wave emanating from distant storms which
Rock is dry at high

water
rollers
continue their progress across the oceans till they reach shallow
water when they abruptly steepen, increase in height and sweep
to the shore.
Diurnal aberration is due to _______________.
86
rotation of the
Earth on its axis
Which instrument is the most useful in forecasting fog?

A.
B.
C.
D.
sling psychrometer
barometer
sling psychrometer
pyrometer
anemometer
According to Buys Ballot law, when an observer in the northern
south-southeast
hemisphere experiences a northeast wind the center of low

pressure is located to the __________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
west-southwest
east-northeast
east-southeast
south-southeast
According to Buys Ballot Law, when an observer in the southern
south-southwest
hemisphere experiences a northwest wind, the center of the low

pressure is located to the______.
A. west-southwest
B. east-northeast
C. east-southeast
D. south-southwest
If a weather bulletin shows the center of a low pressure system to

be 100 miles due east of you, what winds can you expect in the
southern hemisphere?
Which condition exists at the summer solstice in the Northern

Hemisphere?
A. The Southern Hemisphere is having winter
B. The Northern Hemisphere is having short days and long
nights
C. The north polar regions are in continual darkness
D. The Sun shines equally on both hemisphere
The area of lowest pressure along a line with minimum cyclonic
southsouthwesterly
The Southern
Hemisphere is
having winter
through
curvature in the isobars on surface charts is called :
A cold front moving in from the northwest can produce________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
thunderstorms, hail, and then rapid clearing

increasing cloud cover lasting for several days
lengthy wet weather
low ceilings with thick cirrus clouds
87
Thunderstorms,
hail, and then rapid
clearing
Which of the following weather disturbances is classified by from

and intensity and which does not have closed isobars?
Low pressure disturbances, which travel along the inter-tropical
Tropical
disturbance
tropical waves
convergence zone, are called__________.

A. tidal waves
B. tropical storms
C. tropical waves
D. permanent waves
The state of the atmosphere with respect to temperature,
weather
humidity, precipitation, visibility, cloudiness, and other factors is

called ______.
The usual sequence of directions in which a tropical cyclone moves southwest, south
in the Southern Hemisphere is ________________.
and southeast
In the doldrums, you will NOT have _________________.
Steep pressure
gradients
A projection where points on the earth are transferred directly to
stereographic
a plane and the origin of the projecting rays is the point opposite
the plane point of tangency is called______.
A wind speed of between 48 to 55 knots is called _________in the

Beaufort scale?
Use the Formula: v(wind velocity or speed) = 1.63 x B.Force^1.5
v = 1.63 x 10^1.5
v = 52 knots
52 knots is under Beaufort Force 10
88
Storm or force 10
LAYERS of Atmosphere (SPHERE)*UPPER LAYERS (PAUSE)
( Takot-Sa-Mrs-Tayo-Eh! )
EXOSPHERE
THERMOPAUSE
THERMOSPHERE
MESOPAUSE
MESOSPHERE
STRATOPAUSE
STRATOSPHERE
TROPOPAUSE
TROPOSPHERE
===================Earth
Surface====================
On top of the tropopause is the layer ______.

A.
B.
C.
D.
stratosphere
troposphere
ionosphere
strata
The top of the troposphere is marked by a transition layer called:

A.
B.
C.
D.
stratosphere
tropopause
tropopause
ionosphere
stratosphere
troposphere limit
As altitude increases, air pressure decreases due to decreased

weight of air above. More than of the air is concentrated within a
layer called _____.
89
troposphere
PHASES OF THE MOON AS SEEN FROM THE EARTH
90
What is the phase of the moon when it rises and sets with the
sun?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Full moon
New moon
Last quarter
First quarter
What is the phase of the moon when it rises during sunrise?

A.
B.
C.
D.
New moon
New moon
Full moon
New moon
Third Quarter
First Quarter
The same side of the moon is always turned towards the Earth
because _______.
NOTE:
the period of
rotation is equal to
the period of
revolution
The rotation of the moon, or the time it takes to rotate on

its axis exactly once, is 27.321662 days.
The orbital period, or the time the moon takes to
complete one full orbit (revolution) around the Earth is
27.321662 days.
Because these two times are so close, the Moon appears
to us on Earth to always show its one face. We see the
same side of the moon and never get to view the far side
from Earth.
The moon is rising while sun is setting. What is the approximate
Full moon
phase of the moon?

A. first quarterrise about n/n and sets about m/n
B. new moon.rise and set with the sun or in conjunction
C. last quarterrises about m/n and set about n/n
D. full moonrise w/ sunset and set w/ sunrise or in opposition
What is the phase of the moon when it rises about sunset?

A.
B.
C.
D.
full moon
first quarter
new moon
last quarter
full moon
When the moon is in conjunction, the moon phase is :
91
New moon
When the moon is in inferior conjunction the moon phase
new moon
The moon will wax from________________.
new moon to first

quarter
A.
B.
C.
D.
last quarter to new moon

new moon to first quarter
first quarter to last quarter
full moon to last quarter
The moon will wane from____________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
New Moon to Full Moon

First Quarter to Full Moon
New Moon to First Quarter .moon will wax
Full Moon to Last Quarter
The moon is at first quarter. What kind of eclipse is possible to
Full Moon to Last

Quarter
no eclipse
occur?
A. annular eclipse
B. solar eclipse
C. lunar eclipse
D. no eclipse
NOTE: ECLIPSE may only occur during NEW MOON (Solar eclipse)
or FULL MOON (lunar eclipse). No Eclipse will occur when moon is
at first quarter or last quarter.
The moon is at the last quarter. What kind of eclipse is possible to
no eclipse
occur?
A. annular eclipse
B. solar eclipse
C. lunar eclipse
D. no eclipse
When the moon is at New Moon its elongation is __________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
zero
zero
30
90
180
What is the phase of the moon when it rises about noon and sets
about midnight?
A. first quarterrise about n/n and sets about m/n
B. new moon.rise and set with the sun or in conjunction
C. last quarterrises about m/n and set about n/n
D. full moon..rise w/ sunset and set w/ sunrise or in
opposition
92
First quarter
When the moon is at opposition, the phase of the moon is :

A.
B.
C.
D.
Full moon
New moon
Full moon
Last quarter
First quarter
SOLARSME : SOLAR ECLIPSE >> SUN MOON - EARTH
SOLAR ECLIPSE IS ONLY POSSIBLE AT NEW MOON OR AT CONJUNCTION

The prefix CON means together. Therefore, the word CONJUNCTION
means the MOON is together or same side with the SUN. Just like the words
CONVENTION or CONFERENCE or CONGREGATION which means group of
people gathered together or in simple dialect AMPALAYA CON CARNE
(bitter lemon with meat) or MAIS CON YELO (corn with ice) pag natunaw
MAIS CON TUBIG na lang hehehe!
When two celestial bodies are in CONJUNCTION, they have no angular
difference or no time difference, in short, they are equal.
The new Moon cannot be seen because the Moon is :
93
between the Earth

and the Sun
There are two conditions that must be fulfilled at the same time in the moon must be
order for a solar eclipse to occur. One condition is that the moon
must be at one of the nodes and the other is________.
A. the moon must be at new moon
B. the moon must be at first quarter
C. the moon must be at full moon
D. the moon must be at last quarter
LUNARSEM : LUNAR ECLIPSE >>
at new moon
SUN EARTH - MOON
LUNAR ECLIPSE IS ONLY POSSIBLE AT FULL MOON OR AT OPPOSITION.

OPPOSITION literally means on the opposite side or they are not in
CONJUNCTION. In this case, the MOON is on the opposite side of the SUN.
When two celestial bodies are on OPPOSITION, they have an angular
difference of 180 degrees or time difference of 12 hours.
There are two conditions that must be fulfilled at the same time in the moon must be
order for a lunar eclipse to occur. One condition is that the moon
must be at one of the nodes and the other is_____.
A. the moon must be at new moon
B. the moon must be at first quarter
C. the moon must be at full moon
D. the moon must be at last quarter
94
at full moon
When the moons R.A. is 12 hours different with that of the sun,
opposition
the moon is said to be at:

A.
B.
C.
D.
apogee
opposition
conjunction
perihelion
When the moon sets during sunrise, it is at _____.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Opposition
conjunction
New moon
First Quarter
Opposition
The sun rises exactly at the time when the moon is setting. The
Opposition
moon is at :
A.
B.
C.
D.
conjunction
twilight
Opposition
New moon
If the moon reaches a point wherein it is completely illuminated, it Opposition

is at:
A.
B.
C.
D.
conjunction
First Quarter
Opposition
New moon
If the age of the moon is approximately 14 &1/2 days, it is said to

be at:
95
Opposition
NOTE:
ANNULAR ECLIPSE is ONLY POSSIBLE when the MOON is between

the EARTH and the SUN or at CONJUNCTION. An annular eclipse occurs
when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line, but the apparent size of
the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun. Hence the Sun appears as a
very bright ring, or annulus, surrounding the outline of the Moon.
Annular eclipse occurs when the ________________.

A. the moon is between the earth and the sun
B. the earth is between the moon and the sun
C. the sun is west of the moon
D. the moon is 6 hours ahead of the sun
the moon is
between the earth
and the sun
Annular eclipse usually occur when the moon is at or

near____________.
A. perigee
B. apogee
C. new moon
D. first quarter
apogee
Annular eclipse occurs because_____________.

A. the moon is at perigee
B. the moon is at first quarter
C. the moon shadow is turned away from the earth
D. the moon shadow cannot reach the earth
the moon shadow

cannot reach the
earth
96
The full moon nearest the autumnal equinox is called the_______. harvest moon
A.
B.
C.
D.
harvest moon
hunter moon
equinoctial moon
autumnal moon
NOTE: HARVEST MOON is the brightest full moon in the N.H. and
this occurs during autumn which is a harvest time and used by
farmers to harvest their farms.

A. The horizon appears elevated when observing a bright
Sun or Moon at low altitudes
B. The Moon appears larger at the full Moon
C. The Moon appears larger as the elevation increases
D. The Sun appears larger when viewed against the darker
background of the horizon
The Moon appears

larger as the
elevation increases
What are the relative positions of the sun, the earth, and a planet when the planet is at
inferior conjunction? = The planet is between the earth and the sun.
NOTE: INFERIOR CONJUNTION AND SUPERIOR CONJUNCTION IS ONLY POSSIBLE FOR

INFERIOR PLANETS ( For MERCURY and VENUS only!)
97
Inferior conjunction is possible for___________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Mercury
Mercury
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
NOTE: The terms Superior Conjunction and Inferior Conjunction

are only possible for Mercury and Venus (Inferior planets).
The terms Conjunction and Opposition are only possible
for Mars, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Jupiter (Superior Planets)
After Venus passes the point of greatest elongation east in its
inferior conjunction
orbit, the first position in which the elongation will be zero is

____________.
A. opposition
B. inferior conjunction
C. conjunction
D. superior conjunction
When the sun is between the Earth and Planet Venus, Venus is
said to be at ______.
A. east quadrature
B. west quadrature
C. superior conjunction
D. inferior conjunction
Retrograde motion is possible only for _______________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
east quadrature
Opposition
west quadrature
When the planet Mars is at opposition it will rise ____________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Superior planets
Superior planets
Inferior planets
Moon
Stars
Elongation becomes zero at________________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
superior
conjunction
at about moon
when the sun rises
at about midnight
when the sun sets
98
when the sun sets
Venus attains maximum brilliance about five weeks before and
after _________.
A. greatest eastern elongation
B. inferior conjunction
C. superior conjunction
D. greatest western elongation
When planet Venus is between the Earth and Sun, Venus is said to inferior conjunction
be at __________.
A. east quadrature
B. Opposition
C. west quadrature
D. inferior conjunction
As the inferior planet moves along its orbit from superior
increases
conjunction to inferior conjunction its elongation________.

A. decreases
B. increases
C. is maximum
D. does not change
This is a planetary configuration where two heavenly bodies have
Conjunction
their longitudes and right ascension are the same.

A. Conjunction
B. quadrature
C. opposition
D. eclipse
The planet Mars will be at its brightest at :

A.
B.
C.
D.
conjunction
west quadrature
opposition
east quadrature
The superior planets are brightest and closest to the earth at :

A.
B.
C.
D.
Opposition
opposition
west quadrature
opposition
east quadrature
In what planetary configuration should Venus be situated if it is an between inferior

evening star?
A. at superior conjunction
B. at opposition
C. between inferior conjunction and greatest elongation east
D. between inferior conjunction and greatest elongation west
99
conjunction and
greatest elongation
west
Superior conjunction is possible for___________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Mercury
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Conjunction is NOT possible for ___________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Mercury
Venus
Jupiter
Saturn
Venus
Mars
Why planet Venus not visible at midnight in any latitude? Because: its greatest
A.
B.
C.
D.
it is a superior planet
its greatest elongation is only 46
it is a morning star
its radius vector is longer than that of the Earth
Inferior conjunction is possible for ____________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
elongation is only
46
Venus
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Which of the planet in the solar system has almost the same size
Venus
as the earth?
A. Mars
B. Pluto
C. Neptune
D. Venus
Which two planets are inside the orbit of the earth?
Mercury and Venus
NOTE: Inside the orbit of the earth = Inferior Planets

Outside the orbit of the earth = Superior Planets
As observed from the Earth, the angle between lines from the
Earth to the Sun.
A. opposition
B. quadrature
C. elongation
D. conjunction
100
elongation
The angle between the lines connecting the Sun and the Earth
Elongation
and between the inferior planet and the Earth is called the planet
_______.
The largest of the known planets is :

A.
B.
C.
D.
Jupiter
Venus
Jupiter
Pluto
Neptune
Retrograde motion is possible only for__________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Mars
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
NOTE: RETRO means backward. The apparent motion of

celestial bodies is easterly. Therefore, retrograde motion, is
westerly. This is only possible for superior planets, meaning those
planets outside the orbit of the earth like Mars.
Retrograde motion is the __________.

A. movement of the celestial north pole in an elliptical pattern
in space
B. movement of the points of intersection of the planes of the
ecliptic and the equator
C. movement of a superior planet in its orbit about the sun
D. apparent westerly motion of a planet with respect to the
stars
The planet Mars will not be visible ___________.
apparent westerly
motion of a planet
with respect to the
stars
at or near
conjunction
The longest elongation of Planet Venus (expressed in time units) is 3 hours

about _______.
When Venus disappears in the sky, it can be presumed to be at or

near ________.
A. greatest eastern elongation
B. west quadrature
C. inferior or superior conjunction
D. greatest western elongation
101
inferior or superior
conjunction
O-011810
0 increasing to
The vernal equinox in the celestial sphere is where the sun maximum north
declination is:
The autumnal equinox is the point in the celestial sphere 0 increasing to

where the sun declination is___________.
The Autumnal equinox is the point where the Sun is at:
The First point of Aries is the point where the Sun is at:
Libra is the point of:
maximum south
0 declination going to
southerly declinations
0 declination going to
northerly declinations
autumnal equinox
The declination of the sun was at its maximum what do you Solstice
call the position or point on the celestial sphere
During the month of October the suns declination is:

The winter solstice is the position of the sun on or about :
The summer solstice is the position of the sun on or about:
When the sun is at the winter solstice its declination is :
South and increasing
Dec. 21
June 21
south and decreasing to
0
When the sun is at the summer solstice its declination is north and decreasing to
__________.
Navigationally, the Vernal Equinox is also the:
Cancer is the point of:
summer solstice
If the declination of the sun is 0 what do you call the
Equinox
position or point on the celestial sphere?
Vernal Equinox is also known as ______.
102
When the sun is at summer solstice its declination is:
maximum north
During the month of October the Suns declination is:
south and increasing
One complete turn of the drum of the sextant moves the 1 degree
index arm _____ along the arc.
The DGPS provides accuracy within a range of _______.
10 meters
What is the average speed of movement of a hurricane 10 to 12 knots

prior to recurvature?
When using GPS (Global Positioning System) you may 10 to 20 meters

expect your position to be accurate 95% of the time to
within _____.
The GPS provides 95% accuracy within a range of ______.
100 meters
The standard sea level pressure of the atmosphere is _____
1013.25 millibars of
mercury
The sun is the central body of the solar system. It moves in 12 miles per second
the direction of Vega at:
A GPS satellite transmits a signal thru the second carrier 1227.60 MHz
on:
A GPS satellite transmits a signal thru the first carrier on
1575.42 MHz
___.
Of the 57 navigational stars tabulated in the Nautical 19

Almanac, how many are of the first magnitude?
An important lunar cycle affecting the tidal cycle is called 19 years

the nodal period. How long is this cycle?
A. 19 years
B. 19 years
C. 6 years
D. 16 years
If a sound signal is emitted from the oscillator of a 24 fathoms

fathometer, and two seconds elapse before the returning
signal is picked up what depth of water is indicated?
103
The Master issues a night order in the Night Order Book.
24-hour period
It is valid for:
As radiant energy from the sun arrives at the earth, how
19%
many percent is absorbed by the atmosphere?
52%
many percent is absorbed by the surface of the earth?
29%
many percent is reflected back into space?
The standard sea level pressure of the atmosphere is _____. 29.92 inches
Speed adjustment on the Master Gyro should be made 3
within _______ knots.
A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 10
When using GPS, how many position lines are required for 3
a 2D (dimensional) fix?
The tabulation data in the Nautical Almanac is for:
3 days
A sidereal day is shorter than a solar day by about _____.
3 mins and 56 secs
The GPS provides 99.99% accuracy within a range of 300 meters

______.
The Sun at the maximum declination north would be Aphelion

approximately at ________________.
HELION refers to the SUN

AP is Away or Far.
PERI is Near
ApHelion is earth Away or Far from the Sun >>> July

PeriHelion is earth Near the Sun >>> January
104
In each planets orbit, the point nearest the sun is called:
Perihelion
The visible diameter of the sun as seen from the Earth 31.5
during aphelion is_____.
The visible diameter of the sun as seen from the Earth 32.6
during perihelion is _____.
The Earth is closest to the sun in what month?
January
The sun is at Perihelion during month of ______________.
January
The sun is closest to the earth in what month?
January
The Earth is farthest from the sun in what month?
July
The sun is at Aphelion during the month of ________.
July
Of the 57 navigational stars tabulated in the Nautical 38

Almanac, how many are of the second magnitude?
When using GPS, how many position lines are required for 4
a 3D (dimensional) fix that takes into account altitude?
The speed of sound in water is approximately ____.
4.5 times its speed in air
MAJOR CIRCLES OF EARTH MARKED BY THE PATH OF THE SUN

NORTH POLE ------------------- 90 00 N
North Frigid Zone
ARCTIC CIRCLE ------------------ 66 33 N
TROPIC OF CANCER ---------------23 27 N
North Torrid Zone
EQUATOR -------------------- 0 00
South Torrid Zone
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN -----------23 27 S
South Temperate Zone
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE ---------------66 33 S
South Frigid Zone
SOUTH POLE -------------------- 90 00 S
NOTE: There are instances that the Latitude of Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of
Capricorn appears to be 2326 N or S.
105
Everywhere between the parallels of about 23 26 North torrid zone

and 23 26 South, the Sun is directly overhead during the
year. This area is called the:
If you are at the Arctic Circle what is your latitude?
66 33' North
If you are in the Antarctic Circle what is your latitude?
66 33' South
The tropic of Capricorn marks the southern limit of the :
Torrid Zone
The regions between the frigid zones and the torrid zones temperate zones
are called ______.
The areas inside the polar circles are called ______.
frigid zone
The Arctic Circle marks the________________.
southern limit of the

north frigid zone
The Tropic of Cancer is a____________.
The Tropic of Capricorn is a _______________.
The Arctic Circle marks the ___________________.
northern limit of the

north temperate zone
The Antarctic circle marks the _________________.

south temperate zone
Places situated in Lat 30 N are within the __________.
The tropic of Capricorn marks the _______________.

south temperate zone
Following a ship routing system, an initial route 48 to 72 hours prior to

recommendation is issued to a ship:
sailing
Which belt of latitude do tropical cyclones form?

A. 5 to 15 degrees
B. 30 to 45 degrees
C. 15 to 30 degrees
D. 45 to 60 degrees
106
5 to 15 degrees
NAVTEX operates in a medium frequency of _____.
518 kHz
The inclination of the plane of the moon orbit with the 5

plane of the ecliptic is about______.
What is the bearing in points that is used to determine the 8 points

vortex of a low pressure area when the atmospheric
pressure is 20 hPa below the mean pressure?
The suns diameter is about:
866,000 miles
Tables of tidal stream information are given for certain a diamond shape with a
reference denoted by:
letter inside
A. a diamond shape with a letter inside

B. dotted circle with a plus sign inside
C. an arrow indicating rate of flood
D. a circle with an arrow inside
Which weather change accompanies the passage of a cold

front in the Northern Hemisphere?
A line of
cumulonimbus clouds
a sling psychrometer
NOTE: PSYCHROMETER is an instrument used to

find relative humidity. It is a combined Dry Bulb and Wet
Bulb Thermometer.
What is a parallel of declination?
A small circle on the

celestial sphere parallel
to the celestial equator
a solid red line
a solid red line with half

circles
A steady precipitation is typical of:
a warm front weather

condition
A. a warm front weather condition

B. high pressure conditions
C. coming cold weather conditions
D. scattered cumulus clouds
107
The maximum difference between mean time and
about 16 minutes
apparent time is_______________.
All echo-sounders can measure the _____.
actual depth of water

below keel
What should you apply to a fathometer reading to
Add the draft of the

vessel
determine the depth of water?
______________ is a recommendation for slowing or adjustment of SOA

increasing the ships speed as much as practicable intended
to avoid or limit the effect of adverse weather conditions.
This is a fog resulting primarily from the movement of
advection fog
warm, humid air over a cold surface, or the movement of

very cold air over a relatively warm water surface.
Lines on the magnetic chart where the variation is zero agonic lines
wherein the magnetic meridian and the true meridian
coincides are called _______.
A. agonic lines
B. lines of equal magnetic force
C. lines of equal dip
D. lines of equal magnetism
NOTE:
Zero Variation
Equal Variation
Zero Magnetic Dip
Equal Magnetic Dip
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
Agonic
ISOgonic
Aclinic
ISOclinic
Zero = with prefix A

Equal = with prefix ISO
As the South Equatorial Current approaches the east coast Agulhas Current
of Africa, it divides with the main part flowing south to form
the warm _______.
A. Agulhas Current
B. Canary Current
C. Benguela Current
D. Sahara Current
Storms that enter the Great Lakes Basin from the west and Alberta Lows
northwest in October are the products of pressure systems
known as _______.
A. Alberta Lows
B. Fata Morgana
C. Westerners
D. Polar Highs
108
Mean low water is the average height of _______.
all low waters
A. all low waters

B. high waters and low waters
C. the surface of the sea
D. the lower of the two daily tides
NOTE: The other word for MEAN is Average.
On a weather map, a stationary front is represented as :
alternating red and blue

lines with half circles and
triangles
An azimuth determined by solution of the navigational altitude azimuth

triangle with altitude, declination and latitude, it is called :
A body at the observers zenith will have a/an ____.

The error in refraction increases as the _______.
Altitude of 90
altitude of the body
decreases
A. altitude of the body decreases

B. humidity decreases
C. horizontal parallax decreases
D. observers eye increases
The intercepted arc of a vertical circle between the celestial Altitude of the celestial
horizon and the almucantar is called the _____.
body
When the azimuth is measured from east or west and amplitude

labeled accordingly, it is called:
With respect to failure warnings and status indications, an alarm if a new

GPS receivers should provide, at a minimum, _____.
position has not been

calculated within the last
two seconds
Which condition exists in the eye of a hurricane?
An extremely low
barometric pressure
This is the angle, which the wind makes with the isobars.
angle of indraught
The magnetic flux lines enter the surface of the earth at

different angles to the horizontal, at different magnetic
Latitudes. This angle is called ______.
109
angle of magnetic dip
When the moon is at apogee, _______ occurs.

A. apogean tide
B. priming tide
C. lagging tide
D. semi-diurnal range
In a moons orbit, the point farthest from the sun is called:

NOTE:
apogean tide
apogee
GEE also refers to the MOON.

APO means Away or Far
PERI means Near
The GHA tabulated in the Nautical Almanac is for the:

A. apparent sun
B. mean sun
apparent sun
C. true sun
D. mean and apparent sun
When the time is based on the movement of the visible Sun apparent time
along the ecliptic the time is known as __________.
______ is the vector sum of the true wind and the reciprocal apparent wind
of the vessels course and speed vector.
The velocity of a rotary tidal current will be decreased
at apogee
when the Moon is______________.
The planet Mars will not be visible___________.
at or near conjunction
The Moon appears larger in diameter at the zenith than Augmentation

when near the horizon. What is this called?
Luminous phenomena due to electrical charges in the Aurora

atmosphere is called _______.
A. aurora
B. corona borealis
NOTE:
C. aureole
D. corona
AURORA means Light

BOREALIS refers to North
AUSTRALIS refers to South
Hence, Aurora Borealis is Northern Light

Aurora Australis is Southern Light
110
The southern lights are also called _______.

A. Aurora Australis
B. Aurora Borealis
C. Aurora
D. Corona
Northern lights are also called _______.

A. aurora borealis
B. corona
Aurora Australis
aurora borealis
C. aurora australis
D. aurora
The horizontal direction of a celestial point from a
Azimuth
terrestrial point expressed as the angular distance from a

reference direction is called ______
In weather analysis, the approach of a storm is through atmospheric pressure

observation of wind, waves, swell and the ______.
The intercepted arc of the horizon between the principal
azimuth
vertical circle and the vertical circle passing through the

body when rising or setting is called_____.
When the azimuth is measured from north or south and
azimuth angle
labeled accordingly, it is called:
This is a deviation error caused by the miscalculation of A error

azimuth or by physical misalignments rather than magnetic
effects of soft iron.
______ results from both the fore-and-aft permanent
B error
magnetic field across the compass.
_____ results from the athwartship permanent magnetic C error

field across the compass.
This error is due only to induction in the symmetrical D error

This error is caused by induction in the unsymmetrical

111
E error
Waves reflected from obstruction, running seaward are Backwash

called _______.
A. backwash
B. surf
C. barrier wave
D. bluff
A wedge of water building up between the bow and nearer bank cushion
bank which forces the bow out and away describes:
A. bank cushion
B. bank suction
C. combined effect
D. bend effect
The inner cloud bands in a hurricane viewed from a distance bar of the storm
from a mass of dense black cumulonimbus clouds is called
the:
A. bar of the storm
B. eye of the storm
C. funnel
D. tower of the storm
_______ is a local strong wind carrying damp snow or sleet
Barber
and spray that freezes upon contact with objects.

A. barber
B. abroholos
C. katabatic wind
D. anabatic wind
Ice without snow cover is called _______.

A. bare
B. plain
Bare
C. shiny
D. slip
Atmospheric pressure is measured by a _____.
Barometer
What do the numbers on isobars indicate?
barometric pressure
Very Low Frequencies used by Omega is ______.
Between 10 to 14 kHz.
This is the current which generally flow northward along the Benguela current
west coast of Africa.
A. Benguela current
B. African current
C. Brazilian current
D. North Atlantic current
112
______ consist of innumerable tiny droplets of water, or
Clouds
ice crystals formed by condensation of water vapor

around microscopic particles in the air.
TYPES OF CLOUD AND ITS ALTITUDE:
1. High Clouds ---------------- Above 20,000 Feet
(All Clouds with CIRRUS Ex. Cirrus,
Cirrocumulus and Cirrostratus)
2. Middle Clouds ---- Between 6,500 and 20,000 Feet
(All Clouds with ALTO Ex. Altocumulus and
Altostratus)
3. Low Clouds ------------------ Below 6,500 Feet
(Any other Cloud without Cirrus or Alto Ex. Cumulus,
Stratus, Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus, Cumulonimbus)
( See F1 Book page METEO 3 and METEO 4 )
High clouds have a mean lower level above ______.

Middle clouds have a mean level ______.
20,000 ft
between 6,500 ft and
20,000 ft
Low clouds have a mean level of less than ______.
6,500 ft
Cirrus and cirrostratus belong to the ______
high clouds
Altocumulus and altostratus belong to the _____.
middle clouds
Cumulus and cumulonimbus belong to the _____.
low clouds
High clouds, composed of small white flakes or scaly

globular masses, and often banded together to form a
mackerel sky, would be classified as ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
cirrus
cirrocumulus
altocumulus
cumulonimbus
113
Cirrocumulus
The form of cloud often known as mackerel sky which is
Cirrocumulus
generally associated with fair weather is ________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
nimbostratus
stratus
cirrocumulus
cumulonimbus
The thin, whitish, high clouds composed of ice crystals,
Cirrostratus
popularly known as mares tails are ________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
cirrostratus
cirrocumulus
cumulonimbus
nimbostratus
Which cloud commonly produces a halo about the Sun or
Cirrostratus
Moon?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Clouds commonly produce a halo form, thin and whitish
Cirrostratus
high clouds:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Cirrocumulus
Cirrostratus
From those listed, which is the highest cloud?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Altocumulus
Cirrus
Stratus
Cumulus
A cloud of marked vertical development (often anvilshaped) would be classified as ________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Cirrus
cirrus
cirrocumulus
altocumulus
cumulonimbus
114
Cumulonimbus
Towering Clouds
Cumulonimbus
What are the typical thunder shower clouds that appears
Cumulonimbus
in great masses in the form of mountains or towers?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Cumulonimbus
Nimbostratus
Nimbus
Cumulus
Thunder clouds
Cumulonimbus
The tabulated times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise and
between latitudes 72
degrees North and 60
degrees South
moonset are based:
Kuroshio current is also known as:

A. Black Stream
B. Tsurumi Current
Black Stream
C. Tsushima Current
D. Tsunami Current
What is the term used to identify the violent intense cold blizzard
wind laden with snow mostly or entirely picked up from the
ground?
By Convention, the earths north magnetic pole is colored:

A. blue
B. black
Blue
C. red
D. green
NOTE:
MAGNET
North Pole
Red
South Pole
Blue
EARTH
Blue
Red
Just Remember: MAGNET North - Red

( See F1 Book page MC 3)
By convention, the south seeking ends of a compass

magnets are colored _______.
A. blue
B. red
C. white
D. black
115
Blue
On weather maps, cold front is colored:

A. blue
B. red
Blue
C. purple
D. green
When a light is first seen on the horizon it will disappear
bobbing a light
again if the eye is immediately lowered several feet. When

the eye is raised is immediately lowered several feet.
When the eye is raised to its former height the light will
again be visible. This process is called:
When an observer sees a light and reduces his height, the bobbing a light
light disappears; when the observer goes to his original
height, the light appears. This is called:
In some river mouths and estuaries the incoming high-tide
Bore
wave crest overtakes the preceding low-tide trough. This

results in a wall of water proceeding upstream, and is
called a _______.
A. bore
B. seiche
C. boundary wave
D. surge
This is high tide wave that abruptly move up to the river of Bore
peculiar configuration or location and may present hazards
to shipping.
A. bore
B. eddies
C. boggies
D. backwash
In shallow water, waves too steep to be stable, causing the Breakers

crests to move forward faster than the rest of the wave are
called:
A. breakers
B. rollers
C. white caps
D. surfers
The northeast monsoon in the Philippines is called _______.

A. Briza
B. Habagat
Briza
C. Bora
D. Buru
This is a relatively cold current flowing along the northwest Canary current
coast of Africa.
A. Canary current
B. Morrocan current
C. Ahlean current
D. African current
116
The azimuth of the sun is best taken at the:
center of the sun
What publication contains information regarding the Channel Pilot Guide

dangers to navigation in the English Channel?
Which Chapter of the Planning Guide describes
Chapter 4
recommended steamship routes?
A conventional representation usually on a plane surface
chart
of all or part of the physical features of the earth surface

intended primarily for navigation is called ______.
All depths indicated on charts are reckoned from some
chart sounding datum
selected levels of the water called______.
This term refers to a heavenly body which has two meridian circumpolar
passages one above and one below the elevated pole.
A convenient way of keeping a record of updated latest Chart/Publication

correction of chart is:
Correction Record Card

System
The average long term meteorological condition of a place

or region is called _____.
WIND CIRCULATION:
NLCC >>> N.H. > L.P. > Counter Clockwise
N.H. > H.P. > Clockwise
S.H. > L.P. > Clockwise
S.H. > H.P. > Counter Clockwise
Low Pressure (L.P.) > Inward

High Pressure (H.P.) > Outward
117
climate
The circulation around a Low Pressure (L.P.) center in the
Counterclockwise
Northern Hemisphere (N.H.) is:

A. Counterclockwise
B. Variable
C. Clockwise
D. Anticyclone
The wind circulation around a high pressure center in the clockwise moving
northern hemisphere is:
outward from high
A. clockwise moving outward from high
B. counterclockwise and moving outward from the high
C. clockwise and moving towards the high
D. counterclockwise and moving towards the high
The wind circulation around a low pressure area in the Counter clockwise and
Northern Hemisphere is:
A. clockwise outward
B. clockwise inward
inward
C. counterclockwise inward
D. counterclockwise outward
The flow of air around an anticyclone in the Southern Counter clockwise and
Hemisphere is:
outward
A. clockwise and outward

C. counterclockwise and inward
B. clockwise and inward
D. counterclockwise and outward
What is the wind circulation around a high pressure center Clockwise and moving
in the N. hemisphere?
outwards from the high
A. Counterclockwise and moving outwards from the high

B. Counterclockwise and moving outward from high
C. Clockwise and moving outwards from the high
D. Clockwise and moving towards from the high
The wind circulation around a high pressure area in the counterclockwise

Southern Hemisphere is:
A. counterclockwise outward
B. counterclockwise inward
outward
C. clockwise outward
D. clockwise inward
In the Northern Hemisphere, an area of counterclockwise

wind circulation surrounded by higher pressure is a:
A.
B.
Low pressure
High pressure
C. Warm front
D. Cold front
118
Low pressure
The dense black cumulonimbus clouds surrounding the eye cloud walls
of a hurricane are called:
The inter-tropical convergence zone is generally associated cloudy skies and showers
with _______.
A. cloudy skies and showers
B. very hot and dry weather
C. clear skies and sunny weather
D. windy and humid air
The radius of the almucantar is equal to the ______.
co-altitude
Chart intended for inshore coastwise navigation where the
coast chart
course may lie inside outlying reefs and shoals, for

entering and leaving harbours is called _______.
You are entering a harbor for the first time which of the Coast pilot
publications would
The
Sailing Directions
information on all of
(Planning
Guide)
contain Coastal features
_______ is a relatively low pressure neck between two Col

cyclones.
A. col
B. through
C. wedge
D. ridge
In the Celestial Equator System of coordinates, when the
co-Latitude
The value of the intercepted arc of a meridian between the
co-Latitude
bodys diurnal circle coincides with the celestial equator,

the altitude during upper transit will be equal to the:
elevated pole and the observers zenith is known as ____.
On weather maps, blue color indicates:

A. cold front
B. warm front
cold front
C. occluded front
D. stationary front
In the northern hemisphere, winds veering sharply to the

west or northwest with increasing velocity are indications
that a:
119
cold front has passed
An occluded front is usually caused by a ______.
cold front overtaking a

warm front
On a weather map, the half circles in a stationary front are colder air
pointing towards _____.
______ refers to any change of permanent magnet or soft compass adjustment

iron correctors to reduce normal compass errors.
Deviation is eliminated as nearly as practicable by:

A. compass adjustment
B. degaussing
compass adjustment
C. compass weighing
D. compass compensation
The method used when finding the compass error when the
compass bearing of a body is observed at the moment of
rising or setting?
Compass error by
amplitude
A. Compass error by amplitude

B. Compass error by azimuth angle
C. Compass error by azimuth
D. Compass error by true bearing
The ratio expressed in tenths describing the mean areal
Concentration
density of ice in a given area is called _______.

A. concentration
B. okta
C. ablation
D. accumulation
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
consult the chart for

the location and light
characteristics of all
navigational aids;
consult the Light Lists
for their detailed
description
Which type of GPS receiver has at least four channels to Continuous

process information from several satellites simultaneously?
Ascending and descending air masses with different
temperature is part of an important heat transmitting
process in our atmosphere called ________.
Convection
______ diverts the air from a direct path between high and Coriolis force
low pressure areas.
120
_______ are colored rings around the sun or moon covered
Corona
by a thin cloud.
A. corona
B. halo
C. aureole
D. aurora borealis
When the sun or moon is seen through altostratus clouds Corona

and appears surrounded by a glow of light, this glow is
called:
A. corona
B. aurora
C. halo
D. parantiselene
The relative motion line, when extended past the CPA

represented position of the observers ship, shows:
What type of cloud formation would you expect to see to the cumulus cloud lined up
west of an approaching tropical wave?
in rows extending in a
northeast to southwest
direction
It is the atmosphere in the vicinity of a low pressure area.
cyclone
This is an outside force from the center of high or low cyclostrophic forces
pressure:
A. cyclostrophic forces
B. geostrophic force
C. pressure gradient force

D. coriolis force
A good chart can be distinguished from indifferent one by:

A. date of correction
B. date of printing
date of correction
C. its edition
D. date of survey
The angular distance measured along the hour circle to the Declination of the point
diurnal circle of the celestial point is known as:
Which of the following conditions does not indicate an Decrease in wind velocity
approaching tropical storm?
A. Decrease in wind velocity
B. Cirrus clouds
C. Halos about the sun or moon
D. Long, high swells
121
Satellites are located within the confines of:

A. deep space
B. the outer space
deep space
C. the inner space

D. the universe
Which star is at the head of the Northern Cross?
Deneb
The distance between any two meridians measured along

a parallel of latitude and expressed in miles is the
_______.
Departure
This is the celestial pole below the horizon of opposite

name of the latitude.
depressed pole
The recording fathometer produces a graphic record of the: depth underneath the
keel against a time base
The primary use of apparent time in marine navigation is determine the time of
to________.
meridian transit
The angle between the magnetic meridian and the axis of a deviation
compass card expressed in degrees east or west to indicate
to indicate which direction is the compass card offset from
the magnetic north is called ______.
What is the most elusive factor of a magnetic compass

which change with every direction given to the ships
heading?
Deviation
The highest level of commercial navigational accuracy is DGPS, within a coverage

provided by________.
area
122
The height of the tide is the _______.
difference between the

depth of the water and
A. difference between the depth of the water and areas tidal areas tidal datum
datum
B. depth of water at specific time due to tidal effect
C. difference between the depth of the water and high water
tidal level
D. difference between the depth of the water at high tide and
the depth of the water at low tide
(c ) Level of water
(b) to ( c ) = ( e ) Height of Tide
___________________ (b) Tidal Datum or Chart Datum
( a) to (b) = ( d) Charted Depth
================== (a) Sea bed or bottom
( See F1 Book page TC 4 )
The range of the tide is the _______.

A. difference between the heights of high and low tide
B. distance the tide moves out from the shore
C. duration of time between high and low tide
D. maximum depth of the water at high tide
difference between the

heights of high and low
tide
(b) High Water or High Tide

( a ) to ( b ) = Range of Tide
(a) Low Water or Low Tide
The distance between the surface of the water and the tidal
datum is the:
A. height of tide
B. chartered depth
C. range of tide
D. actual water depth
123
height of tide
What is the definition of height of tide?

A. The vertical distance from tidal datum to the level
B. The vertical difference between the heights of low and
high water
C. The vertical difference between a datum plane and the
ocean bottom
D. The vertical distance from the surface of the water to
the ocean floor
Stand of the tide is that time when _______.
The vertical distance

from tidal datum to the
level
the vertical rise or fall of

the tide has stopped
A. the vertical rise or fall of the tide has stopped

B. slack water occurs
C. tidal current is at a maximum
D. the actual depth of the water equals the chartered depth
Pressure Gradient is a _______________.
difference in pressure
in unit distance
measured at right
angles to the isobars
In a _______ mode of Omega, the receiver measures the

distance between it and two or more transmitting stations
to determine lines of position.
direct range
What will cause a variable error in the gyro?
Swell is the rise and fall of the oceans surface due to:
A. distant winds
B. local storms
Dirty mercury and

points
distant winds
C. fetch
D. the pull of the Moon
______ is an underway adjustment in track and is intended diversion

to avoid or limit the effect of adverse weather conditions.
A belt of low pressure at the earths surface near the Doldrums

equator is called _____.
The diurnal pressure variation is most noticeable in the doldrums

_____.
124
Where is the diurnal pressure variation most noticeable?

A. Doldrums
B. Horse latitude
Doldrums
C. Polar regions
D. Roaring forties
During the middle of the high water period, there is often
double high water tide
slight fall, the effect of which is to create a longer period of

stand at high water and is called:
A. double high water tide
B. apogean tide
C. perigean tide
D. bore
Which of the following will act to dissipate fog?
One of the two stars pointing to Polaris in the Ursa Major Dubhe
is:
In the orthographic projection of the horizon system of E: N

coordinates, when the body rises to the left of the Prime
Vertical (PV), the amplitude is named _____.
In the orthographic projection of the horizon system of E: S

coordinates, when the body rises to the right of the Prime
Vertical (PV), the amplitude is named:
Downslope motion of an
air mass along a coast
What are the relative positions of the Sun, the Earth, and a Earth is between the Sun
planet when the planet is at opposition?
and the Planet
A. Earth is between the Sun and the Planet

B. Sun is between the Earth and the Planet
C. Planet is between the Earth and the Sun
D. The Planet, the Sun and the Earth are not in line
The movement of water away from shore or downstream is ebb current

called a(n):
A. ebb current
B. reversing current
C. flood current
D. slack current
When using a recording depth finder in the open ocean, Echoes from a deep
what phenomena is most likely to produce a continuous scattering layer
trace that may not be from the actual ocean bottom?
The path of the sun appears to take among the stars due to ecliptic
the annual revolution of the earth in its orbit is called:
125
At meridian passage, the bearing of the body will be:
either North or South
The difference between local apparent time (LAT) and local equation of time
mean time (LMT) is indicated by the_______.
The sun crosses the upper branch of the celestial meridian Equator
of the observer at a position 15 South of his zenith. If the
sun declination is 15 S. What is the latitude of the
observer?
The hour circle that passes through the First Point of

Aries is known as the _______________.
Equinoctial Colure
The points of intersection of the ecliptic and the celestial Equinoxes

equator are called_______.
A cloudy patch of matter in the heavens outside the galaxy Extragalactic nebula
is called _____.
Frost smoke will occur when ___________.
extremely cold air from

shore passes over
warmer water
The cumulonimbus cloud which is dense and dark Eye

surrounding the typhoon is called _______.
A. eye
B. cyclonic spiral
C. spiral bands
D. funnel clouds
On the approach of a warm front, barometric pressure falls

usually ______.
A tropical wave is located 200 miles due west of your
position, which is north of the equator. Where will the
wave be located 24 hours later?
Ice which is attached to the ground is called ________.

A. fast ice
B. ground ice
farther away to the

west
fast ice
C. icelands
D. growler
The speed of sound through ocean water is nearly always faster than the speed of
____.
calibration for the
fathometer
126
Squall lines with an almost unbroken line of threatening fast-moving cold front
black clouds and sharp changes in wind direction, generally
a/an __________.
_______ is the identification of complex mirage due to fata morgana

objects generally magnified and distorted.
A. fata morgana
B. spectrum mirage
C. inferior mirage
D. superior mirage
This is a complex mirage characterized by marked fata morgana

distortion on objects, magnified and at times, even
multiplied generally in the vertical and even appeared
towering.
The original date of issue of a new chart is shown on top
center margin written with ______.
first edition
The sidereal day begins when the___________.
In the Horizon system of coordinates, the arc of the horizon First Quadrant
measured from the East point of the horizon in a direction
towards the Principal Vertical circle through the North
Celestial Pole will give an amplitude in which quadrant?
In the Horizon System of coordinates, the arc of the horizon Fourth Quadrant
measured from the West point of the horizon in a direction
towards the Principal Vertical circle through the North
Celestial Pole will give an amplitude in which quadrant?
What is the phase of the moon when it rises about noon and First quarter
sets about midnight?
What describes an accurate position that is NOT based on fix

any prior position?
first point of Aries is

over the upper branch of
the reference meridian
When adjusting a compass with induced magnetism in Flinders bar

vertical soft iron, which corrects this coefficient of the
deviation?
A. Flinders bar
B. quadrantal spheres
C. heeling magnet
D. bar magnets in the binnacle
127
What kind of component is Parameter P?

A. fore and aft component
B. athwartship component
fore and aft component
C. vertical component
D. horizontal component
Which can be set while the vessel is heading magnetic east
fore and aft magnets
or west?
A. fore and aft magnets
B. quadrantal spheres
C. heeling magnet
D. athwartship magnets
The largest waves or swells created by a typhoon or forward and to the right
hurricane will be located:
of its course
Which theoretical minimum number of measurements from Four

satellites does a GPS receiver need in order to provide an
exact three-dimensional position?
A boundary between two masses is a _______________.
front
This is the resultant of the commencement of the air when it frontal depression
forces its way to the cold air.
A. frontal depression
B. occluded front
C. quasi-frontal
D. cyclonic front
What would occur when an extremely cold air from shore frost smoke
passes over warmer water?
A. frost smoke
B. advection fog
C. convection fog
D. ground fog
The moon is rising while sun is setting. What is the Full moon
approximate phase of the moon?
What is the phase of the moon when it rises about sunset?
When the moon is at opposition, the phase of the moon is:

The moon will wane from____________.
full moon
Full moon
Full Moon to Last
Quarter
128
Which is TRUE about Light Lists?
A cloudy patch of matter in the heavens within the galaxy Galactic Nebula
of which the sun is a part is called:
A vast collection cluster of stars and clouds of gas is called:
Galaxy
Milky Way is a term associated with___________.
Galaxy
furnishes complete
information about
navigation lights and
other navigational aids
Chart intended for coastwise navigation outside of

outlying reefs and shoals is called______.
Dashed lines in TSS, precautionary areas, two-way routes
general chart
general maritime limits
and deep water routes are _______.

A. general maritime limits
B. limits of precautionary area
C. limits of fishing area
D. limits of recommended route
The difference in apparent position as observed from the Geocentric Parallax

surface of the Earth and the center of the Earth is ______.
If the surface of the spheroid is altered so as to be geoid

everywhere perpendicular to the direction of gravity, the
Earth is considered a/an _____.
You plot a fix using three lines of position and find they geometric center of the
intersect in a triangle. The actual position of the vessel is triangle
the :
If the isobars are straight, the wind blowing is called :
geostrophic wind
If the isobars are curve, the wind blowing is called :
A position of the Earth has a longitude of 74 10' E. Its GHA of 285 50'
celestial counterpart would have a ________.
129
gradient wind
What part of the gyro compass is use to support the Gimbals

gyroscope in such a manner that it remains horizontal even
when the support is tilted?
A. Gimbals
B. East component
C. South component
D. West component
The proximity of pack ice may be indicated by _______.
glare on clouds on the

horizon
A. glare on clouds on the horizon

B. changes in seawater salinity
C. changes in air temperature
D. cooling of sea water
GPS means ________.
Global Positioning
System
A projection where points on the earth are transferred

directly to a plane and the origin of the projecting rays is
the center of the earth is called _______.
gnomonic
Which statement is TRUE with respect to ship handling in go astern with extreme
ice?
care with rudder

amidships
A. go astern with extreme care with rudder amidships

B. never go astern because it might damage the propeller
C. approach ice at moderate speed to reduce impact
D. navigate in zigzag to crack the ice
A low HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) number good fix

such as 2 indicates a ____.
A tropical wave is usually preceded by _________.
Often expressed in time units, it is the arc between the hour Greenwich Apparent
circle of the apparent sun and the lower branch of the Time
Greenwich meridian.
good weather
The geographical position (GP) of a celestial body is Greenwich Hour Angle

determined from its declination and the _______.
A. Greenwich Hour Angle
B. sidereal hour angle
C. right ascension
D. observe altitude
130
A strong northeast wind of the central Mediterranean is Gregale

called _______.
A. Gregale
B. Mistral
C. Scirocco
D. Harmattan
KEY WORD: Centrale >>> Gregale
The error in a compass which indicates the direction in gyro error

which the axis of the compass is offset from true north is the
____.
A compass which is north-seeking depends upon

gyroscopic inertia, gyroscopic precession, the earths
rotation, and gravity is ______.
gyrocompass
An automatic device for steering a vessel by means of

control signals received from a gyro compass is called
_____.
gyropilot
A rapidly rotating mass free to move about one or both

axes perpendicular to the axis of rotation and to each
other is called ______.
gyroscope
The horizontal rotation of the spin axis of a gyroscope

about the vertical axis is called:
gyroscopic drift
The property of a gyroscope of resisting any force which

tends to change its axis of rotation is called _____.
gyroscopic inertia
One of the stars pointing to the Southern Cross is the:

The full moon nearest the autumnal equinox is
called____________.
The typhoon track is the line which a typhoon _______.

A. has already passed
B. is forecasted to pass
C. will definitely pass

D. has stayed stationary
131
Hadar
Harvest moon
has already passed
Spring tides are tides that _______.

A. have lows lower than normal highs higher than normal
B. have lows higher than normal and highs lower than normal
C. are unpredictable
D. occur in the spring of the year
Deviation changes with a change in _______.

A. heading
B. latitude
Heading
C. geographical position
D. longitude
The vessels direction pointed at anytime is called _______.

A. heading
B. course
Heading
C. longitude
D. sea conditions
The compass deviation changes as the vessel changes :

A. heading
B. speed
have lows lower than

normal highs higher
than normal
Heading
C. track line
D. course over ground
What kind of weather would you expect to accompany the heavy rain and
passage of a tropical wave?
cloudiness
This is a permanent magnet placed vertically in a tube
heeling magnet
under the center of the magnetic compass:

A. heeling magnet
B. athwartship magnet
C. fore and aft magnet

D. flinders bar
_______ is a compass corrector that cannot be et on a
heeling magnets
heading of magnetic east or west.

A. heeling magnets
B. fore and aft tray
C. Flinders bar
D. fore and aft magnets
Geographical range of a light depends upon the?
The difference in apparent position as viewed from the

Earth and the sun is known as _____.
height of both the light

and the observer
Heliocentric parallax
The first indications a mariner will have of the approach of high cirrus clouds
a warm front will be:
gradually changing to
cirrostratus and then to
altostratus
132
Conditions for crossing a bar would be best at:

A. high water slack
B. high water ebb
high water slack
C. low water slack

D. low water ebb
When the pressure gradient is closely spaced, it means that
high winds
you expect to encounter:

A. high winds
B. overcast skies
C. calm and smooth weather

D. fog or heavy rainfall
When navigating using GPS, what is an indicator of the

geometry of the satellites that your receiver is locked
onto?
Current refers to the _______.
Horizontal Dilution of
Precision
horizontal movement of
the water
A. horizontal movement of the water

B. vertical movement of the water
C. density changes in the water
D. none of these
What describes an ebb current?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Horizontal movement of
the water away from the
Horizontal movement of the water away from the land land following high tide
following high tide
Horizontal movement of the water away from the land
following low tide
Horizontal movement of the water toward the land
following the low tide
Horizontal movement of the water toward the land
following the high tide
The diurnal pressure variation is commonly observed on horse latitude

the area of:
Along the pole ward side of each trade wind belt and
approximately with the belt of high pressure in each
hemisphere is a region with weak pressure gradients and
correspondingly with light, variable winds. These winds
are called the ______.
horse latitudes
The area of high pressure with weak pressure gradients and horse latitudes
light variable winds on the pole side of the trade wind belt is
called _______.
A. horse latitudes
B. geostropic winds
C. doldrums
133
The region of calms and variable winds coinciding with the
horse latitudes
subtropical high pressure belts on the pole ward side is

called _______.
A. horse latitudes
B. polar belt
C. doldrums
D. polar region
The region of high pressure extending around the earth is horse latitudes
called _______.
A. horse latitudes
C. troposphere
D. doldrums
What kind of conditions would your observe as the eye of a Huge waves approaching
storm passes over your vessels position?
from all directions,
clearing skies, light
winds and an extremely
low barometer.
_______ is a measure of the atmospheres vapor content.
Which condition will occur after a cold front passes?
humidity
Humidity decreases
A swift current occurring in a narrow passage connecting hydraulic current

two large bodies of water, which is produced by the
continuous changing difference in height of tide at the end of
passage is called a:
A. hydraulic current
B. rotary current
C. rectilinear current
D. harmonic current
Tides at the two ends of a strait are seldom in phase or
hydraulic current
equal in range and the current is generated largely by the

continuously changing difference in height of water at the
two ends called _______.
A. hydraulic current
B. differential current
C. resultant current
D. semi-diurnal current
In a _______ mode of Omega, the receiver measures the

difference in phase between two transmitters.
134
Hyperbolic
Which of the following is TRUE?
I & II
I.
Coriolis force tends to divert air toward the right in the

Northern Hemisphere
II. Coriolis Force tends to divert air toward the left in the
Southern Hemisphere
III. Coriolis Force tends to divert air toward the left in the
Northern Hemisphere, to the right in the Southern
Hemisphere
Which of the following can be measured from the Horizon I, II, III
System of Coordinates?
I.
Zenith Distance
II. Amplitude
III. Co-altitude
Which statement is true when operating in area where sea Icebergs may travel in
ice and iceberg are present?
direction very different

from sea ice
A. Icebergs may travel in direction very different from sea

ice
B. Both icebergs and sea ice move in same direction and
same speed
C. Icebergs and sea ice move in same direction but of
different speed
D. Icebergs and sea ice move in same direction but iceberg
slower due its volume
Sidereal time is NOT used____________.
in sight reduction of
planet observation
The diurnal variation of pressure is most noticeable:
in the doldrums
In a tropical cyclone, in the Northern Hemisphere, a vessel
in the navigable
semicircle
hove to with the wind shifting counterclockwise would be:

A. in the navigable semicircle
B. ahead to the storm center
C. in the dangerous semicircle
D. directly in the approach path of the storm
135
Where is the vessel located in a tropical cyclone in the S. In the navigable

Hemisphere if a vessel hove to with the wind shifting semicircle
clockwise?
A. In the navigable semicircle
B. Directly behind the storm center
C. Ahead of the storm center
D. In the dangerous semi circle
In the Southern Hemisphere, a vessel hove to with the wind

shifting clockwise would be _______.
A. in the navigable semi-circle
B. in the dangerous semi-circle
in the navigable semicircle
C. ahead of the storm track

D. behind the storm center
The principle of a sextant is that, when a plane surface

reflects a light ray, the angle of reflection equals the angle
of:
incidence
The movable arm of the sextant is the:
The error remaining in the sextant after the navigator has index error
removed side error perpendicularity error and collimation
error is:
index arm
Which of the four adjustable errors in the sextant is the

principal cause of index error?
index mirror and

horizon glass not
parallel
A. index mirror and horizon glass not parallel

B. index mirror not perpendicular to the frame
C. horizon glass not perpendicular to the frame
D. telescope not parallel to the frame
Magnetism under the influence of an external field is called: induced magnetism

A. induced magnetism
C. residual magnetism
B. permanent magnetism D. sub-permanent magnetism
Elongation becomes zero at ________________.
In low latitudes, trade winds converge in an area called :

A. Inter tropical convergence zone
B. temperature zone
C. inter tropical divergence zone
D. torrid zone
136
Inter tropical
convergence zone
Trade winds converge in an area in low latitudes called :

A. inter tropical convergence zone
B. inter tropical divergence zone
C. torrid zone
D. temperate zone
Inter tropical
convergence zone
The normal variation between the actual depth of water is extremely cold
and the indicated depth on an electronic depth sounder due
to water conditions is on the side of safety. This would NOT
be true in a case when the water______________.
At some distance above the earths surface, the wind tends Isobars
to blow along lines connecting points of equal pressure
called:
The line joining all places having the same temperature on
Isotherm
weather maps is called:

A. isotherm
B. isobars
C. isallobars
D. col
Reasons for correcting compass are the following

EXCEPT:
it is more comfortable
to use a corrected
compass in bad
weather
Which statement concerning GPS is TRUE?
It may be suspended
without warning
The steepness of a cold front depends on_____________.
its velocity
The largest of the known planets is ______.
Jupiter
This is a fast moving current of air with strong lateral and jet stream
shears which is located immediately below the troposphere is
called _______.
A. jet stream
B. cold front
C. warm front
D. cold front
One of the two pointers in the Ursa Minor pointing to Kochab

Polaris is:
137
What do you call the current which is similar to the gulf Kuroshio current
stream predominantly
direction?
flows
A. Kuroshio current
B. California current
on
north-north-easterly
C. Benguela current
D. Oyasho Current
What is the phase of the moon when it rises about midnight Last quarter
and sets at about noon?
The process of changing solid to liquid state is called :
latent heat of fusion
A. latent heat of fusion

B. latent heat of sublimation
C. latent heat of accumulation
D. latent heat of vaporization
The process of changing solid state to vapor state is called :
latent heat of
sublimation
A. latent heat of sublimation C. latent heat of accumulation

B. latent heat of fusion
D. latent heat of vaporization
The change from liquid to vapor requires:

A. latent heat of vaporization
B. latent heat of sublimation
latent heat of
vaporization
C. latent heat of deposition

D. latent heat of fusion
The amplitude will be numerically equal to the declination Latitude is zero

only when _____.
What line of position can you derive foremost during
meridian passage?
latitude line
In the Celestial Equator system of coordinates, when the latitude of the observer
the meridional zenith distance is equal to the _____.
The intercepted arc along the observers celestial meridian latitude of the observer
between the celestial horizon and the elevated pole is equal
to the:
If the altitude of the elevated pole is 90 degrees, the ______.
138
Latitude of the observer

is at the pole
The earths rotation affects the direction of the current in Left

the Southern Hemisphere by deflecting the set towards the :
A. left
C. center
B. right
D. outside
Local sidereal time is equal to the_________.
T-shaped dashes in areas to be avoided and defined ends of

inshore traffic zones are _______.
LHA of Aries
limits of restricted
areas
A. limits of restricted areas

B. limits of recommended track
C. limits of inshore traffic
D. limits of recommended route
KEYWORD:
T-shaped >>> restricTed areas
Isallobar is a ________________.
The line connecting Vernal Equinox to Autumnal Equinox Line of equinoxes

is called:
The angle at the pole between the bodys hour circle and LMT
the observers lower meridian:
The data for sunrise and sunset in the Nautical Almanac is LMT
given in ______.
line joining places having

an equal change of
pressure
The time of meridian passage in the Nautical Almanac is
LMT
given in:
A. LMT
B. GMT
C. LAN
D. ZT
Your vessel is an ice-reinforced about to enter pack ice. You look for areas of rotten
should _______.
ice and enter the edge

perpendicularly
A. look for areas of rotten ice and enter the edge perpendicularly
B. take maximum advantage of coastal leads caused by
offshore winds
C. trim to an even keel or slightly down by the bow
D. enter the pack ice on the windward side
139
_______ is a glow observed from a light below the horizon or Loom

hidden by obstacles.
A. loom
B. halo
C. corona
D. aurora borealis
The accuracy of Loran position is within ______.
_______ is a hyperbolic system of navigation using a long Loran A

range medium frequency.
_______ is a hyperbolic system of navigation using a long Loran C

range low frequency.
What kind of pressure system travel in tropical waves?
0.25 nautical miles
low pressure
Your vessel goes aground in soft mud. You would have the low water spring
best chance of refloating it on the next tide if it grounded at:
A. low water spring
B. high water neap
C. low water neap

D. high water spring
New edition is marked on the chart ________.
lower left hand corner
When a first edition of a chart is printed, the original date

of issue of a new chart
The revision date of a chart is printed on what area of the lower-left corner
chart?
What is the maximum range at which an observer sees a luminous range

light under existing visibility conditions?
An irregularity in the motion of the Earth due to the lunar pertuberance

disturbing effect of other celestial bodies, principally the
moon is called ______.
NOTE: LUNAR refers to the MOON
An instrument for indicating a horizontal difference magnetic compass

relative to the earth depending upon the magnetic
attraction of the earth is called ______.
140
Deviation and variation are applied to the _____.
magnetic compass
The curve that passes thru the places of zero DIP and magnetic equator
WITHOUT inclination on the compass needle is called
________.
A. magnetic equator
C. magnetic north
B. magnetic meridian
D. magnetic field
This phenomenon occurs when a stream of charged particles Magnetism

around the nucleus of an atom is called:
A. magnetism
B. electron
C. magnetic charges
D. magnetic disturbance
Variation in a compass is caused by____________.
magnetism from the

earth magnetic field
Compass deviation is caused by__________.
magnetism within the

vessel

is called _______.
Map

intended primarily for marine navigation is called :
marine chart
During meridian passage, the LHA and meridian angle of maximum altitude
the body is zero. What is its altitude?
The reference datum used in determining the heights of land mean high water
features on most charts:
A. mean high water
B. mean low water
C. mean sea level

D. half-tide level
The average height of all low waters at a given place is called mean low water
_______.
A. mean low water
B. low water datum
C. mean lower low water

D. tropic lower low water
The correction table for GHA of planets is based upon the:
141
mean rate of the sun
The average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of mean sea level
the tide over a 19 year period is called _______.
A. mean sea level
B. mean low water
C. mean high water

D. half-tide level
The GMT in the Nautical Almanac is based on the reference mean sun
point of:
A. mean sun
B. true sun
C. apparent sun
D. mean and apparent sun
A conic projection upon a plane, the cylinder conceived as mercator

being tangent along the equator is a _______.
Superior conjunction is possible for___________.
Mercury
Which two planets are inside the orbit of the earth?
Mercury and Venus
The term gegenschein is associated with_________.
meteors
Zodiacal light is related to_____________.
meteors
A Pulse length is expressed in:
micro-seconds
Asteroids lie chiefly between Mars and Jupiter and are Minor Planets
considered _____.
What do you call the type of tide where the presence of a mixed tides
diurnal wave is conspicuous by a large inequality in the
heights of either the two high tides or two low tides usually
occurring each tidal day?
The process in which an air mass changes in temperature

and or moisture characteristics is called:
Modification
This is a seasonal wind blowing from a large land mass to Monsoon

the ocean in winter and in the opposite direction in summer:
A. Monsoon
B. Front
C. Gradient
D. Climate
142
Tropic tides are caused by the _______.
Moon being at its

maximum declination
A. Moon being at its maximum declination

B. Moon crossing the equator
C. Sun and Moon both being near 0-deg. declination
D. Moon being at perigee
Loran-C uses the multi pulse system because:

A. more signal energy is available at the receiver
B. less signal energy is necessary for receiver operation
C. it significantly increases the peak power
D. it increases the signal capacity
more signal energy is

available at the
receiver
The period between the time prior to sunrise is called_____. morning twilight
In the relatively calm area near the hurricane center, the mountainous and
seas are___________.
confused
The apparent wind speed can be zero only when two must be from dead
conditions are present. One condition is that the true wind astern
_____________.
The graphic presentation of the earths surface that is
nautical chart
constructed to include known dangers and aids to

navigation is called _______.
A. nautical chart
B. coastal chart
C. general chart
D. pilot chart
What represents part of the spherical earth on a plane

surface?
In a tropical cyclone, if you are in the northern hemisphere
nautical chart
navigable semi-circle
and experience backing winds, it would mean that you are

in the _______.
A. navigable semi-circle
B. dangerous semi-circle
C. eye of the storm

D. track of the storm
The edge of a hurricane has overtaken your vessel in the navigable semi-circle
Gulf of Mexico and the northwest wind of a few hours ago
has shifted to the west. This is an indication that you are
located in the:
A. navigable semi-circle
B. low pressure area
C. dangerous semi-circle
D. eye of the hurricane
143
When planning and conducting a voyage, the navigator uses navigational charts
many information sources that includes the following
EXCEPT:
Prior to getting the ship underway, the navigator should navigational check list
make a/an:
____________ is a maritime radio warning system

consisting of a series of coast stations transmitting radio
teletype safety messages .
When the moon is at first quarter or third quarter phase,
NAVTEX
Neap
what type of tides will occur?

A. neap
B. spring
C. perigean
D. apogean
The west wind drift is located _______.

A. near 60 deg S
B. near 5 deg S
near 60 deg S
C. between Greenland and Europe

D. on the Equatorial Current
Tropical cyclone does not occur in the doldrums due to:

A. negligible coriolis force
B. always with high humidity
II.
II.
II.
Neither I nor II
Meridian Passage of the sun occurs before 1200 LMT

if mean sun is ahead of apparent sun.
Meridian Passage of the sun occurs after 1200 LMT if
apparent sun is ahead of the mean sun.
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

I.
neither I and II
The body rises at the Prime Vertical when the Declination

is greater than the Latitude and same names
The body will set at the Prime vertical when the Latitude
is numerically equal to declination and same names

I.
C. lack of frontal areas

D. due to high temperature

I.
negligible coriolis force
Night is longer than day when the suns declination is

numerically equal and same name as your latitude
Day is longer than night when the suns declination is
north and you are in south Latitude.
144
Neither I nor II
Ship A observed in his radar ship B on her own portside to neither of the ships
be on a collision course on a dense for, which ship has the
right of way?
A. neither of the ships
B. ship A
C. ship B
D. both ships
Ship A observed in his radar ship B on her own starboard neither of the two vessels
side to be on a collision course, on a dense fog, which ship
has the right of way?
A. neither of the two vessels
B. Ship A
C. Ship B
D. both ships
At the time of printing, correction are too numerous new edition

making previous printing obsolete, a printing is made
called______.
What is the phase of the moon when it rises and sets with New moon
the sun?
What is the phase of the moon when it rises during sunrise? New moon
What is the phase of the moon when it seems to rise and

set with the sun?
new moon
When the moon is in conjunction, the moon phase is :
When the moon is in inferior conjunction the moon phase new moon
is:
New moon
The moon will wax from :
New Moon to First

Quarter
The maximum distance at which a light can be seen in

weather conditions where the visibility is 10 miles is
known as:
nominal range
Which current flows westward in the general area of the North Equatorial
northeast trades.
A. North Equatorial Current
B. Cape Horn Current
Current
C. Davidson Current
D. Labrador Current
145
If your weather bulletin shows the center of a low pressure north to northwest
area to be 100 miles due east of your position, what winds
can you expect in the northern hemisphere?
According to Buys Ballot Law, when an observer in the
Northern Hemisphere experiences a northwest wind, the
center of the low pressure is located to the ____ .
northeast
The prevailing winds from approximately 5 deg N to 30 deg northeast trade winds
N are the _______.
A. northeast trade winds
C. southeast trade winds

D. doldrums
Because of the low temperatures near the geographical

poles of the earth, the surface pressure tends to remain
higher than in surrounding regions since cold air is denser
than warm air. Consequently, winds blow outward from
the poles called:
The Humboldt current flows:

A. northerly
B. southerly
northeasterlies in the
Arctic
Northerly
C. easterly
D. westerly
If the gyro compass is operating properly, the rotor shaft is
North-South
aligned to:
A. North-South
B. East-West
C. Vertical
D. Horizontal
The pressure gradient between the horse latitudes and north-south

doldrums runs _________:
The southeast trade winds blow toward _______.

A. northwest
B. southeast
C. south
D. northeast
_______ is the least signal or complete absence of signal

where this varies with direction.
A. null
B. blind spot
Northwest
C. out of range
D. 180 deg out of phase
146
Null
Sailing Directions contain:
numbered sections along

a coast or through a
strait
This is a rocky crag or small mountain projecting from and Nunatak

surrounded by glacier or ice sheet.
A. Nunatak
B. Rime
C. Nilas
D. Sastrugi
The sun changing declination is caused by:
On weather maps, purple color indicates:

A. occluded front
B. stationary front
occluded front
C. cold front
D. warm front
This is a kind of front which appears on weather maps as

a solid purple line with at alternating triangles and half
circles.
What cyclone is in its final stage of development?

A. occluded front
B. polar cyclone
obliquity of the ecliptic
occluded front
occluded front
C. anticyclone
D. tornado
In the last stages of extratropical cyclone, the closing of its Occlusion

warm sector by an overtaking cold front which races about
the systems center is called _______.
A. occlusion
B. frontolysis
C. frontogenesis
D. through
Tropical cyclones do not form within 5 of the Equator

because _____________.
of negligible Coriolis
force
_______ is a radio navigation system which operates in the Omega

very low frequency.
The navigational triangle is NOT formed when the body is:
147
on the observers
meridian
If the vessel is in the dangerous semi-circle in the Southern on the port bow and
Hemisphere, the best action is to have the wind _______.
make as much headway

as possible
A. on the port bow and make as much headway as possible

B. on the starboard bow and make as much headway as possible
C. on the port quarter and make as much headway as possible
D. on the starboard quarter and make as much headway as
possible
If the vessel is in the dangerous semi-circle in the Northern on the starboard bow
and make as much

headway as possible
A. on the starboard bow and make as much headway as possible

B. on the port bow and make as much headway as possible
C. on the starboard quarter and make as much headway as
possible
D. on the port quarter and make as much headway as possible
If the vessel is in the navigable semi-circle in the Northern on the starboard quarter
and make as much

headway as possible
A. on the starboard quarter and make as much headway as

possible
B. on the port quarter and make as much headway as possible
C. on the starboard bow and make as much headway as possible
D. on the port bow and make as much headway as possible
You are attempting to locate your position with reference to on the storm track
a hurricane center in the Northern Hemisphere. If the wind behind the center
direction remains steady, but with diminishing velocity, you
are most likely.
A tide is called diurnal when _______.

A. only one high and one low water occur during a lunar day
B. the high tide is higher and the low tide is lower than usual
C. the high tide and low tide are exactly six hours apart
D. two high tides occur during a lunar day
only one high and one

low water occur during a
lunar day
After passing the First Quarter phase, the moon becomes Opposition
full moon at _____.
If the age of the moon is approximately 14 &1/2 days, it is opposition

said to be at:
If the moon reaches a point wherein it is completely

illuminated, it is at:
148
Opposition
The sun rises exactly at the time when the moon is setting. Opposition
The moon is at _____.
The superior planets are brightest and closest to the earth Opposition
at_____________.
When the moon sets during sunrise, it is at _____.
Opposition
When the moons R.A. is 12 hours different with that of

the sun, the moon is said to be at:
opposition
This is the type of rain that falls on the weather side of a orographic rain
mountain ranges and give some of the heaviest rain known:
NOTE: ORO refers to Mountain
In making compass adjustments at sea, which international Oscar Quebec

flag signal is hoisted?
The altitude correction that compensates for the equivalent Parallax

reading to the center of the earth is:
A. parallax
B. dip
C. index
D. semi-diameter
_______ is a form of halo consisting of an image of the sun at anthelion

the same altitude and some distance from it.
A. parhelion
B. paranthelion
C. anthelion
D. anti-helion
When the moon is at perigee, _______ occurs.

A. perigean tide
B. priming tide
perigean tide
C. lagging tide
D. semi-diurnal range
In a moons orbit, the point nearest the sun is called:
Perigee
A ship has a ______ magnetism.
permanent magnetism
149
The ratio of the strength of the magnetic field inside the
Permeability
metal to the strength of the external field is:

A. permeability
B. retentivity
C. coercivity
D. remanence
A pulse feature designed to eliminate sky wave is ______.
phase coding
The suns surface is called ______.
photosphere
Which of the following should be consulted to obtain Pilot chart

information about
The SOA chosen for each track leg in voyage planning is

the:
PIM speed
The Sailing Directions are published in the Enroute format Planning Guide
and the _____.
Planning Guides are

relatively permanent
The best position of the bow of the vessel when you are pointing to seaward
maneuvering on ice and intend to stop in ice close inshore is:
A. pointing to seaward
B. pointing to inwards
C. pointing to the ridge

D. pointing to shore
In voyage planning, PIM means:
The angle measured from the elevated pole along the hour Polar Distance
circle to the diurnal circle passing by the body is called:
Any piece of metal on becoming magnetized will develop Poles

regions of concentrated magnetism called ______.
points of intended
movement
Along the coast of Australia, a current called Darwin poleward

current flows:
A. poleward
B. eastward
C. northward
D. westward
150
In order for the gyro to have its North-South axis maintain Precession
its position in line with the Meridian, it must be capable of:
The reaction of a gyro compass to an applied force is
Precession
called:
A. precession
B. counter effect
C. gyroscopic inertia
D. gravity effect
This is the property of a gyroscope of resisting any force Precession

which tends to change its axis of rotation.
Any or all forms of water particles whether liquid or solid precipitation

that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground is
_____.
Military users use the ______ which provides extremely Precise Positioning
accurate positioning.
System
Pressure gradient is a measure of ______________.
pressure difference over

horizontal distance
A change in pressure with horizontal distance is called

____.
pressure gradient
On the poleward side of the high pressure belt in both

hemispheres, the atmospheric pressure again diminishes.
The wind in motion moves towards the poles and diverted
by the earths rotation toward the east. This wind system
is called _______.
prevailing westerlies
What is the airflow along the poleward side of the high Prevailing westerlies
pressure belt in each hemisphere diverted by the earths
rotation towards the East?
A. Prevailing westerlies
B. Doldrums
C. Geostrophic winds
D. Horse latitude
The charts _______ reflects the latest Notice to Mariners print date
used to update the chart.
When the faces of the sextant shade glasses and mirrors
are not parallel, the error is called:
151
prismatic error
____________ in GPS is the true distance between the pseudorange

satellite and the plus an offset due to frequency error of the
users clock.
The characteristics on which range resolution depends is:
Occluded front is colored _______.

A. purple
B. blue
Purple
C. red
D. green
On weather maps, occluded front is colored:

A. purple
B. red
Pulse length
purple
C. blue
D. green
The 8-mm radar uses the:
Q-Band
Which deviation change signs approximately each 90

degrees change of headings caused by induced magnetism
in horizontal soft iron?
This is a gyro error caused by the rolling of the vessel
Quadrantal deviation
quadrantal error
whose effect can reach a maximum on inter-cardinal

heading:
A. quadrantal error
B. ballistic error
C. damping error
D. tilting error
The component of space motion in the line of sight is

called _____.
Radial motion
A type of deformed ice formed by one piece of ice

overriding another.
rafted ice
Spoking would be indicated on the radar receiver by:
Random, pie-shaped
wedges on the PPI
If the rotor on a gyro is turning in the wrong direction it

will cause the gyro to:
Read reciprocal
directions
152
When using an echo sounder in deep water, it is NOT receive a strong return at
unusual to _____.
about 200 fathoms (366
meters) during the day,
and one nearer the
surface at night
A dashed outlined arrow applied on precautionary areas, recommended direction

two-way routes, recommended routes and deep-water routes of traffic flow
is called _______.
A. recommended direction of traffic flow
B. recommended track
C. established direction of flow
D. recommended route
Dashed line and dashed outlined arrows in recommended recommended routes

routes are ________.
A. recommended routes
B. recommended traffic flow
C. recommended track
D. recommended direction of traffic
Dashed lines with arrowheads generally reserved for use
recommended tracks
by charting authorities are _______.

A. recommended tracks C. recommended routes
B. recommended flow
D. recommended two way area
Cold front is colored _______.

A. red
B. blue
red
C. purple
D. green
On weather maps, warm front is colored:

A. red
B. blue
red
C. purple
D. green
On weather maps, stationary front is colored:

A. red/blue
B. purple
red/blue
C. blue
D. red
Planetary aberration is due, in part, to______________.
153
refraction of light as it
enters the Earth
atmosphere
The ratio of the pressure of water vapor present in the relative humidity
atmosphere to the saturation vapor pressure at the same
temperature is called ______.
It is the deviation of a magnetic compass after adjustment residual deviation

or compensation.
The remaining value that cannot be eliminated in deviation residual deviation

is called:
A. residual deviation
B. constant deviation
C. minimal deviation
D. all of these
After attempting to neutralize magnetism of the vessel, the residual magnetism

remaining is called _______.
A. residual magnetism
B. sub-permanent magnetism
C. sub-permanent magnetism
D. permanent magnetism
A print which does not supersede a current edition is

called _______.
revised print
The elongated area of high pressure extending outwards ridge

from an anticyclone area is called _______.
A. ridge
B. col
C. through
D. doldrums
The earths rotation affects the direction of the current in
right
the Northern Hemisphere by deflecting the set towards the

_______.
A. right
B. left
C. center
D. lower latitude
The date of a revised print is on the charts ______.
right of the edition date
As a cold front passes an observer, pressure _______.
rises and winds become

variable
After a cold front passes the barometric pressure usually

____.
154
rises, often quite

rapidly, with clearing
skies
In the Southern Hemisphere, the westerlies blow roaring forties

throughout the year steadily approaching that of the trade
winds. These are called the ______.
This is a swell wave emanating from distant storms which rollers

continue their progress across the oceans till they reach
shallow water when they abruptly steepen, increase in height
and sweep to the shore.
A. rollers
B. tidal wave
C. surf
D. tsunami
Diurnal aberration is due to_______________.
What is a region between two highs and two lows?

A. Saddle
B. Secondary law
rotation of the Earth on

its axis
Saddle
C. V-shaped low
D. Parallel isobars
Charts used for planning , fixing position at sea on a long sailing charts
voyage are called _______.
Which nautical publication gives an information if there
sailing directions
will be a chance to meet an iceberg during the course of the

voyage.
A. sailing directions
B. coast pilot
C. pilot chart
D. coastal chart
A 10-cm radar uses the:
This is the result when the sea is warm compared with the sea smoke
air which flows over the surface of the sea.
S-Band
Which feature, when set to zero, might allow a GPS unit

to have an accuracy equivalent to Precise Positioning
Service receiver capability?
Selective Availability
Which feature, when set to zero, might allow a GPS unit

to have an accuracy equivalent to Precise Positioning
Service receiver capability?
155
With regard to GPS, a civilian receiver may be capable of selective availability is

achieving the same accuracy as a military receiver set to zero
when________.
The class of tide that prevails in the greatest number of
semi-diurnal
important harbors on the Atlantic Coast is:

A. semi-diurnal
B. interval
C. mixed
D. diurnal
When there are small differences between the heights of
semi-diurnal
two successive high tides or two low tides, in a tidal day,

the tides are called _______.
A. semi-diurnal
B. diurnal
C. solar
D. mixed
The radar control that reduces weak echoes out to a limited sensitivity time control
distance from the ship is the _______.
The radar control used to reduce sea return at close ranges sensitivity time control
is the __________.
A tint, 3 mm wide in TSS and between TSS and inshore separation line
traffic is _______.
A. separation line
B. limit line
C. boundary line
D. demarcation line
A tint, any shape in TSS and between TSS and inshore
separation zone
traffic is _______.
A. separation zone
B. limit zone
C. boundary zone
D. demarcation zone
Which of the following will not contribute to the Ship's speed

commercial GPS receiver position error?
The celestial coordinate of a star that is relatively constant in Sidereal hour angle
value is the:
A. Sidereal hour angle
B. Local hour angle
C. Greenwich Hour Angle

D. Meridian angle
156
What do you call the snow and rain falling together, frozen sleet
consisting of transparent, rounded, hard rain-drop sized
grain of ice?
A. sleet
B. hail
C. frozen drizzle
D. frost
sling psychromotor
A line on Earth parallel to the equator is a __________.
small circle
A parallel of latitude other than the equator is a ______.
small circle
The earth receives 1,360 watts per square meter of the
solar constant
solar energy. This is called:

A. solar constant
B. solar energy
C. solar wave
D. radiation
The sun continuously emits charge particles called _____.
An electronic depth finder operates on the principle that sound waves travel at a
____.
constant speed through
water
solar wind
In the area of prevailing westerlies, and ocean current that South Atlantic Current
generally flows in the easterly direction to a point west of
Cape of Good Hope is called _______.
A. South Atlantic Current
B. North Atlantic Current
C. South American Current

D. Argentinian Current
Tropical storms occur in all oceans EXCEPT in the:

A. South Atlantic Ocean
B. South Indian Ocean
C. Western South Pacific Ocean

D. Arabian Sea
_______ flows westward in the general direction of the

southeast trades.
A. South Equatorial Current
B. Cape Horn Current
South Atlantic Ocean
South Equatorial
Current
C. Davidson Current
D. Labrador Current
In magnetism, it is the region in which the lines of force south pole

enter the iron.
157
Because of the low temperatures near the geographical

poles of the earth, the surface pressure tends to remain
higher than in surrounding regions since cold air is denser
than warm air. Consequently, winds blow outward from
the poles called:
southeasterlies in the
Antarctic
According to Buys Ballot law, when an observer in the

northern hemisphere experiences a northeast wind the
center of low pressure is located to the __________.
south-southeast
According to Buys Ballot Law, when an observer in the south-southwest

southern hemisphere experiences a northwest wind, the
center of the low pressure is located to the______.
If a weather bulletin shows the center of a low pressure
system to be 100 miles due east of you, what winds can
you expect in the southern hemisphere?
Kamchatka current flows:

A. southward
B. northward
southward
C. westward
D. eastward
The usual sequence of directions in which a tropical cyclone southwest, south and
moves in the Southern Hemisphere is ________________.
southeast
In which direction does the Brazil Current flows?

A. southwesterly
B. northwesterly
south-southwesterly
southwesterly
C. southerly
D. northerly
Most GPS receivers use the Doppler shift of the carrier

phase to compute ____.
Speed
_______ is the gyro compass error introduced by the ships speed error
forward motion along its track.
A. speed error
B. latitude error
C. track line error

D. deflection error
In voyage planning SOA means:
speed of advance
158
When the moon is new or full, what type of tides occur?

A. Spring
B. Neap
C. Diurnal
D. Apogean
Temperature decreases with height called _____.

These are stars in the galaxy that tend to congregate in
groups arranged in long spiral arms.
A. stationary front
B. occluded front
Star clouds
stationary front
C. cold front
D. warm front
Which of the following is a characteristic of the weather

preceding an approaching warm front?
steadily falling
barometric pressure
Which of the following is typical of warm front weather steady precipitation

conditions?
Monsoons are characterized by _______.

A. steady winds that reverse direction semi-annually
B. light, variable winds with little or no humidity
C. strong, gusty winds
D. strong, cyclonic winds
standard lapse rate
In the Nautical Almanac, are tabulated GHA of both the stars 57

sun and Aries, and also the declination of ______.
On weather maps, alternate red and blue color indicates:
Spring
steady winds that

reverse direction semiannually
A projection where points on the earth are transferred stereographic

the point opposite the plane point of tangency is
called______.
It is a single crest wave and has no period or wavelength
storm surge
called:
A. storm surge
B. tsunami
C. swell
D. ripples
Fetch is the _____________.
stretch of water over

which wave-forming
wind blows
159
When solid particles is changed to water vapor, the process sublimation

is:
A. sublimation
B. condensation
C. vaporization
D. convection
If a layer of cold, moist air over rides a shallow layer of

warm, dry air, which of the following may occur?
_______ is a squall with violent thunder, lightning, and
Sub-refraction
Sumatra
rain, which blows at night in the Malacca Straits especially

during the southwest monsoon.
A. Sumatra
B. Javaean
C. Malaccan
D. Taku
The star nearest to the earth is:

A. sun
B. Vega
sun
C. Sirius
D. Altair
The path followed by the sun towards Vega is called :
Suns way
Azimuth of the sun for compass error is best taken at:
sun's low altitude
An upper layer of warm, dry air over a surface layer of a Super-refraction

cold, moist air causes which of the following?
It is a motion with a period intermediate between that of the surge

ordinary wind wave and that of the tide:
A. surge
B. bore
C. swell
D. seiche
The sequence of tropical cyclone in the Southern SW, S and SE

Hemisphere is:
A. SW, S and SE
B. NW, W and S
C. N, NW and E
D. W, NW and N
This is wave motion caused by meteorological disturbance swell

which persists after the disturbance has move away.
A. swell
B. surge
C. seiches
D. sea current
160
This is the gyro compass error applicable in which
tangent latitude error
damping is accompanied by offsetting the point of

application of the force from a mercury ballistic.
A. tangent latitude error
B. damping error
C. ballistic error
D. quadrantal error
Fog forms when the air:
The line separating the illuminated and darkened portions Terminator

of the moon is called:
If it is impossible to avoid a hurricane in the Northern that half of the storm

Hemisphere, the most favorable place to be when storm lying to the left of the
passes is in ____________.
storm path
Little or no change in the barometric reading over a twelve that present weather
hour period indicates________.
conditions will continue
Planetary aberration is due in part, to______________.
Temperature equals or is
below the dew point
temperature
The diurnal inequality of the tides is caused by _______.
the body orbital motion

during the time required
for its light to reach the
earth
the declination of the
moon
A. the declination of the moon

B. changing the weather conditions
C. the Moon being at apogee
D. the Moon being at perigee
Fog forms when the air temperature is at or below:
The dew point
The longitude of the GP of a celestial body will be East if :
The Greenwich Hour

Angle is more than 180
The Moon appears

larger as the elevation
increases
Who has the con while navigating when the Master is on

the bridge?
161
the OIC
the OIC must never

leave his post in the
bridge if not properly
relieved
The same side of the moon is always turned towards the the period of rotation is
Earth because_______.
equal to the period of
revolution
What are the relative positions of the Sun, the earth, and a
planet when the planet is at inferior conjunction?
the Planet is between

the Earth and the Sun
A. the Planet is between the Earth and the Sun

B. the Sun is between the earth and the Planet
C. the Earth is between the Planet and the Sun
D. the Planet is between the Earth and Mercury
The gyro compass has the least directional power at the :
the sensitive element
The term velocity of escape means____________.
the speed at which the

molecules of the gas
making up the
atmosphere should
attain in order to
overcome the force of
gravity
If the Earths rotation were stopped, which of the following The sun will rise from
conditions will happen?
the West and sets to the
East due to revolution
Apparent time is based on______________.
the visible sun moving

along the ecliptic
The area of lowest pressure along a line with minimum trough

cyclonic curvature in the isobars on surface charts is called:
A. trough
B. ridge
C. wedge
D. low pressure
The lowest intervening part of the wave is called :

A. trough
B. crest
C. fetch
D. range
162
trough
A cold front moving in from the northwest can produce :
_______ is a periodic motion of the sea due to gravitational
Thunderstorms, hail,
and then rapid clearing
tidal phenomenon
forces of various celestial bodies.

A. tidal phenomenon
B. tidal effect
C. tidal current
D. tidal stream
An azimuth determined by solution of the navigational time and altitude

triangle with meridian angle, declination and altitude, it is azimuth
called _________________.
An azimuth determined by solution of the navigational time azimuth

triangle with meridian angle, declination and latitude, it is
called ____________________.
The equation of time measures the___________.
When the equation of time is taken from the Nautical time of local apparent
Almanac for use in celestial navigation, it is used to noon
determine _______.
You are steaming west in the North Atlantic in an extratropical cyclonic storm, and the wind, and the wind is
dead ahead. According to Buy Ballots Law, the center of
the law pressure lies _________.
time between the passage

of the mean sun and the
apparent sun over a
meridian
to the north of you
A dangerous semi-circle in the Northern Hemisphere is that to the right of the storm
area of the storm:
track
A. to the right of the storm track

B. between the ships heading and the eye
C. to the left of the storm track
D. between the ships heading and the left of the storm
In the Southern Hemisphere, the navigable semi-circle is:

A. to the right of the storm track
B. in the dangerous semi-circle
C. ahead of the storm track
D. behind the storm center
163
to the right of the

storm track
The navigable semicircle of a typhoon in the Southern

Original date of issue of a new chart is shown at the :
The strength of the field at any point, measured in a
to the right of the

storm track
top center margin
total intensity
direction parallel to the field is called _______.

A. total intensity
B. parallel intensity
C. horizontal intensity
D. vertical intensity
This is the belt of light and variable winds and fine clear trade wind belt
weather marking the central regions of the sub-tropical
high pressure belt.
The winds blowing consistently from the horse latitudes to
trade winds
the doldrums are called _______.

A. trade winds
B. polar easterlies
C. roaring forties
The winds that has the greatest effect on the set, drift, and trade winds
depth of the equatorial currents are the:
A. trade winds
B. doldrums
C. prevailing westerlies
D. equatorial winds
Winds that blow from the belts of high pressure towards trade winds
the equatorial belts of low pressure are the ______.
A device which converts electrical energy into sound energy transducer

and vice versa is called:
In modern fathometers the sonic sound waves are produced transducer

electrically by means of a/an____.
When the Moons declination is maximum north, which of

the following will occur?
A. Tropic tides
B. Higher high tides & lower low tides
C. Mixed-type tides
D. Equatorial tides
164
Tropic tides
Which of the following weather disturbances is classified by Tropical disturbance

from and intensity and which does not have closed isobars?
Low pressure disturbances, which travel along the inter- tropical waves
tropical convergence zone, are called__________.
The velocity of the apparent wind can be less than the true true wind from dead
wind and from the same direction, if certain conditions are astern
present. One condition is that the ___________.
The velocity of the apparent wind can be more than the true wind must be from
true wind, and come from the same direction, if certain dead ahead
conditions are present. One condition is that the ______.
A strong tidal wave is called _______.

A. tsunami
B. tsurami
tsunami
C. cyclonic wave
D. tsushima
When operated over a muddy bottom, a fathometer may

indicate _____
two depth reading
Which factor has the greatest effect on the amount of gain

required to obtain a fathometer reading?
Type of bottom
If a navigational computer is not available for constructing use of gnomonic chart to

a track in voyage planning, the easiest method is the:
plot a great circle route
The angle between the magnetic and geographic meridians variation

at any place east or west to indicate the direction of
magnetic north from the true north is called :
Conjunction is not possible for ___________.
Venus
Inferior conjunction is possible for ____________.
Venus
Which of the planet in the Solar System has almost the same Venus
size as the Earth?
A. Venus
B. Neptune
C. Pluto
D. Mars
165
What is the point on the track of a tropical cyclone where vertex

the curvature is greatest?
A. vertex
B. trough
C. vortex
D. eye
What does the term tide refer to?
Vertical movement of the

water
A. Vertical movement of the water

B. Horizontal movement of the water
C. Mixing tendency of the water
D. Salinity constant of the water
The extreme horizontal distance at which prominent objects visibility

can be seen and identified by the unaided eye.
Clouds appearing in the following order: cirrus,
cirrostratus, altostratus, status, and nimbostratus usually
indicate the approach of a (n) ______________.
warm front
If the cloud is observed to appear in the following order:
warm front
cirrus, cirrostratus, altostratus stratus and nimbostratus,

this would indicate the approach of a/an:
A. warm front
B. cold front
C. occluded front
D. thunderstorm
On weather maps, red color indicates:

A. warm front
B. cold front
warm front
C. occluded front
D. stationary front
Fog is most commonly associated with a (an).
Warm front at night
On a weather map, triangles are pointing toward the :
warmer air
On mid-ocean waters, the height of a wind-generated wave water depth exceeding

is not affected by the:
100 feet
Fog is most commonly associated with a/an:
166
water front at night
A small whirling storm over the ocean or inland waters and waterspout
is like a funnel-shaped cloud dropping to the ocean is called
_______.
A. waterspout
B. whirlwind
C. depression
D. tornado
This is the vertical distance between the trough and the wave height
crest.
A. wave height
B. altitude
C. wave range
D. wave length
This is the vertical distance between the trough and the wave height
crest.
A Loran receivers major advantage is its ability to store :
The state of the atmosphere with respect to temperature, weather

humidity, precipitation, visibility, cloudiness, and other
factors is called ______.
waypoints
Which gyro pilot adjustment is set to zero except when it

is desirable to allow the ship to respond to the temporary
action of heavy seas?
weather adjustment
______ is a transmission sent to the ship advising the

master of expected adverse conditions, duration and
geographic extent.
weather advisory
Charts through Notice To Mariners are updated:
Weekly
Light Lists through Notice To Mariners are updated:
weekly
Notice To Mariners is published:
weekly
The Local Notice to Mariners is usually published _____.
weekly
Because of the earth rotation, the moving air is deflected

toward the ______.
west
167
The North Equatorial Current flows to the _______.

A. west
B. east
west
C. northeast
D. southwest
In the middle latitudes, wind travels generally from:

A. west to east
B. north to south
west to east
C. south to north
D. east to west
Current that flows easterly around Antarctica is termed as West wind drift
_______.
A. West wind drift
B. Falkland Current
C. Antarctic Current
D. Gulf Stream
In the Antarctic the circulation is generally from west to east West Wind Drift
in a broad, slow-moving current extending completely
around Antarctica, this is called the _______.
A. West Wind Drift
B. Circumpolar Wind Drift
C. East Wind Drift

D. Antarctica Current
The precession of the equinoxes occurs in a(n) _______.

A. westerly direction
B. northerly direction
C. easterly direction
D. southerly direction
Agulhas current generally flows:

A. westward
B. northward
westerly direction
westward
C. eastward
D. southward
Neap tides occur only _______.
when the Moon is at

quadrature
A. when the Moon is at quadrature

B. at a new or full moon
C. when the Sun, Moon and Earth are in line
D. at approximately 28-day intervals
168
Priming of the tides occurs _______.

A. when the Moon is between new and first quarter and
between third quarter and new
B. at times of new and full Moon
C. when the Earth, Moon and Sun are lying approximately
on the same line
D. when the Moon is between first quarter and full and
between third quarter and new
when the Moon is

between new and first
quarter and between
third quarter and new
Spring tides occur _______.

A.
B.
C.
D.
when the Sun, Moon and

Earth are nearly in line,
when the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly in line, in any in any order
order
at the start of spring, when the Sun is nearly over the
equator
only when the Sun and Moon are on the same side of the
earth and nearly in line
when the Sun and Moon are at approximately 90-deg. to
each other as seen from the Earth
In a river subject to tidal currents, the best time to dock a when there is a head
ship without the assistance of tugs is____________.
current
A warm front marks the region _________________.
Two generating forces of ocean currents are:
where a warm air is

replacing cold air
wind and density
differences
A. wind and density differences

B. water depth and ocean contour
C. density and water depth
D. temperature and salinity
The wind in the dangerous semi-circle of a tropical cyclone wind circulation and
is higher in velocity due to the:
forward motion of the

storm
A. wind circulation and forward motion of the storm

B. extension of the low pressure ridge
C. direction of circulation and pressure gradient
D. recurvature effect
The wind velocity is higher in the dangerous semi-circle of a wind circulation and
tropical cyclone because of the _______.
forward motion of the

storm
A. wind circulation and forward motion of the storm

B. extension of the low pressure ridge
C. direction of circulation and pressure gradient
D. recurvature effect
169
The apparent wind speed can be zero only when two wind speed equals the
conditions are present. One condition is that the true ship speed
_____________.
Capricorn is the point of:
What publication contains information about the port World Port Index
facilities in Cadiz, Spain?
winter solstice
The difference of latitude between the GP and your position, zenith distance
at the time when the celestial body is on the meridian, is
represented by:
A. zenith distance
B. co-latitude
C. altitude
D. declination
When the moon is at New Moon its elongation is ______.
A circular band of the sky extending 8 degrees on each side zodiac

of the ecliptic is called:
A faint glow observed extending upward along the ecliptic zodiacal light
before sunrise and after sunset is called ______.
This is a faint cone of light which extends upward from the zodiacal light
horizon along the ecliptic after sunset or before sunrise.
You are using a racetrack turn to recover a man
zero
180
overboard. The vessel is first steadied when how many

degrees away from the original heading?
A. 60 to 70
B. 90
C. 135
D. 180
In a racetrack turn, to recover a man overboard, the vessel

is steadied for the SECOND time after a turn of how many
degrees from the original heading?
A. 60
B. 135
C. 180
D. 360
170
360
The axis of precession describes an angle of inclination as
41,000 years
the earth moves towards the direction of star VEGA,

caused by a force which tends to rotate the earth axis
perpendicular to plane of the ecliptic. This physical
character has a cycle of:
Tropical cyclones normally form within which of the
5 to 15
following belts of latitude?

A.
B.
C.
D.
5 to 15
15 to 30
30 to 45
45 to 60
In the Celestial Equator System of coordinates, when the
90
body is along the Pn-Ps line, therefore the Meridian Angle

is:
Which of the following should NOT be used as an indicator

that ice may be nearby?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a dark appearance of
the sky
a dark appearance of the sky

A gradual drop in sea water temperature to below 32 F
A yellowish glare in the sky
The presence of seals or certain type birds
The Coordinator Surface Search (CSS) in a SAR situation

should display by night:
What is an Anticyclone?
A system of high
atmospheric pressure
A. A system of high atmospheric pressure

B. A system of low atmospheric pressure
C. A secondary depression in the rear of a low pressure
system
D. It is the correct meteorological name for a
typhoon/hurricane
NOTE:
CYCLONE = Low Pressure
ANTI-CYCLONE =
a distinctive signal
promulgated by the
CSS
High Pressure
171
What classification of tropical cyclone would have closed
A tropical storm
isobars, counter clockwise rotary circulation, and sustained

winds between 34 and 63 knots?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A tropical disturbance
A tropical depression
A tropical storm
A hurricane
What level of development of a tropical cyclone has a
A tropical storm
hundred mile radius of circulation, gale force winds, less

than 990 millibars of pressure and vertically formed
cumulonimbus clouds?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A tropical disturbance
A tropical depression
A tropical storm
A typhoon
As the South Equatorial Current approaches the East
Agulhas current
Coast of Africa, it divides with the main part flowing South

to form the warm:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Agulhas current
Benguela current
Canary current
Madagascar current
What will occur when relating to humidity at 100%?
AIR is saturated or
there will be RAIN
Major category(ies) of NAVTEX is/are _______.
all of these
A.
B.
C.
D.
all of these
meteorological warnings
meteorological forecasts
navigational warnings
Fog is formed when:

A.
B.
C.
D.
all of these conditions

are correct
all of these conditions are correct

the moisture in the air condenses into small droplets
air is cooled to its dew point
the base of a cloud is on the ground
172
A stationary front on a weather chart is colored:

A.
B.
C.
D.
red
purple
blue
Which of the following when subtracted from 90 will give Altitude

the radius of almucantar?
It is a small circle parallel to the sensible horizon and
Altitude circle
passes through the body.
What can you find in the last pages of the NAUTICAL

Almanac?
A.
B.
C.
D.
altitude correction of
the moon
altitude corrections for sun, stars and planet

altitude correction of Mercury and Venus
altitude correction of the moon
dip table
A body at the observers zenith will have a/an:
Altitude of 90
The angular distance between the prime vertical and the
Amplitude
hour circle of the body with prefix sign is otherwise known

as:
It is the angular distance between the prime vertical and
Amplitude
the sun during rising and setting.
With respect to failure warnings and status indications,

GPS receivers should provide, at a minimum:
A submerged ice attached to the bottom irrespective of the

nature of its formation is called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
anchor ice
iceberg
compact ice
polynya
173
an alarm if a new
position has not been
calculated within the
last two seconds
anchor ice
The optical principle of a marine sextant is when a ray of
Angle of incidence
light is reflected from a plane surface, the angle of

reflection is equal to the_________.
What is Right Ascension?
angular distance of a
celestial body east of
Aries
It is the altitude of the centre of a heavenly body when
Apparent altitude
measured from the sensible horizon.
A relatively thin shell of air, water vapor, and suspended
Atmosphere
particulates surrounding the earth is called:

A.
B.
Stratosphere
Ionosphere
C. Troposphere
D. Atmosphere
The intercepted arc of the horizon between the principal
Azimuth
vertical circle and the vertical circle passing through the

body when rising or setting is called:
It is the arc of the horizon measured either clockwise or
Azimuth angle
counter clockwise through 180 starting at the North point

of the horizon in the North latitude and the South point of
the horizon the South latitude
Developed with tangent plane. With the result that bearing
Azimuthal projection
of a point from the centre are correctly represented.
The inner cloud bands of a hurricane, when viewed from a

distance, form a mass of dense, black cumulonimbus clouds
called the ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
bar of the storm

eye of the storm
funnel
front
174
bar of the storm
This is a local strong wind carrying damp snow or sleet and Barber
spray that freezes upon contact with objects:
A.
B.
C.
D.
barber
katabatic wind
anabatic wind
abroholos
The passing of a low pressure system can be determined by
Barometer
periodically checking the____________.

A.
B.
Barometer
thermometer
C. hygrometer
D. anemometer
Which do the numbers on isobars indicate?

A.
B.
barometric pressure
temperature
barometric pressure
C. rain in inches
D. wind speed
Parallax is caused by :
Being on the surface of

the earth rather at its
center
On a voyage from Cape Town to London, the favorable
Benguela current
ocean current off the coast of Africa is the:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Canary current
Agulhas current
Benguela current
South Atlantic current
Which current would you encounter on a direct passage
Benguela current
from London, England to Cape Town, South Africa?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Falkland current
Norway current
Brazil current
Benguela current
A cold front on a weather chart is colored:

A.
B.
C.
D.
blue
purple
red
175
Blue
If Declination plus the latitude equals 90 and of the same

names, the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Body is tangent to the

horizon at lower transit
Body passes exactly at the zenith of the observer

Body does not rise anymore
Body is exactly to the horizon at upper transit
Body is tangent to the horizon at lower transit
What current flows southward along the west coast of the
California Current
United States and causes extensive fog in that area?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Davidson Current
North Pacific Current
Alaska Current
California Current
Chart legends which indicate a conspicuous landmark are
capital letters
printed in:
The imaginary sphere of infinite radius with the earth at its Celestial sphere
centre.
Zenith is the point on the ___________ vertically overhead
celestial sphere
of the observer.
Equinoctial is formed by projecting the earths equator to
celestial sphere
the:
The imaginary sphere of infinite radius with the earth at its Celestial sphere
center.
A sextant error where the pivot of the index bar is not at
Centering error
the center of the arc.
Chart symbols and abbreviations are shown in _______.
Chart No.1
Earths representation on a surface either plane or curved
Chart projection
according to a definite plan.
176
In the Northern Hemisphere, the major ocean currents

tend to flow:
clockwise around the

North Atlantic and
North Pacific oceans
A. clockwise around the North Atlantic and North Pacific

oceans
B. clockwise or counter-clockwise depending on whether it
is a warm or a cold current
C. counter-clockwise except in the Gulf Stream
D. counter-clockwise around the North Atlantic and North
Pacific Oceans
The radius of the almucantar is equal to the:
co-altitude or zenith
distance
You are entering a harbor for the first time, which of the
Coast pilot
publications would you consult?
Neck of low pressure between two highs.
Col
In the celestial equator system of coordinates, when the
Co-latitude
When cold air displaces warm air you have a (n) _______.
cold front

the altitude during upper transit will be equal to the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
cold front
occluded front
stationary front
warm front
An occluded front is usually caused by a:
cold front overtaking a

warm front
A sextant error when the axis of the telescope is not parallel Collimation error
to the plane of the instrument.
________ is a sailing in which you take a parallel sailing to

limit the altitude of your track.
177
composite sailing
The heat transfer from particle to particle is known as:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Conduction
radiation
conduction
convection
induction
Developed on a tangent or secant cones or cones.
Conic projection
When the air is warmed, it tends to rise. This heat transfer
Convection
is called:
A.
B.
Advection
Conduction
C. Convection
D. Radiation
Ascending and descending air masses with different
Convection
temperature is part of an important heat transmitting

process in our atmosphere called ____.
A.
B.
Convection
radiation
C. conduction
D. barometric inversion
The direction in which a vessel is steered is the course the
Course over the ground
path actually followed is the:
What do you call the relatively low pressure area which is
Cyclone
generally circular.
A.
B.
Anticyclone
Cyclone
C. Col
D. Squall
It is developed on a tangent cylinder, which is then spread
Cylindrical projection
out to form a plane.
A good chart can be distinguished from indifferent one by:
date of correction
The angular distance of a celestial body north or south of
Declination
the celestial equator measured along the hour circle of the

body is known as:
The polar distance of the body is said to be equal to 090

when
178
Declination of the body

is 0
Ease the rudder means to:
Decrease the rudder

angle
The highest level of commercial navigational accuracy is
DGPS, within a
coverage area
provided by ____.
It is the angle between the horizontal plane through
Dip
This is the correction to the sextant altitude applied to the
Dip
observers eye.
visible horizon to obtain the sensible horizon.
The daily path of a celestial body that is parallel to the
Diurnal circle
equinoctial.
Katabatic wind blows:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Down an incline due to

cooling of air
Up an incline due to surface heating

In a circular pattern
Down an incline due to cooling of air
Horizontally between a high and a low pressure area
NOTE: Katabatic = Down

Anabatic = Up
This is the wind blowing up on an incline as a result of
anabatic wind
surface heating.
A. anabatic wind
B. foehn
C. katabatic wind
D. fall wind
What kind of wind which blows up an incline usually as a Anabatic wind

result of surface heating?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Katabatic wind
Foehn
Fall wind
Anabatic wind
PrimE vertical:
E/W
PrinNcipal vertical circle:
N/S (North/South)
179
(East/West)
In mid-oceans, the characteristics of a wave are determined effect of the moons

by three factors. What is NOT one of these factors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
gravity
effect of the moons gravity

fetch
wind velocity
length of time the wind is blowing
If a celestial body is at your meridian the azimuth is:
Either North or South
The hour cycle that passes through the First Point of Aries
equinoctial colure
is known as the:
It is the term used when the ecliptic intersects the celestial
Equinoxes
equator.
The points of intersection of the ecliptic and the celestial
Equinoxes
equator are called_______.
In the orthographic projection of the horizon system of
E-N
coordinates, when the body rises to the left of the Prime

Vertical (PV), the amplitude is named.
In the orthographic projection of the horizon system of
E-S
coordinates, when the body rises to the right of the Prime

Vertical (PV), the amplitude is named:
Salinity in the Mediterranean is increased by:
Evaporation
You are proceeding to the area of reported distress. When
Expanding square
you arrive at the reported position, the vessel in distress is

not sighted. What type of search should be conducted?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sector search
Expanding square
Track crawl
Parallel track search
At the top of the center of the chart is the date of ______.
180
first edition of the chart
What describes an accurate position that is not based on
Fix
any prior position?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Dead-reckoning position
Estimated position
Fix
Running fix
The height of a wave is the vertical distance:
from the crest to trough
A. from the still water plane to the crest

B. from the still water plane to the trough
C. from the crest to trough
D. between the water levels at one quarter of waves
length
Which of the following would occur when an extremely cold Frost smoke
air from shore passes over warmer water?
A.
B.
Advection fog
Frost smoke
C. Convection fog
D. Land breeze
Chart with a natural scale of 1:180,000 is classified as a:
General chart
________ are intended for coastwise navigation outside of
general charts
outlying reefs and shoals.
What distance of visibility is that which light may be seen in Geographical range
clear weather computed in nautical miles for a height of the
observers eye of 15 feet above sea level?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Visible range
Geographical range
Computed range
Luminous range
It is the angular distance measured from the Greenwich
GHA
meridian to the body.
A projection where points on the earth are transferred

the center of the earth is called:
181
gnomonic
Which is commonly used for planning great circle track?
gnomonic chart
Which chart is commonly used for planning great circle
gnomonic chart
track?
All lines represent a great circle tracks on a chart.
Gnomonic projection
It is based on a plane tangent at one point.
Gnomonic projection
All parallels except the equator appear as curved lines.
Gnomonic projection
The projection in which the meridians appear as straight
gnomonic projection
lines converging toward the nearer pole is called _______.
Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to

ship handling procedures in ice?
Go astern in ice with

extreme care-always
with rudder amidships
A. Never go full astern at any time while in ice

B. Go astern in ice with extreme care-always with rudder
amidships
C. Enter ice at medium speeds to reduce impact
D. The presence of a snow cover on the ice assists a
vessels progress through an ice field
A low HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) number
good fix
such as 2 indicates a:
Which is NOT a contributing cause of ocean currents?

A.
B.
C.
D.
gravitational effects of
celestial bodies
surface winds
density differences in water
underwater topography
gravitational effects of celestial bodies
It is a circle on the surface of the sphere, where plane
Great circle
passes through the center of the sphere.
_____________ involves a solution of courses, distances,

and points along a track between two points.
182
great circle sailing
An ocean current that generally flows along the coast of
Gulf Stream
Florida towards the North Atlantic is called:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Gulf Stream
Guinea Current
North Stream
Florida Current
________ are intended for navigation and anchorage in
harbor charts
harbor and small waterways.
A great circle through the celestial poles and a point or
Hour circle
body on the celestial sphere
Vertical circle is to the horizon system, what Great circle is
Hour circle
for celestial equator system of coordinates?
The hillock of a broken ice is:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Hummock
floe
hummock
moraine
nunatak
Which of the following can be measured from the Horizon
I, II and III
System of Coordinates?
I. Zenith distance
II. Amplitude
III. Co-altitude
A.
B.
C.
D.
I and II only
II and III only
II only
I, II and III
This is composed of ice crystals and reduces visibility.

A.
B.
C.
D.
ice fog
haze
ice fog
sleet
frost
It is the sextant error when the horizon and index mirror

are not parallel.
183
Index error
You plot a fix in three lines of position and find they

intersect in a triangle, this actual position of the vessel:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Is the geometric center

of the triangle
Is outside of the triangle

May be anywhere in a triangle
May be inside or outside of the triangle
Is the geometric center of the triangle
The current that, in many respects, is similar to the Gulf
Kuroshio
Stream is the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kuroshio
Oyashio
California current
Benguela current
Which current is warm based on the latitude in which it
Kuroshio current
originates and on the effect it has on climates?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Kuroshio current
Peru current
Benguela current
California current
The cold ocean current which meets the warm Gulf Stream Labrador current
between latitudes 40 and 43 N to form the cold wall is
called the _________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
North Cape current

Greenland current
Labrador current
North Atlantic current
Which current is responsible for the movement of the
Labrador current
icebergs into the North Atlantic shipping lanes?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Iceland current
Labrador current
Baltic current
Baffin current
It is a conic projection chart features straight lines, which
Lambert conformal
closely approximates a great circle.
It is the practical charts used in very high latitudes.
184
Lambert conformal
It is a conic projection with two standard parallels.

Developed on a cone which intersects the sphere or
spheroids at two standard parallels.
Lambert conformal
projection
In the daily pages of the Nautical Almanac, a circle with the Last quarter
right hand side fully shaded indicates:
The amplitude will be numerically equal to the declination
Latitude is zero
only when:
If the altitude of the elevated pole is 90 degrees, the:
Latitude of the observer

is at the pole
It is the angular distance measured westerly from the
LHA
It is the angular distance measured from the local celestial
LHA
observers meridian to the hour circle passing through the

body.
meridian westward through 360 .
What do you call the line connecting perihelion and the
Line of apsides
aphelion?
For sunrise and sunset in the Nautical Almanac given. . .
LMT
In the lower right hand column of the daily pages of the
LMT
Almanac, the time of Meridian Passage (M.P.) is given in:
This cannot be used as a standard time since it differs from
LMT
every meridian. Its principal use in rising, setting and

twilight tables.
In the time diagram, the time-arc of the celestial equator
Local Sidereal Time
between the hour circle of the vernal equinox to the

observers Meridian is called:
New edition on the chart is found on the:
185
Lower left hand corner
When a first edition of a chart is printed, the original date
of issue of a new chart is shown at the top center margin

and;
The revision date of a chart is printed on what area of the
lower-left corner
chart?
During meridian passage, the LHA and meridian angle of
Maximum altitude
the body is zero. What is its altitude?
The length of a wave is the length:

A.
B.
C.
D.
measured from crest to

crest
of the waves crest

of the waves trough
measured from crest to trough
measured from crest to crest
It is a cylindrical projection.
Mercator chart
It is a conformal map projection.
Mercator projection
A cartographer cannot transfer a sphere to a flat surface
Mercator projection
without distortion, he must project the surface of a sphere

onto a plane surface. An example of this projection is that
the cylinder tangent along the Equator called :
________________ is similar to plane sailing but uses
Mercator sailing
meridional difference and difference in longitude in place

of difference of latitude and departure.
The angle measured from the observers meridian either
Meridian angle
eastward or westward to the body and named East if rising

and West if setting.
________ uses the mean latitude for converting departure

to difference of longitude when the course is not due east or
west.
186
middle latitude sailing
Small v in the nautical almanac.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Moon
Moon
Stars
Sun
Sun/Moon
________ represents part of the spherical earth on a plane
nautical chart
surface.
What is the phase of the moon when it rises during sunrise? New moon
The maximum distance that a light be seen when the
nominal range
weather is clear is called:

A. nominal range
B. luminous range
C. geographic range
D. computed range
When the Gulf stream decreases speed until it becomes
North Atlantic Current
slow, it is called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Florida Current
Labrador Current
Norwegian Current
Sailing Directions contain:
numbered sections
along a coast or through
a strait
What type of projection is formed if a plane is tangent to
Oblique gnomonic
the earth, and the points are geometrically form the center
of the Earth?
A cyclone in its final stage of development is called a (n) :

A.
B.
C.
D.
tornado
anticyclone
occluded cyclone or occluded front
polar cyclone
187
occluded cyclone or
occluded front
Tropical cyclones do not form within 5 of the Equator

because :
A.
B.
C.
D.
of negligible Coriolis
force
there are no fronts in that area

it is too hot
it is too humid
of negligible Coriolis force
The navigational triangle is NOT formed when the body is:
on the observers
meridian
If the GHA of the moon differs by 180 by that of the sun,
Opposition
it said to be at:
NOTE: OPPOSITION means 180 degrees difference or

exactly opposite
If the moon reaches a point wherein it is completely
Opposition
illuminated, it is at:
The sun rises exactly at the time when the moon is setting.
Opposition
The moon is at__________.
After passing the first Quarter phase, the moon become full Opposition
moon at:
If the age of the moon is approximately 14 & 1/2 days, it is
Opposition
said to be at:
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Ice

Navigation Center?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Organize and equip the

Ice Patrol
Schedule Coast Guard ice reconnaissance

Keep abreast of merchant vessel movement
Keep abreast of Coast Guard icebreaker movement
Organize and equip the Ice Patrol
If terrestrial points are projected geometrically from

infinity to a tangent plane, the projection is called :
188
orthographic projection
Emanating from a point at infinity, are perpendicular to a

tangent plane.
Orthographic
projection
Projecting lines are parallel to each other.
Orthographic
projection
Cold water flowing southward through the western part of
Oyashio current
the Bering Sea between Alaska and Siberia is joined by

water circulating counter-clockwise in the Bearing Sea to
form the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Alaska current
Kuroshio current
Subartic current
Oyashio current
These are circular pieces of ice called:

A.
B.
C.
D.
pancake ice
ice cake
frazil ice
pancake ice
ice floes
This correction is not applicable when taking the sight of
Parallax
the star.
What correction to the altitude of the moon but not to the
Parallax
altitude of the sun is taken from the daily pages of the

almanac?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Refraction
Parallax
Coriolis
Semi-diameter
_________ is the interconversion of departure and

difference of longitude when a vessel is proceeding due east
or west.
189
parallel sailing
What is the search pattern system called using more than
Parallel System
one ship?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Parallel System
Cross System
Circle System
Triangle System
It is the sextant error on the index mirror when not
Perpendicularity error
perpendicular to the plane of the instrument.
Which of the following should be consulted to obtain
Pilot chart
information about the general current circulation in the

North Atlantic Ocean?
_______ solves problems involving a single course and
plane sailing
distance, difference of latitude
Water in the air, except:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Plasma
Water vapor
Water droplet
Ice particle
Plasma
It is the distance measured from the hour circle from the
Polar distance
elevated pole to the body.
Are the points on the sphere which are 90 removed from
Poles of great circle
all points on the great circle.
Suitable for marine surveying.
Polyconic Chart
Distance is measured by parallel lines.
Polyconic chart
Developed on a series of tangent cones, which is then spread Polyconic projection

out to form a plane.
Series of cones tangent at selected parallels.
190
Polyconic projection
The great circle that passes through the Zenith and Nadir
Prime vertical
Vertical circle with passes through the East and west point
PrimE vertical circle
of the horizon
An occluded front on a weather chart is colored:

A.
B.
C.
D.
red
red and blue
purple
blue
What will act to dissipate Fog?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Radiation
convection
evaporation
radiation
conduction
A warm front on a weather chart is colored:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Purple
Red
purple
blue
red
This is the result when the rays of light passes from one
Refraction
medium to another of different density
The angular distance measured from vernal equinox
Right ascension (RA)
eastward and usually expressed in unit of time
It is the angular distance measured easterly from the first
Right ascension (RA)
point of Aries to the body.
This is a swell wave emanating from distant storms which

continue their progress across the oceans till they reach
shallow water when they abruptly steepen, increase in
height and sweep to the shore.
A. rollers
B. tidal wave
C. surf
D. tsunami
191
rollers
The smallest scale chart used for planning, fixing position
sailing chart
at sea and for plotting the dead reckoning while proceeding

on a long voyage is the _____.
Which nautical publication gives an information if there
sailing directions
will be a chance to meet an iceberg during the course of the

voyage?
The ratio of a given distance on the chart to the actual
Scale
distance it represents on the earth
While you are on watch, you learn that a crewman has not
Scharnow
been seen on board for the past three hours. What type of
turn is best in this man overboard situation?
A. Round
B. Scharnow
C. Racetrack
D. Single turn 180 degrees
The most probable position of the search target at a given
Search Datum
time taking into consideration the effect of DRIFT since the

initial position of the incident was established.
Any circle which passes through the poles of another great
Secondary great circle
circle
A man was sighted as he fell overboard. After completing a Sector search

Williamson turn, the man is not sighted. What type of
search should be conducted?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Expanding circle
Sector search
Parallel track pattern
Datum-drift search
Which feature, when set to zero, might allow a GPS unit to
have an accuracy equivalent to Precise Positioning Service

receiver capability?
It is the angle actually measured between the body and the

visible horizon
192
Sextant altitude
It is the angular distance measured from the first point of
SHA
Aries to the star.
Angle at the pole measured from 000 to 360 westward
SHA
from the meridian of the star.
It is the sextant error if the horizon mirror is not
Side error
perpendicular to the plane of the instrument
The scale is correct along any meridian
Simple conic projection
Any circle on the surface of the sphere which does not pass
Small circle
through the centre of sphere and therefore does not divide

the sphere into two equal halves
Which current would you encounter on a direct passage
South Atlantic Current
from South Africa to Argentina, South America?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Agulhas
South Equatorial
Guinea
An ocean current that generally flows in the easterly
direction to a point west of Cape of Good in the arc of

prevailing westerlies is called:
A.
B.
C.
D.

South American Current
Argentinian Current
The usual sequence of directions in which a tropical cyclone southwest, south and
moves in the Southern Hemisphere is _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
southeast
northwest, west, and south

southwest, south and southeast
north, northwest and east
west, northwest and north
________ results from projecting points on the surface of

the Earth onto a tangent plane, from a point on the surface
of the Earth opposite the point of tangency.
193
stereographic
projection
Radial lines from any point on the surface to a plane to the

antipode of the point of the projection.
Projecting rays is the point opposite the planes point of

tangency.
The horizontal area covered by cyclonic condition is the:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Stereographic
projection
Stereographic
projection
storm field
stormy area
vertex
storm field
vortex
On top of the tropopause is the layer ______.
stratosphere
Layer between thermosphere and exosphere.
Thermopause
The layer of the atmosphere between the troposphere and
Tropopause
the stratosphere is the:

A.
B.
Stratopause
Mesopause
C. Exosphere
D. Tropopause
The top of the troposphere is marked by a transition layer
tropopause
called:
A layer in the atmosphere with a negligible quantity of gas, thermosphere

whose temperature increases with increase in height.
A. thermosphere
B. ionosphere
C. stratosphere
D. mesosphere
As altitude increases, air pressure decreases due to troposphere

decreased weight of air above. More than of the air is
concentrated within a layer called _____.
The layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere is

called:
194
mesosphere
Fetch is the:
A. distance a wave travels between formation and decay
B. stretch of water over which a wave forming wind blows
C. time in seconds required for two crests to pass a given
point
D. measurement of a wave steepness
A sea breeze is a wind:

A.
B.
C.
D.
stretch of water over

which a wave forming
wind blows
That blows towards an

island during the day
That blows towards the sea at night

That blows towards an island during the day
Caused by cold air descending a coastal incline
Caused by the distant approach of a hurricane
What wind results from a land mass cooling more quickly
Land breeze
at night than the adjacent water area?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Coastal breeze
Sea breeze
Land breeze
Mistral
The Geographical longitude of the body will be numerically the body is setting
equal to the Meridian angle only when:
The Coordinator Surface Search in a SAR situation should
The code flags FR
display by day:
A.
B.
C.
D.
The code flags FR

Code flag Quebec over a black ball
A black ball over a black diamond shape
Two black diamond shapes in a vertical line
If the altitude of the elevated pole is 90, therefore:

A.
B.
C.
D.
The latitude of the

observer is at the pole
The Polar distance is also 90

The Declination is indeterminate
The latitude of the observer is at the pole
The Polar distance equals the declination
The ecliptic is:
the path the Sun

appears to take among
the stars
195
What are the relative positions of the Sun, the Earth and a
Planet when the planet is at inferior conjunction?
Which of the following is NOT an indication that pack ice

may be nearby?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the Planet is between

the Earth and the Sun
The presence of
icebergs
The presence of icebergs

Ice blink
Absence of wave motion
Sighting a walrus in the Arctic
Your ship is navigating independently in heavy ice when it
The propeller is more

becomes beset. Which of the following statements is NOT
susceptible to ice
true?
damage when turning
slowly than when
A. The vessel will most likely require an icebreaker to free stopped
her
B. The vessel may be able to free herself by pumping
ballast from side to side
C. The propeller is more susceptible to ice damage when
turning slowly than when stopped
D. It is advisable to clear the rudder area of ice by using
ahead turns before backing down
The date of the chart-Nautical charts bear three dates

which are important to persons using them. The first
edition date (month year) printed centrally in the upper
margin.
The date of the chart-Nautical charts bear three dates

which are important to persons using them. The first
edition date (month year) printed centrally in the upper
margin.
This issue contains all

up to date which are
hand corrected in the
old issues.
This issue contains all

up to date which are
hand corrected in the
old issues.
The path of intended travel between three or more points is Track

the:
________ combines plane sailing solutions when there are

two or more courses and determines the equivalent course
and distance made good by a vessel steaming along a series
of rhumblines.
196
traverse sailing
The angular distance of the body above the rational
True altitude
horizon. An arc of the vertical circle which passes through

the body contained between the rational horizon and the
body is called:
What are leaning type of letters in Nautical charts used

for?
One of the factors which affects the circulation of ocean

current is:
A. Humidity
B. Varying densities of water
underwater and floating

features
Varying densities of
water
C. Vessel traffic
D. The jet stream
This is defined as the speed the molecules making up the
velocity of escape
atmosphere in order to overcome the force of gravity.
It is a great circle passing through the observers zenith
Vertical circle
which is perpendicular to the rational horizon.
When a warm air mass overtakes a cold air mass, the
warm front
contract surface is called a:

A. line squall
B. water spout
C. cold front
D. warm front
What is the distance from the bottom of a wave trough to
wave height
the top of a wave crest?

A. wave length
B. wave breadth
C. wave height
D. wave depth
Weather system in the middle latitudes generally travel
West to East
from:
Which publications can give you an accurate information
World port index
on the availability of repairs you need in a particular port?
What publication contains information about the port

facilities in Cadiz, Spain?
197
World Port Index

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Happy Sailing Enjoy Reviewing

TO FIND DISTANCE BY BOW AND BEAM BEARING:

What is the latitude of a place where the observer is stepping on his

What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the horizon at

What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the horizon at

Find the Amplitude of a rising body with a Declination of 21 07.8' N

Sin AMP = Sin DEC / Cos LAT

At Latitude 55 53N; Long. 130 18 W, suns Declination is 12 40 S.

TO FIND TRUE AZIMUTH (Zn):

2.) Then convert Amplitude to True Azimuth:

In the above example: AMP = W 23 S >> 270 23 > > Zn = 247 ( T )

An observer at Latitude 45 00 South took a gyro bearing of the Sun

Suffixed N >> Declination is North

Compass LEAST, Error EAST

TO FIND DECLINATION by AMPLITUDE FORMULA:

Sin AMP = Sin DEC / Cos LAT

Sin DEC = Cos Azimuth x Cos LAT

Sin DEC = Cos 78 28 x Cos 38 08

0600 16th May

ZD departure = (+)4 (W) + >>>

[ Any Delays: always + ]

Panama Canal Transit = 14 +

b.) By TIME DIFFERENCE (TD) METHOD:

>>> 5,132 miles / 13.5 knots

0600 16th May

[ Any Delays: always + ]

Panama Canal Transit = 14 + >>>

S.T. 15d 20h 09m

d.) By HOUR CALCULATION METHOD:

Steaming Time = Distance / Speed

Departure Time >>> +

ZD departure >>>> + (+)4

P. Canal Transit >>> + 14

TO FIND LMT of PLACE B:

(175 10.5 32 08) = 143 2.5 E / 15 = 9h 32m 10s

The ZT at place A is 0800. If the Long of A is 4930 W, what is the ZT

Long of A = 49 30 W / 15 = 3.3 >>> ZD Place A = +3

Find the height of the observer in Lat 45 N when he is casting a

TO FIND HEIGHT OF OBSERVER:

>>> (always reverse sign; if same name

Height of Observer (Ho) = Tan 65 x 10 feet (shadow)

Tropic of Cancer >>> Lat = 23 27 N

RULE: If LATITUDE of Observer and DECLINATION of the Sun

Observer is along Tropic of Cancer = 23 27 N

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------How far is the Sun to the Observer (ZD) = 46 54 South

Observer is along Arctic Circle = 66 33 N

What is the difference of latitude between the Antarctic Circle and

A ship sailing eastward crosses the 180th meridian at 1130 ZT of

TO FIND ZT and DATE when crossing Equator:

ZD before crossing = 12 (E)

ZD after crossing = + 12 (W)

Time Difference (TD) = 24 hrs

LZT = 1130 June 6

< < < ZD dep ZD arr = (12) (+12)

TD is applied between two ZTs.

b.) By Simple Illustration Method:

( Westerly Course) <<< 1 << Day << More <<<

TO FIND LMT if LZT or ZT is given:

> > > > > > ZD (whole number of hour)

LZT = 1123 (ships time)

NOTE 1: In converting LZT to LMT or vice versa, you apply Longitude in

The LMT of sunrise on the standard meridian is 0552H. Your