КУРС ЛЕКЦИЙ ПО МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОМУ АНАЛИЗУ Т. В. Родина, Е. С. Трифанова

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02.03.2010, 6
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20092018 .
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, , 2010
.. , .. , 2010

I.
1 ..
2 ...
3
3.1. ....
3.2. . .
3.3.
3.4.
3.5. ...
4
4.1. ..
4.2. ...
4.3. , ...
4.4. ..
4.5.
5
6 ...
7 ..
7.1. ..
7.2. ..
8 ..
II.
1 .
..
1.1. . .
1.2. ..
1.3. .
.
1.4. .
1.5.
1.6. \ m .
1.7. ,
..
1.8. .
1.9. ...
2 .
..
2.1. ..
2.2. .
3
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
14
14
16
18
18
20
27
29
33
33
34
36
40
40
42
45
46
47
47
48
49
52
52
52
53
2.3.
..
2.4. ..
2.5.
3 . e...
3.1. ..
3.2. .
3.3. e...
4 . -.
4.1. ..
4.2. -...
4.3. .
5 ..
5.1.
5.2. ...
6
III.
1 ...
1.1. ..
1.2. .
1.3. ...
1. 4. ...
1.5. ...
1.6. ...
2
2.1. ...
2.2. ...
2.3.
2.4. ...
2.5. .
2.6. ..
3 ...
3.1. , .
3.2.
3.3.
3.4. .
3.5. ...
3.6. ...
3.7. .
....
3.8. .
56
56
58
58
58
59
60
61
61
65
65
68
68
74
77
80
80
80
81
81
82
85
87
88
89
90
91
93
94
95
95
96
96
97
98
98
99
100
4 ..
4.1.
4. 2. ..
4.3.
4.4. .
4.5. ...
5 ..
5.1. .
5.2. ..
5.3.
6 . .
6.1. ..
6.2. ...
101
101
103
104
106
110
112
112
112
122
124
124
126
IV.

1
..
1.1. ..
1.2. ,
1.3. ..
1.4. ...
1.5.
2 . ...
2.1. , , ..
2.2.
2.3.
2.4. ..
2.5. .
2.6. , ..
3
3.1. ..
3.2.
4
4.1. ...
4.2. ..
4.3. ...
4.4.
4.5. ...
5
5.1. ..
5.2. ..
5.3.
-.
129
129
130
131
132
133
134
134
136
137
138
139
140
141
141
143
144
144
145
145
146
149
150
150
151
153
6 .
0
6.1. ...
0
6.2. ..
7 ...
7.1. ..
7.2. ...
7.3. .
7.4. .
7.5. ..
7.6. ..
8 ..
8.1. ..
8.2. ..
8.3. .
..
156
156
157
159
159
161
164
165
169
171
176
176
176
178
180
I.
1
,
, .
. , .
, , .

:
1.
- , , ,
, .
2.
- , ,
, .
, , All Exists .
, x y x + y = 5 :
x y , x + y = 5 .
3.
. ,
: , , , ,
,
, , , .
, x 6 x 2 : x
6, x 2 , x 6, , x 2 , x 2, ,
x 6.
4.
. : ,
, , .
, Pn ( x ) , Pn ( x ) ( x x0 ) x0 Pn ( x )
: , Pn ( x ) x x0 ,
, x0 Pn ( x ) x x0 , x0
.
5.
. , ,
.
.
. ( ) :
7
, ,
( ) :
.
4n 1 :
, n
n 4n 1 , : n, 4n 1 . n
( 2n + 1) 4 : n, 2n + 1 4, n 2n + 1 4.
2
,
, .
n! ( n-) - 1 n. , , 0! = 1 .

( a + b )n = Cn0a n + Cn1a n1b + Cn2a n2b 2 + ... + Cnk a nk b k + ... + Cnnbn ,

a b - , n - ,
Cn0 , Cn1 , Cn2 ,..., Cnk ,..., Cnn n!
Cnk =
.
k !( n k )!
n = 2 n = 3 .
, :
1. Cn0 = Cnn = 1 ;
2. Cn1 = Cnn1 = n ;
3. Cnk = Cnnk ;
4. Cnk + Cnk +1 = Cnk++11 .
. :
n!( k + 1 + n k )
n!
n!
+
=
=
Cnk + Cnk +1 =
k !( n k )! ( k + 1)!( n k 1)! ( k + 1)!( n k )!
( n + 1)!
= Cnk++11.
( k + 1)!( ( n + 1) ( k + 1) )!
.
.
. , ( a + b ) = C10 a + C11b .
.

1
( a + b )m = Cm0 a m + Cm1 a m1b + Cm2 a m2b 2 + ... + Cmk a mk b k + ... + Cmmbm

m . ,
( a + b )m+1 = Cm0 +1a m+1 + Cm1 +1a mb + Cm2 +1a m1b2 + ... + Cmk +1a m+1k bk + ... + Cmm++11bm+1 .
,
( a + b )m+1 =
= (a + b)
( a + b ) = ( Cm0 a m + Cm1 a m1b + Cm2 a m2b 2 + ... + Cmk a mk bk + ... + Cmmb m ) ( a + b ) =
= Cm0 a m+1 + Cm1 a mb

+ Cm0 a mb
Cm2 a m1b 2
+ Cm1 a m1b 2
+ ... + Cmk a mk +1b k
+ ... + Cmm ab m +
+ ... + Cmk 1a mk +1b k + ... + Cmm1ab m + Cmmb m+1 =
1
= Cm0 a m+1 + Cm
+ Cm0 a mb + Cm2 + Cm1 a m1b 2 + ... + Cmk + Cmmk +1 a mk +1b k +
+ ... + Cmm + Cmm1 ab m + Cmmb m+1 =

= Cm0 +1a m+1 + Cm1 +1a mb + Cm2 +1a m1b 2 + ... + Cmk +1a mk +1b k + ... +
Cmm+1ab m
+ Cmm++11b m+1.
, n.
3
3.1.
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
: , ,
, ,
, , .. , , ,
.
, ,
. .
,
. ,
x 2 + 6 x + 10 = 0 . .
,
, a A a a , a A a
a
.
,
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9
A = {1,3,6,10} . ,
.
, B = {1,4,9,16,...} . , . , ,
.
,
, .
. , , , . ,
C = { x | x , x = 4n + 1, n = 0,1,2,3,...} - , 4 1.
3.2. .
A B , B A , , B
A , A
B . : B A .
B , B A A B . , , .
3.3.
( )
.
.
A B C , , .
: C = A B .
1.
A = { x | 2 x < 5} ,
B = { x | 4 < x 7} .
A B = { x | 2 x 7} .
A B
C , , .
C = A B .
1.3.2. A B
. A B = { x | 4 < x < 5} .
, . ,
10
A , ,

A ,
- .
A B C , , A , B .
C = A \ B .
A \ B = { x | 2 x 4} .
, ,
. .
A ( A )
C ,
, A .
, , ( ) .
..
A Ad .
, .
3.4.
,
:
A B = B A;
1.
5. A = A ;
2.
A B = B A;
6. A = ;
d
3.
A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C ) ;
7. ( A B ) = Ad B d ;
4.
A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C ) ;
d
8. ( A B ) = Ad B d .

. , 3 7.
3.
a A ( B C ) ,
11
a A
a A
a A
a B a A B
a ( A B) ( A C ).
a B C a B
a
C
a
a C
a C
, , a A ( B C ) a ( A B ) ( A C ) , , A ( B C ) ( A B ) ( A C ) .
. a ( A B ) ( A C ) .
a A
a A
a
B
a A
a A B
, ,
. a B
a
B
C
a
A
a A C
a C
a C
, a A ( B C ) ( A B ) ( A C ) A ( B C ) .
, A ( B C ) = ( A B ) ( A C ) .
7.
a A
d
, ,
a ( A B ) , a A B , ..
a B
a Ad
d
a Ad B d , ( A B ) Ad B d .
d
a B
a Ad B d .
d
a A
a A
d
d
a A B a ( A B ) . Ad B d ( A B )
d
a B
a B
, ( A B ) = Ad B d .
d
3.5.
1.3.1. X Y . f , x X y Y ,
X Y .
X , Y f .
, X Y
f
f : X Y X Y . , y Y x X , x y y = f ( x ) .
X .
y , x X , x f ( x ) .
{ f ( x ) | x X } = Y0
12
Y ,
. Y0
. Y0 = Y , , f X
Y , f .
2. X = Y = - ,
x X x 2 . X Y , ,
(),
.
X - Y - , x x 2 , X Y , .. .
3. X -
( ), Y l . M M1 ,
A, M , M1 .
X Y .
X - A Y - l M
M1 ,
A, M , M1 , .
4. X = , Y - .
. .
Y , n
yn . , Y : n yn , n , yn Y .
{ yn }n=1 , , y1, y2 , y3 ,... , .

. ,
{ yn } ,
. ,
. ,
13
1 + ( 1)
, n .
yn =
2
0, 1, 0, 1, 0,..., ,
: {0, 1} .
n
y Y0 . { x | f ( x ) = y} (
) y
f 1 ( y ) . , y Y . ,
y Y0 , - .
X Y , Y
, , X Y
- . X Y
x y f , .
,
. , A X { y | y Y , y = f ( x ) , x A} , B Y
{ x | x X , f ( x ) = y, y B} .
f ( A ) , B - f 1 ( B ) .
4

,
.
, . ,
, , ,
.
4.1.
(
), :
1. a b
a+b=b+a.
.
2. a, b c
( a + b) + c = a + (b + c ) .
.
14
3. ,
( ) 0 ,
a
a+0= a.
4. a , a ,
a + ( a ) = 0 .
.
1.
.
, 0 0 .
0 = ( 3)= 0 + 0 = ( 1)= 0 + 0 = ( 3)= 0 .
2.
, , .
, a b
b ' . , 3, 4, 2, 1, 4, 3,
b = b + 0 = b + ( a + b ) = ( b + a ) + b = 0 + b = b .
3.
a ( a ) = a .
, a a .
, ( a ) + a = a + ( a ) = 0 , , a = ( a ) .
, a b c = a b .
1.4.1.
a b c , c + b = a .
1.4.1. a b
c = a b , c .
c = a + ( b ) , a b . , , c + b = ( a + ( b ) ) + b = a + ( ( b ) + b ) = a + 0 = a .
, a + ( b ) , , .
. c - a b.
c + b = a . ( b ) .
c + b + ( b ) = a + ( b ) c + ( b + ( b ) ) = a + ( b ) c + 0 = a + ( b ) c = a + ( b ) .
, a + ( b ) .
:
1.
a a a = 0 ;
2.
a b
a b = ( a + b ) .
.
15
4.2.
, :
1. a b
a b = ba.
.
2. a, b c
( a b ) c = a (b c ) .
.
3. , ( ) 1 , a
a 1 = a .
4. a 0 , 1
,
a
1
a = 1.
a
:
1.
.
1
2.
a 0 .
a
1
3.
a 0
=a.
1
a
1-3 .
4.
, ,
1 1
1
, =
.
a b a b
.
,
1 1
1 1
( a b ) = a b = 1.
a b
a b
1 1
, - ab , a b
.
.
1.4.2.

a
c = , c b = a .
b
16
a b, b 0
a
.
b
1
c a ,
b
1
1
a b. c b = a b = a b = a 1 = a .
b
b
. , c - 1
a b. c b = a . .
b
1
1
1
1
1
1
c b = a c b = a c 1 = a c = a .
b
b
b
b
b
b
.
a
, = 1 .
a

, .
. , , ,
a
, a - , b - , b
. ,
. ,
.
1.4.2.
, a0 , a1a2 ...an ( 9 ) ,
.. , , , 9 ,
a0 , a1a2 ...( an + 1) , .. , , n - 1 . , 1,3999... = 1,4 12,999... = 13 .
:
1.
ad = bc ;
2.
a ac
=
.
b bc
a c
= , b 0, d 0
b d
a, b 0 c 0
17
4.3. ,
a, b c
( a + b) c = a c + b c .
.
, ,
a0 = 0;
( a ) b = ( a b ) a ( b ) = ( a b ) .
4.4.
, , ,
,
.
1) a- , a - ;
2) a b - , a + b - ;
3) a b - , a b - .
.
1.
1 .
, 1 0 . , , a . , , 1 = 0 ,
a = a 1 = a 0 = 0 , a .
, 1 . , ( 1) - , 3 , , , a - , ( 1) a - .
( 1) a = (1 a ) = a ,
a - , , a - ,
a.
, 1
.
2.
.
1.4.3.
, a b : a > b ,
a b - . ,
, a b a b, a b ( a b , b < a .
2. a > b b > c , a > c . .
3. a > b c - , a + c > b + c .
4. a > b c - , a c > b c
a > b c - , a c b c > d , a + c > b + d .
6. a > b c < d , a c > b d .
7. a, b, c d- a > b , c > d , a c > b d .
1 1
8. a b - a > b , < .
a b
.

.
3.

, a ,
b , b > a c , c < a .
b = a + 1 c = a 1 .
4.
, , .
a+b
, a 0 , a - .
,
.
1.4.4.
a , a, , a, a
, a .
a, a > 0
a, a 0
, a = a, a < 0 a =
.
,
0
a
a
0, a = 0
.
1. a 0 , a = 0 , a = 0 ;
2.
a = a ;
3. a a a ;
4.
a = b,
a=b
a = b;
19
C >0 x = C ,
x =C
x = C ;
x < C,
6. x < C
x > C ;
C < x < C .
x > C,
7. x > C
x < C ;
8. ab = a b ;
5.
9.
a a
= ;
b b
10. a + b a + b ;
11. a b a b .
4.5.
A
B , a A b B
a b , , a A , b B a b .
, , ,
.
.
1.4.5.
A B
,
1) A B ;
2) A B ;
3) A B .
, ,
, , a A b B ,
a < b.
A , B -
. A B .
.
-
A = { x x < } , B = { x x } . , , a A b B , a } .

20
,
, .
= A B.
, - ,
:
1.
,
, , .
2.
, , .
, , , , :
. ,
.
.
, - A B . , A B , , , a b
a A b B .
A B , a b , b B , c > a ( a - A ) c B .
, A B , , , , A , B .
, A . , A , a* A , < a* .
21
a , a* . a < a* ,
a A , < a ,
A , . , B a A
a b , .
, , ,
.

.

.
1.4.3. ( )
a, n , a < n .
, , b0 , n b0
n . : B
b , n b n .
, b0 . A
. ,
A . A B
.
a A b B ,
n0 , a < n0 b , , a b .

b
.
a
22
:
, , ,
.
1. , a
t ,
t n = a, n , n 2 .
n-
.
a = 0 , x = 0 , a a > 0 .
, a > 0
. B x, x n > a , A , .
k m ,
1
1
1
< a < k . k 2 k > a 2 < a , .. ,
m
m
m
A .
, A B = x1 A x2 B , x1 < x2 .
, A B . ,
, t . t A , B .
, t A t n < a . h , 0 < h < 1 .
( t + h )n = t n + Cn1t n1h + Cn2t n2h2 + ... + Cnn hn < t n + Cn1t n1h + Cn2t n2h + ... + Cnn h =
n
= t n + h ( Cn1t n1 + Cn2t n2 + ... + Cnn + Cn0t n ) hCn0t n = t n + h ( t + 1) ht n =
= t n + h ( t + 1) t n
n
, h <
a tn
( t + 1)
, ( t + h ) < a . ,
n
t
t + h A , , t A .
23
, , t - B ,
tn a
,
, h , 0 < h < 1 h <
n
n
t
+
t
1
( )
( t h ) = t n Cn1t n1h + Cn2t n2 h 2 ... + ( 1) Cnn h n >
n
> t n Cn1t n1h + Cn2t n2h + ... + Cnn h = t n h ( t + 1) t n > a .

n
, t h B t
B . , t n = a .
, t1 < t2 , t1n < t2n .
2. , , a 0 . a b
: a = 0 ,1 2 3.... b = 0 , 1 2 3... , . a , , , a - , , , 9.
b > a , 0 0 ; 0 = 0 , 1 1 ; 1 = 1 , 2 2
. ., i , i > i . 0 , 1 2 ...i a b .
a < 0 , a + n
b + n , n - , n a .
.
1.4.6.

{[ an ; bn ]} , an < bn . , n an an+1
bn+1 bn .

[ a1; b1 ] [ a2 ; b2 ] [ a3 ; b3 ] ... [ an ; bn ] ... ,
.
1.4.4.
, .
A = {an } B = {bn } .
n m an < bm . .
24
n m , an < bn bm . n < m , an am < bm .

, A B ,
, , an bn n, ..
[ an ; bn ] .
( 2.1.8) .
, 1.4.4,
, , , .
, , , .
, , , .
, , [4, 1].
, :
1. ;
2. a
b, a + b ;
3. 1.
, 1-3 .
,
, . ,
,
, .
. ,
. , . , .
1.4.7.
,
) , ;
) ;
) .
a M ,
) 0 ;
) OM = a - M
;
25
) a - , , , .
-
.
()
().
: , .
6 7
. x, 6, ( C , C ) , x,
7, ( ,C ) ( C , + ) .
.
, .
, .
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
+,
+,
+ - , , , ;
- .
, ( , + ) .
:
( a, b ) = { x | x R, a < x < b} - ;
[ a, b] = { x | x R, a x b} - ;
( a, b] = { x | x R, a < x b} [ a, b ) = { x | x R, a x < b} - ;
( a, + ) = { x | x R, a < x} ( , b ) = { x | x R, x < b} - ;
[ a, + ) = { x | x R, a x} ( , b] = { x | x R, x b} - .
, , ,
.
a, b .
26
5
1.5.1.
X
, , x M x
X .
1.5.2.
X
, m , x m x
X .
1.5.3.
X ,
.

:
X , M x X : x M ,
, m x X : x m
, m, M x X : m x M .
.
1.5.1. X ,
C , x x C .
X . C = max ( m , M ) - -
m M . ,
, x M M C x m m C , , x C .
, x C , C x C . , M = C m = C .
M , X ,
. M - X ,
M , M , .
,
X . M . , x X M M
x M , , M 0 , x M 0 M . X
X M 0 = sup X .
, , ,
, .
, M 0 = sup X :
1) x X x M 0 , .. M 0 - X ;
27
2) > 0 x X , x > M 0 , .. ().
1
1. X = 1 . , sup X = 1 .
n n=1
1
, -, 1 < 1
n
n ; -, ,
1
n , n > . -
1
> 1 , .. xn n
X , 1 , , 1 .
, , ,
, X inf X .
m0 = inf X :
1) x X x m0 ;
2) > 0 x X , x < m0 + .
X x0 ,
X x0 = max X .
sup X = x0 . , ,
, min X X .
,
, . , .

, , , sup X = + , , inf X = .
.
1.
X - .
X { x | x X } . sup ( X ) = inf X inf ( X ) = sup X .
2.
X - -
. X { x | x X } . 0 ,
sup ( X ) = sup X , inf ( X ) = inf X
,
< 0,
sup ( X ) = inf X , inf ( X ) = sup X .

3.
X1 X 2 - .
X1 + X 2 { x1 + x2 | x1 X 1, x2 X 2 } X1 X 2
1
28
{ x1 x2 | x1 X1, x2 X 2} .
inf ( X1 + X 2 ) = inf X1 + inf X 2 ,
inf ( X1 X 2 ) = inf X1 sup X 2 .
sup ( X 1 + X 2 ) = sup X 1 + sup X 2 ,

sup ( X 1 X 2 ) = sup X 1 inf X 2
4.
X1 X 2 - , .
sup ( X1 X 2 ) = sup X1 sup X 2 , inf ( X1 X 2 ) = inf X 1 inf X 2 .
, , 3.
x1 X1, x2 X 2 x = x1 + x2 . x1 sup X1, x2 sup X 2
x sup X1 + sup X 2 , sup ( X1 + X 2 ) sup X1 + sup X 2 .
,
y < sup X 1 + sup X 2 . x1* X1 x2* X 2 ,
x1* < sup X1
x2* < sup X 2 ,
y < x1* + x2* < sup X1 + sup X 2 .

*
x1*
x2* X1
x = +
+ X2,
sup X1 + sup X 2 = sup ( X1 + X 2 ) .

.
6
1.6.1.
n
n = {1,2,..., n} A . A n , A
.
1.6.2.
A .
A
, A .
1.6.3.
A , , .
, , .
1. , n 2n

.
, . ,
( ),
29
1 2
5.....
..... ,
0 1 1 2 2.....

1 2
5.....
..... ,
0 1 2 1 2.....
.
, ,
, .

1.
.
A - B A . B - ,
. , B - .
A a1, a2 , a3 ,... . n1 - , B .
b1 = an1 . , n2 - , n > n1 an2 B b2 = an2 . B a1, a2 , a3 ,... ,
B ,
B . , B .
2.

.
{ An } , .
, n-
An :
x11 x12 x13 x14 ...
x21 x22 x23 x24 ...
x31 x32 x33 x34 ...
x41 x42 x43 x44 ...
.............................
, ,
. , , ,
30
: x11 x21 x12 x31 x22 x13 ... . , , , .

( ,
- , , .)
, .
, , . .
3.
A - .
n Bn = {( a1, a2 ,..., an ) | ak A, k = 1,2,..., n} . Bn .
n.
. B1 = {a | a A} = A , B1 .
. m Bm
. , Bm+1 .
Bm+1 ( b, am+1 ) , b Bm am+1 A .
b Bm , ,
Bmb +1 = {( b, am+1 ) | am+1 A} A , ,
. Bm+1
Bmb +1 .
bBm
.
4.
.
m
,
n
m , n . ,
. ,
{( m, n ) | m , n } ,
n = 2 . , .
, .
1.6.4.
A - , , A .
1.6.1. [ a, b ] .
, .
x1, x2 , x3 ,... .
, x1 .
31
[ a1, b1 ]
( ), x2 . (
, ). , ,
. , , x1, x2 , x3 ,... , , ,
. , .
1.6.2. ( a, b ) .
,
[ a, b ] -
: ( a, b ) , , {a, b} , .
[ a, b ] , 1.
1.6.3. .
2.
( 1, 1) .
, ,
2t
, t ( 1, 1) . ( .) , x=
1 t2
.
1. , .
2. , .
3. , n .
4. ,
.
5. , , 0 1, .
6. , .
32
7
7.1.
-
a1, a2 , a3 ,..., an b1, b2 , b3 ,..., bn
n
aibi
i =1
i =1
n
ai2
bi2 .
i =1
( t ) = ( ait + bi ) . ,
2
i =1
t .
n 2 2
n
n 2
t : ai t + 2 aibi t + bi
i =1
i =1
i =1
2
t . , 2
n
n 2 n 2
, aibi ai bi 0 ,
i =1
i =1 i =1
.
,
, , , , . ( t ) ,
,
( t ) , b
t , i i = t . ai
, ,
a1, a2 , a3 ,..., an b1, b2 , b3 ,..., bn : bi = tai i .
.
aibi
i =1
aibi ,
i =1
aibi
i =1
ai2
i =1
33
bi2 .
i =1

a1, a2 , a3 ,..., an b1, b2 , b3 ,..., bn
n
( ai + bi )
ai2 +
i =1
i =1
bi2 .
i =1
-,
n
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
2
( ai + bi ) = ai2 + bi2 + 2 aibi ai2 + bi2 + 2 ai2 bi2 =
2
n
n
2
2
= ai + bi
i =1
i =1
, . , ,
bi = tai i .
7.2.
1.7.1.
X , x y ( x, y ) , :
1. ( x, y ) = 0 , x = y ; ( )
2. x, y X ( x, y ) = ( y, x ) ;
( )
3.
x, y , z X
( x, y ) ( x, z ) + ( z , y ) ( ).
: ( x, y ) ( x, y ) , 1 3, ,
X ( x, y ) x y.

1. X = ( , + ) . ( x, y ) = x y . , X .
1 3 , . x, y
z, x z = a z y = b . x y = a + b .
34
:
a + b a + b a b.
x y xz + z y .
1 .
X , .
x y
2. X = ( , + ) , ( x, y ) =
.
1+ x y
.
, ( x, y ) .
t
1
=1
, g ( t ) =
, t 0 .
1+ t
1+ t
, a b
a+b
a+b
. :
1+ a + b 1+ a + b
a+b
a+b
a
b
a
b
=
+
+
.
1+ a + b 1+ a + b 1+ a + b 1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
a = x z b = z y , .
3. X = a = ( a1, a2 ,..., am ) | ai
, i = 1,2,..., m , .. -
X ,
a .
x = ( x1, x2 ,..., xm ) y = ( y1, y2 ,..., ym ) - X . ( x , y ) =
( xi yi )
i =1
, ai = xi zi , bi = zi yi , ( z1, z2 ,..., zm ) = z .
, , ,
m- 2- 3-
. m . ,
1 m . ( .)
.

. .
35
X - . , .
1.8.1.
X
x X ,
( x, a ) < r , a - ,
, r - , .
r a Br ( a ) , -
, - B ( a ) , B .
1.8.2.

x X , ( x, a ) r ,
a r , 1.
Br ( a ) .
, 1
a: ( a r , a + r ) , [ a r , a + r ] .
2
- , , ..
1.8.3.
a
a. .
U r ( a ) , U ( a ) , U .
a
. ( a , a + ) ,
- a.
1.8.4.
U r ( a ) \ {a}
o
a U r ( a ) .
1.8.5.
a - X E X . a E ,
o
U r ( a ) a x E , x U r ( a ) .
1. ,
.
- . U r ( ) - . 4.5 2 ( r , ) .
36
1.8.6.
a E o
E , U r ( a ) ,
E .
1.8.7.
a E E , , E .
,
, , . , X = 1 E = ( a, b ) ,
E , E .
a b , .
1.8.8.
E ,
.
. X .
1.8.9.
E , .
1.8.10. E E int E .
1.8.11. E E .
E E . ,
.
1.8.12. a,
, E , , E , E .
E
E .
.
1.8.13. E , Br ( a ) , E .
.
, , E R m , Br ( O ) O ( 0,0,...,0 ) , E Br ( O ) .
1.8.1. .
Br ( a ) = { x | ( x , a ) < r} .
x0 , , ..
( x0 ), .
d = ( x0 , a ) - x0
a Br1 ( x0 ) - x0 r1 = r d .
37
x1
( x1, a ) ( x1, x0 ) + ( x0 , a ) < r1 + d = r d + d = r , ,
x1 Br ( a ) , .
1.8.2. E ,
E d .
E , a
E d . ,
E d , E , ,
E . a , E d ,
, a - .
, E d - , E
E d . ,
E , ,
E d , .. E , ,
E .
1.
E ,
d
E .
2.
X .
3.
.
.
X .
1.8.3. . .
-
G , . ,
G = G .
a G . a
G , , a, G , , , G . , a G .
.
k =n
Gk k =1 .
{ }
, G = Gk .
k =1
a G . a Gk k = 1,..., n . Gk , k U rk ( a ) ,
Gk . r1, r2 ,..., rn
. r . , , U r ( a ) U rk ( a ) Gk
38
k = 1,..., n , , U r ( a ) G a - .
. .
.
d
1.8.2 : G = Gd
G = Gd .

. ,
,
1
1
. ,
1 , 2 + = [1,2]
n
n
n =1
1
1
,1 = ( 0,1) .
n
n =1 n
1.8.4. a E
, , E .
. , ,
a ,
.
a : U r ( a ) , a, E .
x1 . r1 = ( x1, a ) U r1 ( a ) . -
, r1 < r , U r1 ( a ) U r ( a ) . U r1 ( a ) -
x2 , a E . ,
U r ( a ) .

x1, x2 , x3 , E .
.
.
1.8.5. E - , sup E = b . b E .
b = sup E , , > 0 ,
x E , b < x b . , x = b E ,
( b , b] , , b E .
> 0 x , b , , b E b E
E .
39
II.
1 .

1.1.
. 3.5 .1,
Y .
Y = , .
,
n,
an .
( n, an ) .
.
1. an .
n 1
1. an = n( ) . ,
.
1 1
, 1, ,3, ,5,... . 2 4
.
1
2. ,
1.
0,1,0,1,... . :
1 + ( 1)
an =
. 2
n
2.
.
,
.
3. . d , .
an+1 = an + d . 40
, .
an = a1 + d ( n 1) .
4. . q , , -
. an+1 = an q . an = a1q n1 .
5. . : an+ 2 = an+1 + an .
. bn ,
bn = n , 0 , . bn , n+ 2 = n+1 + n . 0 ,
1+ 5
1 5
.
, 2 =
2
2
,
2 = + 1, 1 =
1+ 5
1 5
bn =
bn =
.
2
2
,
n
1+ 5
1 5
C1
+ C2
2
2

C1 C2 . an
n
1+ 5
1 5
an = C1
+ C2
,
2
2
C1 C2 , a1 a2
. C1 C2
1+ 5
1 5
+ C2
,
a1 = C1
2
2
2
2
1
5
1
5
a = C
+ C2
,
1
2
4
2
,
3 5
1 5
1+ 5
3+ 5
C1 =
a1
a2 C2 =
a2
a1 .
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
41
,
. , .
6. Y = 2 n
1
1 n
n
xn = cos +
, yn = sin +
.
n
n 4 2
4 2
, :
1.2.
2.1.1.
n =
{ xn }n=1 . A
, > 0
n0 , n n0 ( xn , A ) < .
( xn , A ) < A , :
2.1.1(a). A

,
{ xn }nn=
=1
> 0
n0 ,
n n0 U ( A ) - - A.
- , .. , , , , :
42
2.1.1(). A n=
{ xn }n=1 , > 0 n0 ,

xn A < .
, A { xn } , :
lim xn = A xn A .
n
, , ,
- .

:
def
A = lim xn > 0 n0 : n n0 ( xn , A ) < .

n
( xn , A ) < ,
xn , , ( A , A + ) . A , , ,
( A , A + ) .
1.
( A , A + ) xn , -
.
2.
, .
7. xn = C . , lim xn = C .
n
- . ,
C C < , , xn A <
n 1 ,
n0 = 1.
3.
, , . , .
1
8. xn = . , lim xn = 0 .
n
n
- . , n0 , 43
1
< . n
1
n : n > . , ,
xn A < , ..
1
n0 = + 1 ( [ x ] x ),

n, n n0 , 1
xn 0 < , ,
xn =
n
0 .
2n + 3
2
9. xn =
. , lim xn = .
n
3n 5
3
- . n0 , 2n + 3 2

< , ,
3n 5 3
19
19
< . ( , n 2 ,
- ,
3 ( 3n 5 )
3 ( 3n 5 )
.) , ,
19 5
19 5
n>
+ n0 + + 1 .
9 3
9 3
10. xn = a n , a < 1 . , lim xn = 0 .
n
- . n0 , a n < . ,
a <
n lg a < lg ,
n>
lg
lg a
( lg a < 0 ).
lg
n0 =
+ 1 , .
lg a
2 + ( 1) 3
. , lim xn = 0 .
11. xn =
n
n
- . n0 , n
2 + ( 1) 3

< . n
n
.
2 + ( 1) 3
n0 ,
<
n
n
44
n n0 .
2 + ( 1) 3 5
, n0 , n n0 n
n
n
5
5
< . , n0 = + 1 . , n n0 ,
n

2 + ( 1) 3
5
< , , ,
< .
n
n
n
2 + ( 1) 3
12. xn =
. , .
2
, .
A , 0 > 0 , n0 , n n0 , ( xn , A ) 0 .
, A , .
1
5
: n
2
2
. a ,
1
5
, 0 = min A + , A
2
2
. , A 1
. A = 0 = 1 ( , 2
1
5
- ),
2 2
, , ,
, , 5
. , A = .
2
n
1.3. .

2.1.2. X - .
, , .
,
{ n } , > 0 n0 ,
n < .
45
, xn =
xn = a n ( a < 1) - .

, A { xn } :
2.1.1. A
{ xn } , -
xn = A + n , { n } - .
xn A = n . ( xn = A + n ).
, A = lim xn , , , n
n < , , { n } - .
, { n } - , , -
, n < xn A < , , A { xn } .
2n + 1
13. lim
.
n
n
xn = 2 +

1.4.
1
.
n
1
- , lim xn = 2 .
n
n
2.1.2. , .
. .
n=
{ xn }n=1 lim xn = A
lim xn = B .
1) > 0 n1 , , n n1 ,
( xn , A ) <
2) > 0 n2 , , n n2 ,
( A, B )
( xn , B ) < . =
n0 = max ( n1, n2 ) .
2
n n0 ( xn , A ) <
( xn , B ) < , , n
( A, B ) ( A, xn ) + ( xn , B ) < 2 = ( A, B ) .
.
46
1.5.
2.1.3. , .
.. ,
M : xn M , n .
2.1.4. , , ..
m : xn m, n .
2.1.5. , , ..
M , m : m xn M , n .
,
(. 8 . 1).
2.1.3. , .
lim xn = A . > 0
n
n0 , , ( xn , A ) < . , , = 1 , xn n n0
A 1.
x1, x2 ,..., xn0 1 . . -
max ( xi , A ) = 0 . 1i n0 1
( xn , A ) R , R = max (1, 0 ) , .. R .
. , , .
n
14. xn = ( 1) , .
( ).
1.6.
n
n
n
2.1.4. xn = x1( ) , x2( ) ,..., xm( )
A = ( A1, A2 ,... Am ) , -
{ }
n
xi( )
n=1
Ai i 1 m.
, R m .
xn A . ,
> 0 n0 , n n0 ,
(
m
i =1
n
xi( ) Ai
47
< .
( n)
n n0 xi
Ai
( xi( n ) Ai )
m
< , i = 1,2,...m ,
i =1
n
.. i lim xi( ) = Ai .
n
. i 1 m
n
lim xi( ) = Ai . , > 0 i
n
.
ni , xi( ) Ai <
m
n0 = max ( n1, n2 ,...nm ) ,
n n0 i . n
( xi
m
i =1
( n)
Ai

<
= .
m
1
m
1.7. ,

2.1.5. xn yn ,
lim xn = A lim yn = B , B > A . n0 , n
,
yn > xn .
BA
=
. n1 ,
2
A+ B
n n1 A < xn < A + =
n2 ,
2
A+ B
= B < yn B ), , n
, xn B ) .
2.1.5 yn = B .
2. lim xn = A A > 0 ( A < 0 ), , n
, ().
48
. ,
:
lim xn = A A > 0 ( A < 0 ), , n
, ()
() r.
.

.
2.1.6. ( )
lim xn = A lim yn = B , n
n
xn yn . A B .
, : A > B .
1, ,
xn > yn , .
1. 2.1.6 xn yn , - .
2. 2.1.6 xn < yn , 1
. , xn = 2 ,
n
1
yn = . n 2 xn < yn ,
n
1
1
lim 2 = lim = 0 .
n n
n n
1.8.
,
A .
2.1.7.
{ zn }
{ xn } , { yn }
, n xn yn zn .
{ xn } { zn } ,
{ yn }
,
lim xn = lim zn = A .
lim yn = A .
. n1 , A < xn < A +
49
n2 , A < zn < A + . ,
n0 = max ( n1, n2 ) , n n0 , , A < xn yn zn < A + , yn A < .
.
, .
15. { n } - ,
n n 1 . , lim k 1 + n = 1 .
n
, 1 n k 1 + n 1 + n .
n 0 , ,
1 n 1 k 1 + n . ,
: ,
. (1 + n
1 + n .
n < 0 , k 1 + n < 1 < 1 + n

, :
, -
. 1 n = 1 + n , (1 n ) < 1 + n .
,
( 2.1.1). { n } - ,
k
{ n } - . nlim
(1 n ) = nlim
(1 + n ) = 1 ,

. , lim k 1 + n = 1 .
n
16. , a > 1 , lim n a = 1 .

n
a > 1 , a > 1 . n = n a 1, n a = 1 + n ,
n > 0 . , n - ,
.
n
, a = (1 + n ) n n , a
0 < n . , n - ,
n
.
, lim n a = 1 0 < a < 1 .
n
50
17. , lim n n = 1 .
n
n > 1, , n ( n 1) 2
n
n = n n 1 , n > 0 n = (1 + n )
n (
2
2
.
). 0 < n2
n 1
, n - , n n = 1 + n , .
nm
18. , a > 1 m , lim n = 0 .
n a
a > 1 , a = 1 + x , x > 0 ( x n). , n > m ,
( n m )( n m + 1)...n x m+1 ,
n
a n = (1 + x ) Cnm+1x m+1 =
( m + 1)!
,
nm
n
n
n 1 ( m + 1)!
0< n
...

.
n m n m +1
n 1 n x m+1
a
, n 2m .
n
k
m
=1+
1 + = 2, k = 1,2,..., m
nk
nk
m
m
m
n
1 2 ( m + 1)!
.
0< n
n
a
x m+1
2m ( m + 1)!

,
x m+1
M
M . , > 0 , n n0 = + 1

nm
nm
0 < n < , , lim n = 0 .
n a
a
1. , lim k a + n = k a , { n } - .
n
2. , lim n a + n = 1 , { n } - a > 0 .
n
3. , lim n an + b + n = 1 , { n } -
a > 0.
51
1.9.
, 4 1 (
1.4.4).
2.1.8. {[ an , bn ]}
, n
n- , ..
lim ( bn an ) = 0 . , , .
n
, , : c
c . 0 = c c > 0 . n
,
an c bn
an c bn ,
( bn an ) c c bn an , , bn an c c = 0 . , lim ( bn an ) = 0 .
n
2
2.1.
1.3.
, .
.
2.2.1. .
lim n = lim n = 0 . , lim ( n + n ) = 0 .
n
> 0 n1 , n <
n <
n2 , -
.
2
n,
n0 = max ( n1, n2 ) , ,
n + n n + n < , .
,
() .
, ,
n - .
1.
1
1
1
.
xn =
+
+ ... +
2
2
2
n +1
n +2
n +n
52
,
, n, , . .

1
1
1
n
n
<
+
+ ... +
<
< 1.
2
2
2
2
2
n +n
n +1
n +2
n +n
n +1
:
n
1
1
1
=
> 1 >1 ,
n
n
1
n2 + n
1+
n
1
: 1 < xn < 1 .
n
, lim xn = 1 .
n
2.2.2. .
lim n = 0 xn C n . , lim ( n xn ) = 0 .
n
> 0 n0 ,
n xn <
n <
. , n n0 ,
C = , .
C
. { xn } - , { yn } - , { xn yn } - .
sin n
2. lim
.
n n
1
. - , sin n n
1
. , sin n n
.
2.2.
, .
2.2.1. { xn }
, M
n0 , xn > M .
53
{ xn } ,
, lim xn = .
n
.
2.2.2. , { xn } + , M n0 ,
xn > M .
2.2.3. , { xn } , M n0 ,
xn < M .
xn > M , xn n n0 [ M , M ] .
( , M ) ( M , + )
, lim xn = , n
n0 ,
. .
, lim xn = + , , n
, ( M , + ) , lim xn =
n
, ,
( , M ) .
3. lim ( 1) n 2 = .
n
M > 0 n0 ,
( 1)n n2
> M . ,
n 2 > M n > M . ,
n
n0 = M + 1 , n n0 ( 1) n 2 > M
lim ( 1) n 2 = .
n
54
4. lim n 2 + 3n = .
n
M > 0 n0 , n 2 + 3n < M .
, .
n0 , , xn < M
n, n0 , , n0 , . : n 2 + 3n < ( n 3) ( ,
2
n > 3 ), n0 , ( n 3) < M .
2
, n > M + 3 , ,
n0 = M + 4 . n 2 + 3n < M ,
.
n2 5
= + .
5. lim
n 2n
M > 0 n0 , n2 5

> M . ,
2n
n 2 5 n 2 5n n 5
:
2n
2n
2
n5
n0 ,
> M .
2
, n > 2 M + 5 . n0 = [ 2 M ] + 6 , n n0
n5
> M , ,
2
n2 5
> M .
2n
. (), .
, .
n + ( 1) n
.
6. xn =
2
, M
, n , xn > M . n - , xn = n
n, , M . , M
.
n
55
, M 0 , n0 , n , n n0 xn < M .
n - , xn = 0 . , .
1. lim xn = + lim yn = + . ,
n
a) lim ( xn + yn ) = + ; ) lim ( xn yn ) = + .
n
2. lim xn = yn - . , lim ( xn + yn ) = .
n
2.3.
2.2.3. { xn } - ( xn
1
n) , yn =
xn
.
xn - , .. lim xn = 0 . n
1
, yn =
- . M > 0 n0 ,
xn
1
. n n0 yn > M ,
xn <
M
, yn - .
, yn - . ,
1
- . > 0 n0 ,
xn =
yn
1
yn > . n
xn < , , xn - .
2.4.
2.2.4. lim xn = A , lim yn = B .

n
1)
2)
3)
lim ( xn + yn ) = A + B ;
lim ( xn yn ) = AB ;
xn A
= , yn 0, n b 0 .
n yn
B
lim
56
lim xn = A lim yn = B , xn yn
n
xn = A + n yn = B + n , n n -
.
1) xn + yn = ( A + B ) + ( n + n ) , n + n - ,
. , xn + yn A + B , , , A + B = lim ( xn + yn ) .
n
2) , xn yn = AB + ( A n + B n + n n ) . A n , B n
n n - , ( A B n n - , , ). ,
( A n + B n + n n ) - AB = lim ( xn yn ) .
n
xn A
- .
yn B
x
A A + n A B n A n
=
.
, n =
yn B B + n B B ( B + n )
, , .
, n B 2 > 0 . ,
, ,
1
2
B2
B ( B + n ) >
.
< 2 , ..
B ( B + n ) B
2
1
B n A n
- . ,
- ,
B ( B + n )
B ( B + n )
x
A
= lim n .
B n yn
1. , ( ) .
2. 16 .1.8 , , a > 1 , lim n a = 1 .
3) ,
0 < a < 1 ( a = 1 ).
1
1
1
0 < a < 1 . a =
lim n a = lim
=
= 1 ,
1
n
n n 1
1
n
lim
a
a n a
1
> 1 .
a
57
2.5.
. , ,
.
,
2
n
2
2
n 2 2 5n lim 2 + n 2 5 lim 2 + lim n lim 2 5

2 + n n n
3n
7 n n
n 3n
n
7 = 2 = 2.
3
7
=
=
lim
n
1
1
1
1
n n+
lim n n +
lim n n +
n
n
n
n
n
, .
3n3 + 2n + 5
, xn =
. n
6 n3 + 7
3n3 + 2n + 5
.
,
6n3 + 7
n ,
.
0
, 0 , , 1 , 0 , 00 .
0
3 . e
3.1.
2.3.1. , xn ,
n xn+1 xn .
2.3.2. , xn , n xn+1 xn .
2.3.3. ,
.
.
xn+1 > xn xn+1 < xn . ,
.
(
) .
58
1.
x0 = 1,
xn = 2 + xn1 .
x1 : x1 = 2 + x0 = 3 > x0 .
, ,
.
, k xk > xk 1 .
xk xk 1
> 0 . xk +1 xk = 2 + xk 2 + xk 1 =
2 + xk + 2 + xk 1
xn > xn1, n .
2.
3 5
2n + 1
.
xn = ...
5 8
3n + 2
x
3 5
2n 1
2n + 1
xn1 = ...
n =
.
5 8
3n 1
xn1 3n + 2
xn

< 1, n , xn < xn1 xn1
.
3.2.
2.3.1 (). ,
.
{ xn } .
n xn xn+1 xn C .
, : M = sup xn . , M = lim xn .
n
> 0 . , , n0 , M < xn0 M . { xn } ,

n , n n0 xn0 xn M ,
, -
M , , M = lim xn .
n

lim xn = m = inf xn .
1. , .
2. , , .
59
an
3. lim
( a > 0) .
n n!
, ,
. n0 , a < n0 . a < n
a
n n0 < 1 . ,
n
a n+1
an a
an
n xn+1 =
=
<
= x , .. ( n + 1)! n! (n + 1) n! n
. , , , . . l .

a
xn+1 = xn
. , l = l 0 , ..
n +1
l = 0 .
3.3.
e
n
1
xn = 1 + ,
n
.
:
n
n ( n 1) ...( n k + 1) 1
1 n ( n 1) 1
n! 1
1
+ ... +
+ ... +
=
1 + = 1 + n +
k
2
n
2! n
k!
n! n n
n
n
1 1
1 1 2 k 1
1 1 2 n 1
= 2 + 1 + ... + 1 1 ... 1
+ ... + 1 1 ... 1
2! n
k ! n n
n
n! n n
n
m
n 1 , ,
n
. , . , xn+1 > xn , ..
m
{ xn } . , . 1 < 1 ,
n
1 1
1 1 2 k 1
1 1 2 n 1
2 + 1 + ... + 1 1 ...1
+ ... + 1 1 ... 1
<
k ! n n
n
n! n n
n
2! n
1
1 n1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1 2
< 2 + + + + ... + < 2 + + 2 + 3 + ... + n1 < 2 +
=
n!
2! 3! 4!
2 2
2 1 1
2
2
2
60
= 2 +1
< 3 . , .
2
e. , , 2 < e < 3 . , .
n ,
. { xn } .
, e
. :
e 2,71828182845904592... .
1 1 1
1
yn = 1 + + + + ... + . ,
1! 2! 3!
n!
lim yn = e .
n1
, yn .
, . l .
1 1 1
1
xn < 2 + + + + ... + , , ,
2! 3! 4!
n!
xn < yn , e l .
, m n > m
1 1
1 1 2 k 1
xn,m = 2 + 1 + ... + 1 1 ... 1
+ ... +
2! n
k ! n n
n
1 1 2 m 1
+ 1 1 ...1
.
m! n n
n
, ym < xn,m < xn . ,
m ym < e , ,
l e.
, l = e .
4 . -
4.1.
2.4.1.
{nk }k =1 ,
{ xn }
{ yk }k =1 ,
yk = xnk
{ }k =1 .
{ xn } xnk
61
{ } -
2.4.2. xnk
{ xn }
lim xnk = A ( ), A k
{ xn } .
. , A { xn } , A
{ xn } .
2.4.3. E { xn } . sup E -
{ xn } , inf E -
lim xn lim xn .
n
n
n
1. xn = 1 + ( 1) . , : x2 k = 1 x2 k 1 = 0 , E 0
1. lim xn = 1 lim xn = 0 .
n
2. xn = 1 + ( 1) n . n
x2 k = 2k x2 k 1 = 0 . E
0 + . lim xn = + lim xn = 0 .
n
3. { xn } - . (.1 8), , ,
, .. E = . lim xn = + , lim xn = .
n
, lim xn = A ,
n
A, , .
2.4.1. k
lim (1 + k )
- ,
=e.
, n > 0 ( , n < 1),
1
1
1
1
+ . nk = , nk
< nk + 1
k >
.
+
n
n
n
1
k
k
k
k

1
1
1 +
nk
nk +1
(1 + k )
62
1
> 1 +
.
1
+
n
k

1
sk = 1 +
nk
nk
1
tk = 1 +
nk + 1
nk +1
1
xn = 1 + ,
n
e , , lim sk = lim tk = e .
k
k
nk +1
1
lim 1 +
k
nk
1
= lim sk lim 1 + = e
k
k
nk
nk
lim tk
1
k
lim 1 +
=
=e.
k
nk + 1
1
lim 1 +
k
nk + 1
, , lim (1 + k )
=e.
, k < 0 , ( , k > 1 ).
k

1 k
k = k .
. ,
1 k
k
lim 1 +
k
1 k
lim (1 + k )
= e.
= lim (1 k )
k
1 k
1 k
k k
k
= lim
=
+
+
lim
1
1
= e.
k 1 k
k
1 k
1 k
, k , km kl . ,
(
m
lim 1 + km
lim (1 + k )
km
(
l
= lim 1 + kl
kl
= e . ,
=e.
2.4.2. E .
, E E ,
.. { xn } . - E . , > 0 ,
o
A E , A U 2 ( c ) 0 < ( A, c ) <
63
A - { xn } , A -
, ..
xn0 ,
0 < xn0 , A < ( A, c ) <
xn0 c
2
xn0 , c < xn0 , A + ( A, c ) < , .. c
) (
{ xn } .
2.4.3. { xn } - , E -
A* = lim xn .
n
a) A E ;
) A* - > 0 , n0 ,
n n0 xn < A* + ;
) A* - , a) b).
A* = + , { xn }
, ,
+ .
A* - , a)
2.4.2 1.8.5.
A* = , E ( )
. ,
lim xn = .
n
). > 0 ,
nk , xnk A* + . -
{ } , -
xnk
l , l A* + , , A*
E .
, , a) ) . , A* A , ,
A* < A . - y , : A* < y < A .
, ), n0 , xn < y . A
E , ).
. n
xn yn . ,
1. lim xn lim yn ;
n
2. lim xn lim yn .
n
64
4.2.
2.4.4 (-).
.
{ xn } - , .. -
[ a, b ] . . ,
. [ a1, b1 ] .
[ a1, b1 ] , . [ a2 , b2 ] . , , ba
lim ( bn an ) = lim n = 0 . , c , n
n 2
[ an , bn ] .
{ xn } ,
c . xn1 - - , [ a1, b1 ] , xn2 - - -
, [ a2 , b2 ] , n2 > n1 ..
{xn } ,
k
{ xn } , xnk [ ak , bk ] .
, c . > 0 k0 , k k0 ba
k < . k
2
ba
xnk c < k < , , c = lim xnk .
k
2
4.3.
2.4.4. { xn } ,
> 0 n0 , -
p xn , xn+ p < .
, .
, . xn , xn+ p < xn+ p xn < .
65
2.4.5. , .
lim xn = A . > 0 n0 ,
n
n n0 ( xn , A ) <
n p
. -
xn+ p , A <
,
xn , xn+ p ( xn , A ) + A, xn+ p < , .
.
4. X - , ,
( x, y ) = x y . { xn }1 - - , , 2 . 4.1, 3. ,
.
2.4.5. , , .
.
,
2.4.6. ( ) ,
.
{ xn } . ,
. = 1 n0 , n n0
p
p
xn+ p xn < 1 .
xn0 + p xn0 < 1 , ,
xn0 1 < xm < 1 + xn0 m > n0 . , n=n
{ xn }n=n
0 +1
. { xn }n=1 0
(, ). , 1 n n0
L xn K . , m = min L, xn0 1 M = max K , xn0 + 1 ,
m xn M , n , .. .
66
- : xnk A . ,
k
A = lim xn .
n
> 0 k0 , -
xnk A <
. n1 , -
n m, n1 , xn xm <
.
2
n n0 = max nk0 , n1 , -
n xn A xn xnk + xnk A < .

, , :
2.4.7. { xn } , > 0
n0 , n n0 p -
xn+ p xn < .
5. , n 1 1
?
xn = xn1 +
n + 1 3n
, n > m
n 1 1
,
xn xn1 =
n + 1 3n
n2 1
xn1 xn2 =
,
n 3n1
n3 1
xn2 xn3 =
,
n 1 3n2
.....
xm+1 xm =
m
1
m+1 .
m+2 3
,
n 1 1 n 2 1
n3 1
m
1
xn xm =
n+
n1 +
n2 + ... +
m+1 ,
n +1 3
n 3
n 1 3
m+2 3
n 1 1 n 2 1
n3 1
m
1
xn xm =
n+
n1 +
n2 + ... +
m+1
n +1 3
n 3
n 1 3
m+2 3
67
1
1
1
n + n1 + ... + m+1 =
3
3
3
3n
(1 13 ) 13
mn+ 2
1 1
1
.
2 3n1
2
3
3
, > 0 n0 , 1

< , , 2 3n1
.
6.
1
1
1
1
?
xn =
+
+
+ ... +
1
2
3
n
n = 2m .
1
1
1
m
m
.
xn xm =
+
+ ... +
>
=
m +1
m+2
2m
2m
2
, n0 ,
m n0 n > n0 , xn xm > 0 ( 0 ,
, ). , .
1. , lim xn = A ,
n
{ xn } A.
2. , :
p , > 0 n0 n n0 xn+ p xn < ,
{ xn } .
.
1
1
1
1
. xn =
+
+
+ ... +
.
1
2
3
n
5
5.1.
.
2.5.1. {an } .

a1 + a2 + a3 + ... .
, ,
, . . 68
, , ,
.
,
,
, T . ,
, 5 .
T , . ,
T
T
,
,
5
5
, , T
2 .
5
, , , , .
,
, . ,
T T T
t = T + + 2 + 3 + ... .
5 5
5
, , , (. 2 ). .
2.5.2. a1 + a2 + a3 + ... . S n
n ,
.
n . ( )
, S , S = lim S n .
n
lim S n , , ,
n
, .
{an } , ,
.
n=1
n=1
an , , , an = S .
. .
, .
69
1.
n ( n + 1) .
n=1
1
1
1
1
.
+
+
+ ... +
1 2 2 3 3 4
n ( n + 1)
,
Sn ,
.
1
1
1
1
2 1 3 2 4 3
( n + 1) n =
Sn =
+
+
+ ... +
=
+
+
+ ... +
1 2 2 3 3 4
n ( n + 1) 1 2 2 3 3 4
n ( n + 1)
: S n =
=1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
+ + + ... +
= 1
.
2 2 3 3 4
n n +1
n +1
1
, S = lim 1
= 1 .
n
n +1
2.
aq n
n =0
, .
n (
, q 1 ): S n =
a 1 qn
1 q
)=
a
aq n
. q < 1 , q n 0
1 q 1 q
a
, q > 1 , q n - (n
1 q
) .
q = 1 Sn = n lim Sn = , .. .
lim S n =
t
, ,
5
T .
4
3.
( 1)
n=1
:
S0 = 1
S1 = 1 1 = 0
S2 = 1 1 + 1 = 1
S3 = 1 1 + 1 1 = 0
, . , . .
70
.
2.5.1. (),
.
Sn Sn( ) , 1
S n( ) = Sn + const , const n n.
, ,
, .
1
an
2.5.2.
- ,
n=1
( an ),
, S .
n=1
(1)
S n

an
n=1
S n
S n = S n( ) , , -
( an ) .
n=1
.
2.5.3.
an
n=1
bn = S ( 2) ,
bn
n=1
( an + bn )
n=1
an = S (1)
n=1
n=1
( an + bn ) = S (1) + S ( 2) .
n=1
S n( )
1

(1)
bn
n =1
Sn
( 2)
an ,
n=1
2
S n( )
( an + bn ) . , ,
n=1
S n = S n + S n . , .
. , , , , . , .
71

1
1
1
bn =
4. an =
+ . an (. 7
n
n 2n
n=1
4), , .
bn > an , n
bn
n=1
, , .
, an + bn > an , n .
1
1
1
5. an =
bn =
+ n . bn
n
n 2
1
n
n=1 2
1
n . ,
n=1
an
bn
n=1
n =1
1
.
n
2
n =1
( an + bn ) =
n=1
2.5.4.
an
n=1
bn
1
2
S ( ) S ( ) -
n=1
an > 0, bn > 0, an bn , S ( ) S ( ) .

.
- n :
1
an , > 0 n=1
n0 , n n0
S Sn < .
,
Rn =
k = n+1
S Sn =
k = n +1
ak = Rn
S = Sn + Rn .
ak . , ,
, , , ,
, lim Rn = 0 .
n
, , n,
. e
72
1
1 1 1
3.3 , e = lim 1 + + + + ... + , ,
n
n!
1! 2! 3!
1
e e = .
n =0 n !
Rn =
1
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... =
+
+ ... <
1 +
( n + 1)! ( n + 2 )!
( n + 1)! n + 2 ( n + 2 )( n + 3)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 +
+
+
=
=
...
.
( n + 1)! n + 1 ( n + 1)2 ( n + 1)! 1 1 n!n
n +1
1
, : 0 < Rn <
, Rn =
,
n !n
n !n
0 < < 1. ( n).
1 1
1
e = 1 + + + ... + +
. 1! 2!
n ! n !n
e , .
e.
<
2.5.5. e .
, e - , .. ,
k
e , m 2 .
m
k
1 1
1
= 1 + + + ... +
+
. m!,
m
1! 2!
m ! m !m
k ( m 1)! = m!+ m!+ 3 4 ... m + ... + 1 +

, , 0 <
< 1 . ,
.
.
, .

.
2.5.6.
an
n=1
, > 0 n0 ,
n n0 p
n+ p
k =n +1
73
ak < .
: S n
, > 0 n0
, n n0 p

Sn+ p S n < . S n+ p S n =
n+ p
k = n+1
ak , .
( )
, .
an
. p = 1 ,
n=1
.. > 0 n0 , n n0 Sn Sn1 = an < .

. , .
,
.
1
6. . n =1 n
n p = n .
1
1
1
1
1
S 2 n S n1 = +
+ ... +
>
n = .
2n 2n
2
n n +1
, n ,
S n+ p S n p .
.
.
, ,
. , , . , , ,
( 1)
, .
n=1
5.2.
an , an 0 n.
n=1
, . , , , , 74
, .
.
2.5.7. ( )
an
n=1
bn ,
n=1
an 0 , bn 0 n
an bn . ,
an
n=1
n=1
. , ,
bn
n=1
bn ,
n=1
an , bn .
1
2
S n( ) S n( )
n=1
an
n=1
1
S n( )
bn
n =1
2
Sn( ) .
2
2
2
, S ( ) S n( ) S ( ) . , -
an
n=1
1
2
: S n( ) S ( ) , ,
.
,
an
n=1
, ,

bn
n =1
2.5.8. ( )
an
n=1
bn ,
n=1
an 0 , bn > 0 .
an
= l , l 0 . , .
n bn
l
, l > 0 = .
2
n0 ,
l
3l
bn ( l ) < an < bn ( l + ) bn < an < bn . ,
2
2
lim
75
an , bn 2 < an
n=1
l
bn , ,
2
,
bn ,
bn .
n =1
n=1
3l
3l
bn , , an < bn

2
2
an .
n=1
. , , l = 0 ,
. l = , .
,
. .
2.5.9. ( )
{an }
an
, -
n=1
2k a2
k =0
Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an S k = a1 + 2a2 + 4a4 + ... + 2k a2k -
. 2k n < 2k +1
S n = a1 + ( a2 + a3 ) + ( a4 + ... + a7 ) + ... + a2k + ... + an a1 + 2a2 + 4a4 + ... + 2k a2k = S k
, , ,
2k a2k ,
k =0
an
n=1
, n k
1
1
S n a1 + a2 + ( a3 + a4 ) + ... + a2k 1 +1 + ... + a2k a1 + a2 + 2a4 + ...2k 1 a2k = S2 k .
2
2
an
n=1
2k a2
, , .
k =0
76
1
1
k 1
s . 2 ks = k ( s 1) ,
2
k =0
k =0 2
n =1 n
1
q = s 1 . 2
, q < 1 , .. s > 1 , q 1 , ..
s 1.
,

1
s , .
n=1 n
6
2.6.1. E -
X {G } - -
. {G } E , E G .
2.6.2. E ,
.
.
1. .
.
2. .
, E d E X
. - y E d x E 1
U x ( y ) V ( x )
( x, y ) .
2
U x ( x ) V ( x ) = . , {V ( x )} E .
V ( x1 ) , V ( x2 ) , ...,V ( xn ) , E V ( x1 ) V ( x2 ) ... V ( xn ) , -
U = U x1 ( y ) U x2 ( y ) ... U xn ( y ) y ,
V ( xi ) , i = 1,2,..., n , ,
E . E d - .
3. .
, E - , F E . {G } F .
F d , E ,
77
. , F .
4. .
r > 0
U r ( x ) r , E . ,
E .
U ( x1 ) , U ( x2 ) ,...U ( xn ) - y E . -
R = max ( ( y, x1 ) , ( y, x2 ) ,... ( y, xn ) ) . -
x E . U ( xk ) ,
x. ( x, y ) ( x, xk ) + ( xk , y ) r + R , , x
r + R y E .

.
2.6.1. ( )
E , .
, . ( 2
4).
E . ,
. E , [ a, b ] -
, E [ a, b ] . 3 ,
[ a, b ] .
- [ a, b ]
, .
. , . [ a1, b1 ] .
, [ an , bn ] , . ,
: [ an1, bn1 ] [ an , bn ] , n
ba
lim ( bn an ) = lim n = 0 . , , n
n 2
. c: c = lim an = lim bn . n
, .
, , , ,
an bn . [ an , bn ]
78
, .. , .
,
, .
2.6.2. E , ,
, E .
E
- , 2.6.1
. - E , E .
, E
, E ,
E . ,
E , , .
, E . y - E . xn E , ,
lim xn = y . { xn }
n
E , , y E E .
:

:
1) E - ;
2) E - ;
3) E
, E .
79
III.
1
1.1.
3.1.1. X . X
.
, .
X , , f,
D ( f ) dom f
( domus - , ). x, , .
x D ( f ) ,
f ( D ( f ) ) -
. E ( f ) im f ( imago - , ).
, , .
1. y = x 2 y = x , ,
, y = x , D ( f ) = [ 0, + ) y = x, D ( f ) =
1.2.
3.1.2. f ( t ) , D ( f ) = G1, E ( f ) = G2
g ( x ) , D ( g ) = G3 , E ( g ) = G4 , G1 G4 . E = g 1 ( G1 G4 ) G1 G4 . , E G3 . ,
x E , t = g ( x ) G1 -
t y = f ( t ) = f ( g ( x ) ) . , ,
x E y G2 , , .
2. sin ( 2 x 1) f ( t ) = sin t
g ( x ) = 2x 1.
3.
f ( x) = 1 x 2
f ( t ) = t , t [ 0; + ) g ( x ) = 1 x 2 , x [ 1;1] .
80
1.3.
3.1.3. ,
y = f ( x ) , .
, ,
, ,
.
1. 4.
3.1.4. f ( x ) D ( f )
E ( f ) . , , s E ( f ) t D ( f ) , f ( t ) = s , f ( x ) .
, f ( x ) , f 1 . ,
( )
( )
D f 1 = E ( f ) E f 1 = D ( f ) .
4. f ( x ) = 5 2 x, D ( f ) = [ 0;2,5] .
[0;5] . f 1
x [ 0;2,5] , 5 2 x = y . ,
y [ 0;5]
y = 5 2 x . 5 y
, x . x =
. 2
x y y x , 5 x
5 x
f 1 ( x ) =
.
y =
2
2
, . , . , f ( x ) = x 2 ,
, , s > 0 t , t 2 = s , , s t .
, , f ( x ) = x 2 , D ( f ) = [ 0, + ) ,
( )
f 1 ( x ) = x , D f 1 = [ 0, + ) .
1. y E ( f ) , f f 1 ( y ) = y x D ( f ) ,
81
f 1 ( f ( x ) ) = x .
2. y = f ( x )
y = f 1 ( x ) .
,

x = f 1 ( y ) . .
1.5.
1.

,
, , .
5. y = [ x ] - x.
D ( f ) = . x n ,
n x < n + 1 (
?). y = [ x ] = n .
. , 0 x < 1 ,
y = 0 . , 1 x < 2 , y = 1 ,
2 x < 3 , y = 2 .., , 1 x < 0 , y = 1 ,
2 x < 1 , y = 2 .. .
E ( f ) = - .
6. y = sign x - x.
y = 1 , x < 0 , y = 1 ,
x > 0 y = 0 , x = 0 .
,
D ( f ) = , E ( f ) = {1,0,1} .
.
82
7.
1, x ,
d ( x) =
0, x .
, D ( f ) = R, E ( f ) = {0,1} . .
2.
, . ,
2
2 x 2 3x
, y = 1 + 2ln x , y = 23arcsin x .
y=
x +1
,
, .. , . ,
y = 1 + 2ln x x , 1
1 + 2ln x 0 , .. x e 2 .

.
x 2 + 2 x + 2, x 1
8. f ( x ) = 2 x +1,
1 < x 1.
5 x,
x >1
.
3.

. , - . .
4.
,
. . , , , ,
.
5.
F ( x, y ) = 0 . , ( x0 , y0 ) -
, .. F ( x0 , y0 ) = 0 83
P = {( x, y ) | x0 < x < x0 + , y0 < y < y0 + }

x ( x0 , x0 + ) y ( x ) ( y0 , y0 + )
, F ( x, y ( x ) ) = 0 . ,
F ( x, y ) = 0 ( x0 , y0 )
y = y ( x ) , . ( F ( x, y ) ,
, .)
9. x 2 + y 2 = 2 ( x0 , y0 ) = (1,1) . ,
(1,1)
x2 + y 2 = 2
{( x, y ) | 2 2 < x < 2,2 2 < y < 2} x ( 2 2, 2 ) y

( 2 2, 2 ) . , ,
P=
, y x 2 + y 2 = 2 : y = 2 x 2 .
1.
y , , F ( x, y ) = 0
. , x 2 + y 2 = 2 x 2, 2 y = 2 x 2 , , y
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 .
y = y ( x ) ( x0 , y0 ) , 2.
F ( x, y ) = 0 . ,
2,0 y = y ( x ) ,
84
x2 + y 2 = 2 .
P=
{( x, y ) | 0 < x < 2
2, 2 < y < 2 , y 2, 2
x = x ( y ) 0,2 2
x2 ( y ) + y 2 = 2 .
6.
E x = ( t )
y = ( t ) , x = ( t ) .
f ( x ) = 1 ( x ) , , x = ( t )
y = ( t ) f ( x ) , .
10. x = R cos t , y = R sin t , t [ 0, ] .
t = arccos
x
x
x
x2
y = R sin arccos = R 1 cos 2 arccos = R 1 2 = R 2 x 2 . R
R
R
R
, f ( x ) = R 2 x 2 .
x = ( t ) ,
1.
y = ( t ) , ,
x = 1 ( y ) .
2.
x = ( t ) y = ( t ) ,
. E ,
f ( x ) g ( y ) . ,
.
1.6.
-
3.1.5. y = f ( x ) ,
1. x D ( f )
(x) D( f ) ,
x D ( f ) f ( x ) = f ( x ) .
2.
,
D ( f ) - , .
,
85
, M1 ( x, y ) , M 2 ( x, y )
, ,
OY .
3.1.6. y = f ( x ) ,
1. x D ( f ) ( x ) D ( f ) ,
2. x D ( f ) f ( x ) = f ( x ) .

, M1 ( x, y )
, M 2 ( x, y ) . ,
.
, , .
3.1.7. , y = f ( x )
E , x1, x2 E , x1 > x2 , f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) .
3.1.8. , y = f ( x ) E , x1, x2 E , x1 > x2 ,

f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) .
E .
3.1.7 3.1.8
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) . , , , .
. ,
,
D ( f ) E ( f ) , .
3.1.9. y = f ( x ) , T 0 ,
x D ( f ) x T D ( f ) ,
1.
2.
x D ( f ) f ( x + T ) = f ( x ) .
86
T , , . .
T , kT
k , k 0 .

3.1.10. y = f ( x ) E , E .
, f ( x ) - E ,
) C x E : f ( x ) C
) m, M x E : m f ( x ) M .
m M , , E .
, ,
E .

1) x E f ( x ) m
m = inf f ( x )
xE
2) > 0 x E f ( x ) < m +
1) x E f ( x ) M
M = sup f ( x )
.
2) > 0 x E f ( x ) > M
xE
E x0 , f ( x0 ) f ( x )
x E , f ( x0 )
E . , f ( x0 ) f ( x ) x E , f ( x0 ) E .
f ( x0 ) = max f ( x )
xE
f ( x0 ) = min f ( x ) .
, -
xE
, , E , inf f ( x ) = min f ( x ) sup f ( x ) = max f ( x ) .

xE
xE
xE
xE
2
, x0
.
.
87
2.1.
3.2.1. A f ( x ) x,
x0 ( x0 ), > 0
> 0 , x D ( f ) , -
0 < x x0 < , f ( x ) A < .
, A x0 ,
: lim f ( x ) = A f ( x ) A .
x x0
x x0
, t t0 < r t0 r , 0 < t t0 <

. :
3.2.1(). A f ( x ) x,
x0 , - A
> 0 , x
- x0 ,
- A .
.
4x2 1
1. , lim1
= 2.
x 2 x 1
2
1
x0 = , A = 2 . > 0 x , 2
1
4 x2 1
2 < . , x ,

2
2x 1
,
1
1
( 2 x + 1) 2 < x < . , = x < ,
2 2
2
2
x
1
4 x2 1
,
2 < ,
2
2x 1
.. - 2.
2. lim x 2 = 4 .
x 2
> 0 x, x 2 4 < . , < 4 . , , 4 < x < 4 + . ,

x0 = 2 , -
. = min 2 4 , 4 + 2 . - 88
x0 = 2
x 2 4 < , , lim x 2 = 4 .
x 2
,
, f ( x ) A <
0 < x x0 < , -
f ( x ) A < .
, ,
. x 2 4 < x 2 x + 2 < . , ,
x,
(1,3) . x 2 x + 2 < 5 x 2 , , , 5 x 2 < ,
x x 2 4 < . , ,

= min 1, , x - 2,
5
x 2 4 < , , 4
x 2 x, 2.
2.2.
3.2.2. A f ( x ) x,
x0 , { xn } ,
, x0 ,
f ( xn ) A .
,
,
{ xn } ,
, , x x0 .
1
3. , sin x 0 .
x
89
xn =
, lim sin
n
1
1
. sin = sin n = 0 , xn
n
1
= 0.
xn
xn =
2
.
( 4n + 1)
( 4n + 1)
1
1
= sin
= 1 lim sin = 1.
n
xn
2
xn
, 0 .
. { xn } ,
sin
xn D ( f ) xn x0 f ( xn )
n
A , A x0 .
3.2.1. x0 ,

{ f ( xn )} ,
xn D ( f ) , xn x0 lim xn = x0 n
.
,
xn D ( f ) , xn x0 lim xn = x0
n
{ xn }
{ f ( xn )}
. -
{ xn } { xn } , , ,
{ f ( xn )}
{ f ( xn )}
. -
f ( x1 ) , f ( x1) , f ( x2 ) , f ( x2 ) , ...
,
x1 , x1, x2 , x2 , x3 , x3,... x0 ,
, . .
.
2.3.
3.2.2. .
, A
x0 , . xn x
xn D ( f ) , xn x0 xn x0 .
n
, > 0 > 0 , x,
0 < x x0 < ,
90
f ( x ) A < . n0 ,
0 < xn x0 < , ..
xn - x0 . ,
: f ( xn ) A < , , A -
f ( xn ) .
, A f ( x )
x0 ,
. , 0 > 0
, > 0 , x D ( f ) , 0 < x x0 < ,
f ( x ) A 0 .
1
n n
xn . , 1
xn x0 < , xn x0 , ,
n
n
f ( xn ) A 0 , ,
n =
A .
2.4.
3.2.3. , f ( x ) x, x0 , M > 0
>0
,
,
:
x D ( f ) , 0 < x x0 < , f ( x ) > M .
, .
: lim f ( x ) = .
x x0
f ( x ) > M -
, f ( x ) ( , M ) ( M , + ) .
( , M ) ( M , + ) ,
3.2.1()
A=.
91
( , M ) ( M , + ) . , ,
, M > 0 > 0 , , x
: x D ( f ) , 0 < x x0 < , f ( x ) ( , M ) , + , M > 0
> 0 , , x :
x D ( f ) , 0 < x x0 < , f ( x ) ( M , + ) . .
,
,
:
lim f ( x ) =
x x0
lim f ( x ) = + .
x x0
1
= .
x1 x 2 1
M > 0 x0 = 1 ,
x
1
> M . , 0 < x < 2 .
x2 1
1
1
1
1
min
=
>
,
=
1,
,
x2 1 x + 1 x 1 3 x 1
3M
x, x 1 <
4. , lim
1
1
> M , , 2
> M .
3 x 1
x 1
1
5. , lim
= + .
x1 ( x 1) 2
M > 0 x0 = 1 , x
1
1
>
.
<
, x
1
2
M
( x 1)
92
, =
f ( x ) ( M , + ) .
1
, x U (1)
M
6. , lim
x1
( x + 1)2 ( x 2 )
= .
M > 0 x0 = 1 ,
x
1
< M .
,
2 < x < 0 .
2
( x + 1) ( x 2 )
1
( x + 1)2 ( x 2 )
<
1
4 ( x + 1)
, = min 1,
2 M
x, x + 1 <
1
1
<
,
,
M
< M .
2
2
4 ( x + 1)
( x + 1) ( x 2 )
2.5.
3.2.4. , A
f ( x ) x, , > 0
> 0 , x D ( f ) , x > , f ( x ) A < .
, - A - U ( A )
, ,

, ,
U ( A ) .

( , ) ( , + ) ,

x, ( ) , ,
+ ( ).
x2 + 1 1
7. , lim 2
= .
x 2 x 3
2
93
> 0 ,
x
x2 + 1 1
< .
2 x2 3 2
, :
2
5
3
x +1 1
x
>
.
2
2x2 3 2 2 2x2 3
5
x2 + 1 1
<
<
2
2x 3 2
2 2x2 3
5 3
5 3
+ . , =
+ ,
4 2
4 2
x>
x2 + 1 1
x U ( )
< .
2 x2 3 2
. :
b) lim f ( x ) = + ;
c) lim f ( x ) = ;
a) lim f ( x ) = ;
x
d) lim f ( x ) = + ;
x+
2.6.
e) lim f ( x ) = .
x+
3.2.5. , x0 f ( x ) , x0 , ..
x < x0 . , A f ( x ) x,
x0 , > 0 > 0
, x D ( f ) ,
x0 < x < x0 , f ( x ) A < .
3.2.6. , , x0
f ( x ) ,
x0 , .. x > x0 . , A
f ( x ) x, x0 , > 0
> 0 , x D ( f ) , x0 < x < x0 + , f ( x ) A < .
, A x0 ,
: lim f ( x ) = A lim f ( x ) = A .
x x0 0
lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 0 ) lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 + 0 ) .
x x0 0
x x0 + 0
94
x x0 + 0
8. , lim sign x = 1
x00
lim sign x = 1 .
x0+ 0
, > 0 - > 0 . , x
< x < 0 , sign x + 1 = 0 < , x
0 < x < , sign x 1 = 0 < .
3.2.3. x0 ,
.
( ).
1.
x, + ,
.
2.

: lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = .
x x0 0
x x0 + 0
3.
( )
( ).
4.
( 2) , n + .
3
3.1.
3.3.1. x0 , .
- , , = 1 . U ( x0 ) x0 ,
o
x D ( f ) U ( x0 ) A 1 < f ( x ) < A + 1 ,
A = lim f ( x ) . f ( x0 ) , x x0
min ( A 1, f ( x0 ) ) max ( A + 1, f ( x0 ) ) .
1.
, ,
, , .. . ,
.
95
2.

x0 = .
1.
x 1
f ( x) =
.
( x 1)( x 2 )
x +1
,
x 1 , f ( x ) =
x2
x = 1 .
x = 1 , , , [ 1,3] .
.
3.2.
3.3.2. f ( x ) g ( x ) o
U ( x0 ) x0 , x f ( x ) g ( x ) . ,
lim f ( x ) = A lim g ( x ) = B . A B .
x x0
x x0
{ xn }
xn U ( x0 ) lim xn = x0 . ,
n
lim f ( xn ) = A
lim g ( xn ) = B .
f ( xn ) g ( xn ) , n ,
, A B .
3.3.
3.3.3. U ( x0 ) x0
f ( x ) , g ( x ) h ( x ) , x
f ( x ) h ( x ) g ( x ) . ,
lim f ( x ) = A
lim g ( x ) = A .

x x0
lim h ( x ) = A .
x x0
x x0
{ xn }
xn U ( x0 ) lim xn = x0 . ,
n
96
: lim f ( xn ) = lim g ( xn ) = A . f ( xn ) h ( xn ) g ( xn ) , n
n

lim h ( xn ) = A .
3.4.
3.3.4. x0 lim f ( x ) = A , A > 0 . x x0
U ( x0 ) x0 , x U ( x0 ) D ( f )
f ( x ) > 0 .
A
= . ,
2
U ( x0 ) , x,
o
U ( x0 ) D ( f ) ,
A
A
A < f ( x ) < A + . ,
2
2
x f ( x ) > 0 .
1.
A < 0 , x

f ( x) < 0 .
2.
,
lim f ( x ) 0 , x x0
x0 ,
,
c > 0 , f ( x ) > c .
1
.
f ( x)
3.
, :
x0 lim f ( x ) = A , A > B . g ( x ) =
x x0
U ( x0 ) x0 , x U ( x0 ) D ( f ) f ( x ) > B .
f1 ( x ) = f ( x ) B .
97
3.5.
3.3.5. lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) .

x x0
x x0
, , ,
1. lim ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) = lim f ( x ) + lim g ( x ) ;

x x0
x x0
x x0
2. lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) ;

x x0
x x0
x x0
lim f x
f ( x ) x x0 ( )
3. lim
=
.
x x0 g ( x )
lim g ( x )
x x0
lim g ( x ) 0 .
x x0
{ xn } , x0 ,
.
. 3 x0 = .
3.6.
3.3.6. f ( x )
a, b , . x0
: lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 0 ) lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 + 0 ) , x x0 0
x x0 0
f ( x0 0 ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + 0 ) .
( a, x0 ) .
, x ( a, x0 ) f ( x ) f ( x0 ) .
,
M = lim f ( x ) .
M = sup f ( x ) .
x( a , x0 )
x x0 0

1) f ( x ) M , x ( a, x0 ) ,
2)
> 0
x ( a, x0 )
f ( x ) > M .
x, ( x , x0 ) , -
M < f ( x ) f ( x ) M . , > 0
= x0 x , , x - x0 x < x0 ,
- M .
, M = f ( x0 0 ) , , f ( x0 0 ) f ( x0 ) .
98
, f ( x0 + 0 ) = inf
x( x0 ,b )
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + 0 ) .
f ( x ) -
, f ( x ) 1.
. f ( x0 0 ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + 0 ) .
2.
[ a, b ] ,
a , b - .
3.
,
. , ,
,
,
+ . ,
,
.
.
3.7.
3.3.1. ( x ) x0 ,
lim ( x ) = 0 .
x x0
, , .
1. x0
.
2. x0 ,

.
3. ( x ) 0 x0 .
( x ) x0 ,
1
.
( x)
,
, A x0 :
3.3.7. A f ( x )
x0 , x0
f ( x ) = A + ( x ) , ( x ) - x0 .

.
( x ) =
99
3.8.
3.3.8. f ( x )
x0 , > 0
o
> 0 , x x U ( x0 ) D ( f )
f ( x ) f ( x ) < .
. , f ( x ) x0
, A . , > 0 , > 0 , ,
o
x U ( x0 ) D ( f ) , f ( x ) A <
x x U ( x0 ) D ( f ) .
f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) A + f ( x ) A <
= .
2 2
. , ,
, .. > 0 > 0 , x
x
f ( x ) f ( x ) < .
U ( x0 ) D ( f )
{ xn }
, x0 ( xn x0 ) . > 0
n0 ,
{ xn }
U ( x0 ) D ( f ) , , n n0 p
f xn+ p f ( xn ) < . ,
{ f ( xn )}
- (
).
,
{ xn } , x0 ( xn x0 ), . 3.2.1 x0
.
. , x0 = , x0 -
, .
100
4
-
.
4.1.
3.4.1. x0 D ( f ) -
f ( x ) . , f ( x ) x0 ,
lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) .
x x0
, f ( x ) x0 ,
1) f ( x0 ) ;
2) lim f ( x ) ;
x x0
3) x0 :
lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) .
x x0
, ( " " ) :
1. f ( x ) x0 D ( f ) , -
U ( f ( x0 ) ) f ( x0 ) U ( x0 )
x0
f ( x ) U ( f ( x0 ) ) .
x U ( x0 ) D ( f )
2. f ( x ) x0 D ( f ) , { xn } , xn D ( f ) lim xn = x0 , n
lim f ( xn ) = f ( x0 ) .
n
lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 )
x x0 +0
lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) , x0 , ,
x x0 0
.
.
1. x0 , .
2. f ( x ) g ( x )
x0 f ( x ) g ( x )
x0 , f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) .
3. f ( x ) x0 f ( x0 ) > 0 , , ,
101
, f ( x ) > 0 . (, f ( x0 ) < 0 , ,
x0 , f ( x ) < 0 ).
4. f ( x ) g ( x ) x0 ,

) f ( x ) + g ( x ) ;
b) f ( x ) g ( x ) ;
c) g ( x0 ) 0 ,
f ( x)
.
g ( x)
.
.
5. f ( x )
x0 D ( f ) ,
f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) + ( x ) , ( x ) - x0 .
1-5 .
6. ( x )
x0 , f ( t ) t0 = ( x0 ) , x0 f ( ( x ) ) , x0 .
> 0 > 0 , U ( t0 ) D ( f )
t U ( t0 ) , f ( t ) U ( f ( t0 ) ) .
> 0 , x U ( x0 ) , ( x ) U ( t0 ) .
,
x U ( x0 ) ,
f ( ( x ) )
f ( ( x ) ) U ( f ( t0 ) ) , f ( t0 ) = f ( ( x0 ) ) ,
f ( ( x ) ) x0 .
. 6 f ( t )
lim ( x ) = t0 , ( x ) x x0
, , lim f ( ( x ) ) = f lim ( x ) .
x x0
x x0
102
4. 2.
3.4.2. x0 D ( f ) ,
, x0
f ( x ) .

, ,
. 3.4.2 :
3.4.1(). f ( x ) x0 ,
1)
2)
f ( x0 ) ;
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) ;
3)
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) .
x x0 0
x x0 0
x x0 +0
x x0 + 0
1) 3), x0 f ( x ) .

a) x0 ,
, f ( x0 ) lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) ,
x x0 0
x x0 + 0
x0 .
4 x2 1
1
, x0 = .
1. f ( x ) =
2x 1
2
1
,
2
4 x2 1
1
1 2, lim
= 2 . x0 = - .
x 1 2 x 1
2
2
x0 =
f ( x ) , x 2 ,
f1 ( x ) =

1
2,
x= ,
2
1
x0 = .
2
1
2. f ( x ) = x sin , x0 = 0 .
x
103
x0 = 0 , lim x sin = 0 ,
x0
x
1
1
x sin , x 0,
x sin x . , f1 =
.
x
x
0,
x=0
) ,
, x0 , .
3. f ( x ) = sign x, x0 = 0 .
8 2, lim sign x = 1 lim sign x = 1 .
x00
x0+0
, x0 = 0 f ( x ) = sign x . ,
f ( x0 + 0 ) f ( x0 0 ) = 2 .
) x0 ,
.
1
4. f ( x ) = sin , x0 = 0 .
x
1
3 2, lim sin ( x0
x
, ). .
1
5. f ( x ) = 2 , x0 = 1 .
x 1
1
4 2 , lim 2
= . , x1 x 1
x0 = 1 . ,
.
4.3.
x0 D ( f ) , -
D ( f ) x , ,
, x = x0 + x D ( f ) .
f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) ,
x0 ,
x .
104
4.4.1 ( )
f ( x ) x0 , ,
.
f ( x ) x0 . x0 f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) + 1 ( x ) , 1 ( x )
- x0 . x = x x0 ( x ) = 1 ( x ) .
,
f ( x0 + x ) = f ( x0 ) + ( x ) ,
f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) = = ( x ) - x ,
.
. lim f ( x0 ) = 0 . x0
f ( x0 ) = ( x ) , ,
f ( x0 + x ) = f ( x0 ) + ( x ) . x0 + x = x ( x ) = 1 ( x ) , -
f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) + 1 ( x ) , 1 ( x ) - -
x , x0 , , lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) ,
x x0
.. x0 .
6. f ( x ) = c - .
: f ( x ) = c c = 0 . , -
, , f ( x ) = c - .
7. f ( x ) = x .

x 0 , f ( x ) 0 .
f ( x ) = ( x + x ) x = x .
8. f ( x ) = x n , n .

.
4.4.2. , a, b ,
a < b + .
, , ,
, f ( x0 0 ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + 0 ) .
105
, , x0 ,
,
. , f ( x0 0 ) < f ( x0 ) , -
( f ( x0 0 ) ; f ( x0 ) ) . -
, , , . , . , .
4.4.
3.4.3. , f ( x ) G D ( f ) , .
G = [ a, b ] - ,
a b .
4.4.3. f ( x ) G ,
G , f ( G ) - .
, f ( G ) - , .. -
. y0 - f ( G ) . -
{ yn } n
yn f ( G ) ,
yn y0 lim yn = y0 .
f
({ yn }) ,
xn G . -
1
xnk , x0 G ( G - ). ,
{ }
( )
lim f ( xn ) = lim yn
k
k
lim f xnk = f ( x0 ) , f ( x ) , k

y0 f ( G ) .
y0
= y0 ,
{ yn }
k
. ,
y0 = f ( x0 ) , ..
f ( G ) .
f ( x ) G ,
, .
{U ( x ) , x G} . ,
G , G . U ( x1 ) , U ( x2 ) ,...U ( xm ) ,
x U ( xi ) , i = 1,2,...m mi f ( x ) M i . 106
M = max M i m = min mi . G
1i m
1i m
m f ( x ) M .
:
4.4.4 ( )
, .
4.4.5 ( )
,

.
,
f ( G ) .
. 4.4.3 ,
. :
4.4.6 ( )
f ( x ) [ a, b ] . ,
, , f ( x ) = 0 .
, .
x [ a, b ] f ( x ) 0 , , , .
[ a, b ]
, ..
U ( x1 ) , U ( x2 ) ,...U ( xm ) , x1 x2 xm , ,
.
, f ( a ) > 0 , , f ( x ) > 0 U ( x1 ) ,
U ( x1 ) U ( x2 ) , f ( x ) > 0 U ( x2 ) . ,
107
U ( xm ) , b , f ( x ) > 0 ,
, b f ( b ) < 0 .
1 ( )
f ( x ) [ a, b ] A = max f ( x ) ,
x[ a ,b ]
B = min f ( x ) . C , A < C 0 , f (1) = 1 < 0 ,
, [ 0,1] .
2. [ a, b ] , f ([ a, b ]) - .
.
3 ( )
f ( x ) , [ a, b ] , f ( a ) = c f ( b ) = d . f 1 ( y ) , -
f ( x ) , [ c, d ] , .
f ( x ) , min f ( x ) = c = f ( a ) < f ( b ) = d = max f ( x ) .
[ a ,b]
[ a ,b]
,
, [ c, d ] , ..
y [ c, d ] f ( x ) = y . , ,
.
, x1 x2 , x1 < x2 .
f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) , , f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) = y . , -
, f ( x ) = y , [ c, d ] x = f 1 ( y ) , .
108
, f 1 ( y ) . ,
.. , y1, y2 [ c, d ] , y1 < y2 ,
x1 = f 1 ( y1 ) f 1 ( y2 ) = x2 .
, f ( x ) ,
f ( x1 ) = y1 y2 = f ( x2 ) , y1 < y2 . , .
. , [ a, b ] .
, y0 [ c, d ] -
f 1 ( y0 0 ) f 1 ( y0 ) f 1 ( y0 + 0 ) ,
y0 , .
. , , f 1 ( y0 0 ) < f 1 ( y0 ) .
(f
( y0 0 ) ; f 1 ( y0 ) ) ( a, b )
, , [ a, b ] . .
, f ( x ) .
1.
f 1 ( y ) .
2.

, , ( ).
10. f ( x ) = x n .
n , , - . ,
n y , .
n , x n [ 0, + )

[0, + ) .
( )
( ,0] ,
( )
f +1 ( y ) = n y , D f +1 = [ 0, + ) ,
( )
( )
E f +1 = [ 0, + ) f 1 ( y ) = n y , D f 1 = [ 0, + ) , E f 1 = ( ,0] .
, , .
109
4.5.
f ( x ) , x G X , X
.
4.4.4. , f ( x ) -
G D ( f ) , > 0
> 0 , x x ,
G , ( x, x ) <
( f ( x ) , f ( x ) ) < .
G , > 0
> 0 , x x < , f ( x ) f ( x ) < x x ,
G .

, ,
, .
1
11. f ( x ) =
[ 0, + ) . 1 + x2
, .
> 0 [ 0, + )
f ( x ) f ( x ) =
1
1
( x x)( x + x) .
x2 x2
=
=
1 + x2 1 + x2 1 + x2 1 + x2
1 + x2 1 + x2
)(
) (
)(
,
1 + x2
x
:
2
x
x
1 1
+
x x + x x = x x .
f ( x ) f ( x )
2
2
1 + x 1 + x
2 2
, , = , x x < f ( x ) f ( x ) < , .
12. f ( x ) = x 2 G = [ 0, + ) . , . , G.
1
x = n + x = n n , n
.
110
1
1
f ( x ) f ( x ) = x2 x2 = 2n + > 2 .
n
n
, 0 = 2 , , > 0 ,
1
n , x x = < ,
n
f ( x ) f ( x ) > 0 . ,
.
4.4.7 (). G D ( f ) ,
.
> 0 ,
G , x U x ( x ) ,
x U x ( x ) D ( f ) , f ( x ) U
( f ( x ) ) . ,
U x ( x ) D ( f ) ,
( f ( x ) , f ( x ) ) ( f ( x ) , f ( x ) ) + ( f ( x ) , f ( x ) ) <
= .
U x ( x )
2
.
2
U1 ( x1 ) , U 2 ( x2 ) ,...,U m ( xm ) x1, x2 ,..., xm .
2
= min 1 , 2 ,..., m
2
2
2
x x G , ( x, x ) < . U k
( xk ) ,
x , .. ( x, xk ) <
( x, xk ) ( x, x ) + ( x, xk ) < +
k
2
k . , x x 2
xk k . , , ( f ( x ) , f ( x ) ) < .
, f ( x ) = x 2 [ 0, a ] , , , [ 0, + ) .
111
5
, .
5.1.
3.5.1.
:
1. f ( x ) = c
9. f ( x ) = th x
2. f ( x ) = x ,
10. f ( x ) = cth x
3. f ( x ) = sin x
11. f ( x ) = a x , a > 0, a 1
4. f ( x ) = cos x
12. f ( x ) = log a x, a > 0, a 1
5. f ( x ) = tg x
13. f ( x ) = arcsin x
6.
f ( x ) = ctg x
14. f ( x ) = arccos x
7.
f ( x ) = sh x
15. f ( x ) = arctg x
8. f ( x ) = ch x
16. f ( x ) = arcctg x
. . .
3.5.2. ,
.
,
, , .
5.2.
1) f ( x ) = c
( 6 4).
2) f ( x ) = x .
f ( x ) = x n f ( x ) = n x ,
n ( 8 10 4). -
1
, x = n ,
x
n = . \ {0} .
112
, x = x
= n xm , m , n , n 2 .
, f ( x ) = x ,
, . (
x, y > 0 ):
1. x1 x 2 = x1 + 2 ;
( )
1 2
2. x
1 2
=x
x
( x) ;
3. =
y
( y )
4. x > 1, > 0 , x > 1 ;
5. x > 1 1 > 2 , x1 > x 2 > 0 , 0 < x < 1 1 > 2 ,
0 < x1 < x 2 .

.
.
3) f ( x ) = a x , a > 0, a 1 .
,
x . .
1. f ( x ) = a x , D ( f ) = 0.
,
, rn , rn 0 , a rn 1 .
n
16 1 2 2 , lim n a = 1 .
n
, , a > 1 . > 0 .
k0
0 <1 a
,
1
k0
0<a
k0
1 <
< . , -
, 1 < a
113
k0
<a
k0
<1+ .
rn 0 n , n0 ,
1
rn < . k0
{rn } 1 < a
k0
< a rn < a
k0
< 1 + , -
, lim a rn = 1 .
n
, 0 < a < 1 , ,
, .
2. {rn } ,
{ }
a rn .
. > 0 , a rn .
a rn a rm = a rm a rn rm 1 .
, , a > 1 .
{rn } , . ,
c rn d .
a c a rn a d .
lim a r = 1, r , > 0 ,
r 0
r < a r 1 <
. rn
ad
, ,
n0 , n n0 m n0 , rn rm < , ,

a rn rm 1 <
ad
. -
a rn a rm = a rm a rn rm 1 < a d
= .
ad
0 < a < 1 .
a, a > 0, a 1
.
3.5.3. x - {rn } - , x .
a x = lim a rn .
n
1.
,
x , ,
.
114
2.
{ } , -
a rn
x {rn } , lim a rn {rn } ( 3.2.1) .
, f ( x ) = a x , a > 0, a 1 , x .
.
1. x1 x2
a x1 a x2 = a x1 + x2 .
{rn } {rn} - ,
n : rn x1 rn x2 . rn + rn x1 + x2
lim a rn = a x1 , lim a rn = a x2 , lim a rn +rn = a x1 + x2 .
,
a a = a r1+r2 .
. x1 x2
r1
r2
a x1
= a x1 x2 .
x2
a
2. x a x > 0 .
, a > 1 r - , x > r .
{rn } - , x . , , rn > r , , a rn > a r . , a x a r > 0 .
0 < a < 1 , 1
, .
a
3. f ( x ) = a x , a > 1
f ( x ) = a x , 0 < a < 1 .
, a > 1 , x1 x2 ,
x1 < x2 . - r1 r2 , x1 < r1 < r2 < x2 -
{ }
{ }
1
2
rn( ) , x1 , rn( ) , x2 . -
1
, rn( ) < r1
2
r2 < rn( ) . (1)
( 2)
n a rn < a r1 < a r2 < a rn .

115
, ,
a a r1 < a r2 a x2 , .
0 < a < 1 1
.
a
4. f ( x ) = a x , a > 0, a 1 .
, , a > 1 .
, a x . { xn } , .
x1
n rn( ) rn( ) ,
1
1
1
2
1
2
xn < rn( ) < xn < rn( ) < xn + . rn( ) rn( )
n
n
, , ,
1
{ } { }
(1)
( 2)
lim a rn = lim a rn = 1 .
n
, (1)
( 2)
a rn < a xn < a rn ,
lim a xn = 1. .
n
x0 , a x . :
f ( x0 ) = a x0 +x a x0 = a x0 a x 1 . lim a x = 1 , a x0 - ( x0
x ),
lim f ( x0 ) = 0 , ..
x0
x0 .
5. x1 x2
(a )
x1 x2
= a x1x2 .
. ,
x2 = r - . {rn } -
( ) = a a n . , s = a a ( s ) ( a ) . , ( a ) = a .
, x1 . a rn
n
rn
x1
rn r
x1r
x1 r
x1 r
x1r
x1 x2 .
{ n } - , x2 . ,
116
( )
, a x1
( )
: lim a x1
n
( )
= a x1
x2
= a x1n . -
( )
lim a x1n = a x1x2 . a x1

n
x2
= a x1x2 .
6. a > 1 , lim a x = + lim a x = 0 , 0 < a < 1 ,

x+
lim a = 0 lim a = + .
x+
, a > 1 x + .
n = [ x ] - x . ( 18
1 2) ,
n
n < 1 , . . a n > n . , a x a n +
a
x + .
.
.
( 0,+ ) .
4)
f ( x ) = a x , a > 0, a 1 . , , log a x . ( 0,+ ) ,
, a > 1 , 0 < a < 1 . .
a = e ,
ln x .
117
5) ( )
- . x = e ln x .
( 0,+ ) , , , > 0 , , < 0 .
6) -
( u ( x ) )
v( x )
v x ln u x
= e ( ) ( ) , , u ( x ) > 0 ,
- . u ( x ) v ( x ) , , .
7)
e x + e x
e x e x
ch x =
sh x =
2
2
, ,
. ,
, .
:
ch 2 x sh 2 x = 1,
ch 2 x = 1 + 2sh 2 x = 2ch 2 x 1,
sh 2 x = 2sh x ch x.
:
sh x
ch x
th x =
cth x =
.
ch x
sh x
th x , cth x x , x = 0 .
.
118

,
y = f ( x ) x .
e x e x
. y = sh x y =
2
e2 x 2 ye x 1 = 0 , e x = y y 2 + 1 .
, ,
, -
(-
x = ln y + y 2 + 1 . -
, arsh x = ln x + x 2 + 1 , x
-) sh x .
y = ch x
e x + e x
. , y 1.
y =
2
e 2 x 2 ye x + 1 = 0
e x = y y 2 1 . , . ,
:
(
x = ln ( x
)
x 1 ) , x 1 , ch x, arch
arch + x = ln x + x 2 1 , x 1 , ch x, arch + x 0
arch
x 0.
th x cth x ,
, th x - ( 1,1) ,
cth x - ( , 1) (1, + ) .
e x e x
y= x
,
e + e x
1 1+ y
e x + e x
x = ln
, y = x x
2 1 y
e e
1 1+ y
,
x = ln
2 y 1
119
1 1+ x
arth x = ln
, x <1
2 1 x
1 1+ x
arcth x = ln
, x > 1.
2 x 1
8) , , . .

1. sin x < x < tg x 0 < x < , sin x x tg x x ,
2
2 2
sin x x x.
x ,
( ). O1M x .
N , O1N = tg x .
OMO1 , ONO1 OMO1 . ,
:
S OMO1 < ScekmOMO1 < S ONO1 .
, :
1
1
S OMO1 = R 2 sin x = sin x ;
2
2
1
1
ScekmOMO1 = R 2 x = x
2
2
1
1
S ONO1 = OO1 O1N = tg x , 2
2

sin x < x < tg x, 0 < x <
.
(*)
2
sin x
tg x ,
sin x < x < tg x
< x < 0 ,
2
sin x < x < tg x . , , ,

x , ,
2 2
sin x x tg x
x sin x x .
(**)
2. .
sin x :
x
x
f ( x ) = sin ( x + x ) sin x = 2sin cos x +

.
2
2
120
(**)
cos x +
1,
2
x
= x . , , x 0 , f ( x ) 0 .
2

x
x
cos ( x + x ) cos x = 2sin sin x +
x ,
2
2
cos x .
tg x ctg x , , .
f ( x ) 2
3 ( )
sin x
lim
= 1.
x0 x
, x 0 , (**) sin x
x
1
sin x
<
1 >
> cos x , x , , x 0 .
2 2
sin x cos x
x
,
sin x
> cos x . x , cos x 1 >
x
1 ( cos x ). ,
sin x
lim
= 1 , x0 x
.
1 <
9)
f ( x ) = sin x ,
x , . , 2 2
, , ,

arcsin x, x [ 1,1] .
, arccos x ,
x [ 1,1] , cos x, x [ 0, ] . .
121
arctg x, x
tg x, x , , arcctg x, x - ,
2 2
ctg x, x ( 0, ) . .
.
1. arcsin x + arccos x =
2. arctg x + arcctg x =
. ,
arccos x = arcsin x . -
, sin arccos x = cos ( arccos x ) = x arccos x .

2 2
2
2
arccos x = arcsin x .
5.3.
sin x
= 1 .
x0 x
, lim
.
1).
lim (1 + x )
x0
= e.
2.4.1. , { xn } lim (1 + xn )
n
xn
= e . -
.
ln (1 + x )
lim
= 1.
2).
x0
x
122
ln (1 + x )
x = 0 , x
, f ( t ) :

lim f ( g ( x ) ) = f lim g ( x ) .
x x0
x x0
,
1
1
ln (1 + x )
= lim ln (1 + x ) x = ln lim (1 + x ) x = ln e = 1 .
lim
x0
x0
x 0
log a (1 + x )
1
.
=
x0
x
ln a
log a (1 + x )
ln (1 + x )
ln (1 + x )
1
1
lim
= lim
=
lim
=
.
x0
x0 x ln a
ln a x0
ln a
x
x
. lim
3).
ex 1
lim
= 1.
x0
x
e x 1 = y . x = ln (1 + y ) . ,
ex 1
y
= lim
= 1.
x 0 y 0 . lim
x0
y 0 ln (1 + y )
x
ax 1
= ln a, a > 0, a 1 .
x0
x
e x ln a 1
ax 1
ey 1
= lim
ln a = ln a lim
= ln a .
lim
x0
x0
y 0
x
x
ln
a
y
. lim
y = x ln a 0 .
x 0
s
1 + x) 1
(
= s.
lim
4).
x0
s
s ln 1+ x
e s ln(1+ x ) 1 s ln (1 + x )
1 + x) 1
ln (1 + x )
e ( ) 1
(
= lim
lim
= s.
lim
= s lim
x0
x0 s ln (1 + x )
x0 s ln (1 + x ) x0
x
x
x
123
6 .
6.1.
3.6.1. f ( x ) g ( x ) o
U ( x0 ) x0 . ,
f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) (: f ( x ) g ( x ) )
x , x0 , h ( x ) ,
o
x0 , x U ( x0 )
f ( x) = h( x) g ( x) h( x) C .
1.
( x ) x 0 .
x (1 + 2 x )
x + 2x = O
x + 2x =
h( x) = 1 + 2 x
.
2. x + 2 x = O ( x ) x .
1
1
x + 2x = x 2 +
.
x
2
+
x
x
1
3. x sin = O ( x ) x 0 .
x
1
h ( x ) = sin .
x
. f ( x ) = O (1) x x0 , f ( x )
x0 .
f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) = O ( f ( x ) ) x x0 , ,
f ( x ) g ( x ) .
3.6.1. , lim
x x0
f ( x ) g ( x ) x x0 .
h ( x ) =
f ( x)
,
g ( x)
f ( x)
.
g ( x)
f ( x)
, x0 h ( x ) x x0 g ( x )
.
3.6.2. f ( x ) g ( x ) lim
U ( x0 ) x0 . , f ( x )
124
g ( x ) x x0 , h ( x ) , x0 ,
o
x U ( x0 ) f ( x ) = h ( x ) g ( x ) lim h ( x ) = 0 .
x x0
, : f ( x ) = o ( g ( x ) ) , x x0
(: f ( x ) g ( x ) x , x0 ).
g ( x ) , f ( x ) ,
f ( x ) , g ( x ) .
( )
4. x 2 + 2 x = o x3 , x .
5. x 2 = o ( x ) , x 0 .
1
6. sin 2 x sin = o ( x ) , x 0 .
x
. O ( g ( x ) ) o ( g ( x ) ) x x0
, f ( x ) = o ( g ( x ) ) ,
f ( x ) . , x 2 = o ( x ) , x 2 x 0
, x .
f ( x ) = o ( g ( x ) ) , .
7. o ( f ( x ) ) = O ( f ( x ) ) - , O ( f ( x ) ) = o ( f ( x ) ) - .
O o .
o ( ,
x x0 ).
1. o ( Cf ) = o ( f )
2. C o ( f ) = o ( f )
3. o ( f ) + o ( f ) = o ( f )
4. o ( o ( f ) ) = o ( f )
( ) ( ) ( )
7. f o ( f ) = o ( f ) ,
k
8. ( o ( f ) ) = o ( f ) ,
k
o( f )
9.
= o( f ),
k
f
6. o f k o f m = o f k + m , k , m
k +1
k 1
5. o ( f + o ( f ) ) = o ( f )
, , .
125
- g ( x ) = o ( o ( f ) ) - -
g1 ( x ) = o ( f ) . , x0 g ( x ) = ( x ) g1 ( x ) g1 ( x ) = ( x ) f ( x ) ,
lim ( x ) = lim ( x ) = 0 .
x x0
g ( x ) = ( ( x ) ( x ) ) f ( x ) ,
x x0
h ( x ) = ( x ) ( x ) 0 , , g ( x ) = o ( f ) .
.
6.2.
3.6.3. f ( x ) g ( x ) o
U ( x0 ) x0 . , f ( x )
g ( x ) x x0 , h ( x ) , o
x0 , x U ( x0 ) f ( x ) = h ( x ) g ( x ) lim h ( x ) = 1.
x x0
f g x x0 .
1.
.
2.

a) f f ();
) f g g f ();
) f g , g h f h ().
, 5, , . t 0
sin t t
et 1 t
arcsin t t
a t 1 t ln a
tg t t
ln (1 + t ) t
arctg t t
log a (1 + t )
t
ln a
t2
(1 + t )s 1 st
2
.
1 cos t
3.6.2. x x0 f f1 g g1 ,
1) lim ( f1 g1 ) , lim ( f g ) = lim ( f1 g1 )
x x0
x x0
126
x x0
f1
f
f
, lim = lim 1 .
x x0 g1
x x0 g
x x0 g1
x0 f ( x ) = f1 ( x ) h1 ( x ) g ( x ) = g1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) , lim h1 ( x ) = lim h2 ( x ) = 1 .
2) lim
x x0
x x0
lim ( f g ) = lim ( f1 h1 g1 h2 ) = lim ( f1 g1 ) lim ( h1 h2 ) = lim ( f1 g1 )
x x0
lim
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
f
f h
f
h
f
= lim 1 1 = lim 1 lim 1 = lim 1 .
g x x0 g1 h2 x x0 g1 x x0 h2 x x0 g1
3.6.3 ( )
f ( x ) g ( x ) x x0 -
, x x0 f ( x ) = g ( x ) + o ( g ( x ) ) .
f g x x0 . x0
f ( x ) = g ( x ) h ( x ) , lim h ( x ) = 1.
x x0
f ( x ) g ( x ) = g ( x ) (1 h ( x ) ) . lim (1 h ( x ) ) = 0 , f g = o ( g ) .
x x0
, f ( x ) = g ( x ) + o ( g ( x ) ) x x0 . -
x0 f ( x ) g ( x ) = g ( x ) ( x ) , lim ( x ) = 0 .
x x0
f ( x ) = g ( x ) (1 + ( x ) ) f ( x ) = g ( x ) h ( x ) , h ( x ) = 1 + ( x ) lim h ( x ) = 1.
x x0
, f g .
, :
sin t = t + o ( t )
et 1 = t + o ( t )
arcsin t = t + o ( t )
a t 1 = t ln a + o ( t )
tg t = t + o ( t )
ln (1 + t ) = t + o ( t )
arctg t = t + o ( t )
log a (1 + t ) =
t2
cos t = 1 + o t 2
2
( )
t
+ o (t )
ln a
(1 + t )s 1 = st + o ( t )
, .
127
x
cos x sin 2 x ln 1 1
2 .
8. lim
2
x0
ex 1
o x k ,
3
( )
cos6 x =
3 1
36 x 2
36 x 2
1 36 x 2
2
2
+ o x =1
+ o x + o
+ o x2 =
2
3 2
( )
( )
( )
( )
= 1 6 x2 + o x2 ,
( )
( )
2
x
x
sin 2 x ln 1 = ( 2 x + o ( x ) ) + o ( x ) = x 2 + o x 2 , e x 1 = x 2 + o x 2 .
2
2
, , lim
( ) = 0 ,
o x2
x2
x
3
cos x sin 2 x ln 1 1
1 6x2 + x2 + o x2 1
2
lim
= lim
=
2
x0
x 0
x2 + o x2
ex 1
x0
= lim
x0
( )
( ) = lim 5 +
x
o( x )
+ o( x )
1+
o x2
5 x 2 + o x 2
x2
( )
( )
x 0
x2
128
= 5 .
IV.

1
1.1.
4.1.1. y = f ( x ) x0 . ,
, f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
: lim
.
x0
x
x0 .
y = f ( x ) x0 f ( x0 ) , f x ( x0 ) ,
df ( x0 )
, y ( x0 ) .
dx
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
= lim
.
x0
x0
x
x

.
1. f ( x ) = ax 2 a) x0 = 1; )
x .
a) ax 2 x0 = 1:
, f ( x0 ) = lim
f (1) = a (1 + x ) a 12 = a 2x + ( x ) .
2
a 2x + ( x )
f (1)
= lim
= lim a ( 2 + x ) = 2a .
lim
x0 x
x0
x0
x
) x :
2
f ( x ) = a ( x + x ) ax 2 = a 2 xx + ( x ) .
2
a 2 xx + ( x )
f ( x )
lim
= lim
= lim a ( 2 x + x ) = 2ax .
x0 x
x0
x0
x
. , , . ,
, . ,
2ax . , x = 1 2ax |x=1 = 2a .
2. f ( t ) = 3sin ( 2t + 1) t .
2
129
f = 3sin ( 2 ( t + t ) + 1) 3sin ( 2t + 1) = 6sin ( t ) cos ( 2t + 1 + t ) .
6sin ( t ) cos ( 2t + 1 + t )
sin ( t )
= 6 lim
lim cos ( 2t + 1 + t ) =
t 0
t 0
t 0
t
t
= 6cos ( 2t + 1) .
f ( t ) = lim
1.2.
a)
, t , S ( t ) . ,
t0 t0 + t , S ( t0 + t ) S ( t0 )
v =
S ( t0 + t ) S ( t0 )
.
t
t0 ( ) ,
S ( t 0 + t ) S ( t 0 )
t0 t0 + t , t 0 , .. v ( t0 ) = lim
.
t 0
t
, v ( t0 ) = S ( t0 ) . , ,
, .
3. OX : x ( t ) = 3sin ( 2t + 1) .
( ) ,
.
x ( t ) = 6cos ( 2t + 1) .
x ( t ) x ( t ) ,
t , , 1
1
, , t1 = t2 =
. x1 ( t ) = x2 ( t ) = 6 .
2
2
) .
y = f ( x ) . , x0 . f ( x0 ) = y0 , f ( x0 + x ) = y1 -
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) M ( x0 + x, y1 ) .
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
y y
, :
k = 1 0 =
=
x
x
x
f ( x0 )
y y0 =
( x x0 ) .
x
130
, , x , M ( x0 + x, y1 )
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) . ,

M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) .
f ( x0 )
, , x0
x
,
y y0 = f ( x0 )( x x0 ) , ..
k = f ( x0 ) .
,
, :
x0
, M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) ,
.
4. y = 2 x 2 lim
45o ? .
1, y ( x ) = 4 x . 450 , y ( x ) = tg 45o = 1 .
2 1
4 x0 = 1 , x0 = 1 . y0 = 2 = 4
8
4
y 1 = 1 x 1 , , y = x 1 .
8
4
8
1.3.
4.1.2. f ( x ) x0 ,
A , f ( x0 ) = Ax + o ( x ) x 0 .
4.1.1. f ( x ) x0
, .
f ( x ) x0 .
f ( x0 )
Ax + o ( x )
o ( x )
= lim
= lim A +
= A , .. x0
x0
x 0
x
x
x
A .
, x0 , f ( x0 )
= f ( x0 ) + ( x ) ,
,
x
( x ) 0 , x 0 .
lim
131
f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) x + ( x ) x = Ax + o ( x ) , A = f ( x0 ) .
. , , , A , , .
,
.
4.1.2. ,
.
x0 , f ( x0 ) = Ax + o ( x ) x 0 , ,
lim f ( x0 ) = 0 . , x0 .
x0
. .
, ,
. , f ( x ) = x x = 0 ,
, , .
4.1.3. ( a, b ) , a < b + , , ( a, b ) .
1.4.
4.1.4. , f ( x )
x0 . f ( x0 ) x -
x0 df ( x0 ) df .
, f ( x0 ) = df ( x0 ) + o ( x ) . ,
, .

M ( x0 , y0 ) ,
x . ,
df ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) x , x .
.

f ( x0 ) df ( x0 ) = o ( x )
x .
.
132
f ( x ) = x .
( x + x ) x = lim x = lim 1 = 1.
: ( x ) = lim
x0
x0 x
x 0
x
dx = 1 x df ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) x
f ( x ) = x :
df ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) dx ,
.
. , df ( x )
.
f ( x ) =
:
dx
1.5.
4.1.5. ,
f ( x0 )
. [ x0 , x0 + ) xlim
x0 + 0
x
f ( x ) f + ( x0 ) .
, ( x0 , x0 ] -
f ( x0 )
, x x0 0
x

f ( x ) f ( x0 ) .
,
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) , y0 = f ( x0 ) f + ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) .
4.1.3. f ( x0 ) x0
,
f ( x0 ) = f + ( x0 ) .
.
f ( x0 )
= . ,
, lim
x0
x
x0 .
x

( y y0 ) = x x0 . ,
f ( x0 )
x
lim
= 0 ,
x0 f ( x0 )
lim
133
x = x0 . ,
.
, , .
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
= . = + lim
x0
x0
x
x
, , f ( x0 ) = + , , f ( x0 ) = .
x = x0 .
1. , lim
2. . , , f ( x0 ) = .
.
2 .
2.1.
, ,
4.2.1. f ( x ) g ( x ) x0 . -
f ( x ) + g ( x ) ,
f ( x ) g ( x ) , , g ( x0 ) 0 ,
( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) |x= x = f ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) ,
( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) |x= x = f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) ,
)
f ( x)
,
g ( x)
f ( x )
f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
)
.
|x= x0 =
2
g
x
g
x
(
)
(
)
0
134
f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) = g ( x0 + x ) g ( x0 ) ,
f ( x0 + x ) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) g ( x0 + x ) = g ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) .
f ( x0 )
g ( x0 )
= f ( x0 ) lim
= g ( x0 ) ,
x0
x0
x
x
( f ( x0 + x ) + g ( x0 + x ) ) ( f ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) ) =
a) ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) |x= x0 = lim
x0
x
f ( x0 ) + g ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
g ( x0 )
= lim
= lim
+ lim
= f ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) .
x0
x0
x 0
x
x
x
( f ( x0 + x ) g ( x0 + x ) ) ( f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) ) =
) ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) |x= x0 = lim
x0
x
( f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) ) ( g ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) ) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) =
= lim
x0
x
f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
= lim
= lim g ( x0 )
+
x0
x0
x
x
g ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
+ lim f ( x0 )
+ lim g ( x0 )
= f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) .
x0
x0
x
x
, g ( x0 ) x0 , , f ( x0 )
.
,
x
) :
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
f
=
=
g g ( x0 + x ) g ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
g ( x0 ) ( g ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) )
, lim
f
f ( x0 )
g ( x0 )
g
x
f
x
(
)
(
)
0
0
f ( x)
g
x =

= lim x
|x = x0 = lim
x0 x
x0
g ( x0 ) ( g ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) )
g ( x)
f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
.
=
g 2 ( x0 )
1. ( C f ( x ) ) = C f ( x ) .
:
C C
= lim 0 = 0 .
( C ) = lim
x0 x
x0
, ,
( C f ( x ) ) = ( C ) f ( x ) + Cf ( x ) = Cf ( x ) .
135
2.
:
) d ( f + g ) = df + dg ,
) d ( f g ) = g df + f dg ,
f g df f dg
.
) d =
2
g
g

.

:
( f + f + ... + f ) = f + f + ... f ,
1
( f1 f 2 ... f n ) =
2.2.
f1 f 2 ... f n + f1 f 2 ... f n + ... f1 f 2 ... f n .
4.2.2. f ( x ) [ a, b ] x0 ( a, b ) , f ( x0 ) 0 .
f 1 ( y ) ,
y0 = f ( x0 ) f 1 ( y ) | y = y0 =
f ( x ) ,
1
.
f ( x0 )
, f ( x ) .
x0 - [ a, b ] ,
[ x0 , x0 + ] [ a, b] ,
f ( x ) , -
, . y0 = f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) , f ( x0 + ) , f ( x )
f ( x0 ) < f ( x0 ) < f ( x0 + ) .
y , y0 + y f ( x0 ) , f ( x0 + ) .
x = f 1 ( y0 + y ) f 1 ( y0 ) 0 , ,
f 1 ( y ) f 1 ( y0 + y ) f 1 ( y0 ) . , x 0
y 0 , f 1 ( y ) y0 .
x
1
,
=
y y
x
y
x
1
lim
=
.
= f ( x0 ) 0 , lim
x0 x
y 0 y
f ( x0 )
.
1
.
f ( x0 ) =
1
f ( y ) | y= f ( x )
136
2.3.
4.2.3. f ( t ) t0
( x ) x0 , ( x0 ) = t0 .
f ( ( x ) ) x0 ,
( f ( ( x ) ) ) |x= x = ft( t0 ) x ( x0 ) = ft( ( x0 ) ) x ( x0 ) .

0
f ( t )
t0 . , ( x )
x0 .
34 , x0 -
f ( ( x ) ) . x ,
x0 + x . t = ( x0 + x ) ( x0 )
, , ( x ) x0 , t 0
x 0 .
, f ( t ) ,
f ( t0 ) = ft( t0 ) t + o ( t ) , o ( t ) = ( t ) t , ( t ) 0 .
t 0
x ,
f ( x0 )
t
t o ( t )
lim
=
lim
= lim ft( t0 )
+
= ft( t0 ) x ( x0 ) ,
x0 x
x0
x0
x
x
x
= lim
( x0 + x ) ( x0 )
x0
o ( t )
t
= lim ( t ) = 0 .
x0 x
x0
x
= x ( x0 ) lim
.
df = f ( t ) dt , t
- .
t = ( x ) .
df = f ( ( x ) ) dx = ft( ( x ) ) ( x ) dx .
( x ) dx = dt , ( x ) = t , df = f ( t ) dt .
. , df = f ( t ) dt , , t - , dt , , t - , dt -
.
137
2.4.

.
1
,
cos 2 x
1
12. ( ctg x ) = 2 ,
sin x
1
13. ( arcsin x ) =
,
2
1 x
11. ( tg x ) =
1. ( C ) = 0 ,
( ) = x ,
1
,
3. ( x ) =
2 x
2. x
1
1
4. = 2 ,
x
x
14. ( arccos x ) =
( )
6. ( e ) = e ,
5. a x = a x ln a ,
x
1 x
1
,
1 + x2
1
16. ( arcctg x ) =
,
1 + x2
17. ( sh x ) = ch x ,
15. ( arctg x ) =
7. ( log a x ) =
1
,
x ln a
1
8. ( ln x ) = ,
x
9. ( sin x ) = cos x ,
18. ( ch x ) = sh x ,
1
,
ch 2 x
1
10. ( cos x ) = sin x ,
20. ( cth x ) = 2 .
sh x
1 4.2.1.
, , 5.3
3.
x
1 +
x + x ) x
(
x

= x lim x = x 1 .
lim x
x = lim
x0
x0
x0 xx
x
x
3 4 2.
, , .
19. ( th x ) =
( )
a x a x 1
a x +x a x
a x x ln a
= lim
= lim
= e x ln a .
a = lim
x0
x0
x0
x
x
x
x
log a 1 +
log a ( x + x ) log a x
x
1
x
= lim
= lim
=
.
( log a x ) = lim
x0
x0
x0 x ln a x
x
x
x ln a
( )
x
138
6 8 5 7 a = e .
9 10.
x
x
2sin cos x +
sin ( x + x ) sin x
2
2
= lim
=
( sin x ) = lim
x 0
x0
x
x
x
x cos x +
= lim
= cos x.
x0
x
x
x
2sin sin x +
cos ( x + x ) cos x
2
2
= lim
=
( cos x ) = lim
x 0
x0
x
x
x
x sin x +
= lim
= sin x.
x0
x
11 12 :
sin x ) cos x ( cos x ) sin x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
1
(
=
=
.
( tg x ) =
2
2
cos x
cos x
cos 2 x
sin x ( sin x ) cos x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
cos
x
1
(
)
=
= 2 .
( ctg x ) =
2
2
sin x
sin x
sin x
13-16
.
y = arcsin x . 1
1
1

x = sin y, y , . ( arcsin x ) x =
=
=
.
2
cos
y
2 2
1 x
( sin y )
, .. x 1 .
2
14-16 , .
17-20 .
, y
2.5.
, - ( u ( x ) )
y = ( u ( x ) )
v( x )
v( x )
. ,
u ( x ) > 0 , ln y : ln y = v ( x ) ln ( u ( x ) ) .
x .
139
y
, :
y
u
y
u
v ( x ) ln ( u ( x ) ) = v ln u + v .
= v ln u + v ,
u
y
u
u
u
y = y v ln u + v = u v v ln u + v .
u
u
( ln y ) x =
1. ( sin x )
ln x
. ln y = ln x ln ( sin x ) .
y 1
cos x
,
,
= ln ( sin x ) + ln x
y x
sin x
cos x
ln x 1
y = ( sin x ) ln ( sin x ) + ln x
.
sin x
x
y = ( sin x )
2.6.
ln x
4.2.4. x = x ( t ) y = y ( t ) -
[t0 , t0 + ] , x ( t ) ,
t = t ( x ) ,
. , x ( t ) y ( t ) t0 , x ( t0 ) 0 . y = y ( t ( x ) ) -
yt ( t0 )
.
xt ( t0 )
,
x0 y ( t ( x ) ) = yt t x . -
x x0 = x ( t0 ) , yx ( x0 ) =
t x =
)x
y
1
, y ( t ( x ) ) = t .
x
xt
xt
2. ,
x = 3cos t , y = 2sin t , t [ 0,2 ] ,

.
,
k = 0 .
y ( t ( x ) ) x :
140
yt 2cos t
2
=
= ctg t . t , yx = 0 . 3
xt 3sin t
3
[ 0,2 ] : t1 =
t2 =
. ,
2
2
M1 ( 0,2 ) M 2 ( 0, 2 ) .
. x = 3cos t , y = 2sin t , t [ 0,2 ]
y = y ( x ) : t [ 0, ] - t [ ,2 ] .
x ( t ) , , . 4.2.4 .
yx =
3
3.1.
f ( x ) ( a, b ) ,
f ( x ) . , x .
x0 ( a, b ) , ( )
x0
:
f ( x0 ) ,
d 2 f ( x0 )
dx
2
, f ( ) ( x0 ) , f xx ( x0 ) .
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
.
x0
x
, . x = x ( t ) y = y ( t )
4.2.4 , yx . , t0 xtt ytt .
y ( t )
= (t )
t0 x = x ( t ) yx = t
xt ( t )
, f ( x0 ) = lim
yx ( t ( x ) ) , -
y ( t ( x ) ) x .

ytt xt yt xtt
yt

2
xt )
(
y x y x
t xt t
yxx = ( t ( x ) ) = =
=
= tt t 3 t tt .
x
xt
xt
xt
( x )
141
, , -
f ( ) ( x ) ,
..
f ( x ) ( a, b ) 3
f ( x ) , f ( x ) ,..., f (
n1)
( x ) ( n 1) - .
n1
x0 ( a, b ) f ( ) ( x ) , n- f ( x ) x0
d n f ( x0 )
(n)
.
f ( x0 )
n
dx
n
n 1
f ( ) ( x0 ) = f ( ) ( x ) |x = x0 .
, , f ( x ) g ( x ) n- ( n)
, ( C1 f ( x ) + C2 g ( x ) ) = C1 f ( ) ( x ) + C2 g ( ) ( x ) .
n-
:
( )
1. x
( n)
( )
(n)
( )
= ( 1) ...( n + 1) x n .
, = m , x m
2. e x
m ( m 1) ...( m n + 1) x nm , n < m,
(n)
= m!,
n = m,
0,
n > m.
= ex .
n1
1) ( n 1)!
(
.
3. ( ln ( a + x ) ) =
( a + x )n
( n)
, 1
1
= ( a + x ) , ( ln ( a + x ) ) =
a+x
.
n
n
( n)
( n)
4. ( sin x ) = sin x +
, ( cos x ) = cos x +
.
2
2
142
4.3.1. ( )
u ( x ) v ( x ) x n - .
n - ,
n
( u v )( n ) = Cnk u ( k )v( nk ) .
k =0
1. Cnk - .
2. , ..
0
0
u ( ) ( x ) = u ( x ) v( ) ( x ) = v ( x ) .
.
n = 1 C10 = C11 = 1
( uv ) = uv + uv , .
,
n = m,
..
( uv )( m ) = Cm0 uv( m ) + Cm1 uv( m1) + ... + Cmmu ( m )v .
, n = m + 1 .
( uv )( m+1) = ( uv )( m ) = Cm0 uv( m ) + Cm1 uv( m1) + ... + Cmmu ( m )v =
) (
m
m+1
m 1
m
m+1
m
= Cm0 uv( ) + Cm0 uv( ) + Cm1 uv( ) + Cm1 uv( ) + ... + Cmmu ( )v + Cmmu ( )v =
= Cm0 uv(
m+1)
m
m
m+1
+ Cm0 + Cm1 uv( ) + ... + Cmm1 + Cmm u ( )v + Cmmu ( )v =
m+1
m
m
m+1
= Cm0 +1uv( ) + Cm1 +1uv( ) + ... + Cmm+1u ( )v + Cmm++11u ( )v.
.
.
3.2.
f ( x )
( a, b ) . df = f ( x ) dx ,
, x dx = x . dx , x .
2
x , d 2 f ( x ) = d ( df ) = ( f ( x ) dx ) dx = f ( x )( dx ) ,
f ( x ) . , ,
.
143
( dx )2 = dx 2 ,
= f ( x ) dx 2 .

d 2 f
, d n f = d d n1 f .
d n f = f ( ) ( x ) dx n , dx n = ( dx ) .
, x . x ,
dx , . ,
d 2 f = d ( df ) = d ( f ( x ) dx ) = d ( f ( x ) ) dx + f ( x ) d 2 x = f ( x ) dx 2 + f ( x ) d 2 x .
, x , f ( x ) d 2 x , d 2 x - n
x = x ( t ) , .. d 2 x = x ( t ) dt 2
x ( t ) = at + b ( 3 4.4.3 ()). , d 2 f = f ( x ) dx 2 , x = at + b .
4
4.1.
4.4.1. f ( x ) x0
U ( x0 ) , x U ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) f ( x ) . x0
.
, f ( x ) x0
U ( x0 ) x U ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) f ( x ) , x0 .
.
o
. U ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) > f ( x ) f ( x0 ) < f ( x ) , , x0
, , .
x1 , x3
, x2 - .
144
4.2.
4.4.1 (). f ( x ) x0 , . f ( x0 ) = 0 .
f ( x ) U ( x0 ) x0 -
, .. x U ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) f ( x ) . ,
x, x0 U ( x0 )
x < x0 ,
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
0 , ,
x x0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
0 , x0
x x0 0
x x0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
0.
, f ( x0 ) = lim
x x0 0
x x0
, x, x0 U ( x0 ) , x > x0 , lim
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
0 ,
x x0
x x0 + 0 ,
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
0.
f ( x0 ) = lim
x x0 + 0
x x0
f ( x0 ) 0 f ( x0 ) 0 , f ( x0 ) = 0 .
.
4.3.
4.4.2 (). f ( x )
a) [ a, b ] ;
) ( a, b ) ;
) , .. f ( a ) = f ( b ) .
( a, b ) c ,
f ( c ) = 0 .
( 4.4.5)

. M m , . :
1) M = m . f ( x ) = const f ( x ) = 0 ( a, b ) .
2) M m . , ,
,
145
[ a, b ] . c .
f ( c ) = 0 .
1. ,
, ,

,
,
.
2. . , , , , f ( x ) = 0 .
:
3. f ( a ) = f ( b ) = 0 , : , , .
4. , , ,
.
4.4.
4.4.3 (). f ( x )
) [ a, b ] ;
) ( a, b ) .
( a, b ) , , c , f (b ) f ( a )
.
ba
( x ) = f ( x ) x . -
f ( c ) =
[ a, b ] ( a, b ) .
146
, ( a ) = ( b ) . f ( a ) a = f ( b ) b ,
f (b) f ( a )
.
ba
( x ) ( 4.4.2) c , ( c ) = 0 .
.. =
( x ) = f ( x ) , f ( c ) = =
f (b) f ( a )
.
ba
1. ,
. ,
A ( a, f ( a ) ) B ( b, f ( b ) ) .
f (b) f ( a )
, f ( c )
ba
, M ( c, f ( c ) ) .
, , .
2. . f (b ) f ( a )
.
f ( c ) =
ba
ca
f ( b ) f ( a ) = f ( c )( b a ) . =
. a < c < b ,
ba
0 < < 1. c = a + ( b a ) , 0 < < 1
f (b ) f ( a ) = f ( a + (b a ))(b a ) .
.
a = x, b = x + x ,
f ( x + x ) f ( x ) = f ( x + x ) x, 0 < < 1 .
1. f ( x ) ( a, b )
f ( x ) = 0 , f ( x ) = const , x ( a, b ) .
x0 , x ( a, b ) x = x x0 , .. x = x0 + x .
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 + x ) x, 0 < < 1 , f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) = 0 .
f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) = const .
147
x ( a, b )
2. f ( x ) g ( x )
( a, b ) f ( x ) = g ( x ) , f ( x ) = g ( x ) + C .
,
f ( x ) g ( x ) .
3. f ( x ) [ a, b ] , ( a, b ) f ( x ) = k , k -
, f ( x ) = kx + d , x [ a, b ] .
x ( a, b ) .
f ( x ) f ( a ) = k ( x a ) . f ( x ) = kx + d , d = f ( a ) ka .
, , f ( x ) = 0, x ( a, b ) , :
f ( x ) = kx + d .
4. f ( x ) ( a, b ) , ,
x0 ( a, b ) . ,
lim f ( x ) = A , x0
x x0 0
f ( x0 ) = A . , lim f ( x ) = B , x x0 +0
f + ( x0 ) = B .
a < x < x0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
[ x, x0 ] :
= f ( x0 + ( x x0 ) ) . x x0 , x x0
lim f ( x0 + ( x x0 ) ) = A .
x x0 0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
, x x0 0
x x0
x0 , A . ,
lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) .
lim
x x0 0
.
, , x0 f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) = f + ( x0 ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) ,
x x0 0
x x0 +0
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) , ,
x x0 0
x x0 + 0
f ( x ) x0 . , , ,
.
148
1
2
x sin , x 0,
. , f ( x ) =
x
0,
x=0
, .
5. f ( x ) g ( x ) x x0 f ( x0 ) = g ( x0 ) , f ( x ) > g ( x ) x > x0 , f ( x ) > g ( x )
x > x0 .
( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) . ( x0 ) = 0
( x ) > 0 x > x0 . ( x ) = ( x ) ( x0 ) = ( x0 + ( x x0 ) ) ( x x0 ) > 0
x > x0 .
1. , ln (1 + x ) < x, x > 0 .
x0 = 0 . f ( x ) = x |x=0 = 0 g ( x ) = ln (1 + x ) |x=0 = 0 .
1
= g ( x ) x > 0 , .
, f ( x ) = 1 >
1+ x
4.5.
4.4.4 (). f ( x ) g ( x )
[ a, b] ( a, b ) , g ( x ) 0
. ( a, b ) c ,
f (b) f ( a ) f ( c )
.
=
g (b ) g ( a ) g( c )
( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) , -
, ( a ) = ( b ) , .. f ( a ) g ( a ) = f ( b ) g ( b ) . -
f ( b ) f ( a ) = ( g ( b ) g ( a ) ) . g ( b ) = g ( a ) , 4.4.2
() ( a, b ) , g ( ) = 0 ,
. g ( b ) g ( a ) 0 =
f (b) f ( a )
.
g (b) g ( a )
, ( x )
c ( a, b ) , ( c ) = 0 .
f (b ) f ( a )
g ( c ) .
g (b ) g ( a )
f (b) f ( a ) f ( c )
g ( c ) ,
=
.
g (b ) g ( a ) g( c )
( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) , f ( c ) = g ( c ) =
149

1. ,
, .
.
2. ,
.
3. .
5
5.1.
f ( x ) x0
n - .
n
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
f ( ) ( x0 )
2
Pn ( x ) = f ( x0 ) +
( x x0 ) +
( x x0 ) + ... +
( x x0 )n .
1!
2!
n!
n -
f ( x ) x0 .
, :
n
n
Pn ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) , Pn ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) , ...., Pn( ) ( x0 ) = f ( ) ( x0 ) ,

x0 .
4.5.1.
Pn ( x ) = a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + a2 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 )

n
n
Pn ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) , Pn ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) , ...., Pn( ) ( x0 ) = f ( ) ( x0 ) ,

2
k
f ( ) ( x0 )
, k = 0,1,2,..., n .
ak =
k!
:
Pn ( x ) = a1 + 2a2 ( x x0 ) + 3a3 ( x x0 ) + ... + nan ( x x0 )

2
Pn ( x ) = 2a2 + 3 2a3 ( x x0 ) + ... + n ( n 1) an ( x x0 )
n2
n 1
nk
k
Pn( ) ( x ) = k !ak + ( k + 1) k ... 2ak +1 ( x x0 ) + ... + n ( n 1) ...( n k + 1) an ( x x0 ) ,
Pn( ) ( x ) = n!an .
Pn ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) = a0 ,
Pn ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) = a1 ,
k
k
n
n
Pn( ) ( x0 ) = f ( ) ( x0 ) = k !ak , Pn( ) ( x0 ) = f ( ) ( x0 ) = n!an , .
150
5.2.
Pn ( x ) - n - f ( x )
x0 . Rn ( x ) = f ( x ) Pn ( x ) .
f ( x ) = Pn ( x ) + Rn ( x )
, Rn ( x ) -
.
.
4.5.2. U ( x0 ) x0
f ( x ) ( n + 1) - .
x U ( x0 ) , x
f ( ) ( )
x0 , f ( x ) = Pn ( x ) + Rn ( x ) , Rn ( x ) =
( x x0 )n+1 .
( n + 1)!
, ,
n
Rn ( x0 ) = Rn ( x0 ) = ... = Rn( ) ( x0 ) = 0 .
n +1
g ( x ) = ( x x0 )
n
g ( x0 ) = g ( x0 ) = ... = g ( ) ( x0 ) = 0 .
n +1
Rn ( x )

g ( x)
[ x0 , x0 + ] ,
x0 + U ( x0 ) . 4.4.4(),
Rn ( x ) Rn ( x ) Rn ( x0 ) Rn (1 )
=
=
, x0 < 1 < x . g ( x)
g ( x ) g ( x0 )
g (1 )
R ( ) R ( ) Rn ( x0 ) Rn ( 2 )
Rn (1 )
, n 1 = n 1
=
,
g (1 )
g (1 ) g ( x0 ) g ( 2 )
g (1 )
x0 < 2 < 1 . , ,
Rn ( x ) Rn (1 ) Rn ( 2 )
=
=
= ... =
g ( x)
g (1 ) g ( 2 )
x0 < < n < ... < 2 < 1 < x .
Rn(
n+1)
( x) =
f(
n+1)
( x)
g(
n+1)
n
Rn( ) ( n )
n
g ( ) ( n )
Rn(
n +1)
( )
= ( n+1)
,
g
( )
( x ) = ( n + 1)!,
n +1
n +1
Rn( ) ( )
f ( ) ( )
Rn ( x ) = ( n+1)
g ( x) =
( x x0 )n+1 .
( n + 1)!
g
( )
, x [ x0 , x0 ] .
151
f ( ) ( )
. Rn ( x ) =
( x x0 )n+1 ( n + 1)!
.
n+1
n
4.5.3. f ( ) ( x0 ) .
f ( x ) = Pn ( x ) + o ( x x0 )
) x x .
0
4.4.4 () Rn ( x ) g ( x ) = ( x x0 )
[ x0 , x0 + ] , ,
n
n1
n1
Rn ( x ) Rn( ) ( n1 ) Rn( ) ( x0 )
, x0 < n1 < ... < 1 < x . 4.5.2,
=
g ( x)
n!( n1 x0 )
lim
x x0 +0
Rn ( x )
( x x0 )
= lim
Rn(
n1)
x x0 +0
(n1 ) Rn( n1) ( x0 ) = 1 R( n ) x = 0 ,

n ( 0)
n!( n1 x0 )
n!
n1 x0 x x0 . , Rn ( x ) = o ( x x0 ) .
n
.
.
n
4.5.4. f ( ) ( x0 ) x x0 -
f ( x ) = a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + a2 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 ) + o ( x x0 )
n
).
k
f ( ) ( x0 )
ak =
, k = 0,1,2,..., n .
k!
n
f ( ) ( x0 ) ,
a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + a2 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 ) + o ( x x0 )
n
)=
f ( x0 )
f ( ) ( x0 )
= f ( x0 ) +
( x x0 ) + ... +
( x x0 )n + o ( x x0 )n .
1!
n!
x x0 ,
a0 = f ( x0 ) . x x0 , n
a1 + a2 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 )
n
f ( x0 )
f ( ) ( x0 )
=
+ ... +
( x x0 )n1 + o ( x x0 )n1 .
n!
1!
152
n1
+ o ( x x0 )
n 1
)=
x x0 , a1 =
f ( x0 )
, 1!
k
f ( ) ( x0 )
, ak =
, k = 0,1,2,..., n .
k!
. ,
f ( x ) = a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + a2 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 ) + o ( x x0 )
2
) .
. , f ( x ) , -
x0 = 0 , f ( x ) - ,
.
5.3. -
x0 = 0 , .
n
f ( ) ( 0 ) ,
k
f ( ) (0) k
f ( x) =
x + o xn , x 0 .
k!
k =0
.
n
( )
1) f ( x ) = e x .
,
(n)
( )
n - e x
n
= e x . f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) = ... = f ( ) ( 0 ) = 1 -

x x2
xn
e =1+ +
+ ... +
+ Rn ( x ) ,
n!
1! 2!
x
e x
x n+1,
Rn ( x ) =
( n + 1)!
0 < < 1.
2) f ( x ) = sh x .

ch x, n ,
( sh x )( n ) =
sh x, n .
2k
2 k 1
f ( 0 ) = f ( ) ( 0 ) = 0 f ( ) ( 0 ) = 1, k ,
x x3
x 2 m1
sh x = + + ... +
+R
( x) ,
1! 3!
( 2m 1)! 2m1
153
e x e x 2 m sh ( x ) 2 m
R2 m1 ( x ) =
x =
x .
2 ( 2 m )!
( 2m )!
3) f ( x ) = ch x .

ch ( x ) 2 m+1
x2
x2m
.
+ ... +
+
ch x = 1 +
x
2!
( 2m )! ( 2m + 1)!
4) f ( x ) = sin x .

f ( 0) = f
( 2k )
(0) = 0
( 2 k 1)
( sin x )( n ) = sin x +
3.1,
( 0 ) = ( 1)
k 1
, k
,
2
2 m1
sin ( x + m ) 2 m
x x3
m 1 x
sin x = + ... + ( 1)
+
x .
1! 3!
( 2 m )!
( 2m 1)!
5) f ( x ) = cos x .

( 2m + 1)
cos
x
+
2m
2
x2
m x
x 2 m+1 .
+ ... + ( 1)
+
cos x = 1
2!
( 2m + 1)!
( 2 m )!
6) f ( x ) = ln (1 + x ) .
n1
1) ( n 1)!
(
, f ( 0 ) = 0,
( ln (1 + x ) ) =
(1 + x )n
( n)
n1
n
f ( ) ( 0 ) = ( 1) ( n 1)!
n
x 2 x3
x n+1
n 1 x
n
ln (1 + x ) = x
+ ... + ( 1)
+ ( 1)
.
n+1
n
2
3
( n + 1)(1 + x )
7) f ( x ) = (1 + x ) .
(1 + x )
(n)
= ( 1) ...( n + 1)(1 + x )
k
f ( ) ( 0 ) = ( 1) ...( k + 1)
(1 + x ) = 1 +
1!
x+
( 1)
2!
x 2 + ... +
( 1) ...( n + 1)
n!
n 1
( 1) ...( n )(1 + x )
( n + 1)!
154
f ( 0 ) = 1, f ( 0 ) = ,
x n+1.
xn +
(1 + x ) . ,
.
:
) = 1 ,
1
n
= 1 x + x 2 ... + ( 1) x n + Rn ( x ) .
1+ x
) x x ,
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + Rn ( x ) .
1 x
1. ,
, ,
1
n
= 1 x + x 2 ... + ( 1) x n + o x n , x 0 .
1+ x
2. x
1. ,
x x3
x 2 m1
e x + e x 2 m+1
+
x
.
sh x = + + ... +
1! 3!
( 2m 1)! 2 ( 2m + 1)!
,
, , x 2m
.
( )
155
6
,
.
0
6.1.
0
4.6.1. f ( x ) g ( x )
1) [ a, b ] ;
2) f ( a ) = g ( a ) = 0 ;
3) f ( a ) g ( a ) ,
g( a ) 0 .
f ( x) f ( a )
lim
=
.
x a + 0 g ( x )
g( a )
f ( x )
g ( x ) x = a , x > a n = 1 , :
f ( x ) = f ( a )( x a ) + o ( x a ) , g ( x ) = g ( a )( x a ) + o ( x a ) .
o( x a)
+
f
a
(
)
f ( x)
f ( a )( x a ) + o ( x a )
x a = f ( a ) .
= lim
= lim
lim
o ( x a ) g( a )
x a + 0 g ( x )
xa + 0 g ( a )( x a ) + o ( x a )
x a + 0
g( a ) +
xa
. , , f ( x ) g ( x )
g ( a ) = g ( a ) = ... = g
( n1)
(a) = 0
(n)
x = a,
n1
f ( a ) = f ( a ) = ... = f ( ) ( a ) = 0 ,
f ( x) f ( ) (a)
= (n)
.
( a ) 0 , xlim
a +0 g ( x )
g (a)
n
4.6.2. f ( x ) g ( x )
1) ( a, b ) ;
2) lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0 ;
x a + 0
x a + 0
3) ( a, b ) f ( x ) g ( x ) , g ( x ) 0 ;
f ( x )
4) lim
= A ( ).
x a + 0 g ( x )
f ( x)
= A.
x a + 0 g ( x )
lim
156
f ( x ) g ( x ) , f ( a ) = g ( a ) = 0 , x ( a, b ) . [ a, x ]
4.4.4
()
f ( x ) f ( x) f ( a ) f (c )
=
=
, a < c < x .
g ( x ) g ( x ) g ( a ) g( c )
f ( x)
f ( c )
= lim
= A.
x a + 0 , c a + 0 , lim
x a + 0 g ( x )
c a + 0 g ( c )
1. , f ( x ) f ( a )
f ( x ) f ( a )
=
lim
=
, 4.6. 1 lim
x a 0 g ( x )
x a g ( x )
g( a )
g( a )
f ( x)
f ( x)
= A lim
= A.
x a 0 g ( x )
x a g ( x )
2. 4.6.2 , a = + a = . 1
x = .
t
4.6.2 lim
4.6.3. f ( x ) g ( x )
( a, + ) , g ( x ) 0 .
f ( x )
, lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = lim
= A.
x+
x+
x+ g ( x )
6.2.
f ( x)
= A.
x+ g ( x )
1 > a , x > 1
lim
f ( x ) > 1 g ( x ) > 1 . x > 1 f ( x ) 0 g ( x ) 0 .

> 0 2 > a ,
f ( x )
< A+ .
x > 2 A <
2 g( x )
2
x > = max ( 1, 2 ) .
157
x0 > x > x0 . [ x0 , x ] 4.4.4 (). f ( x ) f ( x0 ) f ( c )

, c ( x0 , x ) ,
=
.
g ( x ) g ( x0 ) g ( c )
:
f ( x0 )
1
f ( x ) f ( x0 ) f ( x )
f ( x)
=
. x0 , g ( x0 )
g ( x ) g ( x0 ) g ( x )
1
g ( x)
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
g ( x0 )
f ( x)
= 1 , = lim
= 0 , , lim
lim
x+
x+ f ( x )
x+ g ( x )
g ( x0 )
1
g ( x)
1
g ( x0 )
g ( x)
= 1 + ( x ) , ( x ) 0 x + . f ( x0 )
1
f ( x)
1
0 > x0 , x > 0 , ( x ) <

f ( x)
.
g ( x)
2
A +
. 2
f ( c ) (1 + ( x ) )
f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x0 )
=
(1 + ( x ) ) =
.
g ( x ) g ( x ) g ( x0 )
g( c )
x > 0 :
f ( c ) (1 + ( x ) )
< A + (1 + ( x ) ) A + + A + ( x ) < A + + = A +
2
2
g( c )
2
2
2
:
f ( c ) (1 + ( x ) )
> A (1 + ( x ) ) > A A ( x )
g( c )
2
2
2
A + ( x) > A .
2
2
158
, > 0 0 , x > 0 , f ( x)
f ( x)
A <
< A + , , lim
= A.
x+ g ( x )
g ( x)
1. 4.6.3 , x .
2. 4.6.3 , x a , a -
A = + A = .
3. 4.6.3 lim g ( x ) = , x+
f ( x ) . , f ( x )
= A ,
lim
x+ g ( x )
f ( x)
= A.
x+ g ( x )
lim
f ( x )
. x a g ( x )
4. 6 lim
x sin x
,
x x + sin x
x sin x )
(
1 cos x
= lim
lim
. x
x 1 + cos x
( x + sin x )
, lim
sin x
x sin x
x = 1.
: lim
= lim
sin x
x x + sin x
x
1+
x
1
7
7.1.
4.7.1. f ( x ) ( a, b ) .
, f ( x ) ,
, f ( x ) 0, x ( a, b ) , ,
( a, b ) , , f ( x ) 0, x ( a, b ) .
. ( a, b ) .
x0 ( a, b ) x , x0 + x ( a, b ) . , x > 0 ,
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
0 , x
159
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
0 , x
. ,
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) = lim
= lim
0.
x0+ 0
x00
x
x
. f ( x ) 0 ( a, b ) . -
, , x < 0 ,
x1, x2 ( a, b ) , x1 < x2 . [ x1, x2 ]

4.4.3 () f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) = f ( c )( x2 x1 ) ,
x1 < c < x2 . f ( c ) 0 f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) 0 , , -
( a, b ) f ( x ) .
.
1. f ( x ) [ a, b ] ,
( a, b )
x ( a, b ) f ( x ) 0
() [ a, b ] .
( f ( x ) 0 ) ,
2. ( a, b ) f ( x ) > 0
( f ( x ) < 0) ,
() ( a, b ) .
, , f ( x ) = x3 ,
x = 0 .
3. 4.7.1 ,
( a, b ) , ,
. , f ( x ) = 3 x ,
x = 0 .
, ,
, , ().
. ,
, .
, .
160
1. f ( x ) =
( x 3)2
.
x2 4
D ( f ) = { x | x 2} . -
f ( x ) =
4 x 2 + 18 x 8
33 x 3 x2 4
4 ( x 4 ) x 1
33 x 3 x2 4
2 .
2
1
-
2
, .. , , x = 3 - ,
. x = 2 , .
. , . .
x = 4, x =
: ( , 2 ) , 2, 1 , [3,4]
2
1 , 2 , ( 2,3] , [ 4, + ) .
2
7.2.
4.
4.4.1 (), :
, .
, .
f ( x ) = x3 , x = 0 ,
.
4.7.2 ( )
x = x0
( x0 , x0 + ) ( x0 , x0 ] -
[ x0 , x0 + ) , x = x0 .
, ( x0 , x0 ] [ x0 , x0 + ) , x = x0 .
, ( x0 , x0 ] [ x0 , x0 + ) .
161
, x ( x0 , x0 ] , f ( x0 ) f ( x ) , , x [ x0 , x0 + ) ,
f ( x0 ) f ( x ) , .. x ( x0 , x0 + )
f ( x0 ) f ( x ) . , x = x0 .
.
o
. x0 U ( x0 )
- x0 , f ( x ) 0
( x0 , x0 )
f ( x ) 0 ( x0 , x0 + ) , x0
.
, x0
o
U ( x0 ) , x0 , f ( x ) 0 ( x0 , x0 )
f ( x ) 0 ( x0 , x0 + ) .
4.7.2 .
1. 4.7.2 ,
.
2.
x0 ,
. .
3. , (), ,
.
2.
, x0
(), .
3.
1
2
x 2 + cos , x 0,
f ( x ) =

x
x=0
0,
x = 0,
f ( x) 0 ,
162
1
1
2 x 2 + cos + sin ,
x
x
1
sin , , .
x
4. f ( x ) 0 ( x0 , x0 ) f ( x ) 0
( x0 , x0 + ) , , x0 f ( x )
+ - , f ( x ) 0 ( x0 , x0 )
f ( x ) 0 ( x0 , x0 + ) , , x0 - +.
, , ,
,
, .
1.
1
x =
2
+ -, ,
. ,
, .. ,
. .
x = 3
- +,
,
, ..
. .
(.. ,
) .
4.7.3 ( )
x0 - f ( x )
f ( x0 ) .
a) f ( x0 ) > 0 , x0 - , ,
) f ( x0 ) < 0 , x0 - .
163
x0 f ( x0 ) ,
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
( x x0 ) +
( x x0 )2 + o ( x x0 )2 , x x0 .
1!
2!
f ( x0 ) = 0 , f ( x0 ) 0 ,
f ( x0 )
f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) +
( x x0 )2 (1 + ( x ) ) , ( x ) 0 x x0 . 2!
> 0 , x U ( x0 )
1
( x ) < , x 1 + ( x ) > 0 , 2
, f ( x ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) . , f ( x0 ) > 0 , f ( x ) > f ( x0 ) , x0 - , ,
f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) +
f ( x0 ) < 0 , f ( x ) < f ( x0 ) , x0 - .
n
. , , f ( ) ( x0 )
n 1
n
f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) = ... = f ( ) ( x0 ) = 0 , f ( ) ( x0 ) 0 , ,
a) n - , x0 , ,
b) n - , x0 , , -
n
n
f ( ) ( x0 ) > 0 , , , f ( ) ( x0 ) < 0 , .
7.3.
[ a, b ] . ,
( 4.4.5), . ,
.
, .. .
, ()
. , ,
, , : ,
.
, .
164
4. a h
, ,
.
.
PQ = x, MP = y . S = xy .
ABC MBN AC BE
a
h
=
,
=
MN BF
x h y
a(h y)
.
x : x =
h

,
y:
a
S ( y ) = ( h y ) y ,
h
a
y [ 0, h ] . S ( y ) = ( h 2 y ) .
h
[ 0,h ]
h
ah
y = ,
.
2
4
S ( 0 ) = S ( h ) = 0 . ,
ah
h
, y = ,
4
2
a
x= .
2
7.4.
4.7.1. f ( x ) ( a, b ) .
, () ,
x +x 1
x1, x2 ( a, b ) f 1 2 ( f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 ) )
2 2
(), x1, x2 ( a, b ) -
x +x 1
f 1 2 ( f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 ) ) .
2 2
165
f ( x )
( a, b ) .
x1 x2 .
x +x
f 1 2 -
2
x +x
x = 1 2 , 2
1
[ x1, x2 ] , ( f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 ) ) -
2
, M1 ( x1, f ( x1 ) ) M 2 ( x2 , f ( x2 ) ) . , ,
M1 M 2 ,
, M1M 2
x +x
x + x
M 0 1 2 , f 1 2 , ,
2
2
M 0 .
, .
4.7.4 ( )
( a, b ) f ( x ) . , f ( x ) 0, x ( a, b ) ,
, , f ( x ) 0, x ( a, b ) ,
.
f ( x ) 0, x ( a, b ) . x1, x2 ( a, b ) ,
x +x
x1 < x2 . x0 = 1 2 h = x0 x1 = x2 x0 .
2
f ( x0 )
f ( c1 ) 2
f ( x1 ) = f ( x0 )
h+
h , c1 ( x1, x0 )
1!
2!
f ( x0 )
f ( c2 ) 2
f ( x2 ) = f ( x0 ) +
h+
h , c2 ( x0 , x2 ) .
1!
2!
2
h
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 ) = 2 f ( x0 ) + ( f ( c1 ) + f ( c2 ) ) .
2
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
,
f ( x0 ) ,
2
, .
166
. f ( x ) > 0
( f ( x ) < 0 )
( a, b ) , .
.
4.7.2. x0 ( ). ,
, x0 .
4.7.5. x0 ( ),
. x0 - .
4.7.4.
. ,
, .
5. f ( x ) = ( x 2 )
.
33
x 2
f ( x )
f ( x ) =
( x 2 ) (88 x 2 64 x 8)
3
9 x
2
x 2 ) (11x 4 )
(
=
,
33 x
. , -
: x1 = 0, x2 = 2, x3,4 =
.
43 3
11
43 3 4+3 3
,2
,
,
11
11
43 3 4+3 3
43 3
,0 , 0,
.
, ( 2, + ) . x = 2 x =
11
11
11
167
, .
4.7.6. ( a, b ) f ( x ) 0 .

,
.
x0 - ,
. y = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 )( x x0 ) .

f ( c )
f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 )( x x0 ) +
( x x0 )2 , c
2
x
x0 .
f ( x ) ( f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 )( x x0 ) ) = f ( x ) y =
f ( c )
( x x0 )2 0 . ,
2
.
, f ( x ) 0 ,
.
=
1. , , , , ,
168
( ). , , . ( .
[1], .1)
2. ,

.
7.5.
4.7.3. f ( x ) x > .
y = kx + b f ( x ) ,
f ( x ) = kx + b + o (1) , x .
4.7.4. x = x0
f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) = .
x x0
6. f ( x ) =
x2 + x
.
x2

6
.
, f ( x ) = x + 3 +
x2
6
0 x ,
x2
y = x + 3
.
x2 + x
, lim
= ,
x 2 x 2
x = 2
.
k b
. f ( x ) = kx + b + o (1)
x x .
f ( x)
k = lim
.
x x
f ( x ) kx = b + o (1) .
b = lim ( f ( x ) kx ) .
x
, . + ,
.
169
7. f ( x ) = xe x .

. ,
1
1
1
f ( x ) = xe x = x 1 + + o = x + 1 + o (1) .
x
x
, y = x + 1 .
, , ..
x = 0 .
1
x 1
1
e
2
e x
1x
x = lim e 1 x = +, x 0 + 0,
= lim
lim xe = lim
x0
x 0
x0
x0 1
1 2
0, x 0 0.
x
x
, x = 0
.
8.
f ( x ) = x2 + x + 2 + x2 x + 2 .

. .
:
1 2
1 2
f ( x) = x 1 + + 2 + x 1 + 2 =
x x
x x
1 1 2
1 1 1 2
1
1
= x 1 + + 2 + o + 1 + + 2 + o = x 2 + o =
x 2 x x
x
x
2 x x
= 2 x + o (1) . ,
y = 2 x , x + y = 2 x , x .
, , . b = lim f ( x ) ,
x
.
, , 1, f ( x ) =
y = 0 , k = lim
170
( x 3)2
x x2 4
=0
( x 3)2
x2 4
b = lim
( x 3) 2
= 0.
x2 4
, :
M ( xM , yM ) ,
, x
, ..
7.6.
2
2
xM
+ yM
.

:
1. .
2. , , , (
).
3. , .
4. .
.
5. .
6. , , , .
7. .
x3
9. f ( x ) =
.
( x 1)2
1) D ( f ) = ( ,1) (1, + ) .
x = 1 - .
2) , .
3) . x 2 ( x 3)
.
: f ( x ) =
( x 1)3
( ,1) [3,+ ) ,
(1,3] . x = 3 ,
27
f ( 3) =
.
8
171
4) . :
6x
f ( x ) =
.
4
( x 1)
( ,0 ) ( 0,1) (1,+ ) . x = 0 -
f ( 0) = 0 .
5) . x , :
x3
lim
= + , , x = 1 x1 ( x 1) 2
.
x3
3x + 2
= x+2+
.
f ( x ) =
2
2
x
1
x
1
( )
( )
3x + 2
lim
= 0 , y = x + 2
x ( x 1) 2
.
6)
.
x2
.
10. f ( x ) =
x+2
1) D ( f ) = ( , 2 ) ( 2, + ) .
x = 2 .
2) , .
3
3) . :
x+4
.
f ( x ) =
4
3
3 x ( x + 2)
( , 4] [ 0, + ) ,
[ 4, 2 ) ( 2,0] . x = 4 -
172
, f ( 4 ) = 2 , x = 0 - .
f ( 0) = 0 .
4) . .
f ( x ) =
)(
2 x + 4 2 3 x + 4 + 2 3
9 3 x4 ( x + 2)
, 4 2 3
( 2, 4 + 2 3 ) ,
( 4 2 3, 2) , ( 4 + 2 3,0 ) ( 0,+ ) . x = 4 2 3
. f ( 4 + 2 3 ) 0,6 f ( 4 2 3 ) 2,1 .
5) x = 2
x2
lim
= .
x2 x + 2
, :
3
x2
x2
3
lim
= lim
= + .
x20 x + 2
x2+0 x + 2
,
f ( x ) 3 x x .
6) ( ).
11. , :
t2
t2 t + 9
x (t ) =
, y (t ) =
.
t +1
t 1
1) t 1, .. :
t ( , 1) , t ( 1,1) t (1, + ) .
2) .
x , y 5,5 t 1 0 , x + , y 5,5 t 1 + 0 , , y = 5,5 .
1
1
, t 1 0 , x , y , , t 1 + 0 , x ,
2
2
1
y + , , x = .
2
3
173
x y t .
t :
t 2 t + 9 ( t + 1)
y (t )
k = lim
= lim
=1
t x ( t )
t
( t 1) t 2
t2 t + 9 t2
t 2 + 8t + 9
b = lim ( y ( t ) kx ( t ) ) = lim
lim
2
= 1 . , t
t
t
t
1
t
1
+
t
1
y = x + 1 - .
3) x ( t ) y ( t ) t :
( t 4 )( t + 2 ) ,
( t + 1)2
( t 1)2
2
3
t 4 )( t + 1)
t + 1) (16t 4 )
(
(
, t 2 yxx =
.
yx =
2
3
3
t ( t 1)
t ( t + 2 )( t 1)
x ( t ) y ( t ) .
x ( t ) =
t (t + 2)
y ( t ) =
y x :
x ( t ) y ( t ) y ( x )
t , x ( t ) , ,
y1 ( x )
t [ 2, 1) ( 1,0] y3 ( x ) t [ 0, + ) .
,
M1 ( x ( 2 ) = 4, y ( 2 ) = 5 ) ;
t ( , 2] ,
y2 ( x )
:
M 2 ( x ( 0 ) = 0, y ( 0 ) = 9 ) ,
1 1
11
16
1
M 3 x = , y = , M 4 x ( 4) = , y ( 4) = 7 .
4
5
4 20 4

t
x (t )
y (t )
( , 2 )
( 2, 1)
( 1,0 )
( 0,1)
(1,4 )
( 4,+ )
x ( t ) 4
y ( t ) 5
x ( t ) + 0
y ( t ) 5,5 9
x ( t ) 4
x ( t ) 0 1
2
x ( t ) 1 16
2
5
x ( t ) 16 +
5
174
y ( t ) 5 5,5
y ( t ) 9
y ( t ) + 7
y ( t ) 7 +
t = 4 yx = 0 - +, .
t = 0 yx = , xy =
t ( t 1)
( t 4 )( t + 1)
, t 2 .
t = 0 - +,
, x = x ( y ) , .
t = 2 yx ,
, 1 .
3
4). yxx :
( , 2 ) , ( 1,0 ) 1 ,1 , 4
( 2, 1) , 0, 1
(1,+ ) . t = 1
4
4
yxx , ,
. .
175
8
8.1.
4.8.1. t G , G , r ( t ) , ,
G r ( t ) t
- r ( t ) .
,
r ( t )
x ( t ) , y ( t ) z ( t ) . r ( t ) = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) , -
, r ( t ) = x ( t ) i + y ( t ) j + z ( t ) k .
z ( t ) = 0, t G , r ( t ) .
, r ( t ) ,
.. r ( t ) -.
-.
r ( t ) r ( t ) , ..
r (t ) = x2 (t ) + y2 (t ) + z 2 (t ) .
8.2.
4.8.2. a - r ( t )
t t0 , lim r ( t ) a = 0 .
t t0
a = lim r ( t ) .
t t0
4.8.1. a = ( a1, a2 , a3 )
r (t )
t t0 ,
x ( t )
a1, y ( t )
a2 , z ( t )
a3 .
t t
t t
t t
0
a = lim r ( t ) , ..
t t0
lim r ( t ) a = 0 .
t t0
y ( t )
a2 , z ( t )
a3
t t
t t
0
x ( t ) a1
y ( t ) a2
z ( t ) a3
( x ( t ) a1 ) + ( y ( t ) a2 ) + ( z ( t ) a3 ) ,
2
2
2
( x ( t ) a1 ) + ( y ( t ) a2 ) + ( z ( t ) a3 ) ,
2
2
2
( x ( t ) a1 ) + ( y ( t ) a2 ) + ( z ( t ) a3 ) .
2
176
x ( t )
a1 ,
t t
0
r (t ) a =
x ( t )
a1, y ( t )
a2 , z ( t )
a3 ,
t t
t t
t t
( x ( t ) a1 ) + ( y ( t ) a2 ) + ( z ( t ) a3 )
2
0.
t t0
, :
a - r ( t ) t t0
, -
r ( t ) = a + ( t ) , ( t ) 0 .
t t0
-
1. lim r ( t ) = a , lim r ( t ) = a .
t t0
t t0
r ( t ) a r ( t ) a .
2. lim r ( t ) = 0 lim r ( t ) = 0 .
t t0
t t0
1, -.
3. r ( t ) - , f ( t ) - -
t G , lim r ( t ) = a lim f ( t ) = A , lim ( f ( t ) r ( t ) ) = A a .

t t0
t t0
t t0
, A f ( t ) , -
f ( t ) = A + ( t ) , ( t ) 0 t t0 .
, r ( t ) = a + ( t ) , lim ( t ) = 0 .
t t0
f ( t ) r ( t ) = ( A + ( t ) ) a + ( t ) = A a + ( ( t ) a + A ( t ) + ( t ) ( t ) ) ,
( t ) a + A ( t ) + ( t ) ( t ) ( t ) a + A ( t ) + ( t ) ( t ) ,
,
( t ) a + A ( t ) + ( t ) ( t ) 0 , , A a = lim ( f ( t ) r ( t ) ) .
4. lim r1 ( t ) = a1 lim r2 ( t ) = a2 ,
t t0
t t0
t t0
a) lim ( r1 ( t ) + r2 ( t ) ) = a1 + a2 ;
t t0
) lim ( r1 ( t ) r2 ( t ) ) = a1 a2 ;
t t0
) lim ( r1 ( t ) r2 ( t ) ) = a1 a2 .
t t0
a) ,
r1 ( t ) = a1 + 1 ( t ) r 2 ( t ) = a 2 + 2 ( t ) , lim 1 ( t ) = lim 2 ( t ) = 0 .
t t0
t t0
) :
177
r1 ( t ) r2 ( t ) a1 a2 = ( a1 + 1 ( t ) ) ( a2 + 2 ( t ) ) a1 a2 =
= a1 2 ( t ) + a2 1 ( t ) + 1 ( t ) 2 ( t )

( a b ) a b ,
) , a b a b .
4.8.3. - r ( t )
t = t0 , lim r ( t ) = r ( t0 ) .
t t0
- r ( t ) ,
t = t0 . r ( t0 ) = r ( t0 + t ) r ( t0 )
- r ( t ) t = t0 .
, - t = t0
, lim r ( t0 ) = 0 .
t 0
, t = t0

x (t ) , y (t ) , z (t ) .
8.3.
r ( t0 )
, ,
t 0
t
i
dr ( t0 )
- r ( t ) t = t0 r ( t0 ) , r ( t0 ) ,
.
dt
r ( t0 + t ) r ( t0 )
, r ( t0 ) = lim
.
t 0
t
, r ( t0 ) = ( x ( t0 ) , y ( t0 ) , z ( t0 ) ) .
4.8.4. lim
r ( t0 ) = r ( t0 ) t + ( t ) t ,
lim ( t ) = 0 .
t 0
, .
r ( t0 ) t
, , , - .
.
r ( t ) , t = t0 ,
r ( t0 ) 0 . r ( t ) M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
M1 ( x1, y1, z1 ) , x0 = x ( t0 ) , y0 = y ( t0 ) , z0 = z ( t0 ) x1 = x ( t0 + t ) , y1 = y ( t0 + t ) ,
z1 = z ( t0 + t ) .
M 0 M1
178
r ( t0 ) = r ( t0 + t ) r ( t0 ) = M 0 M1
. r ( t0 ) 0 , -
t = t0 r ( t0 ) 0 r ( t0 )
0 .
t

r ( t0 )
r ( ) = r ( t0 ) +
, .
t
t 0 M1 M 0 .
,
. ,
r ( t0 ) 0 , , , r ( ) = r ( t0 ) + r ( t0 ) ,
x x0 y y0 z z0
=
=
.
x ( t0 ) y ( t0 ) z ( t0 )
, , r ( t0 ) - -
r ( t ) M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) , ,
r ( t0 ) 0 .
.
. , , ( x ), , ,
, .
4.8.2. r1 ( t ) , r2 ( t ) f ( t ) t ,

a) ( r1 + r2 ) = r1 + r2 ;
) ( f r ) = f r + f r ;
) ( r1 r2 ) = r1 r2 + r1 r2 ;
) ( r1 r2 ) = r1 r2 + r1 r2 .

, .
179

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
.., ,
. 1-3, , 2009.
..-, .., ,
, 2003.
.., , .1-3, , 2006.
.., , .1-3, .: , 1989.
. , , , 2004.
.., , . 1, , 2003.
., ,, , , 2007.
.., .. .
, .1-2, , 2004.
.., .. .
, . 1-3, 2003.
..,
, , 2009.
180
2009 , 12 , .
- , 20092018 .

() 1931 . .. . 1936
.. ,
. 1944 .. (1901-1973),
.
.
.
,
.
, ..
.
Hapoca
.
, . . ..
. ..
.
.. ,
- .. , . .. , .
.. , . .. , . .. , . .. . 1979 ,
181
.. , . 1997 o , .. ,
, , .

.
.
. 8 19 .
, - , , . 5 300
. ..
, . ..
. .. . .. . .. .
.. . .. .
182

- I
( )

..
.. , ..
- -
,

.
..
00408 05.11.99
18.03.2010
2207
100

-
-
,

197101, -, ., 49

КУРС ЛЕКЦИЙ ПО МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОМУ АНАЛИЗУ Т. В. Родина, Е. С. Трифанова

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..,..

( a + b )n = Cn0a n + Cn1a n1b + Cn2a n2b 2 + ... + Cnk a nk b k + ... + Cnnbn ,

( a + b )m = Cm0 a m + Cm1 a m1b + Cm2 a m2b 2 + ... + Cmk a mk b k + ... + Cmmbm

( a + b ) = ( Cm0 a m + Cm1 a m1b + Cm2 a m2b 2 + ... + Cmk a mk bk + ... + Cmmb m ) ( a + b ) =

= Cm0 a m+1 + Cm1 a mb

+ ... + Cmk a mk +1b k

+ ... + Cmk 1a mk +1b k + ... + Cmm1ab m + Cmmb m+1 =

+ ... + Cmm + Cmm1 ab m + Cmmb m+1 =

{ yn }n=1 , , y1, y2 , y3 ,... , .

A ={x x } , B ={x x > } .

> t n Cn1t n1h + Cn2t n2h + ... + Cnn h = t n h ( t + 1) t n > a .

n m , an < bn bm . n < m , an am < bm .

2) > 0 x X , x > M 0 , .. ().

sup ( X ) = inf X , inf ( X ) = sup X .

sup ( X 1 + X 2 ) = sup X 1 + sup X 2 ,

x1* < sup X1

x2* < sup X 2 ,

y < x1* + x2* < sup X1 + sup X 2 .

sup X1 + sup X 2 = sup ( X1 + X 2 ) .

: x11 x21 x12 x31 x22 x13 ... . , , , .

( x1, a ) ( x1, x0 ) + ( x0 , a ) < r1 + d = r d + d = r , ,

A = lim xn > 0 n0 : n n0 ( xn , A ) < .

n < 0 , k 1 + n < 1 < 1 + n

16. , a > 1 , lim n a = 1 .

2.2.4. lim xn = A , lim yn = B .

n 2 2 5n lim 2 + n 2 5 lim 2 + lim n lim 2 5

> 0 . , , n0 , M < xn0 M . { xn } ,

, n > 0 ( , n < 1),

0 < xn0 , A < ( A, c ) <

xn0 + p xn0 < 1 , ,

xn0 1 < xm < 1 + xn0 m > n0 . , n=n

L xn K . , m = min L, xn0 1 M = max K , xn0 + 1 ,

n xn A xn xnk + xnk A < .

k ( m 1)! = m!+ m!+ 3 4 ... m + ... + 1 +

.. > 0 n0 , n n0 Sn Sn1 = an < .

Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an S k = a1 + 2a2 + 4a4 + ... + 2k a2k -

P = {( x, y ) | x0 < x < x0 + , y0 < y < y0 + }

{( x, y ) | 2 2 < x < 2,2 2 < y < 2} x ( 2 2, 2 ) y

3.1.8. , y = f ( x ) E , x1, x2 E , x1 > x2 ,

, , E , inf f ( x ) = min f ( x ) sup f ( x ) = max f ( x ) .

0 < x x0 < , f ( x ) A < .

, t t0 < r t0 r , 0 < t t0 <

> 0 x, x 2 4 < . , < 4 . , , 4 < x < 4 + . ,

> 0 , x D ( f ) , x > , f ( x ) A < .

3.3.4. x0 lim f ( x ) = A , A > 0 . x x0

3.3.5. lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) .

1. lim ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) = lim f ( x ) + lim g ( x ) ;

2. lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) ;

B = min f ( x ) . C , A < C < B x[ a ,b ]

12. f ( x ) = log a x, a > 0, a 1

4. x > 1, > 0 , x > 1 ;

5. x > 1 1 > 2 , x1 > x 2 > 0 , 0 < x < 1 1 > 2 ,

x {rn } , lim a rn {rn } ( 3.2.1) .

n a rn < a r1 < a r2 < a rn .

lim a x1n = a x1x2 . a x1

6. a > 1 , lim a x = + lim a x = 0 , 0 < a < 1 ,

sin x < x < tg x

f ( x ) = sin ( x + x ) sin x = 2sin cos x +

, sin arccos x = cos ( arccos x ) = x arccos x .

lim ( f g ) = lim ( f1 h1 g1 h2 ) = lim ( f1 g1 ) lim ( h1 h2 ) = lim ( f1 g1 )

f = 3sin ( 2 ( t + t ) + 1) 3sin ( 2t + 1) = 6sin ( t ) cos ( 2t + 1 + t ) .

f1 f 2 ... f n + f1 f 2 ... f n + ... f1 f 2 ... f n .

( f ( ( x ) ) ) |x= x = ft( t0 ) x ( x0 ) = ft( ( x0 ) ) x ( x0 ) .

x = 3cos t , y = 2sin t , t [ 0,2 ] ,