Таненбаум Э. - Архитектура Компьютера (Классика Computer Science) - 2013

32.973.
23-02
004.3
18
18
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. 6- . .: , 2013. 816 .: .
ISBN 978-5-496-00337-7
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32.973.23-02
004.3
Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Sadle River, New Jersey 07458.

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ISBN 978-0132916523 .
ISBN 978-5-496-00337-7
Prentice Hall, 2013

, 2013
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1. .................................................................................. 20
2. .......................................... 76
3. ................................................ 172
4. ..................................................... 270
5. ....................................... 377
6. ............................................. 475
7. ............................................................... 555
8. ............................. 590
9. ......................................................................... 699
. . ......................................................... 708
. .......................................... 720
. ...................... 729
. ......................................................................... 791

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1. ......................................................... 20
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, ...................................................20
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....................................................... 31
(16421945).............33
(19451955)..........................35
(19551965).....................................38
(19651980)..........................40
(1980?)......42

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. ......................................................................... 60
x86...................................................................60
ARM.................................................................66
AVR..................................................................69
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2. ..................... 76
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RISC CISC.............................................................................82
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IDE-............................................................................................112
SCSI-..........................................................................................114
RAID-......................................................................................115
..................................................................119
CD-ROM....................................................................................121
CD-R.........................................................................................126
CD-RW.......................................................................................128
DVD-...........................................................................................128
Blu-Ray......................................................................................130
- ............................................................................................ 131
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PCI PCIe..................................................................................133
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3. .......................... 172
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FPGA ....................................................................................................... 208
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....................................................... 227
Intel Core i7..........................................................................................227
Texas Instruments OMAP4430......................234
Atmel ATmega168.....................................................238
......................................................................................... 239
PCI.............................................................................................240
PCI Express..........................................................................................249
USB............................................................................................255
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-..................................................................259
........................................................................260
..................................................................... 263
................................................................................. 264
4. ............................... 270
..................................................................... 270
.......................................................................................271
....................................................................................277
Mic-1...................279
IJVM ........................................... 284
.....................................................................................................284
IJVM............................................................................286
IJVM-.............................................................................288
IJVM.................................................................................292
.................................................. 294
..................................................................294
IJVM Mic-1.............298
.................................................... 313
..............................................................313
......................................................................315

Mic-2.................................................................322
Mic-3.........................327
Mic-4......................332
. .......................................................... 336
-.........................................................................................337
...............................................................343

......................................................................348
.................................................................355
....................................................... 357
Corei7................................................357
Omap4430..............................................................364
Cortex A9.....................................................364
ATmega168...............................368
i7, OMAP4430 ATmega168...........................370
..................................................................... 372
................................................................................. 373
5. .................. 377
.................................. 379
......................................379
....................................................................................381
.............................................................................................384
..............................................................................................385
Core i7....................385
OMAP4430I.............388
ATmega168........................390
........................................................................................... 392
........................................................................393
.....................................................................394
Corei7..........................................................395
OMAP4430.........................................................395
ATmega168......................................................................396
10
.................................................................................... 396
......................................397
.................................................................399
Corei7...................................................402
OMAP4430............................................403
ATmega168...............................................................405
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.....................414
Corei7...............................................416
OMAP4430.........................................418
ATmega168........................................418
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........................................................................................... 419
...........................................................420
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...............................................................................422
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............................................................................427
-.......................................................................428
Corei7...............................................................432
OMAP4430............................................................................436
ATmega168............................................................................439
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................................................................................... 442
...............................443
..........................................................................................444
......................................................................................449
..........................................................................451
.........................................................................................452
.................................................................................... 456
Corei7.................456
OMAP4430..........458
11
IA-64 Itanium 2 ................................................. 459

IA-32...................................................................................460
IA-64 .............461
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6. ........................ 475
................................................................................ 476
.........................................................477
......................................479
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.............................................................483
.........................................................485
........................................................................................486
.....................................................................489
Corei7.................................................................492
OMAP4430...........................................................497
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................................................................ 500
Corei7....................................................502
- ...................................................... 502
.................................................................................................503
-...................................504
.........................................................508
................................... 509
.....................................................................510
..................................................................................511
.....................515
............................................................. 518
UNIX WindowsXP..............519
.............................................................526
-.................................................529
.......................................................541
..................................................................... 547
................................................................................. 548
7. ........................................ 555
.................................................................... 556
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......................................................................557
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, .........................562
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8. ......... 590
........................................................ 592
...........................................................592
...............................................599
.................................................606
........................................................................................ 612
...........................................................................612
....................................................................620
NVIDIA Fermi..................................................620
..............................................................................623
................................................................................. 624
............................................624
...............................................................................631
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COMA-...................................................................653
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............................................................................... 737
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.................................................................................................. 762
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................................................................... 766
................................................................................................ 767
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[Singh, 2011].
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, ),
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, , , 80486.
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. 8086 8080, . 8088 ,
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.
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, 8086 8088,
-
-. 80286
IBMPC/AT PS/2. , 8088,
( ,
8088).
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. 80286, .
,
, , ,
.
80486. , 80386,
-
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, .
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, Pentium ( ). 1
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. Pentium4.
. 3,06
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,
; ,
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2006 Intel Pentium Core Core 2 duo.
, Intel
Core 2 duo ,

. Core ; i3, i5 i7 -, - .
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Intel)
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, Pentium 2 . Celeron
, Pentium2, .
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,
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2003 PentiumM ( M
Mobile) .
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, -,
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, IBM PC.
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SPARC),
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Advanced RISC Machine). 1985 .
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67
899 . , , ,
.
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ARM Apple Newton.
, ARM Acorn
, Advanced RISC Machines (ARM).
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4- , .
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Acorn RISC PC.
1990- ARM Digital Equipment
Corporation ARM ,
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- (233 ) (1 ). , , 16- . StrongARM
DEC .
PDA, , .
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. ,
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.
- , ,
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. , Samsung Galaxy Tab
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(Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company).
,
.
. 1.10
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1,2 ARM7. Cortex-A9
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, 1- L2 . (
, .
, !)
ARM7 ARM-,
. 333- (GPU) GeForce, . Tegra 2 /
, HDMI.
. 1.10. Nvidia Tegra 2

( Nvidia)
ARM
, . 2011
ARM , ARM 15 . ARM , ,
. , 2011
64- ARM-. 2011
Nvidia Denver ARM
. 64- ARM-
(GPGPU, General-Purpose GPU).

.
69
AVR
( x86, ) (
ARM, PDA ). AVR
. AVR 1996 ,
- (Alf-Egil Bogen) (Vegard Wollan) 8- RISC-, AVR. ,
, RISC- ((A)lf and
(V)egards(R)ISC processor).
Atmel , AVR.
AVR AT90S1200 Atmel 1997 .
, Intel
8051 .
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Arduino.
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,
. 8- , - (,
). tinyAVR ,
:
,
. megaAVR,
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155 / ( 310/,
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.
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- .
Intel PCI Special Interest
Group,
PCI. , PCI
. Intel ( Pentium), PCI. PCI
[Shanley and Anderson, 1999; Solari and Willse, 2004].
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( 30 ), 133/.
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, 480/.
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Microsoft). OHCI (Open
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( ),
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.
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.
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, .

, (, , RISC). (, Corei7)
;
. , ,
.

, .

, , , .
. .
Java.
, IJVM (Integer Java Virtual Machine Java ).
, IJVM.
IJVM . 1, .
IJVM ,
.
( ),
, IJVM-.
Oracle JVM,
,
. Oracle JVM C
,
.
,
3, ,
271
IJVM. , ,
( ).
,
. . .
, , ,
. 2.3.
,
. .
,
. , .
( ), .
.
IJVM- . , , .
. (,
, - ).
, . , ,
,
, , .
, -, (, IJVM).
, , ,
. , .

, (
- ), . .4.1.
IJVM-,
. 32- ,
(, PC, SP, MDR). , ,
( ). ,
,
.
B.
C. C
. A , , .
, .3.17 .3.18.
. .4.1
6
272 4.
. 4.1. ,
. F0 F1 , ENA ENB A B , INVA

INC ,
. , 64
- .
.4.1.
IJVM, ( JVM). -
273
.
(+) , () ,
A A.
4.1.
F0
F1
ENA
ENB
INVA
INC
A+ B
A+ B+ 1
A+ 1
B+ 1
B A
B 1
AB
A B
, .4.1, :
(A) (B). H.
B,
, , .
, .
H ,
( B) .
, ENA ,
0. B 0, .
( ) H.
,
. . SLL8 (Shift Left
Logical ) 1 , 8 . SRA1 (Shift Right Arithmetic
) 1 ,
.
274 4.
.
, , SP B,
, INC SP,
1 ( .4.1).
,
? , . , B
. ,
C.
, ,
C .
, B.

. .

.4.2 , .
.
, .3.19,.
, . w. ,
B. x.
. y
. z
,
. -
. 4.2.
275
, -
C
. , B,
. MPC
MIR, . .
,
, .
B C ,
( ). ,
, , ( ) ,
B, .
,
; ; C .
, ,
.
.
1 .
, .
.
1. (w).
2. B (x).
3. (y).
4. C (z).
.
,
,
C, . .

w+ x .
w + x+ y.
, , , , , C.
,

, w + x+ y + z
.

:
(32-) (8-). : MAR (Memory Address Register ) MDR
(Memory Data Register ),
276 4.
.4.1. 8- PC,
1 8 MBR (Memory Buffer Register
). ,
.
, ,
.4.1, . ,
B. MAR B,
. H ,

.
,
( ) C. MBR
C,
( , ). ,
,
( .4.1).
MAR , , 0, 1, 2 ..
. PC ,
, 0, 1, 2 .. .
2 PC , 2, 8
MBR. 2 MAR ,
8 11 ( 2), MDR.
? ,
MAR PC . , .
, MAR MDR
, PC MBR
, .
, ,
, MAR.
. MAR , ?
MAR , 32
32 ( 0 31).
0 2, 3 ..
,
232, 4. MAR 1, 4; MAR
2, 8 .. MAR
.4.3.
, , 8- ,
8- MBR.
B : .
277
. 4.3. MAR
, 32- , B, MBR
8- 24- .
16-
( ) .
8- MBR 32-
128 +127 32-
. ( ) MBR 24 B.
, .
, 24 0,
1 ,
MBR: 0 1.
32- ( )
8- MBR, ,
( MBR .4.1) .
8- MBR
32- B.
, .4.1, 29 . :
9 C ;
9 B ;
8 ;
2 , ,
MAR/MDR ( );
1 , ,
PC/MBR ( ).
29
. B,
,
278 4.
C (). ,
,
MAR . MBR
MDR , ,
. ,
k,
k+ 1 ( k+ 2 ).
, ,
.4.2.
MAR PC, 1. ,
, MBR /
MDR .
, MAR
. ,
, MDR , .
. . ,
, .
, , , - ( ) 100%.
,
, .
MBR MDR
, ,
. ,
, . :
MBR MDR
, . ,
, (
). , .

.
C ,
B
( , ). ,
, B. 9 ,
B ( MBR
). , B
4 16 , 7
279
( , ,
, ,
, , ,
).
9+ 4+ 8+ 2+ 1= 24
, , 24 . 24
. ,
. , , 24 : NEXT_ADDRESS
( ) JAM.
. .4.4 .
6 , 36 :
Addr ;
JAM , ;
ALU ;
C , C;
Mem ;
B B ( ,
).
. 4.4. Mic-1
,
, , .4.5.
.
.
Mic-1
, -
280 4.
. 4.5. Mic-1
. ,
,
.

:
;
, .
4.5 , Mic-1.
, . , ,
. :
281
(), ,
(), .
. ,
, . ,
, MBR
MDR. , .
512 ; 36- ,
.4.4. ,
512 .
, ,
, ( ), .
2.1 , , ,
. ( )
. .
,
.
, . MPC (MicroProgram
Counter ). , ,
, .
MIR (MicroInstruction Register ).
, , .
MIR, .4.5, , .4.4. Addr J ( , JAM) . .
ALU 8 ,
. C C. M
.
, 4 , ,
B.
, 9
. , 4 9 . , . , ,
, .
, ,
.
, .4.5, . ( .4.2) MIR -
282 4.
, MPC.
MIR w, (. .4.2).
MIR,
. B, ,
. . w+ x .
y N Z ,
. N Z 1-
. , , C
, ,
. ,
. 3.
, z, ,
C, .
(. .4.2). 4 N Z.
, ,
, MPC . ,
.
, , , . MIR.
MPC 9- NEXT_ADDRESS ( ).
, JAM. 000,
, NEXT_ADDRESS
, MPC .
JAM 1,
. JAMN 1, N
MPC. JAMZ 1, Z MPC.
1, .
, N Z. ,
( ) B ,
.
N Z MPC, ,
.
.4.5 , ,
. :
F = (( JAMZ Z ) ( JAMN N )) NEXT_ADDRESS [8]
, MPC
:
1. NEXT_ADDRESS.
2. NEXT_ADDRESS ,
.
283
. NEXT_ADDRESS
1, JAMN JAMZ.
, JAM 0,
9- NEXT_ADDRESS. JAMN
JAMZ 1,
( 0x , ): NEXT_ADDRESS
NEXT_ADDRESS, 0x100 (, NEXT_ADDRESS 0xFF). 4.6 .
0x75 NEXT_ADDRESS= 0x92,
JAMZ 1. , Z, .
Z 0, 0x92. Z
1, 0x192.
. 4.6. JAMZ, 1,

JAM JMPC. , 8 MBR

8 NEXT_
ADDRESS . MPC.
.4.5 O ,
MBR NEXT_ADDRESS, JMPC 1, NEXT_
ADDRESS MPC, JMPC 0. JMPC 1,
8 NEXT_ADDRESS 0. 0 1,
NEXT_ADDRESS 0x000 0x100. 0x000, 0x100, .
MBR NEXT_ADDRESS MPC
. , , MBR,
256 . MBR ,
JMPC .
, .
, , .
,
284 4.
, , ,
N Z. .4.2.
1, , , MPC, MIR. 2
MIR , B . 3 . 4
C, . C, N Z, MBR
MDR ,
( ).
MBR , MPC. -
,
MBR MDR. MPC ( )
, .
, MPC ,
MBR, N Z, . ,
, MPC .
, . , B,
, C , ,
MPC.
.4.5. MPC , 9
. .
.

, MIR, .
MPC. MPC
, , . MPC ,
:
. MPC ,
.
IJVM
, (ISA),
IJVM (. .4.5).
, . IJVM, .

(), .
IJVM 285
, .
: ?

. ,
. 5.
, ,
,
.
. ,
. - , , LV,
.
.4.7,. A a1, a2 a3,
, , LV. , SP, A.
LV 100, 4 ,
SP 108.
LV. LV SP ( )
.
. 4.7. : A();
A B(); B
C(); C B , A
D()
, , A
, B. 4
B (b1, b2, b3, b4)? : ,
A, .4.7,. ,
LV B.
B LV. B C, LV SP
C, .4.7,.
C , B ,
(. .4.7, ), LV
B. B ,
(. .4.7,). LV
, SP .
286 4.
, A D, 5 . .4.7,. D B C. .
, .
,
.
. , B A :
a1 = a2 + a3.
, a2 ,
.4.8,. SP ,
(, 4), .
a3, .4.8,. (
.)
. 4.8.
, , , ,
.4.8,.
a1, .4.8,.
.
, f x2+ f(x),
(x2) . x2,
.
,
, .
, JVM, IJVM .
5.
IJVM
IJVM.
, 4294967296
(4), 1073741824 ,
4. , Java
, , , . IJVM-
.
:
IJVM 287
. , IJVM-,
, ,
.
. CPP (Constant
Pool Pointer ),
.
. . , ,
.
( ) . , .

. , . LV (Local Variable ).
.
. , Java. ,
.4.9.
. , . , CPP LV,
,
.
. , , . ,
. (Program
Counter, PC). , .
. 4.9. IJVM
288 4.
. CPP, LV SP
, , . , LV, LV+ 1 LV+ 2
, LV, LV+ 4 LV+ 8 ,
(16) .
PC, , ,
, .
PC , Mic-1
PC.
. PC ,
. SP , .
IJVM-
IJVM- .4.2.
(, ).
.
.
.
4.2. IJVM-. byte, const varnum 1.
disp, index offset 2
Hex
0x10
BIPUSH byte
0x59
DUP
0xA7
GOTO offset
0x60
IADD
0x7E
IAND
;
()
0x99
IFEQ offset
0x9B
IFLT offset
0x9F
IF_ICMPEQ offset
; ,

0x84
IINC varnum const
0x15
ILOAD varnum
0xB6
INVOKEVIRTUAL disp
0x80
IOR
;
( )
IJVM 289
Hex
0xAC
IRETURN
(
)
0x36
ISTORE varnum
0x64
ISUB
0x13
LDC_W index
0x00
NOP
0x57
POP
0x5F
SWAP
0xC4
WIDE
;
16-
.
(LDC_W), (ILOAD) (BIPUSH).
(ISTORE).
( IADD ISUB)
(IAND IOR). , . 4 :
(GOTO), (IFEQ, IFLT
IF_ICMPEQ). PC ,
.
16 . .
(SWAP),
(DUP) (POP).
,
. , JVM , IJVM .
. ,
WIDE
.
, (INVOKEVIRTUAL)
, (IRETURN). - . , , Java,
,
. Java,

. ( - , .
Java - , C Pascal.)
290 4.
, JVM, , , CALL, ,
.
.
. .4.10,
OBJREF.
( 1,
2 3). INVOKEVIRTUAL.
. 4.10. INVOKEVIRTUAL();
()
INVOKEVIRTUAL , .
, . 4 . 2
16- ,
( ).
OBJREF 0. 16-
SP OBJREF. , LV
IJVM 291
OBJREF, . ,
LV, - .
2 16-
,
. , ,
,
. , , .
, (. .4.10).
, , ( ).
. , LV OBJREF. OBJREF
, PC.
(+ ) , LV.
, PC,
, LV. . SP
LV, .
, SP . ,
SP , . ,
.
, INVOKEVIRTUAL PC .
IRETURN INVOKEVIRTUAL (.4.11).
, , , , , -, OBJREF ; -, ,
, OBJREF.
, IRETURN PC
LV. ( , LV). ,
OBJREF, INVOKEVIRTUAL ,
PC. , ,
PC LV . ,
, , OBJREF, SP
. ,
INVOKEVIRTUAL.
-.
. , Java,
, JVM -.
, - . (
JVM .)
292 4.
. 4.11. IRETURN();
()
IJVM
, Java IJVM. 4.1
Java. Java
IJVM,
4.2. 115 , (//)
. . Java ,
4.3. ( Java
.) i
1, j 2, k 3.
4.1. Java
i=j+k;
if(I==3)
k=0;
else
j=j1;
IJVM 293
4.2. IJVM Java
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
ILOAD j
ILOAD k
IADD
ISTORE i
ILOAD i
BIPUSH 3
IF_ICMPEQ L1
ILOAD j
BIPUSH 1
ISUB
ISTORE j
GOTO L2
L1: BIPUSH 0
ISTORE k
L2:
// i=j+k
// if(i==3)
// j=j1
// k=0
4.3. IJVM
0x15
0x15
0x60
0x36
0x15
0x10
0x9F
0x15
0x10
0x64
0x36
0xA7
0x10
0x36
0x02
0x03
0x01
0x01
0x03
0x00 0x0D
0x02
0x01
0x02
0x00 0x07
0x00
0x03
. j k ,
, i. i 3
. , L1,
k 0. ,
IF_ICMPEQ. L2, else then.
, 4.2,
.4.12. , 0. ILOAD j ( 1 ). 1 ,
. ILOAD , 2.
IADD ,
j+ k.
i, .
5 (ILOAD) if. i .
3 ( 6).
(7). 8 else.
12, L2.
294 4.
. 4.12. ,
4.2

- . . , ,
, . , ,
.

,
, 36 . ,
. ,
, ,
, . ,
, .
,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
, .
, . , .
.
: ,
,
.
,
. ,
295
SP . , , 122
. :
ReadRegister=SP, ALU=INC, WSP, Read, NEXT_ADDRESS=122
WSP SP. ,
.
:
SP = SP + 1; rd
MAL (Micro Assembly

Language ). - mal
, ,
. MAL
.
, .
B . A +1, 0,
1 H. , , Java. ,
SP MDR, :
MDR = SP
, - ,
, , :
MDR = H + SP
, H
SP MDR.
( , ),
:
MDR = SP + H
36- , , ,
H .
;
:
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
DEST
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
H
SOURCE
H
SOURCE
H + SOURCE
H + SOURCE + 1
H + 1
SOURCE + 1
SOURCE H
SOURCE 1
H
H SOURCE
H SOURCE
0
1
1
296 4.
SOURCE MDR, PC, MBR, MBRU, SP,

LV, CPP, TOS OPC (MBRU MBR ). (
B). DEST
: MAR, MDR, PC, SP, LV, CPP, TOS, OPC H; ,
C. , .
, ,
, .4.5, :
MDR = SP + MDR
, (
1)
H. , , :
H = H MDR
,
H. , , .

. , 1 SP SP MDR, :
SP = MDR = SP + 1

4 rd wr.
1- fetch.
. , , .
, , Mic-1
. 4- MAR MDR.
rd wr . 1-
PC MBR. fetch.
.

. :
MAR = SP; rd
MDR = H
MDR . MDR.
, .
, . ,
, , . ,
(
297
)
NEXT_ADDRESS,
.
,
. :
goto
,
. ,

, :
goto Main1
,
, goto. NEXT_ADDRESS. goto ,
, ,
. ,
goto, ,
, goto .
. , JAMN
JAMZ N Z . , , .
, .
:
TOS = TOS
, ( Z TOS).
MAL,
N Z, . :
Z = TOS
TOS ,
Z ( N), .
Z N , 0 C (. .4.4).
, ,
. , ,
N Z. , , . (, ,
IBM PC 4,77.)
JAMZ,
:
if(Z) goto L1; else goto L2
, 8
, .
, L2 256
, .
298 4.
:
Z = TOS; if(Z) goto L1; else goto L2
MAL , TOS , ,
Z. Z
MPC ,
L2, L1.
MPC , .
, , JMPC:
goto (MBR OR )
,
NEXT_ADDRESS JMPC, MBR
MPC NEXT_
ADDRESS. value 0, :
goto (MBR)
, 8 MBR MPC (. .4.5), . , MBR,

.
.
IJVM
Mic-1
, .
.4.3 ,
Mic-1 IJVM. 112 . .
, , . , .
4.3. Mic-1
Main1
PC = PC + 1; fetch;
goto(MBR)
MBR ;
;
nop1
goto Main1
iadd1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd ,
iadd2
H = TOS
H =
iadd3
MDR = TOS = MDR +

H; wr; goto Main1
299
isub1
isub2
H = TOS
isub3
MDR = TOS = MDR ;

H; wr; goto Main1
iand1
iand2
H = TOS
iand3
MDR = TOS = MDR ;

H; wr; goto Main1
ior1
ior2
H = TOS
ior3
MDR = TOS = MDR

; H; wr; goto Main1
dup1
MAR = SP = SP + 1
SP 1 MAR
dup2
MDR = TOS; wr; goto

Main1
pop1
pop2
H =
H =
H =
,
TOS
pop3
TOS = MDR; goto

Main1
TOS
swap1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd MAR
SP1;
swap2
MAR = SP
MAR
swap3
H = MDR; wr
TOS H;

swap4
MDR = TOS
TOS MDR
swap5
MAR = SP 1; wr
MAR SP1;

swap6
TOS = H; goto Main1
TOS
bipush1
SP = MAR = SP + 1
MBR = ,
300 4.
4.3 ()
bipush2
PC = PC + 1; fetch
PC 1;
bipush3
MDR = TOS = MBR;

wr; goto Main1
iload1
H = LV
MBR ; LV H
iload2
MAR = MBRU + H; rd
MAR = ,
iload3
MAR = SP = SP +1
SP
;
iload4
PC = PC + 1; fetch; wr
PC 1;
;
iload5
TOS = MDR; goto

Main1
TOS
istore1
H = LV
MBR ; LV H
istore2
MAR = MBRU + H
MAR = ,
istore3
MDR = TOS; wr
TOS
MDR;
istore4
SP= MAR = SP 1; rd
istore5
PC = PC + 1; fetch
PC 1;

istore6
TOS = MDR; goto

Main1
TOS
wide1
PC = PC + 1; fetch
wide2
goto(MBR 0x100)
wide_iload1
PC = PC + 1; fetch
MBR ;

wide_iload2
H = MBRU << 8
H = ,
8
wide_iload3
H=MBRU H
H = 16-
wide_iload4
MAR = LV + H; rd; goto MAR = , iload3

wide_istore1
PC = PC + 1; fetch
MBR ;

301
wide_istore2
H = MBRU << 8
H = ,
8
wide_istore3
H = MBRU H
H = 16-
wide_istore4
MAR = LV + H; rd; goto MAR = , istore3

ldc_w1
PC = PC + 1;fetch
MBR ;

ldc_w2
H = MBRU << 8
H = ,
8
ldc_w3
H = MBRU H
H = 16-
ldc_w4
MAR = H + CPP; rd;

goto iload3
MAR =
iinc1
H = LV
MBR ; LV H
iinc2
MAR = MBRU+H; rd
LV
MAR;
iinc3
PC = PC + 1; fetch
iinc4
H = MDR
iinc5
PC = PC + 1; fetch
iinc6
MDR = MBR + H; wr;

goto Main1
MDR;
goto1
OPC = PC 1
goto2
PC = PC + 1; fetch
MBR = ;
goto3
H = MBR << 8
8 H
goto4
H = MBRU H
H =16-
goto5
PC = OPC + H; fetch
OPC
goto6
goto Main1
iflt1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
iflt2
OPC = TOS
TOS OPC
iflt3
TOS = MDR
TOS
iflt4
N = OPC; if(N) goto T;

else goto F
302 4.
4.3 ()
ifeq1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
ifeq2
OPC = TOS
TOS OPC
ifeq3
TOS = MDR
TOS
ifeq4
Z = OPC; if(Z) goto T;

else goto F
if_icmpeq1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
if_icmpeq2
MAR = SP = SP 1
MAR

if_icmpeq3
H = MDR; rd
if_icmpeq4
OPC = TOS
TOS OPC
if_icmpeq5
TOS = MDR
TOS
if_icmpeq6
Z = OPC H; if(Z)
goto T; else goto F
, T; ,
F
OPC = PC 1; fetch;
goto goto2
, goto1;
PC = PC + 1
F2
PC = PC + 1; fetch
PC
F3
goto Main1
invokevirtual1
PC = PC + 1; fetch
MBR = ;
PC 1;
invokevirtual2
H = MBRU << 8
8
H
invokevirtual3
H = MBRU H
H = CPP
invokevirtual4
MAR = CPP+H; rd
invokevirtual5
OPC = PC + 1
PC OPC
invokevirtual6
PC = MDR; fetch
PC ;

invokevirtual7
PC = PC + 1; fetch
invokevirtual8
H = MBRU << 8
8
H
invokevirtual9
H = MBRU H
H =
303
invokevirtual10 PC = PC + 1; fetch
invokevirtual11 TOS = SP H
TOS = OBJREF1
invokevirtual12 TOS = MAR = TOS + 1 TOS = OBJREF ( LV)

invokevirtual14 H = MBRU << 8
8
H
invokevirtual15 H = MBRU H
H =
invokevirtual16 MDR = SP + H + 1; wr
OBJREF
invokevirtual17 MAR = SP = MDR
SP MAR
, PC
invokevirtual18 MDR = OPC; wr
PC
invokevirtual19 MAR = SP = SP + 1
SP ,
LV
invokevirtual20 MDR = LV; wr
LV PC
invokevirtual22 LV = TOS; goto Main1
LV

ireturn1
SP MAR

MAR = SP = LV; rd
ireturn2
ireturn3
LV = MAR = MDR; rd
LV ; PC
ireturn4
MAR = LV + 1
MAR
LV
ireturn5
PC = MDR; rd; fetch
PC;
ireturn6
MAR = SP
MAR TOS
ireturn7
LV = MDR
LV
ireturn8
MDR = TOS; wr; goto

Main1
304 4.
, .4.1, . CPP (Constant Pool Pointer

), LV (Local Variable ) SP (Stack Pointer
) ,
, PC (Program
Counter ) ,
. MBR (Memory Buffer Register
) 1- , , . TOS OPC . .
.
.
TOS (Top Of Stack )
, SP. ,
, ,
.
TOS, ,
. , POP , ,
TOS.
OPC . . ,
, ,
PC , . .
, , .4.3, , ,
( IJVM-).
Main1, ( ),
PC ,
. , MBR.
, , PC
,
MBR.
,
.
Mic-1,
. ,
, MBR.
, -, ,
, -, ,
, .
, , .
, ,
.
305
, .4.2 , , POP,
0x57, , DUP,
0x59. ( MAL , POP 0x57? , - .)
, , POP,
, ,
DUP. , , ,
, , .
,
, .
, , , MBR
0x60, IADD (. .4.2).
, , :
1. PC ,
.
2. MBR. IJVM-,
( IADD,
).
3. , MBR
Main1. , . . , ,
, .
,
.
, - ,
, .
MBR 0 (
NOP), nop1,
0. ,
, , MBR.
, , .4.3, , Main1
0 ( nop1). ,
NEXT_ADDRESS. ,
(, POP 0x57),
, .
306 4.
IADD. iadd1.
:
1. TOS ,
.
2. TOS ,
.
3. , ,
TOS.
,
MAR. , . ,
, SP.
, SP MAR, SP
1 .
(iadd1).
. , MPC
NEXT_ADDRESS iadd1. iadd2.
iadd2 . ,
, TOS H,
, .
(iadd3) MDR ,
. H,
MDR TOS. ,
, .
goto Main1 MPC,

.
IJVM-, MBR, 0x64 (ISUB),
. Main1
0x64 (isub1). isub2,
isub3, Main1. , isub3 H
MDR, .
IAND IADD ISUB,
( ),
. IOR.
DUP, POP SWAP, . DUP .
TOS, SP 1.
SP .
TOS. POP :
SP 1, .

TOS. , SWAP
307
, . TOS , ()
. .
BIPUSH ,
, .4.13.
. , MBR
Main1, 32 ( ) MDR. SP
1 MAR, .
TOS. ,
PC
1 , Main1
.
. 4.13. BIPUSH
ILOAD.
(.4.14,), ( ),
,
, . 1 ,
28= 256 , 256 . ILOAD (
), ( ).
, , MBR
( ), LV.
MBR LV B, LV
H ( iload1), MBR.
MAR, ( iload2).
. 4.14. ILOAD (); WIDE ILOAD

()
MBR , BIPUSH,
. ,
( BIPUSH, 8-
). MBR B
, . BIPUSH (
8- ) MBR
24 B. ILOAD (
8- ) 24 B
308 4.
. ,
(. .4.5). MBR ( bipush3), MBRU
( iload2).
( iload3),
SP 1 .
MAR ( ).
PC 1
( iload4). , MDR
TOS, ( iload5).
ISTORE ILOAD ( ,
LV ).
, ILOAD (. .4.14,),
0x15, 0x36. ( TOS), .
,
, , (
, ).
ILOAD ISTORE 256 . ,
,
. , IJVM
, JVM WIDE (
), ILOAD
ISTORE. , ILOAD
ISTORE ;
8-, 16- , .4.14,.
WIDE .
wide1, WIDE.
, , MBR,
wide1 ,
.
, , WIDE.
WIDE ILOAD ILOAD , WIDE ISTORE ISTORE ..,
,
Main1.
wide1
0x100 , MPC.
WIDE LOAD 0x115 ( 0x15), WIDE ISTORE
0x136 ( 0x36) .. , WIDE , 256 ( 0x100)
, . ILOAD WIDE ILOAD .4.15.
WIDE ILOAD ILOAD ,
. -
309
. 4.15. ILOAD WIDE ILOAD.

,
8 H. , MBRU (24
). (
, H
0), , .
H.
, ILOAD.
( iload3 iload5) ILOAD, wide_iload4 iload3. ,
PC 1 ,
. ILOAD
; WIDE_ILOAD
.
WIDE_ISTORE.
( wide_istore1 wide_istore4) , ISTORE ,
wide_istore4 istore3.
LDC_W. ILOAD . -, 16-
( ILOAD), -,
CPP, LV, ,
. (
LDC, IJVM,
310 4.
,
3 2.)
IINC , ISTORE, .
, .4.16.
. 4.16. IINC
,
. ,
( )
. , 8-
128 +127. JVM
, 2 .
GOTO. PC , IJVM-
, 16- ( ) GOTO.
, , PC
, ,
2 .
, .4.17,. , Main1.
MBR, PC . .4.17,
goto1. PC
1, MBR.
(.4.17,) PC, , OPC. ,
, PC GOTO.
OPC.
goto2 ,
, .4.17, ( goto3).
8 H,
goto4 (.4.17,).
, , H,
MBR, OPC. goto5
16-
, PC. , goto4
MBR MBRU,
. 16-
( ) . ,
Main1 , MBR
, . , goto6, ,
MBR.
311
. 4.17. :
Main1(); goto1( ); goto2(); goto3( ); goto4()
, goto, 16- 32768 +32767. ,

. , IJVM ( JVM).
, , , JVM
. , , ,
,
:
. .
.
( ), ,
else then 32,
50 Java.
: IFLT, IFEQ IF_ICMPEQ.

, 0 0 . IF_ICMPEQ
, .

TOS.
312 4.
. , TOS , ,
. IFLT. ,
, TOS, IFLT , TOS. iflt1.
iflt2 OPC,
TOS,
. iflt3 ,
MDR, TOS. , iflt4
( OPC) , N. ,
T, F.
, ,
GOTO, goto2. , (F, F2 F3),
(), Main1
.
ifeq2 ifeq3 , N Z. , F T , .
IF_ICMPEQ IFLT, . H
if_icmpeq3, .
OPC, TOS.
, if_icmpeq6 ifeq4.
INVOKEVIRTUAL IRETURN. IJVM-
IJVM, . INVOKEVIRTUAL
22
IJVM.
.4.10. 16-
.
. ,
4 , 16- .
( OBJREF . .4.10),
( ). 8- , 16-
.
, , PC
. ,
, PC ,
Main1 .
IRETURN .
, ,
313
.
SP, LV PC
, .4.11.

( ) .
: , , , , , .

.
, ,
, , .

.

,
. ,
:
1. , .
2. ,
.
3. , .
,
, , ( ) .
,
.
, ,
. . , PC
( , ,
),
PC , , , .
, . ,
PC ,
, , , .
, , , , PC
1. , .
314 4.
(8- PC MBR),
.
, .
, .

2- , H (, PC n ).
16 , , 16
, 32
.

. .
. . ,
. ,
.
, .
,
. ,
, . ,
, .
(, , ),
, , .
, .
, . , ,
, (, ).
.
, . ,
.
.
,
.
,
, , ,
.
, . , -
, -
315
.
.
,
. , ,
. ,
,
.
. .4.5.
, ,
, ,
4 . , .
. ,
, ( B) . ,
. ,
C .
, ,
, , .
,
. 5 ,
.
,
.
, .

Mic-1
,
. , ,
, . Mic-1 : 10 , (. .3.18), 32 , , ,
. 5000 ,
(), ().
, IJVM ,
. .
,
( ),
.

Mic-1 ,
IJVM-. . -
. , Main1
316 4.
MBR.
(
), .
. .
. , Main1.
( ),
(
). Mic-1
, .
.4.4
POP. , POP. , 4 :
POP .
4.4. POP
pop1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
pop2
,
TOS
pop3
TOS = MDR; goto Main1 TOS
Main1
PC = PC + 1; fetch;
goto(MBR)
MBR ;
;
.4.5 ,
pop2 . , ,
3 .
, , , IADD .
250 ( 4)
333 ( 3).
4.5. POP
pop1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
Main1.
pop
PC = PC + 1; fetch
MBR ;

pop3
TOS = MDR; goto(MBR) TOS;
317
POP , , , .
, ,
, .
, - , Main1 .
. ,
:

.
3-
?
, A B; , .
( )
. . ,
, ILOAD
(.4.6).
4.6. ILOAD
iload1
H = LV
MBR ; LV H
iload2
MAR = MBRU + H; rd
MAR = ,

iload3
MAR = SP = SP + 1
SP ;

iload4
PC 1;
;
iload5
TOS = MDR; goto Main1 TOS
Main1
PC = PC + 1; fetch;
goto(MBR)
MBR ;
;
, iload1 LV H.
, H MBRU iload2.

, H. 3- , .4.7.
ILOAD,
. .
:
2- 3- .
318 4.
4.7. ILOAD
3-
Iload1
MAR = MBRU + LV; rd
MAR = ,

Iload2
MAR = SP = SP + 1
SP ;

Iload3
PC 1;
;
Iload4
TOS = MDR
TOS
Iload5
PC = PC + 1; fetch;
goto(MBR)
MBR ;

,
. -
:
. , :
PC 1;
PC ;
;
;
, .
( ),
, .
, . PC ,
. ,
, , .
- ,
.
,
. ,
. , , . , ,
TOS MDR MDR TOS,
.
Mic-1 ,
. ,
(Instruction Fetch Unit, IFU), PC , . IFU ,
, . .
319
8- 16-
, , .
:
IFU , ,
, ,
.
IFU 8- 16-
, .
,
.
.4.18.
8- MBR MBR: 8- MBR1 16- MBR2. IFU
, . ,
MBR, Mic-1,
, ,
MBR1. Mic-1, B: MBR1 MBR1U.
32 , .
. 4.18. Mic-1
MBR2 , 2 .
B: MBR2 MBR2U, , 32 .
. 4- , 4-
,
, .
320 4.
MBR1 MBR2.
MBR1 , MBR2
2 ( ), 16- (. .4.14, ). MBR2
, IJVM-
.
, MBR1,
1 . MBR2 2 . MBR1 MBR2
.
, ,
. , MBR ,
.

(Finite State Machine, FSM), .4.19.
( ) (
).
, .
, , .4.18.
, ( 0 6
).
MBR1: MBR1
MBR2: MBR2
: 4
. 4.19.
.
.
MBR1. , , ( 1).
2 MBR2.
, 2 (, 2 0 -
321
5 3).
MBR1 MBR2. 0, 1 2, , (,
).
4.
,
, - ,
(, MBR2,
1 ,
). ,
,
. , PC
. .
.
,
IMAR , . ,
PC
. C,
PC PC
IMAR. PC
,
.
PC ,
.
, INVOKEVIRTUAL IRETURN.
PC
, PC .
? IFU , ,
MBR1 MBR2 ( )
. PC ,
1 2 , . , PC .
MBR .
, ,
. PC 1
2. IMAR 1 ( ). MAR, IMAR
: 0 IMAR 2 ..
.
, PC
, , , PC,
. , .
. , :

.
322 4.

Mic-2

. -, ,
. -,
PC. -, IFU
, 16- , -
. 4.20. Mic-2
323
16- 32- H.
.4.20 Mic-2
Mic-1, , .4.18.
.4.8.
4.8. Mic-2
nop1
goto (MBR)
iadd1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
iadd2
H = TOS
H =
iadd3
MDR = TOS = MDR + H;

wr; goto (MBR1)
isub1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
isub2
H = TOS
H =
isub3
MDR = TOS = MDR H; TOS

wr; goto (MBR1)
TOS 1
iand1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
iand2
H = TOS
H =
iand3
MDR = TOS = MDR H; wr; goto (MBR1)

TOS 1 TOS ( )
ior1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
ior2
H = TOS
H =
ior3
MDR = TOS = MDR H; wr; goto (MBR1)

TOS 1 TOS ( )
dup1
MAR = SP = SP + 1
SP 1 MAR
dup2
MDR = TOS; wr; goto

(MBR1)
pop1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
pop2
pop3
TOS = MDR; goto (MBR1) TOS
swap1
MAR = SP 1; rd
;
MAR SP
324 4.
4.8 ()
swap2
MAR = SP
swap3
H = MDR; wr
TOS;

swap4
MDR = TOS
TOS
MDR
swap5
MAR = SP 1; wr
TOS
swap6
TOS = H; goto (MBR1)
TOS
bipush1
SP = MAR = SP + 1
MAR

bipush2
MDR = TOS = MBR1; wr;

goto (MBR1)
TOS
iload1
MAR = LV + MBR1U; rd
LV
MAR;
iload2
MAR = SP = SP + 1
SP 1;
SP MAR
iload3
TOS = MDR; wr; goto

(MBR1)
TOS
istore1
MAR = LV + MBR1U
MAR
LV+
istore2
MDR = TOS; wr
TOS
istore3
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
SP 1;
TOS
istore4
istore5
TOS = MDR; goto (MBR1) TOS
wide1
goto (MBR1 0x100)
0x100
wide_iload1
MAR = LV + MBR2U; rd;

goto iload2
iload1,
2-
wide_istore1
MAR = LV + MBR2U;
goto istore2
istore1,
2-
ldc_w1
MAR = CPP + MBR2U;

rd; goto iload2
wide_iload1, CPP
iinc1
MAR = LV + MBR1U; rd
MAR
LV+ ;
325
iinc2
H = MBR1
iinc3
MDR = MDR + H; wr;

goto (MBR1)
goto1
H = PC 1
PC H
goto2
PC = H + MBR2
PC
goto3
goto4
goto (MBR1)
iflt1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
iflt2
OPC = TOS
TOS OPC
iflt3
TOS = MDR
TOS
iflt4
N = OPC; if(N) goto T; else N

goto F
ifeq1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
ifeq2
OPC = TOS
TOS OPC
TOS
ifeq3
TOS = MDR
ifeq4
Z = OPC; if(Z) goto T; else Z

goto F
if_icmpeq1
MAR = SP = SP 1; rd
if_icmpeq2
MAR = SP = SP 1
MAR

if_icmpeq3
H = MDR; rd
if_icmpeq4
OPC = TOS
TOS OPC
if_icmpeq5
TOS = MDR
TOS
if_icmpeq6
Z = H OPC; if(Z) goto

T; else goto F
, T; ,
F
H = PC 1; goto goto2
, goto1
H = MBR2
,
MBR2
F2
goto (MBR1)
invokevirtual1
MAR = CPP + MBR2U; rd

MAR
invokevirtual2
OPC = PC
PC
OPC
326 4.
4.8 ()
invokevirtual3
PC = MDR
PC
invokevirtual4
TOS = SP MBR2U
TOS = OBJREF 1
invokevirtual5
TOS = MAR = H = TOS + 1 TOS = OBJREF
invokevirtual6
MDR = SP + MBR2U + 1;
wr
OBJREF
invokevirtual7
MAR = SP = MDR
SP MAR
,
PC
invokevirtual8
MDR = OPC; wr
PC
invokevirtual9
MAR = SP = SP + 1
SP 1; SP ,
LV
invokevirtual10 MDR = LV; wr
LV
invokevirtual11 LV = TOS; goto (MBR1)
LV
ireturn1
SP MAR

MAR = SP = LV; rd
ireturn2
ireturn3
LV = MAR = MDR; rd
LV MAR
;
PC
ireturn4
MAR = LV + 1
MAR LV; LV
ireturn5
PC = MDR; rd
PC
ireturn6
MAR = SP
ireturn7
LV = MDR
LV
ireturn8
MDR = TOS; wr; goto

(MBR1)
, Mic-2, IADD.
,
Main1 ,
PC .
, iadd3
MBR1, -
327
MBR1 MBR2. ,
. 2, . .
. IADD
.
Mic-2 , . LDC_W 9 3 , ,
, . , SWAP 8 , 6.
, ILOAD ( 6, 3), IADD ( 4, 3)
IF_ICMPEQ ( 13, 10 , ; 10, 8
, ). , , ,
, .
Mic-3
, Mic-2 Mic-1. ,
,
. , Mic-2 . ,
.
?
.
,
. , , ,
, ( ,
). .
.
Mic-2
. , ,
, .
,
.
.
, , . .4.2
. :
1. ,
A B.
2. , .
3. , .
328 4.
.4.21 3-
(), . .
,
.
, Mic-3.
. 4.21. Mic-3
329
? 3 :
A B, ,
C, - C . , ? (: .)
:
1. ,
.
2. .
, .
,
, . ( , ,
.)
,
-
- , ,
, . , ,
.
, . Mic-2
.
, ,
.
, Mic-3.
- . A, B C , . .4.9
Mic-2 ( SWAP).
4.9. Mic-2 SWAP
swap1
MAR = SP 1; rd
; MAR SP
swap2
MAR = SP
swap3
H = MDR; wr
TOS;

swap4
MDR = TOS
TOS MDR
swap5
MAR = SP 1; wr TOS
swap6
TOS = H; goto
(MBR1)
TOS
Mic-3. ,
: A
330 4.
B, C, . .
SWAP Mic-3 .4.10. 1
swap1, SP B. , A, 1 B,
ENA ( A) (. .4.1).
, . 2
. 3 MAR
, , .
, .
MDR 4. MDR
.
4.10. SWAP Mic-3
Swap1
Swap2
MAR = SP 1; MAR =
rd
SP
1
B = SP
C = B 1
B = SP
MAR = C; rd
C=B
MDR = Mem
MAR = C
Swap3
Swap4
H=
MDR =
MDR; wr TOS
B = MDR
C=B
H = C; wr C = B
Mem =
MDR
Swap5
Swap6
MAR = SP 1; TOS = H;
wr
goto (MBR1)
B = TOS
B = SP
MDR = C C = B 1
B=H
MAR = C; wr
C=B
10
Mem = MDR
TOS = C
11
goto (MBR1)
2. swap2
. 2 SP B, 3 , ,
MAR 4. . ,
,
.
, Mic-3 ,
Mic-2. , .
, 3 .
swap3, MDR
, MDR 5. , ,
, -
331
, RAW- (Read After

Write ). .
, .
swap3 , MDR ,
. .
,
, :
swap6 H ,
swap3. swap5, .
Mic-3 , Mic-2, . Mic-3
T, SWAP Mic-3 11T, Mic-2 6 3T , 18T.
, - .
, . .4.22
, .4.21.
, 1,
2 .. (, ). 1 1 ,
1. 2 , 1,
A B,
2, .
3 1 , A B
2, 3. , 4
4 .
1, 2, A B 3, 4.
5 , ,
4:
. 4 : ,
, .
, .2.3,,
(). , 4 ,
.
.4.22 ( ), ( ). 1 1
. 2 A
B. 3 . , 4
. , 4 ,
, .
.
, ,
332 4.
. 4.22.
, .
, ,
. ( 1 )
. ,
, . .
, .
Mic-4
, .
333
, , swap6,
, ,
.
.
( ) Mic-4. .4.23, , . Mic-3,
(IFU),
MBR.
. 4.23. Mic-4

. , IJVM-. () :
IJVM- .
IJVM- ,
, ,
334 4.
. 1 (, POP), ,
. 2 ,
, ,
.
WIDE, ;
, WIDE ILOAD WIDE_ILOAD.
, , , .
,
. , IJVM .
, , , wide_iload2 iload2, Mic-2, .
, .
(. .4.4),
NEXT_ADDRESS JAM ,
A. :
. ( ).
,
. .
JAM . ,
- ,
(, iflt4), .

. .
, , .
, .
.
,
. ,
IJVM-.
, IJVM-
. MIR,
. , : . A B , , C
, .
, 4
MIR .4.23. ( .4.2 w) MIR3 MIR4, MIR2
335
MIR3, MIR1 MIR2, MIR1 . MIR ,

. A B MIR1 , A B,
MIR1 .
MIR2;
A B. . C .
MIR4
, MAR
( MDR ).
Mic-4 .
IJVM- ,
N. , . . ,
. , .
, IJVM-, , ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
goto, [Dijkstra, 1968a].
Mic-1 , , Mic-4.
Mic-1 ,
. Mic-4 .
.4.24.
.4.23. Mic-4 , IJVM-,

.
, . ,
,
IJVM- ,
.
. 4.24. Mic-4
336 4.
MIR , , , MIR1. MIR ,

. MIR
, , .
,
, .
, ,
(CISC). ,
Corei7 Mic-4,
.

,
.
( ), .
,

. , , ,
, .
,
.
, , .
,
, .
, , ,
, . ,
80386 80486, Pentium
(, Core i7)
, .

. , ,
, ,
. , ,
.
,

.
80- RISC-, .
(IntelIA-64) 5.
.
337
, , .
-, ,
, .
-

,
, .
, , .
.
, , ,
,
.

( ),
( , ).
, .
. , ,
Mic-3, ,
, .
, , Mic-3, .

, .
-.
- 2, ,
. -, .
-.
( -). -
, -,
. Mic-1
: . ,
.
. - -
. ,
- . .4.25
-.
338 4.
(L1-I) (L1-D)
16 64. - (L2),
,
. - . - . 512 1. - (L3) , ,
,
, . ,
- - , - - .
. 4.25. -
,
-. ,
,
. , - ,
. ,
. , , , , .
,
- -. ,
.
- .
,
339
. (
4 64). , 0,
32 , 0 0 31, 1 32 63 ..
- .
, - ,
-. ( -),
, . -
( -), ,
-
. ,
-
, - .
-
- - .
- .4.26,.
- 2048 . ()
.
32 ( ), - 64.
- :
,
. , .
. 4.26. - (); 32- ( )
340 4.
16- ,
, .
.
32 .
-
. , , -.

4, .4.26,:
, .
, - , -.
, .
, ,
, . -,
32- , 0.
,
11 -
2048 . ,
-. , , . -.
- -
. -
, . - () ,
. -. 32-
-,
, . - , ,
.
, . ,
, -. ,
-, , ( ). - ,
, .

-. , - 64
. ,
64 (65536 ) , ,
- ( ). , X,
, X+ 65536 (
),
-. , -
341
. - , ,
,
, .
- , , , ,
1. ,

. , ,
,
. ,
.
-
,
. ,
-, .4.26,, 0
65536, , -
. , ,
- . - n n-
-. 4- - .4.27.
. 4.27. 4- -
-
, - , , n
1
- ,

. ,
. . . .
342 4.
-, , .
. ,
2- 4- - , .
-
.
-, ?
,
(Least Recenly Used, LRU).
, . , , LRU
, ,
. - , ,
, ,
.
2048- , 2048 .
,
2048 -. ,
- . ,
. ,
, 2048 .
2048 , LRU
. (,
.) , -
-, , .
.
, - . , -, ,
, -.
-.
?
,
LRU. .
. ,
, ,
. ,
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11
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368 4.
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4. JMPC, MBR
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JMPC, NEXT_ADDRESS
0x1FF?
5. , 4.1 if
:
k = 5;
,
?
6. IJVM
Java:
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7. Java ,
IJVM:
ILOAD j
ILOAD k
ISUB
BIPUSH 6
ISUB
DUP
IADD
ISTORE i
8. , L2 256
:
if (Z) goto L1; else goto L2
L1 , , 0x40, L2
0x140? , .
9. if_cmpeq3 Mic-1
MDR H, TOS. , :
if_cmpeq3
Z=MDRTOS; rd
?
10. Mic-1,
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374 4.
11. Mic-2,
2,5. , , Mic-2,
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12. Mic-1 , JVM- POPTWO.
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14. ISHR ( ) JVM, IJVM.
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18. .
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?
24. Mic-4 IJVM- , . ,
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25. ?
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0, 8 16, 4 6. 8-
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), . , .
.
:
N (Negative);
Z 0 (Zero);
V (oVerflow);
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A 3 (Auxiliary carry );
P (Parity).
, . , CMP
.
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.
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.
,
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386 5.
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1, .
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,
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64 . Intel,
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12 .
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(Extended Instruction Pointer )
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ARM 1985 Acorn
Computers. , 80-
[Patterson, 1985; Patterson and Sequin, 1982]. ARM
( ARM2) 32- 26- . OMAP4430 ARM Cortex A9,
7 ARM,
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5.1. ARM 7

R0R3
A1A4
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R12
IP
( 32-
)
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32
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.
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396 5.
5.3. OMAP4430
16
32
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, 8 .
, , 8- (.5.4).
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16
32
64
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230 0, 1, 2, 3,, 1073741823.
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403
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4
.
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,
.
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ARM ARM
Thumb.
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26 27 , ,
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1024- R1 . - , R2, , , R3, . 1024
4 . A,
A+ 4096. ,
, 5.1.
5.1.
LOOP:
MOV
MOV
MOV
ADD
ADD
CMP
BLT
R1,#0
R2,#A
R3,#A+4096
R1,(R2)
R2,#4
R2,R3
LOOP
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
R1, 0
R2 = A
R3 = A
R2
R2 (4 )

R2 < R3,
408 5.
.

() (,
#). R2 A,
A. #.
R3 .
, -
. .
, . BLT ,
8- , BLT. ,
. ,
Corei7,
,
Corei7 (MASM) 8088.
. A
R1, :
ADD R1, A
4. ,
:
ADD R1, A + 4
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
. .
, .
-
, -
( ,
). ,
.
( ).

. IJVM,
LV.
.
IJVM
(LV) ,
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. , ,
409
. AB
1024 . AiBi ,
1024 , ,
, .
A , B ,
, ,
(. 5.1). , ,
, , 5.2.
5.2. ,
1024
MOV R1,#0
MOV R2,#0
MOV R3,#4096
LOOP:
MOV R4,A(R2)
AND R4,B(R2)
OR R1,R4
ADD R2,#4
CMP R2,R3
BLT LOOP
;
;
;
;
;
R1,
0
R2 = , i
A[i] B[i]
R3 =
; R4 = A[i]
; R4 = A[i] B[i]
; i = i + 4
; ?
; R2 < R3,
4 :
R1 ;
R2 i, ;
R3 4096 ( i);
R4 .
.
LOOP Ai R4.
. (R2) ( A) , .
,
. ,
,
:
MOV R4,A(R2)
R4 , A , R2 . A ,
, 124300, ,
.5.13.
. 5.13. MOVR4,A(R2)
R2 0 (
), A0
124300. R4. -
410 5.
R2 4, A1
124304 ..
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.

, (
). .
, . .
A R5, B R6.
LOOP:
LOOP:
MOV R4,(R2+R5)
AND R4,(R2+R6)
, . 8-
, .
32 , ,
. 8- 16- .

,
. . 4,
, IADD, . .

(x+ y), (xy+).
. ,
. (1958), .

. -,
. -,
. -, , . , , a b + c, , (a b)+ c,
a (b+ c), ,
.
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411

. ,
. (E.W.Dijkstra). ,
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. ,
.
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,
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,
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. 5.14. ,

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:
1. .
2. , ,
.
3. , , , ,
( , ).
4. . , ,
, .
5. . .
.
412 5.
. 5.15.
,
( , , ), ,
. ,
4. , ,
, .
. .
,
. .5.5
.
5.5.

A + B C
ABC+
A B + C
ABC+
A B + C D
ABCD+
(A + B)/(C D)
A B + C D /
A B/C
ABC/
((A + B) C + D)/(E + F + G)
AB+CD+EF+G+/

. n ,
, .
: . ,
. , .
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(8 + 2 5)/(1 + 3 2 4)
413
:
8 2 5 + 1 3 2 + 4 /
IMUL IDIV.
( ). ,
( ).
, IDIV : , , .
, IJVM- :
,
.
, , ,
.
5.6.
825+132+4 /
BIPUSH 8
25+132+4 /
BIPUSH 2
8, 2
5+132+4 /
BIPUSH 5
8, 2, 5
+132+4 /
IMUL
8, 10
+132+4 /
IADD
18
132+4 /
BIPUSH 1
18, 1
32+4 /
BIPUSH 3
18, 1, 3
2+4 /
BIPUSH 2
18, 1, 3, 2
+4 /
IMUL
18, 1, 6
10
+4 /
IADD
18, 7
11
4 /
BIPUSH 4
18, 7, 4
12
ISUB
18, 3
13
IDIV

, .
( )
. , ,
. , .
, . ,
414 5.
, . ,
. .
, ,
. , .
.
( ), , . , ,
.

.
.
,
. ,
, (FP), (SP)
(PC).
32-
(.5.16). 256 . 1 ()
(). .
. 5.16.
8-
. ,
,
. , 23,
2 , , 13- . LOAD STORE

.
415
(, ), 3 .
, () ,
.., 24 . , ,
32.
LOAD STORE, 3 .
(, LOAD STORE
R0), .
,
(.5.17). , ,
.
,
,
, . PDP-11
VAX, ,
- .
. 5.17.
8- , 12
. 3
, 5 4 . 3
, , ,
,
, , ,
. ,
, , .
, . PDP-11 VAX
.

32- , .
,
, 96
3 ( ).
RISC- 96 ,
, , , 4 ( ).
416 5.
, .5.17, .
32- ,
i j 16 ,
:
i = j;
, 16,
32- . 8- 4- ,
, , .
,
.
Core i7
Corei7
16- 32-. 16- , 32-.
, , , , . ,

. .
.5.10, . MOD
R/M.
REG. .5.7 32 2-
MOD 3- R/M. , 0,
, EAX.
5.7. 32- Corei7
(M[x] x)
MOD
R/M 00
01
10
000
M[EAX]
M[EAX + 8] M[EAX + 32] EAX AL
001
M[ECX]
M[ECX + 8] M[ECX + 32] ECX CL
010
M[EDX]
M[EDX + 8] M[EDX + 32] EDX DL
011
M[EBX]
M[EBX + 8] M[EBX + 32] EBX BL
100
SIB
SIB 8
101
M[EBP + 8] M[EBP + 32] EBP CH
110
M[ESI]
M[ESI + 8]
M[ESI + 32]
ESI DH
111
M[EDI]
M[EDI + 8]
M[EDI + 32]
EDI BH
SIB 32
11
ESP AH
01 10 , 8- 32- , -
417
. 8- ,
32- . , ADD R/M= 011,
MOD= 01 , 6, EBX 6
.
EBX .
MOD= 11 .
, .
, . ,
EBP ESP.
MODE SIB (.
.5.9). SIB .
SIB
1, 2, 4 8 ( SCALE),
, , 8- 32- , MOD.
, .
, SIB, . Java-:
for (i=0; i<n; i++) a[i]=0;
a 4- , .
EBP ,
, .5.18.
i EAX. a[i]
SIB,
4EAX, EBP 8. a[i] .
. 5.18. a[i]
? . ,

. , , ,
-
.
418 5.
. - ,
, , . ,
8088 - , , 20
, . , - , - .
OMAP4430
OMAP4430
, , . 5 ,
.
12- . ,

.
: (LOAD)
(STORE). . ,
.
13- . PC 13- . ,
,
.
ATmega168
ATmega168 .
. ,
. , . 8-
.
.
, ,
. 16- 7 (,
0 127). AVR 32- ,
16- , 64 .
, .
8 ,
16- .
64 . :
X, Y Z, R26/R27, R28/R29 R30/R31 .
, X, 8- R26 R27, .
419

Corei7, OMAP4430 ATmega168 . 5.8. ,
.
5.8.

Corei7
OMAP4430
ATmega168 AVR

. , , ( ATmega168),
. :
, .
,
.
,
. , , .
( , )
, .
,
,
.
, .
, ,
, , ,

.

, ,
, .
, , , ,
420 5.
, ,
, .
, , .

.
, . . ,
- - , ,
,
-. , 2000
- , ,
, 2000.
,
.
,
. : .
,
B, A, :
A = B

. , , . ( )
( ), 4
.
4, . LOAD , STORE
, MOVE
,
.
- ,
.
.
.
( )
.
(
), . , , , .
,
421
,
, ,
.

.

. ,
. , , .
.
16 , 16
.
, ; , -.
.
32 , 8- . ,
, . ,
, 8 , 24
( ).
, , , , .
.
A:
10110111 10111100 11011011 10001011
B ():
00000000 11111111 00000000 00000000
A B:
00000000 10111100 00000000 00000000
16 ,
.
.
. 8 32- , 24 ,
8 ,
.
A:
10110111 10111100 11011011 10001011
B ():
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
A B:
10110111 10111100 11011011 00000000
422 5.
:
00000000 00000000 00000000 01010111
(AB)C:
10110111 10111100 11011011 01010111
,
, . , , .
, ,
. , , .

, .
: ,
.
, IEEE754.
.

.
, , ,
.
.
. ,
, , , . , ,
, .
:
A:
00000000 00000000 00000000 01110011
A 2 :
00000000 00000000 00000000 00011100
A 2 :
11000000 00000000 00000000 00011100
.
n- k ,
, n k .
. ,
, ,
(0 1) , .
423
, , . 2 :
A:
1111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
A :
0011111 11111111 11111111 11111100
A :
1111111 11111111 11111111 11111100
2. k ,
, 2k.
k , , 2k.

. 18n, n .
18n = 16n + 2n. 16n n
4 . 2n , n 1 .
18n. ,
, ,
, . ,
,
.

. , , 1 .
1 3. 1
7:
1 :
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111110
1 1 (3):
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100
1 2 (7):
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000

2.
.
1 .
6 1, , 1/64 0:
1 :
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
1, 6 , 1:
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
424 5.
, ,
, .
2.
. ,
,
; ,
.
, :

.
,
. ,
.
. CLR
, ( 0).
.
ADD INC.
NEG. X
0 X, ,
NEG.
NEG NOT. NEG ( ,
0). NOT . , , , . (
NEG
, 1.)
,
, .
, .
,
.

.
x. , ,
. x,
.

, -
425
.
,
. , ( ).
.
(LABEL), 1 (
), , LABEL,
0 ( ),
, .
, ;
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, .

, .
, 1, (,
). .
( ).

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0 , , 1.
, ,
, 0.
, , .
,
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. Z .4.1
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.
, , . , :
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. ,
, . ,
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, .
,
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OMAP4430 ATmega168 AVR.
.
, .
426 5.
, , .
, , .
.
, ,
. 3-
. :
: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111.
: 100, 101, 110, 111, 000, 001, 010, 011.
0 7,
4 +3
( ). : : 011
100? , .
.

,
. ,
. C , . Java
. ,
,
. , -
- ,
, .
: ,
.
. , ,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
. ,
, .
( , ,
, .) , A
B, B C, C A (, , ),
.
CDC 6600
427
1960- . 6600 FORTRAN, , . ,

.
.
. ,
.
. .
;
,
.
IJVM (..4.9).

, .
, -
. , . .
, .
,
, .
, , . 5.3. ( Java,
goto.)
5.3.
L1:
i = 1;
;
.
.
.
;
i = i + 1;
if (i<n) goto L1;
, n0.
, . . n , n , .
, , ( )
. n 0,
, .
428 5.
5.4 ,
n0. , ,
,
.
5.4.
L1:
i = 1;
if(i>n) goto L2;
;
.
.
.
;
i = i + 1;
goto L1;
L2:
,
:
for (i = 0; i<n; i++) { }
n, ,
n0, , 5.4.
, n > 0 (, ,
n), , 5.3. - FORTRAN ,
.
( 5.3). 1977 , FORTRAN ,
,
. C Java
.
-
,
-.
-:
- ;
- ;
- .
.
- . ,
, ( ). .
-.
-
429
. .
1- , .5.19. :
. : .
. - ,
4
, . -, IN OUT. -

.
. 5.19.
.
, . 6, . ( ). -

, 7 1. , ,
. .
. ,
, ,
. ,
, . ,
.
, ,
. ,
, .
- Java (5.5). :
430 5.
, , , ( ). , .
,
. in out
, . ,
, .
128 ( 7 ) 7,
.
5.5. -
public static void output_buffer(int buf[], int count) {
//
int status, i, ready;
for (i = 0; i<count; i++) {
do {
status = in(display_status_reg); //
//
ready = (status >> 7) & 0x01;
//
//
} while (ready == 1);
out(display_buffer_reg, buf[i]);
}
- ,
,
. .
(, , ), (
). - ,
,
-.
, ,
-,
.
.5.19. , ,
-.
, .

() .
( -) , ,
. ,
.
, .
431
-
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.
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4 . .
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.
32 100 (,
4), 32, 100 4
, (, 1) , .5.20. , ,
, 100 , ,
. ,
4 -,
.
1 1.
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-.
432 5.
0, .

, - ,
. .
2, 3 , .
, - ,
, ,
, .
(
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, ,
, , ()
.
Core i7
: Corei7, OMAP4430 ARM ATmega168 AVR.
, , ,
. Corei7
. .
Corei7 32- , , 8088. .5.9
,
:
SRC ;
DST ;
# , ;
LV .
5.9.
Corei7

MOV DST, SRC
SRC DST
PUSH SRC
SRC
POP DST
DST
XCHG DS1, DS2
DS1 DS2
LEA DST, SRC
SRC DST
CMOV DST, SRC
433

ADD DST, SRC
SRC DST
SUB DST, SRC
SRC DST
MUL SRC
EAX SRC ( )
IMUL SRC
EAX SRC ( )
DIV SRC
EDX:EAX SRC ( )
IDV SRC
EDX:EAX SRC ( )
ADC DST, SRC
SRC DST
SBB DST, SRC
DST SRC
INC DST
( 1) DST
DEC DST
( 1) DST
NEG DST
DST ( DST 0)
-
DAA
DAS
AAA
ASCII-
AAS
ASCII-
AAM
ASCII-
AAD
ASCII-

AND DST, SRC
SRC DST
OR DST, SRC
SRC DST
XOR DST, SRC
SRC DST
NOT DST
DST 1

SAL/SAR DST, #
DST / #
SHL/SHR DST, #
DST / #
ROL/ROR DST, #
DST / #
RCL/RR DST, #
DST #

TST SRC1, SRC2
CMP SRC1, SRC2
SRC1 SRC2

JMP ADDR
Jxx ADDR
434 5.
5.9 ()
CALL ADDR
RET
IRET
LOOPxx
INT ADDR
INTO

LODS
STOS
MOVS
CMPS
SCAS

STC
EFLAGS
CLC
EFLAGS
CMC
EFLAGS
STD
EFLAGS
CLD
EFLAGS
STI
EFLAGS
CLI
EFLAGS
PUSHFD
EFLAGS
POPFD
EFLAGS
LAHF
AH EFLAGS
SAHF
AH EFLAGS

SWAP DST
DST
CWQ
EAX EDX:EAX
CWDE
16- AX EAX
ENTER SIZE, LV
LEAVE
, ENTER
NOP
HLT
IN AL, PORT
OUT PORT, AL
WAIT
435
, , ,
(, 8- ). ,
Corei7.
Corei7 ,
. , ADD
, INC 1.
. ,
, ,
. .
(SRC) , (DST) . , , , ;
, .
: 8-, 16- 32- . / .
.5.9 32- .
. , :
, . . 64-
: EAX ( )
EDX ( ).
- .
4- . ( 0 9). 1010 1111
. , 16-
0 9999. ,
, . - .
COBOL.

.
,
. EFLAGS. Jxx
,
( EFLAGS).
Corei7 , , ,
. REP (repetition ),
,
(, ECX, 1
, 0). ,
436 5.
(, ..)
. .
,
. , , .
Corei7 . (REP) . ,
( WIDE IJVM). , REP
, , , ECX
0. REPZ REPNZ
, Z 1 0 . LOCK ,
. , 16- 32- .
,
. , Corei7 , , ,
( 8088).
. ,
.
OMAP4430
ARM ,
, .5.10,
:
S1 -;
S2IMM ( );
S3 - ( );
DST -;
DST1 - (1 2);
DST2 - (1 2);
ADDR ;
IMM ;
REGLIST ;
PSR ;
cc .
5.10. OMAP4430

LDRSB DST, ADDR
(8 )
LDRB DST, ADDR
(8 )
LDRSH DST, ADDR
(8 )
437
LDRH DST, ADDR
(16 )
LDR DST, ADDR
(32 )
LDM S1, REGLIST

STRB DST, ADDR
(8 )
STRH DST, ADDR
(16 )
STR DST, ADDR
(32 )
STM SRC, REGLIST

ADD DST, S1, S2IMM
ADD DST, S1, S2IMM
SUB DST, S1, S2IMM
SUB DST, S1, S2IMM
RSB DST, S1, S2IMM
RSC DST, S1, S2IMM
MUL DST, S1, S2
MLA DST, S1, S2, S3
UMULL D1, D2, S1, S2

SMULL D1, D2, S1, S2
UMLAL D1, D2, S1, S2
SMULL D1, D2, S1, S2
CMP S1, S2IMM
PSR

LSL DST, S1, S2IMM
LSR DST, S1, S2IMM
ASR DST, S1, S2IMM
ROR DSR, S1, S2IMM

TST DST, S1, S2IMM
TEQ DST, S1, S2IMM
AND DST, S1, S2IMM
EOR DST, S1, S2IMM
ORR DST, S1, S2IMM
BIC DST, S1, S2IMM
438 5.
5.10 ()

Bcc IMM
PC+IMM
BLcc IMM
PC+IMM
BLcc S1

MOV DST, S1
MOVT DST, IMM
IMM
MVN DST, S1
MRS DST, PSR
PSR
MSR PSR, S1
PSR
SWP DST, S1, ADDR
SWPb DST, S1, ADDR
SWI IMM
, (, -,
), , , . . ,
OMAP4430 RISC-.
LDR STR .
1, 2 4 . (32-)
32, , .
.

. CISC , RISC-
,
, . A ... B ... C, A , B ,
C A B, C . ,
,
, .
, S , ADDS.
. ,
.

. 32- .
.

439
. CISC-
,
. .
.
AND (), EOR ( ), ORR (), TST, TEQ BIC.
,

, .
RISC- .
.
Bcc ,
. BLcc , (R14).
. RISC-,
.
MOV,
(R15).
. BLcc . 5.10 24- PC.
,
32 . BLcc
.
(, C++)
, 32 .
,
. MOVT - 32-
. MOVT 16
31, , . MRS MSR
(PSR). SWP . , 8. ,
SWI ,
.
ATmega168
ATmega168 . .5.11. ,
, .
MOV .
. 16- (SP).
,
.
64 , 32-.
440 5.
X, Y Z, 8-
16-.
5.11. ATmega168
ADD DST,SRC
DST DST + SRC
ADC DST,SRC
DST DST + SRC + C
ADIW DST,IMM
DST+1:DST DST+1:DST +
IMM
SUB DST,SRC
DST DST - SRC
SUBI DST,IMM
DST DST - IMM
SBC DST,SRC
DST DST - SRC - C
SBCI DST,IMM
DST DST - IMM C
SBIW DST,IMM
DST+1:DST DST+1:DST IMM
AND DST,SRC
DST DST AND SRC
ANDI DST,IMM

DST DST AND IMM

OR DST,SRC
DST DST OR SRC
ORI DST,IMM
DST DST OR IMM
EOR DST,SRC
DST DST XOR SRC
COM DST
DST 0xFF - DST
NEG DST
DST 0x00 - DST
SBR DST,IMM
DST DST OR IMM
CBR DST,IMM
DST DST AND (0xFF - IMM)
ING DST
DST DST + 1
DEC DST
DST DST - 1
TST DST
DST DST AND DST
CLR DST
DST DST XOR DST
SER DST
DST 0xFF
MUL DST,SRC
R1:R0 DST * SRC
MULS DST,SRC
R1:R0 DST * SRC
MULSU DST,SRC
R1:R0 DST * SRC
RJMP IMM
PC PC + IMM + 1
PC
441
IJMP
PC Z (R30:R31)
JMP IMM
PC IMM
RCALL IMM
STACK PC+2, PC PC +
IMM + 1
ICALL
STACK PC+2, PC Z
(R30:R31)
CALL
STACK PC+2, PC IMM
RET
PC STACK
CP DST,SRC
DST SRC
CPC DST,SRC
DST SRC C
CPI DST,IMM
DST IMM
BRcc IMM
if cc(true) PC PC + IMM + 1
MOV DST,SRC
DST SRC
MOVW DST,SRC
DST+1:DST SRC+1:SRC
LDI DST,IMM
DST IMM
LDS DST,IMM
DST MEM[IMM]
LD DST,XYZ
DST MEM[XYZ]
LDD
DST,XYZ+IMM
DST MEM[XYZ+IMM]
STS IMM,SRC
MEM[IMM] SRC
ST XYZ,SRC
MEM[XYZ] SRC
STD
XYZ+IMM,SRC
MEM[XYZ+IMM] SRC
PUSH REGLIST
STACK REGLIST
POP REGLIST
REGLIST STACK
LSL DST
DST DST LSL 1
LSR DST
DST DST LSR 1
ROL DST
DST DST ROL 1
ROR DST
DST DST ROR 1
ASR DST
DST DST ASR 1

1
442 5.

. Corei7
32- CISC-.
,
.
OMAP4430 32- RISC-
/, ,
. ATmega168 ,
.
. Corei7
:
;
;
.

. Corei7 . -
, ,
3- -. Intel
Corei7 ,
. , 4,
.
OMAP4430. 32- .
, 3- ;
.
, . .
OMAP4430, .
ATmega168
, , .
32 8-
, .
,
. , , .

.
.
443
, .
. .
.
.

.
,
.
, .
. ,
,
, .5.21,. ,

.
,
.5.21,.
.
. 5.21. ():
(); ( )
, , .

goto [1968a]. ,
goto , , goto , while.
,
444 5.
2, ,
if, while .
.
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
.
, .
, , ,
.
,
, .
, , .
,
. .
64 .
. .
,
, .
, , . , , 64, . (
, , .
, 64 ,
.) .5.22 ,
(n) 5.
. 5.22.

445
n 1 3, n 1 1 2, 1 3, n 1 2 3.
.5.23.
. 5.23.
n i j:
towers (n, i, j)
446 5.
.
, n. , : i j. n 1,

.
5.6. :
towers (3, 1, 3)
:
towers (2, 1, 2)
towers (1, 1, 3)
towers (2, 2, 3)
,
.
5.6.
public void towers (int n, int i, int j) {
int k;
if (n == 1)
System.out.println(" c " + i + "" + j);
else {
k=6-i-j;
towers(n-1, i, k);
towers (1, i, j);
towers (n-1, k, j);
}
}
, , IJVM,
.
.
, .
, , IJVM.
(Stack Pointer, SP),
, (Frame Pointer, FP), , , IJVM,
. .5.24
32- . towers
n, i j, CALL,
, 1012.
FP (1000) 1016,
. 32-
(k) 4 1020.
.5.24, .
, ,
FP ( ),
SP FP , , SP , , FP . FP ( IJVM LV
447
. 5.24. 5.6
448 5.
).
-, , ,
, .5.24. .5.24
.4.10, . .
.
, , ,
, .
, .
.
, . ENTER LEAVE
Corei7 ,
. ,
, ,
.
. , .
, ,

towers (3, 1, 3)
.5.24, .
, n , , n= 3, k
towers (2, 1, 2)
. 5.24,.
(
). n= 1 ,
k
towers (1, 1, 3)
.5.24,.
. ,
. .
, FP SP (.5.24,). :
towers (1, 1, 2)
(.5.24,).
. .
,
, .5.24,, .
, , , ,
towers (3, 1, 3)
449
. A,
B (.5.25).
. 5.25.
B - , A.
, ,
A, B (,
A ,
). , A B ( ), B A ( ).
, A B, B ; B
A A , ,
450 5.
B. A ,
B, B ,
, A.
A B ,
B , A
.
A B.
A B, ,
( , ) ,
, . B
, . B , ,

.
, (A B)
, .5.26. B A B ,
. 5.26. ,
,
451
B. A B, B ( ), ,
A. ,
, .

. , .
.
,
.
CALL RETURN , , , ,
,
, .
, ,
.
,
, ,
. , , . ,
.

,
, , .
. ,

, , . ,
- ,
.
( ),
- ,
. , .
, ,
.
.
1- , , . ,
,
, .

.
, .
452 5.

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,
- . , ,
,
,
.
, , : ,
, , , , -,
, 0.
, , - . . , , .
, ,
(Interrupt Service
Routine, ISR), ,
.
. , .
, ( ,
) .
, , .
, , (
, ,
).
, ,
.
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.
, , ptr, ,
count , . , , ,
(, ,
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- .
453
.
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:
1. .
2. ,
.
3. , , ,
( , ). 1.
4.
.
5.
.
6. ,
. , , 4 ,
n 4n.
,
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:
7.
, .
.
8.
, , . , .
9. , .
10. -, .
11. ptr count . 1,
, 1, , 1 . count 0,
, . ,
ptr, .
1
: .
. ,
,
, , .
, , , .
. . .
454 5.
12. ,
, .
13. .
14. ,
, .
, .
.
,
, ,
, .
, , .
-, , . -,
, , .
,
- .
. ( ) .
, . , , 9600
, 1042 .
, , .
-,
,
, .
,
. n ,
n.
n,
,

.
.
, ,
.
. -: ,
RS232 2, 4 5 . (t= 0,
t ) . t= 10 .
(ISR) , .5.27.
t= 15 RS232. RS232
(5), (2), -
455
. 5.27. .
. , ISR , ,
RS232.
, t= 20,
. (4) ,
(5),
, .
t= 25 ISR RS232,
, RS232,
, ISR 2. 2,
, 4 ,
ISR . . , t= 40
,
, .
8088 Intel () : .

, . .
- ,
256 ,
. 8- .
. .
456 5.

,
, . Intel (,
8259A). (, n)
.
, . ,
. ,
- .
,
.

, ,
.
). 5.6
Java.
- Java, Corei7
OMAP4430 Java, C.
Java- println C:
printf(" %d %d\n", i, j)
printf (
%d, ,
). ,
:
.
C Corei7 OMAP4430,
- Java , C . .

Core i7
5.7 C
Corei7. EBP .
, n (N,
)
EBP+ 8, i j EBP+ 12 EBP+16 . k EBP+ 20.
457
5.7. Corei7
.686
.MODEL FLAT
PUBLIC _towers
EXTERN _printf:NEAR
.CODE
_towers: PUSH EBP
MOV EBP, ESP
L1:
Done:
.DATA
format
END
; Core i7
; 'towers'
; printf
;
;
;
CMP[EBP+8],1
;
JNE L1
;
MOV EAX, [EBP+16]
;
PUSH EAX
;
MOV EAX, [EBP+12]
;
PUSH EAX
;
PUSH OFFSET FLAT:format ;
CALL _printf
;
ADD ESP, 12
;
JMP Done
;
MOV EAX,6
;
SUB EAX, [EBP+12]
;
SUB EAX, [EBP+16]
;
MOV [EBP+20], EAX
;
PUSH EAX
;
MOV EAX, [EBP+12]
;
PUSH EAX
;
MOV EAX, [EBP+8]
;
DEC EAX
;
PUSH EAX
;
CALL _towers
;
ADD ESP, 12
;
MOV EAX, [EBP+16]
;
PUSH EAX
;
MOV EAX, [EBP+12]
;
PUSH EAX
;
PUSH 1
;
CALL _towers
;
ADD ESP, 12
;
MOV EAX, [EBP+12]
;
PUSH EAX
;
MOV EAX, [EBP+20]
;
PUSH EAX
;
MOV EAX, [EBP+8]
;
DEC EAX
;
PUSH EAX
;
CALL _towers
;
ADD ESP, 12
;
LEAVE
;
RET 0
;
EBP ( )

ESP
if(n==1)
, n 1
printf("", i, j);
i, j

( C)
OFFSET FLAT
printf

k=6ij
EAX=6i
EAX=6ij
k=EAX
towers(n1, i, k)
EAX=i
i
EAX=n
EAX=n1
n1
towers(n1, i, 6ij)

towers (1, i, j)
j
EAX=i
i
1
towers(1, i, j)

towers(n1, 6ij, i)
i
EAX=k
k
EAX = n
EAX=n1
n1
towers(n1, 6ij, i)

DB " %d %d\n" ;
. ESP EBP. n 1,
458 5.
n> 1, else. then

: , i j, .
, C.
.
printf ,
, ,
.
ESP 12,
. ,
ESP .
else L1.
6 i j, k.
i j,
6 i j. k
.
, . .
. . .
,
.

OMAP4430
OMAP4430 (5.8).
OMAP4430 , ,
. ,
cpp ( C).
, OMAP4430
( , ).
5.8. OMAP4430
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
Param0
Param1
Param2
FormatPtr
r0
r1
r2
r0
kr7
r5
n_minus_1
.text
towers: push {r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, lr}
movr4, Param1
movr6, Param2
cmp Param0, #1
bne else
movw FormatPtr,#:lower16:format
movt FormatPtr,#:upper16:format
bl printf
pop {r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, pc}
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
(n==1)?
, else

print move
IA-64 Itanium 2 459

else:
main:
rsb k, r1, #6
subs k, k, r2
add n minus 1, r0, #-1
movr0, n_minus_1
movr2, k
bl towers
movr0, #1
movr1, r4
movr2, r6
bl towers
movr0, n_minus_1
movr1, k
movr2, r6
bl towers
pop {r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, pc}
.global main
push {lr}
movParam0, #3
movParam1, #1
movParam2, Param0
bl towers
pop {pc}
@ k=6 i j
@ compute (n-1)
@
@ call towers(n1, i, k)
@ call towers(1, k, j)
@ call towers(n1, k, j)
@
@
@
@ call towers(3, 1, 3)
@ ,
@
format: .ascii "Move a disk from %d to %d\n\0"
OMAP4430 Corei7.
n, n> 1, else. OMAP4430
.
OMAP4430
printf, , , 32-
. : MOVW
MOVT.
,
PUSH POP .

LR, PC.
IA-64 Itanium 2
2000 Intel , ,
IA-32 .
, ( ,
). ,
, IA-32.
460 5.
IA-32 .
Intel. , .
, EMT-64,
Pentium 64- 64- . , , , .
Pentium.
, Intel
Hewlett Packard, IA-64. 64- ,
32- .
IA-32. IA-64
, , .
, IA-64, Itanium,
, , . ,
IA-64 Itanium2.
IA-32
IA-62 Itanium2, , , ,
IA-32 Intel
. , IA-32

. CISC-
, . RISC, ,
, .
IA-32 RISC-,
( ),
. .
IA-32 ,
. /
, ,
,
. , , IA-32
. .
IA-32 .
, -
( , , ESI EDI)
, ,
. .
IA-64 Itanium 2 461
- , WAR-,
- , . -
(
). -
. IA-32
, , ,
.
. .
,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
. .
,
. .
, ,
. , 32-
IA-32
4, . , EMT-64,
.
IA-32
. , , .
,
.
Intel .
Corei7
CISC- RISC-, , ,
, ,
, .
Intel : IA-32 (IA-64). EMT-64
, .
IA-64

IA-64 , . Corei7
, , -
462 5.
,
. IA-64
. , . ,
Corei7 , 8 ,
128,
- , .
IA-64,
, ,
. ,
,
. , , EPIC (Explicitly Parallel Instruction
Computing ).
EPIC RISC-.
IA-64 .
, , .
,
Itanium2.

Itanium2 . 264 .
1, 2, 4, 8, 16 10 ( 80- IEEE745).
, .
,
; ,
.
.
, .

. -
.
, ,
IA-64.

. Itanium2 128 64-
. 32 , 96 ,
RISC- (, UltraSPARC). UltraSPARC
. 32 () , .
IA-64 Itanium 2 463
,
,
. . , ,
, ,
.

, . ,
,
.
Itanium2 128 ,
IEEE745 .

, .
, Itanium2 64 1- , 8 128 ,
, .
Itanium2 .5.28.
. 5.28. Itanium2

Corei7
.
,
. IA-64 Itanium2 .
.
,
,
464 5.
, RAW- WAW-
(WAR- ). , ,
, ,
.
,
, , .
. ,
.
. ; ,
.
.
128- (bundles), .5.29. 41- 5- .

.
. 5.29. IA-64
100 . .5.29
.
ADD, .
(, ).
(, ADD SUB). . .
,
, ( ). , ,
, .. ,
IA-64 Itanium 2 465
216
3216
0, 1 2. 5 ,
. ,
,
. ,
.

IA-64
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// 0 99
final public static long MAX_PRIME = 100000000000L; //
public static int in = 0, out = 0;
//
public static long buffer[ ] = new long[BUF_SIZE]; //
public static producer p;
//
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//
public static void main(String args[ ]){
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//
//
//
//
//
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// ,
//
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public void run() {
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//
//
//
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m.out = m.next(m.out);
// C3
if (m.out == m.next(m.next(m.in))) m.p.resume(); // C4
System.out.println(emirp);
// C5
}
}
}

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final public static int BUF_SIZE = 100;
final public static long MAX_PRIME=100000000000L;
public static int in = 0, out = 0;
public static long buffer[ ] = new long[BUF_SIZE];
public static producer p;
public static consumer c;
public static int filled = 0, available = 100;
public static void main(String args[ ]) {
p = new producer();
c = new consumer();
p.start();
c.start();
}
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
0 99

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// in out
public static int next(int k) {if (k < BUF_SIZE - 1) return(k+1);
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//
native void up(int s); native void down(int s); //
public void run() {
//
long prime = 2;
//
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prime = next_prime(prime);
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//
//
//
//
//
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P2
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}
// ,
private long next_prime(long prime){ ...}
}
class consumer extends Thread {
//
native void up(int s); native void down(int s); //
public void run() {
//
long emirp = 2;
//
while (emirp < m.MAX_PRIME) {
down(m.filled);
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m.out = m.next(m.out);
up(m. available);
System.out.println(emirp);
}
//
//
//
//
//
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
}
}
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FORMULA:
MOV
ADD
MOV
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EAX,J
N,EAX
; EAX = I
; EAX = I + J
; N = I + J
DD
DD
DD
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;
;
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3
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4
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0
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Microsoft MASM. ARM,
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ENDS
ALIGN
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DB
DW
16-
DD
32-
DQ
64-
PROC
560 7.
7.1 ()
ENDP
MACRO
ENDM
PUBLIC
EXTERN
INCLUDE
IF
ELSE
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ENDIF
COMMENT
PAGE
END
SEGMENT , ENDS .
, ,
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BASE EQU 1000
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LIMIT EQU 4 * BASE + 2000
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DB, DD, DW DQ 1, 2, 4 8 . :
TABLE DB 11, 23, 49
3 11, 23 49 , , TABLE,
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WSIZE: DD 64
ELSE
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SWAP
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MOV EAX,P
MOV EBX,Q
MOV Q,EAX
MOV P,EBX
ENDM
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CHANGE
MACRO P1,P2
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MOV EBX,P2
MOV P2,EAX
MOV P1,EBX
ENDM
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CHANGE R,S
565

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7.6.
MARIA:
MOV
MOV
ROBERTA: MOV
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IMUL
IMUL
MARILYN: ADD
ADD
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EAX,
EBX,
ECX,
EAX,
EBX,
ECX,
EAX,
EAX,
DONE
I
J
K
EAX
EBX
ECX
EBX
ECX
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
EAX = I
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ECX = K
EAX = I
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ECX = K
EAX = I
EAX = I
*
*
*
*
*
I
J
K
I + J * J
I + J * J + K * K
DONE
5
6
6
2
3
3
2
2
5
100
105
111
117
119
122
125
127
129
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19
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25
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//
boolean more_input=true;
// ,
String line, symbol, literal, opcode;
//
int location_counter, length, value, type; //
final int END_STATEMENT = -2; //
location_counter = 0;
initialize_tables();
while (more_input) {
line = read_next_line();
length = 0;
type = 0;
// 0
//
//
//
//
//
//
more_input END
""

#

if (line_is_not_comment(line)) {
symbol = check_for_symbol(line);
if (symbol != null)
// ?
// ,
//
570 7.
7.7 ()
enter_new_symbol(symbol, location_counter);
literal = check_for_literal(line); // ?
if (literal != null)
// ,
//
enter_new_literal(literal);
// . -1
opcode = extract_opcode(line);
//
type =search_opcode_table(opcode); // ,
// , OP REG1,REG2
if (type < 0)
// ,
// ?
type = search_pseudo_table(opcode);
switch(type) {
//
case 1:length=get_length_of_type1(line); break;
case 2:length=get_length_of_type2(line); break;
//
}
}
write_temp_file(type, opcode, length, line); //
//
location_counter = location_counter + length; //
//
if (type == END_STATEMENT) {
// ?
more_input = false;
// ,
// :
rewind_temp_for_pass_two();
//
sort_literal_table();
//
remove_redundant_literals();
//
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}
}
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7.8.
public static void pass_two() {
//
boolean morejnput = true;
// ,
String line, opcode;
//
int location_counter, length, type; //
final int END_STATEMENT = -2;
//
final int MAX_CODE =16;
//
byte code[] = new byte[MAX_CODE];
//
//
location_counter = 0;
//
// 0
while (more_input) {
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
type = read_type();
opcode = read_opcode();
length = read_length();
line = read_line();
more_input END
""

if (type != 0) {
// 0
switch(type) {
//
case 1:eval_type1(opcode, length, line, code); break;
case 2: eval_type2(opcode, length, line, code); break;
//
}
}
write_output(code);
//
572 7.
7.8 ()
write_listing(code, line);
//
location_counter = location_counter + length; //
//
if (type == END_STATEMENT) {
// ?
more_input = false;
// ,
//
finish_up();
//
}
}
}
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;
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. re (
).
, ,
e#.
746 .
(#). B , (MOV) (MOVB).

, .

,
(). ,
. , ,
.
, , XCHG.
. ().
,
XCHG re.
(LEA).
.
PUSH, .
( #
), ( e ).
, SP, . SP 2,
, SP .
POP
. PUSHF POPF,
, . XLAT,
AL , AL BX.
256 .
8088 IN OUT
( ..2).
, - .
AX,
.
..2 .
, MOV: (re),
(er) (e#).
(O), (S ), (Z ) (C ).
O ,
, ,
. , 16- 0x7fff (32767 )
16- ,
O.
.
,
(*). ADC SBB
8088 747
( ),
. 32-
. ,
.
.
IMUL IDIV;
MUL DIV.
AH : AL.
AX : DX.
, DX AX . ,
. ,
.
.
: DX: AX AH : AL. AX AL, DX
AH. , ,
.
, ,
, ,
, . ,
, 8088,
,
.
- , ASCII- (AAA) (DAA),
..2.
,

, , , .
, , DX : AX AH : AL.
() . NEG, INC DEC
, .
.
.
.
748 .
; CL .
; .

, . RCR,
RCL, RCRB RCLB , , 17- 9- ,
.
, ,
. , . ()
. TEST ,

. ,
. CMP ,
. ,
SI DI ,
STD CLD .
8088
. , ,
. ,
(4-) .
, LAHF SAHF, AH, .

. , , ,
, 8080 8085.

. LOOP
CX
. LOOPZ,
LOOPE, LOOPNZ LOOPNE, ,
CX .
LOOP
128 ; ,
8- .
( ), , . ,
,
. -
8088 749
,
,
- . 2,5 ,
50 .

: REP, REPZ REPNZ. ,
..2, / . SI , DI ,
ES. REP, MOVSB
. CX.
MOVSB , REPNZ
ASCII- ; , REPNZ
SCASB, CX ,
REP MOVSB. .

ES ( DS). , ES= DS= SS.

..2
, . JMP.
.
. , .
CS, , .

;
,
,
.
. 20- ,
16 . CS PC .

8088 15 , (, JUMP GREATER
OR EQUAL JUMP NOT LESS THAN ). ..3.
128 .
, ( jump over jump).
750 .
.
,

. :
JB FARLABEL
:
JNA 1f
JMP FARLABEL
1:
, JUMP BELOW , , JUMP NOT ABOVE 1

FARLABEL. ,
. ,
. . ,
, .
.
. , .
,
.
.3.
JNA, JBE
CF = 1 ZF = 1
JNB, JAE, JNC
CF = 0
JE, JZ
ZF = 1
JNLE, JG
SF = OF ZF = 0
JGE, JNL
SF = OF
JO
OF = 1
JS
SF = 1
JCXZ
CX
CX = 0
JB, JNAE, JC
CF = 1
JNBE, JA
CF = 0 ZF = 0
JNE, JNZ
ZF = 0
JL, JNGE
SF OF
JLE, JNG
SF OF ZF = 1
JNO
OF = 0
JNS
SF = 0
8088 751

. CMP
, ,
. .
( ) .
,
. , .
.
GREATER THAN
LESS THAN. ABOVE BELOW.

8088 , ,
(subroutines). . .
, . ,
,
(..3).
, .
CALL. , ,
, , . ,

.
..3.

. CS
PC, .
CALL .
752 .
, RET, ,
, , CALL. RET
. , ;
SP, . ( RETF)
.
.

SP
BP. , .
BP ,
BP+ 4 BP+6
. ,
; .
..3 ,
BP 2, BP 4 BP 6. ,
BP.
, , .
, , , , BP
RET.

. ,
, .

. ,
AX DX.
, ,
. ,
RET. , ,
AX DX ( ),
, .

,
, , . ,
. ..4.
8088 753
.4. UNIX,
_OPEN
*name, 0/1/2
_CREAT
*name, *mode
_READ
fd, buf, nbytes
n (nbytes)
buf
_WRITE
fd, buf, nbytes
n (nbytes)
buf
_CLOSE
fd
0 -
fd
19
_LSEEK
fd, offset(long), (long)

0/1/2
_EXIT
status
117
_GETCHAR
122
_PUTCHAR
char
127
_PRINTF
*format, arg
121
_SPRINTF
but, *format,
arg
buf
125
_SSCANF
buf, *format,
arg

buf
:
,
; ; ,
SYS . ,
,
. AX, DX: AX ( ).
SYS
. . ,
.
; ,
. ,
.
754 .
OPEN CREAT. , . OPEN 0 ( ), 1(

) 2 ( ). ,
. CREAT , . OPEN CREAT AX,
,
. ,
.
: 0 , 1
2 .
READ WRITE : , ,
, . , ,
, , (READ
WRITE).
C:
read(fd, buffer, bytes);

: bytes, buffer, fd.
CLOSE .
0 AX. EXIT
.
LSEEK - .
.
, ,
, .
: (0), (1)
(2). ;
DX: AX.
, .
GETCHAR
AL; AH . AX 1. PUTCHAR
. ;
1.
PRINTF . , . %d
, , .
, %x , %o
. %s
8088 755
,
.
.
:
printf(??x = %d and y = %d\n??, x, y);
x y %d
. C y, x, .
, printf ,
.
, , printf
.
SPRINTF ,
( PRINTF,
). , PRINTF.
SSCANF PRINTF
, ,
,
.
, .
,
. , .

8088
,
; , ,
. :
ESEG MOV DX,(BX)
BX,
, DX.
( SP),
( , DI)
. SS, DS ES
MOV, ,
XCHG .
,
. , .
. , . ,
. .
756 .
, 8088.
, 8088
, , ,
.
( ),
( ), , ,
.
, ADD CMP.
AX, BP .. ,
, , .
,
, . ,
, . ,
( ), .
, .
, , (
),
. , .
.
.

( );
,
. , ,
.
, .
,
.
, .

, ,
. , 2 3 ,
5. , , L 5:
757
MOV AX,6
MOV BX,500
L:
.
, . , ,
.
.
as88 ACK
/ as88,
- . , ACK (Amsterdam Compiler Kit), UNIX,
MS-DOS Windows.
(!). ,
,
. ,
.
,
. . , , .
, , ,
. , BSS
(Block Started by Symbol ), ( ,
) .
. ,
, , ,
, .., , ,
, ,
. ,
. , BSS
.
,
. ,
. :
CMP AX,ABC
JE L
MOV AX,XYZ
L:
L , . . -, , - , (:).
758 .
;
. -, , (:). .
:
JE 2f
JUMP EQUAL
2. :
JNE 4b
JUMP NOT EQUAL

4.

=
- , :
BLOCKSIZE = 1024

. ,
BLOCKSIZE, BLOCKSIZZ BLOCKSIZ . , .
,
.
( ), ( 0X 0x). af AF 10 15. +, , *, / %
, , , .
&, ^ ~ ,
() .
.
( ).
.
. , ,

. , , . ,
, as88
.
,
, . . as88 ..5.
759
.5. as88

.SECT .TEXT
.SECT .DATA
.SECT .BSS
BSS
.BYTE
.WORD
.LONG
.ASCII "str"
str ASCII-

.ASCIZ "str"
str ASCII-
.SPACE n
.ALIGN n
n-
.EXTERN
, . ,
.
, , BBS.
.
,
. .

. : .BYTE, .WORD, .LONG .

.
: ASCII ASCIZ.
, ASCIZ
. , . -, ..6.

, \377 ( , 0 ).
.6. as88 -
-
\n
( )
\t
\\
760 .
.6 ()
-
\b
\f
\r
\"
SPACE , . , BSS
. ALIGN
2-, 4- 8- , , ..
. , EXTERN

. ;
.
. ,
; .
- \r (
) \n ( ), . ,
,
.$.
#include _
$-. ,
, . ,
.
. #include
,
.
(, pr.s) ,
pr,
pr.$. , , $-,
.
,
oprojname; projname.$.
,
. ,
, . ,
761
, projname.$,
, , . ,
#include.
8088
as88 UNIX,
Microsoft MASM Borland 8088 TASM. MASM, TASM
MS-DOS,
. MASM
TASM 8088, MS-DOS.
, ,
, , 64, ,
64 , , .
.
DS.

(, CS MOV). as88 , ,

- .
BSS, .
; ,
.data,
.code. title ( ),
.model ( ) .stack ( ). .com,
;
, 256
.
.WORD .BYTE ASCIZ TASM MASM DW ( ) DB ( ).
DB .
.
DUP;
, . :
LABEL DB 1000 DUP (0)
1000 ASCII-
LABEL.
,
PROC. , -
762 .
ENDP, . .
, , MASM, TASM
as88. ,
. , , .
C C++, ,
C. ,
as88 .
MASM, TASM as88 . MASM TASM
INT. INT 21H; MS-DOS.
AX (
).
, INT 16H BIOS INT 10H
. ,
.
UNIX, as88, .
/ (VT100) 2480 ANSI-.

UNIX Linux
X-window. Windows ansi.sys;
. . ..4,
.
;
,
.
,
. .
v, > () <
(). n (
) p ( ).
z, c.
.
. (=>).
,
. , .
, , (=>).
763
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. ,
, . , (
Enter).
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, .
8 . 11 ,
. ,
,
. ,
, :
.
.
, , . E, I, >. (->)
. read getchar
.
Enter.
(->).
, .
,
. .t,
.i. ,
764 .
, .
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(, pr)
:
1. (pr.s).
2. (pr.$).
3. (pr.88).
4. (pr.i).
5. (pr.t).
6. (pr.#).

. , ,
: ;
.

..7. ( ),
, q ( ).
, . , k k-
. ,
(!) X.
.7.
,! ,X
24
/T +#
g,!,
/start +5g
# T
/T +#
/start +5b
#
T
/T +#
/start +5c
#
T
108g
765
/buf + 6
+#
/D +#
/D +#
d,!
/buf + 6d
+#
R , CTRL L
g .
. ,
. /T
( +# ) , , T. g
,
.
/label: .

, . /label: g.
(..7 #),
.
b . b
.
, . , .
,
. c, ,
b, .
r, ,
.
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+,
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,
CALL. =
766 .
. n,
. LOOP;
.

, , . .
Solaris, UNIX, Linux Windows.
- www.prenhall.com/tanenbaum.
, Companion Web Site, , , , . zip-
assembler. . - Bigendnx,
LtlendNx MSWindos. assembler, ,
, .
UNIX (
Sun), UNIX (
Linux, ) Windows.
assembler
: READ_ME, bin, as_src, trce_src, examples exercise.
bin,
examples.
,
examples
t88 HlloWrld
.
as_src.
C, make.
POSIX-
Makefile, . Windows
make.bat. , , PATH
, as88 t88
. , t88 .
Windows 2000 XP
ansi.sys; config.nt :
device=%systemRoot%\System32\ansi.sys
:
Windows 2000 \winnt\system32\config.nt;
Windows XP \windows\system32\config.nt.
UNIX Linux .
767
8088, 8088
8088, . ,
as88. . ,
. ,

. , ,

. . , ,
examples .
.
Hello World
HlloWrld.s. .1
, ..5 .
(!) .
,
.
..5. .1
.1. HlloWrld.s
_EXI T = 1
_WRITE = 4
_STDOUT = 1
.SECT .TEXT
!
!
!
!
1
2
3
4
768 .
.1 ()
start:
MOV CX,de-hw
PUSH CX
PUSH hw
PUSH _STDOUT
PUSH _WRITE
SYS
ADD SP, 8
SUB CX,AX
PUSH CX
PUSH _EXIT
SYS
.SECT .DATA
hw:
.ASCII "Hello World\n"
de: .BYTE 0
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
.SECT 4 , , , .
, , 17, .
19 , 12 ,
(\n) .
5, 18 20 , (:).
, . . start
, 0,
( )
.
6. .
, 6 :
MOV CX,12
, , .
, , 19. MOV 6
de hw CX.
711
. , C:
write(1, hw, 12);

(1), (hw),
(12). 79 , , C
. 10
write (4), 11 .
UNIX ( Linux), -
769

. , Windows
as88 t88 , UNIX.
11 . 12
, ,
2- . write , AX. 13
11
, CX; ,
. ,
, , . 14 15 exit, 16; ,
EXIT, .
, MOV SUB , . ;
.
, , .
HlloWrld.s .
UNIX, Windows.
Linux, Solaris, MacOSX UNIX ,
UNIX. -,
( ). Windows

(Start Programs Accessories Command Prompt). ,
examples cd. .
, ;
ls (UNIX) dir (Windows).
as88 t88 . Windows
.exe, .
, .

as88 HlloWrld.s
examples,
, UNIX :
./as88 HlloWrld.s
Windows :
.\as88 HlloWrld.s

:
Project HlloWrld listfile HlloWrld.$
Project HlloWrld num file HlloWrld.#
Project HlloWrld loadfile HlloWrld.88
770 .
, .
,
t88 HlloWrld
,
MOV CX,de-hw
6 .1.
( Enter). ,

PUSH CX
CX , , 12.
, 000c 12.
, 12.
, 810.
, 000b.
, :
"Hello World\n"
, SP 0x7ff0. SP 8 0x7ff8. exit ,

.
, , hlloWrld.s
(
). UNIX ex, vi emacs; Windows
(Notepad),

(StartProgramsAccessoriesNotepad).
Word , .
19, , .
.

,
8088. genReg.s, start,
.2, ..6 7.
771
..6. : 7 ();
( )
.2. genReg.s
start:
MOV AX,258
ADDB AH,AL
MOV CX,(times)
MOV BX,muldat
MOV AX,(BX)
llp: MUL 2(BX)
LOOP llp
.SECT .DATA
times: .WORD 10
muldat: .WORD 625,2
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
4 AX 258:
MOV AX,258
AH 1, AL 2. , 5, AL AH , AH .
6 CX times (10). 7
BX muldat, 2, .
, ..6,. , AH
3, AL 2, AX 770; ,
3256+ 2= 770.
( 8) muldat
AX. ,
AX 625.
, AX 2BX ( muldat+ 2), 2.
MUL
DX:AX. (1250) , AX, DX .
7 ..6,.
AX 625, 80000.
AX, 32- , DX:AX; , DX 1,
772 .
AX 14464. , 165536+
+ 14464= 80000. , CX 4, LOOP . 10,
MUL ( LOOP) CX 4.
. AX, DX ;
, MUL AX (14464) 2 28928.
AX 28928, DX ,
.

vecprod.s , : vec1 vec2.
.3.
.3. vecprod.s
_EXIT
= 1
_PRINTF
= 127
.SECT .TEXT
inpstart:
MOV BP,SP
PUSH vec2
PUSH vec1
MOV CX,vec2-vec1
SHR CX,1
PUSH CX
CALL vecmul
MOV (inprod),AX
PUSH AX
PUSH pfmt
PUSH _PRINTF
SYS
ADD SP,12
PUSH 0
PUSH _EXIT
SYS
vecmul:
PUSH BP
MOV BP,SP
MOV CX,4(BP)
1:
MOV SI,6(BP)
MOV DI,8(BP)
PUSH 0
LODS
MUL (DI)
ADD -2(BP),AX
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
1
2
3
4
5
6
_EXIT
_PRINTF

inpstart
SP BP
vec2
vec1
8 CX =
9 CX =
10
11 vecmul
12 AX
13

14

15
PRINTF
16 PRINTF
17
18
19 EXIT
20 EXIT
21 vecmul(count, vec1, vec2)
22 BP
23 SP BP

24 CX

25 SI = vec1
26 DI = vec2
27 0
28 (SI) AX
29 AX (DI)
30 AX
773
ADD DI,2
LOOP 1b
POP AX
POP BP
RET
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

31 DI

32 CX > 0, 1b
33 AX
34 BP
35
.SECT .DATA
! 36
pfmt: .ASCIZ "Inner product is: %d\n" ! 37
.ALIGN 2
! 38
vec1:.WORD 3,4,7,11,3
! 39 1
vec2:.WORD 2,6,3,1,0
! 40 2
.SECT .BSS
! 41 BSS
inprod:
.SPACE2
! 42 inprod
vecmul;
SP BP, vec2 vec1 ,
vecmul . , 8
CX.
1 ( 9) CX ,
10. vecmul 11.
, , , , C
. , C vecmul :
vecmul(count, vec1, vec2)
CALL .
, 0x0011.
PUSH.
(BP) 22. BP , .
, 23 BP ; ,
.

.
. ,
, , .
,
2(BP). count 4(BP).
CX 24. 25 26 vec1 vec2 SI DI .

0. 27 0.
, 28, ..7.
( ) .
vec2 (0x0022); , , vec1 (0x0018) , (0x0005).
(0x0011). 1 , ,
774 .
. 1,
.
BP (0x7fc0) , 27. ,
, (
SP). ;
.
, 28. LODS SI AX. , LODS , ,
SI vec1.
,
t88 vecprod
:
/vecmul+7b
..7. vecprod.s
28,
,
, LODS. ( ,
.)
g

. ,
LODS.
29 AX . ,
MUL, DI
. ( )
MUL DX:AX.
30 , -2(BP). MUL
775
, 31.
DI vec2.
LOOP.
CX ,
, 1
28. 1b l
. AX ( 33),
BP ( 34) ( 35).

MOV ( 12).
, . printf
printf C. 1315 3 :
, , (pfmt)
printf (127). pfmt %d, , , ,
printf.
17 . 5,
,

MOV SP,BP
, .
,
, .
vecmul . vecprod.s
, . _EXIT
_PRINTF. syscalnr.h ,
.

, . , .
,
vec1. 3 .
, .
, , ,
, ,
, :
#include "../syscalnr.h"
776 .
, :
STDIN = 0
STDOUT = 1
STDERR = 2
, , .
,
. ,
,
.
arrayprt .4. ,
,
. 4

, 10. ( 59)
. 2225 .
.4. arrayprt
! 1
.SECT .TEXT
vecpstrt:
MOV BP,SP
PUSH vec1
MOV CX,frmatstr-vec1
SHR CX
PUSH CX
CALL vecprint
MOV SP,BP
PUSH0
PUSH _EXIT
SYS
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
.SECT .DATA
vec1: .WORD 3,4,7,11,3
frmatstr: .ASCIZ "%s"
! 14
! 15
! 16
frmatkop:
.ASCIZ "The array contains "
frmatint: .ASCIZ " %d"
! 17
! 18
! 19
.SECT .TEXT
vecprint:
PUSH BP
MOV BP,SP
MOV CX,4(BP)
MOV BX,6(BP)
MOV SI,0
PUSH frmatkop
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
777
PUSH frmatstr
PUSH _PRINTF
SYS
MOV -4(BP),frmatint
1: MOV DI,(BX)(SI)
MOV -2(BP),DI
SYS
INC SI
LOOP 1b
PUSH '\n'
PUSH _PUTCHAR
SYS
MOV SP,BP
RET
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
2730 , ,
3134 printf . 27,
33 .
PRINTF. 3739
putchar.
.
as88 arrayprt.s
28
arrayprt.$.
;
. 28
. 28 arrayprt.s - arrayprt.$
. 28 arrayprt.$ 7 arrayprt.s,
syscalnr.h 21 .
UNIX 28 arrayprt.$
head 28 arrayprt.$
28 . ,
.
, . ,
7 , SHR. ..2 :
. 7
:
SHR CX,1
, arrayprt.s,
arrayprt.$,
.
, ,
.
t88 arrayprt
778 .
, , . 3, 4, 7, 11 3,
3, 1024, ,
- .
, . ,
, 32 33.
. , SI ,
, ,
. , 35. SI
, 2.
, :
ADD SI,2
.
. vecprint .
, ,
vecprint, ,
RET 41. , . ,
40 :
ADD SP,10
POP BP
5 , vecprint;
BP, 22.

BP, , . . ,
, ,
, .

. .5 .6 , strngcpy.s reverspr.s,
examples.
.5. (strngcpy.s)
.SECT .TEXT
stcstart:
PUSH mesg1
PUSH mesg2
CALL strngcpy
ADD SP,4
PUSH 0
PUSH 1
SYS
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
779
strngcpy:
PUSH CX
PUSH SI
PUSH DI
PUSH BP
MOV BP,SP
MOV AX,0
MOV DI,10(BP)
MOV CX,- 1
REPNZ SCASB
NEG CX
DEC CX
MOV SI,10(BP)
MOV DI,12(BP)
PUSH DI
REP MOVSB
CALL stringpr
MOV SP,BP
POP BP
POP DI
POP SI
POP CX
RET
.SECT .DATA
mesg1: .ASCIZ "Have a look\n"
mesg2: .ASCIZ "qrst\n"
.SECT .BSS
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
.6. (reverspr.s)
start: MOV DI,str
PUSH AX
MOV BP,SP
PUSH _PUTCHAR
MOVB AL,'\n'
MOV CX,-1
REPNZ SCASB
NEG CX
STD
DEC CX
SUB DI,2
MOV SI,DI
1: LODSB
MOV (BP),AX
SYS
LOOP 1b
MOVB (BP),'\n'
SYS
PUSH 0
PUSH _EXIT
SYS
.SECT .DATA
str: .ASCIZ "reverse\n"
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
780 .
.5 .
stringpr, stringpr.s
( ).
, , as88
, , . , , .5,
as88 strngcpy.s stringpr.s
.6
. .
.5 , .
( 28) strngcpy
: mesg2 mesg1; .
strngcpy, 9 . ,
. 1013
; , 2730, . 14 SP BP . BP
. 26
BP SP.
REP MOVSB, 24 . MOVSB ,
SI, , DI. . REP ,
MOVSB;
CX 1. CX
.
REP MOVSB , 1522. , SI,
21; , DI, 22.
CX . ,
. MOVSB
, SCASB ( ).
, DI, AL
DI . MOVSB, . 15 AX AL, 16
DI, 17 CX 1. 18 REPNZ SCASB,

. CX,
REPNZ
, CX. MOVSB,
, CX
1 ( 1920).
781
, ,
. ,
.
23 25
stringpr, examples.
, .
,
.6, 1 . 3 , 4
(BP) . ASCII- ,
_PUTCHAR. : BP ,
SYS.
2, 6 7 DI, AL CX SCASB.
, , , AL .
, SCASB str \n,
c, .
REP SCASB DI, ,
. 12 DI 2;
.
, , , ; 10 ,
. LODSB
14 AL, 15
_PUTCHAR, SYS .
, 18 19, ,
_EXIT.
, , .
.
/str str .
, ,
.
, ,
. . 13, . b
15. , ,
e. r,

. , r,
, .
782 .

.

, syscalnr.h, 20. ,
, , 16, 36b. ,
start 2

/start + 14b

, .
.
, , ,
SYS. 8088 jumptbl.s,
.7.
.7.
.SECT .TEXT
jumpstrt:
PUSH strt
MOV BP,SP
PUSH _PRINTF
SYS
PUSH _GETCHAR
1: SYS
CMP AX,5
JL 8f
CMPB AL,'0'
JL 1b
CMPB AL,'9'
JLE 2f
MOVB AL,'9'+1
2: MOV BX,AX
AND BX,0Xf
SAL BX,1
CALL tbl(BX)
JMP 1b
8: PUSH 0
PUSH _EXIT
SYS
rout0: MOV AX,mes0
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
783
JMP 9f
rout1: MOV AX,mes1
JMP 9f
rout2: MOV AX,mes2
JMP 9f
rout3: MOV AX,mes3
JMP 9f
rout4: MOV AX,mes4
JMP 9f
rout5: MOV AX,mes5
JMP 9f
rout6: MOV AX,mes6
JMP 9f
rout7: MOV AX,mes7
JMP 9f
rout8: MOV AX,mes8
JMP 9f
erout: MOV AX,emes
9:
PUSH AX
PUSH _PRINTF
SYS
ADD SP,4
RET
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
.SECT .DATA
!
tbl: .WORD rout0,rout1,rout2,rout3,rout4,rout5,
rout6,rout7,rout8,rout8,erout
!
mes0: .ASCIZ "This is a zero.\n"
!
mes1: .ASCIZ "How about a one.\n"
!
mes2: .ASCIZ "You asked for a two.\n"
!
mes3: .ASCIZ "The digit was a three.\n"
!
mes4: .ASCIZ "You typed a four.\n"
!
mes5: .ASCIZ "You preferred a five.\n"
!
mes6: .ASCIZ "A six was encountered.\n"
!
mes7: .ASCIZ "This is number seven.\n"
!
mes8: .ASCIZ "This digit is not accepted as an octal.\n"
!
emes: .ASCIZ "This is not a digit. Try again.\n"
!
strt: .ASCIZ "Type an octal digit with a return. Stop on end of file.\n"!
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
strt, ( 47 ).
( 8 9). AX
5, ,
8 22 0.
,
AL. , 0,
13 ; . , 9, .
16 ASCII- , ASCII- 9.
, 17 AX
0 . BX. 18 AND , ,
784 .
0 10 ( , ASCII 0x30). ,
, BX 2 19.
20 .
BX tbl,
PC.
,
.
,
_PRINTF.
, , JMP
CALL PC .
, . ,
, ,
50. , , tbl, rout0, rout1, rout2 ..,
. 2-
1, 19. .
erout ( 4348 ). ,
. -, 43 ( AX).
_PRINTF.
, , .
rout0 rout8
AX, erout, .
, . , , ,
.

InFilBuf.s, .8, -. , ,
. , n n .
,
lseek read.
.
,
.
785
.8. ,

bufsiz = 512
.SECT .TEXT
infbufst:
MOV BP,SP
MOV DI,linein
PUSH _GETCHAR
1: SYS
CMPB AL,'\n'
JL 9f
JE 1f
STOSB
JMP 1b
1: PUSH 0
PUSH linein
PUSH _OPEN
SYS
CMP AX,0
JL 9f
MOV (fildes),AX
MOV SI,linh+2
MOV BX,0
1: CALL fillbuf
CMP CX,0
JLE 3f
2: MOVB AL,'\n'
REPNE SCASB
JNE 1b
INC (count)
MOV AX,BX
SUB AX,CX
XCHG SI,DI
STOS
XCHG SI,DI
CMP CX,0
JNE 2b
JMP 1b
9: MOV SP,BP
PUSH linein
PUSH errmess
PUSH _PRINTF
SYS
PUSH _EXIT
PUSH _EXIT
SYS
3: CALL getnum
CMP AX,0
JLE 8f
MOV BX,(curlin)
CMP BX,0
JLE 7f
CMP BX,(count)
JG 7f
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
786 .
.8 ()
SHL BX,1
MOV AX,linh-2(BX)
MOV CX,linh(BX)
PUSH 0
PUSH 0
PUSH AX
PUSH (fildes)
PUSH _LSEEK
SYS
SUB CX,AX
PUSH CX
PUSH buf
PUSH (fildes)
PUSH _READ
SYS
ADD SP,4
PUSH 1
PUSH _WRITE
SYS
ADD SP,14
JMP 3b
8: PUSH scanerr
PUSH _PRINTF
SYS
ADD SP,4
JMP 3b
7: PUSH 0
PUSH _EXIT
SYS
fillbuf:
PUSH bufsiz
PUSH buf
PUSH (fildes)
PUSH _READ
SYS
ADD SP,8
MOV CX,AX
ADD BX,CX
MOV DI,buf
RET
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
getnum:
MOV DI,linein
PUSH _GETCHAR
1: SYS
CMPB AL,'\n'
JL 9b
JE 1f
STOSB
JMP 1b
1: MOVB (DI),' '
PUSH curlin
PUSH numfmt
PUSH linein
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
787
PUSH _SSCANF
SYS
ADD SP,10
RET
.SECT .DATA
errmess:
.ASCIZ "Open %s failed\n"
numfmt: .ASCIZ "%d"
scanerr:
.ASCIZ "Type a number.\n"
.ALIGN2
.SECT .BSS
linein: .SPACE 80
fildes: .SPACE2
linh: .SPACE 8192
curlin: .SPACE4
buf:
.SPACE bufsiz+2
count: .SPACE2
!
!
!
!
107
108
109
110
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
, , , .
613 , linein.
, ,
. 3845. ,
39,
40. ( 113)
$s _PRINTF.
linein.

1420. open ,
, 9 28. , ,
fildes.
read lseek.
512 , buf. ,
(512 ), ,
( 123). , 21 SI
linh,
. BX
, , , 22
.
fillbuf,
8393. read
, AX.
CX,
788 .
. BX, 91 CX
BX. 92 DI;
,
.
fillbuf 24 ,
- .
25.
. \n AL
26,
REP SCASB .
: CX
.
\n, (
) linh. ,
BX , CX ( 2931 ). 3234 ,
STOS SI, DI,
STOS . 3537
,
CX .

. linh , , 0, linh+ 2 .. n
n
n+ 1.
,
, write.
linh,
n- n .
, 7.
getnum ( 46
).
linein ( 95103 ). SSCANF.
, curlin,
,
numfmt , , linein,
. , SSCANF
curlin. AX. 48;
8.
getnum curlin, BX.
789
( 4953 ).
, , (EXIT).
; BX 2
(SHL). 55
AX. CX
.
lseek;
,
. lseek ,
57 .
.
(32-) , ,
AX ( 58 59 ); 32- . 62
LSEEK, . LSEEK
, DX:AX.
(
65536 , - ), AX; , CX ( 63),
, .
. 6468 ,
1 7072
. ,
, 69, . , 73, ,
3 getnum.
, , Amsterdam Compiler Kit.

www.cs.vu.nl/ack. ,
: (Johan Stevenson),
(Hans Schaminee) (Hans de Vries).
(Ceriel Jacobs), ,
,
, (Elth Ogston),
.
, (Robbert van Renesse)
- (Ian-Mark Wams) PDP-11
Motorola 68000 .
. ,
,
.
790 .

1. AH AL MOV AX,
702?
2. CS 4.
?
3. , 8088.
4. , CS= 40, DS= 8000, IP= 20.
1) ?
2) AX
MOV AX, (2)?
5.

, CALL.
BP , .
; .
, ,
AX.
6. ..1 de hw.
. , de+ hw?
.
7. ,
:
=a+b+2
8. C- :
footbar(x,y);
, .
9. , , , ,
.
+, -, /.

A
ACL, 539
Acorn Computer, 66
ADSL, 153
AGP, 242
AMBA, 611
APIC, 231
Apple, 43
Apple Newton, 67
ARM7, 67
ASCII, 162
ASIC, 616
ASID, 499
ATA, 113
ATAPI, 113
ATmega168, 238
, 418
, 390
, 368
, 439, 442
, 369
, 391
, 396
, 405, 406
AVR, 69
AVX, 363
B
BBC Micro, 66
BGA, 237
BIOS, 112
BlueGene/L, 661
Blu-Ray, 130
BSS, 757
Burroughs-B5000, 40
C
Catamount, 668
CCD, 159
CC-NUMA, 645, 646
CDC 6600, 40, 88, 349
CD-R, 126
CD-ROM, 123
CD-ROM XA, 127
CD-RW, 128
Celeron, 64
CISC, 83
CMYK, 148
COLOSSUS, 35
COMA, 630, 653
Core 2 duo, 63
CoreConnect, 610
Core i7
, 416
, 492
, 360363
, 357, 358
, 386
, 387

8086, 386
COW, 631
CPP, 287, 304
CRC, 253, 615
792
H
DDR, 206
DEC, 38, 81
DIMM, 106
DIP, 183
DLL, 232, 584
DMA, 132
DMI, 231, 243
dpi, 149
DRAM, 205
DSLAM, 155
DSM, 627, 679
DSP, 596
DVD, 129
I
IA-32, 386
IA-64, 459464
IAS, 37
IBM, 38
IBM 360, 41
IBM 701, 38
IBM 704, 38
IBM 709, 29
IBM 801, 82
IBM 1401, 39
IBM 7094, 39, 41
IDE, 112
IFU, 318
IJVM, 270, 284
, 288
, 285
, 271
ILC, 567
ILLIAC, 36
ILLIAC IV, 629
ILLIAC-IV, 91
i-node, 534
Intel, 60
Intel 8255A, 259
Intel-8259A, 225
Intel Pentium, 62
IP, 614
IPC, 522
ISA, 133, 729
ISP, 158, 614
ISR, 452
Itanium 2, 461464
E
ECC, 108
EDO, 206
EDVAC, 36
EEPROM, 70, 207
EIDE, 113
EISA, 134
ENIAC, 36
ENIGMA, 35
EPIC, 462
EPROM, 207
EPT, 502
F
FAT, 536
FIFO, 485
FMS, 29
FORTRAN, 28
FPGA, 45, 208, 616
FPM, 205
FPU, 661
FSM, 320
G
GDT, 492
Google, 671
GridPad, 46
GUI, 44, 522
High Sierra, 125

HTML, 673
HTTP, 614
J
JOHNNIAC, 36
K
Kinect, , 145
793
N
LAN, 612
Latin-1, 164
LBA, 113
LDT, 492
LGA, 183
Linda, 682
, 683
, 683
, 682
, 682
Linux, 520
lpi, 148
LRU, 342, 484
LUT, 208
LV, 287, 304
NaN, 727
NC-NUMA, 645
NID, 154
NORMA, 631
NOW, 631
NTFS, 536
NUMA, 630, 645
Nvidia, 68
NVIDIA Fermi, 620
O
OCP-IP, 611
OGSA, 694
OLED, 141
OLE_LINK, , 478
OLE_LINK, , 614
OLE_LINK, , 173
OLE_LINK,
, 451
OLE_LINK, , 657
OLE_LINK, ,
689
OMAP4430, 234
, 418
, 497
omega, 643
Omnibus, 39
OPC, 304
Opteron, 665
Orca, 684
, 684
, 685
, 684
M
MAL, 295
MAR, 275
MBR, 276, 304
MDR, 275
MESI, 639
MFT, 539
Mic-1, 280
Mic-2, 323
Mic-3, 328
Mic-4, 333
Microsoft, 44
Microsoft Xbox 360, 55
MIMD, 629
MINIX, 520
MIPS, 83, 84
MIR, 281
MISD, 629
MMU, 480
MMX, 63
Motif, 522
Motorola-68000, 82
MPC, 281
MPEG-2, 608
MPI, 676
MPP, 631, 659
MTBF, 668
MULTICS, 491
P
PC, 287, 304
PCI, 134, 240
PCIe, 134
PCI Express, 134, 249, 250
, 251
, 253
794
PCI Express ()
, 251
, 251
, 251
, 254
, 252
, 253
, 253
, 252
PDA, 46
PDP-1, 39
PDP-8, 39
Pentium 4, 227
PGA, 183
PIO, 259
PnP, 247
POSIX, 520
POWER4, 45
PPE, 616
PROM, 207
PSW, 385, 496
pthreads, 543
PVM, 676
SIB, 403, 417

SID, 539
SIMD, 629
SIMD-, 91
SIMM, 106
SISD, 629
SLED, 115
SLR, 161
SMP, 625
SO-DIMM, 106
Sony PlayStation-3, 55
SP, 304
SPARC, 83
SRAM, 205
SSE, 63
T
TAT-12/13, 50
TCP, 614
TFT, 140
TLB, 366, 499
TLB-, 499
TN, 139
TOS, 304
TriMedia, 594
TX-0, 38
R
RAID, 115
RAM, 205
RAS, 667
RAW, 331
Red Storm, 665
RFID, 51, 52
RGB, 141
RISC, 44, 83, 84
ROB, 361
ROM, 206
S
Samsung Galaxy, 56
Samsung Galaxy Tab, 67
Sandy Bridge, 358
SCSI, 114
SDRAM, 206
Seastar, 666
Serial ATA, 113
U
UART, 259
UMA, 630
Unicode, 164
UNIX, 519
Berkeley, 519
System V, 519
, 586
, 542
, 542
, 586
USART, 259
USB, 255
USB 2.0, 258
UTF-8, 166
u-, 88
795
V
VAX, 81, 83
VCI, 611
VLIW, 592
VMCS, 502
VMX, 502
VTOC, 127
v-, 88
W
WAN, 612
WAR, 351
WAW, 351
WEIZAC, 36
Whirlwind, 38
Wiimote, , 144
Win32 API, 525
Win64, 525
Windows, 522
Windows 95, 523
Windows 98, 523
Windows 2000, 523
Windows ME, 523
Windows NT, 523
X
X3T, 667
Xeon, 64
X Windows, 522
Z
Zilog Z8000, 82
, 153
, 532
, 742
, 742
, 508
, 424
, 396, 406
, 408
, 742
()

, 742
, 413
, 407, 741
, 406, 741, 742
, 742
, 410
, 406
, 407
, 741
, 406
, 410
, 477
, 478
, 478
, 275
, 95, 732
, 742
, 494
, 35, 105
, 38, 79
, 430
, 140
, 175
, 175
, 26
, 24, 77, 190, 271
, 689
, 152
, 34

, 645
, 26
, 221
, 133
, 751
, 596
- , 24,
77, 190, 271
, 26, 80
, 105
, 390
, 26
, 88
796

, 153
, 216, 219
, 26, 556, 730, 756
, 757
, 757
, 757
, 730
, 756
, 758
, 730, 756
, 756
, 730, 758
BSS, 757
, 757
, 757
, 730
, 573
, 756
, 730
, 559
, 756
, 492, 573
, 35
, 173
-, 112
, 355
, 734
, 160
, 308, 402
, 96, 381
, 739
, 232
, 55
, 38
, 664
, 670
, 584
, 585
, 586
, 421
, 573
, 94, 710
, 357, 468
, 480
, 99
, 394
, 394
, 751
, 749
, 355
, 318
, 365
, 535
, 333
, 535
, 363
, 361
, 535
, 334
, 644
-, 69
, 152
, 761
, 614
, 38
, 175
, 175
, 366, 499
, 86
, 511
, 361
, 361
,
676
, 276

, 201
, 201
, 205
, 33
797
-
, 428
, 261
, 431
, 431
, 91
, 91
, 226, 453
, 23, 172, 178

, 134, 240
RAW, 331
WAR, 351
WAW, 351
, 141
, 109
, 500
, 21, 676
, 692
, 476
Core i7, 492
OMAP4430, 497
,
664
, 678
,
478
, 253
, 284
, 579
, 578
, 490
, 485
,
599
, 43
, 69
, 710
, 758
, 338
, 157
, 87
, 668
()
, 110
, 581
, 192
, 47
, 757
, 618
, 555
, 86
, 527
, 751
, 751
, 30, 475
, 483
, 30
, 421
, 618
, 555

, 462
, 42
, 105
, 757
, 500
, 659
, 228, 603
, 586
, 539
, 757
, 612
, 492
, 515
, 148

, 44, 522
, 737
, 146
, 751
, 749
, 28
798
, 137
, 681
, 734
, 659
, 730
, 710
- , 739
- , 94
, 566
, 742
, 186
, 180
, 186
, 658
, 539
, 534
, 531, 754
, 758
, 43
, 35
, 152
, 582
, 205

, 235

, 345
, 107
, 121
SSD, 119
, 480
, 784
OLED, 141
TFT, 140
, 138
- , 138
, 139
, 313
, 739
, 734
, 715
, 715
, 108, 127

, 630, 645
, 630
-, 630, 653
, 541
, 214
, 604
, 152
, 152
, 70, 71
, 123
, 110
, 604
, 138
PCI Express, 251

TCP, 614
, 214
, 183
, 689
, 48
, 65
, 708
-, 126
, 410
, 342
, 410
, 639
, 342, 639
, 109
, 351
, 351
, 410
, 342, 637
799
, 639
, 94
, 196
, 196
, 527
, 133, 432
D, 196
SR, 194, 195
, 195, 196
, 658
, 125
, 277
, 725
, 758
, 758
, 758
, 613
, 34
, 108
, 99
, 21, 80, 730
, 21
, 114
, 676
-
, 258
, 258
, 258
, 410
, 380
, 275
, 508
, 508
, 137
, 182
, 747
,
352
, 356
, 555
, 575
, 756
, 555
, 739
, 55, 56
, 539
, 107
, 174
, 173
, 736
, 736
, 505
, 141
, 408
, 742
, 742
, 534
, 735
, 140
, 140
, 182
, 40
, 42
, 155157
, 157
, 285, 287
, 157
, 253, 542
, 253
, 46
, 508
, 532
, 532
, 221
, 40
800
, 43
, 136
, 58
, 631
, 539
, 670
, 43
, 505
, 123
, 125
, 122
, 127
, 228
-, 94
, 98
, 271
, 108
, 162
, 402
, 385
, 101
8/10-, 253
, 164
, 99
, 164
, 732
, 173
, 511
, 659
-, 428
, 79
, 79
, 79
, 420
, 426
, 424
, 184
, 677
, 656
, 657
, 656
, 658
, 656
, 641
, 613
-, 121
, 126
, 127
, 128
, 124
, 123
, 187
, 26, 556
, 582
, 585
, 585
, 574, 756
, 574
, 55, 56
, 46
, 670
, 55
, 46, 47
, 590
, 56
, 44, 83
, 44,
83
, 26
, 26
, 57
, 86
Pentium, 88
, 344
, 328
, 320
, 320
, 320
, 578
-, 132
, 111
, 280
, 231
, 765
801
, 256
, 527
, 532
, 256

, 183
, 682
, 407,
741
-, 104
-, 104
, 656
, 122
, 40
, 546
,
600
, 55
, 659
, 521
, 359
, 637
, 637
, 639
, 639
-, 62, 103, 337
n-, 341
, 337
, 343
-, 340
-, 340
, 342
, 105
, 342
, 339
, 105, 337
, 342
, 34
, 146
, 739
, 113
, 494

, 153
, 152
, 153
, 569
, 182
, 182
, 504
, 338
, 338
, 758
, 612
, 492
, 122
, 108
, 284
, 563
, 562
, 563
, 562
, 30
, 564
, 564
, 761
, 720
, 539, 610
, 613
, 664
, 664
, 421
, 120
, 627
,
627
, 131
802
, 34
, 21
, 34
-, 37, 77
, 20, 729
, 108
, 614
, 599
, 730
, 757
, 758
, 426
, 295
, 161
, 82
, 53, 54
, 334
, 24, 323, 733
, 24
, 182
RFID, 51
, 210
, 761
-, 157
, 49
, 730, 756
, 681
, 41
, 599
, 600
, 599
, 602
-, 127

, 20
, 55
, 761
, 761
, 761
, 632
, 683
ADSL, 154
, 152
, 157
, 153
, 578

, 106

, 106
, 152
, 152
, 152
, 152
, 214
, 174
, 35
, 631
, 627
, 94, 625
, 216
, 184
, 93, 624, 630
, 646
, 625
, 137
, 48, 60
, 142
, 543
, 59
,
676
, 642
, 46, 47
, 182
, 726
, 630,
645
, 406, 741,
742
803
, 406
, 540
, 151
, 727
, 742
, 585
, 121
, 40, 60
, 723
, 380
()
, 406
, 739
, 508
, 205
, 205
, 205
, 29, 475
, 594, 684
, 421
, 422
, 525
, 222
, 491
, 121
, 127
, 710
, 694
-,
258
, 214
, 342, 639
,
410
, 722
, 532
, 542
, 482
, 721
, 721
, 287
, 58
, 522
, 618
, 618
, 147
, 452
, 596
, 342
, 410
, 378
,
97, 739
-, 105
, 555
, 575, 578
, 756
, 476
, 127
, 235

, 91
, 639
, 191
, 630
, 205
, 722
, 96
, 38
, 739
, 251, 613, 656

, 251
, 683
, 253
, 251
, 30
, 94, 193
, 492, 573
, 476
, 205
, 205
804
()
, 206
, 653
, 644
, 206
, 281
-, 207
, 85
, 85
,
676
-, 259
, 564
, 564
, 33
, 140
, 82
, 431
, 756

, 676
, 676
, 676
-, 128
, 641
, 755
, 363
, 451
, 749
, 749
, 320
, 218
, 611
, 109
, 56
,
46
, 82, 206
, 141
, 720
, 57
, 122
, 47
, 354
, 426, 751
, 214
, 356
, 182
, 110
-
, 582
, 490
, 251
, 639
, 658
, 643
, 221
, 604
, 178
, 189
, 252
, 435
, 153
, 188
, 381
, 604
, 685

, 97, 739
, 97
, 222
, 206
-, 123
, 207
, 207
,
207
, 410
-, 521
, 629
, 629
, 512, 542
, 442
, 511
, 108
, 404
, 465
805
, 132, 452
, 352
, 352
, 436
, 308, 402
, 534
, 381
, 214
OLE_LINK, , 259
, 259
, 214
, 25
,
525
, 146
, 146
, 150
, 150
, 149
, 150
RISC, 84
, 104, 483
, 653
, 578
, 576
, 637
, 485
, 343
, 345
, 348
, 20
, 730
, 555
, 756
, 132, 452
, 555
-, 582
, 408
,
45, 616

, 207
, 208
-, 428
, 231
, 25
, 25
, 26
, 512, 542
, 254
-
, 137
, 454
, 511
, 448

, 87
, 658
, 687
, 687
COMA, 654
, 331, 344
, 338
, 477
, 682
, 252, 614
, 614
, 639
, 639
, 614
, 637
, 614
, 213
, 566
, 426, 444
, 541
, 541
SIMD, 91
, 91
, 616
806
()
, 631, 659
,
592
, 76
, 633
, 406
, 132, 431
, 97
, 559, 730, 758
, 532
, 532
, 532
, 464
, 331
, 386
, 24, 384, 732
, 734
, 91
, 284
, 735
, 736
, 77
, 281
, 734
, 275
, 276
, 275
, 734
, 734
, 735
, 385, 736
, 407

, 741
, 574
, 742
, 742
, 406
, 205
8086, 386
, 30
, 381
, 381
, 386
, 137
, 444
, 426
, 659
, 331
, 541
, 483
, 380
, 380

, 604
, 604
, 604
-, 105, 337
,
658
, 34
, 116
, 627, 679

, 694
, 692
, 692
, 692
, 693
, 693
, 693
, 644
, 135
, 216
, 399
, 134
,
408
, 42, 606
, 203
807
, 42
, 142
, 635
, 527
, 532
, 348
, 487, 737
, 749
, 749
, 582
, 672
, 632
, 82
, 108
BSS, 757
, 757
, 757
, 515
, 137
, 57
, 127
, 154
, 616
, 659
, 664
, 644
, 612
, 656
, 612
, 642
, 631
,
643
, 151
, 203
, 276
, 203
, 591
, 730
, 625
, 153
D-, 196
SR-, 195

, 206
, 602
, 676
, 216, 218
- , 259
, 689
, 29
, 222
, 30
, 624
, 625
, 710
, 710
, 710

, 232
, 212
, 30, 475
, 25
, 342, 637
, 139
, 634
, 591
, 637
, 228
, 96, 739
, 99
, 385, 496
, 344

, 491
, 46
, 715
, 546

, 687
, 637
, 521
, 451
, 612
808
, 47
, 515
, 271
, 320
, 633
, 635
, 632
, 634
, 632
, 467
, 356

, 615
, 539
, 506
, 154
, 687
, 566
, 531

, 133
, 531
, 531
, 205

, 348
, 286, 287, 293

, 285
, 410
, 735
, 656
, 35

, 207
, 478
, 527
, 527
, 527
, 478
, 479
, 646
, 639
, 639
, 195
, 632
, 105, 339, 637

, 340
, 149
, 149
, 149
, 149
, 145
, 86
, 150
, 734
, 189
, 188
, 190
, 190
, 40, 59
, 88, 89
, 182
, 184
, 188
, 756
, 567
, 77, 287, 732
, 281
, 349
, 226
, 539
, 492
, 492
, 784
, 175
, 127
809
()
, 536
, 567, 573, 756
, 478, 495
, 192
, 119
, 532
, 136
, 150
, 231

, 739
- , 739
, 739
, 394
, 739
, 393
, 610
, 659
, 140
, 656, 678
, 520
, 579
, 765
, 665
, 135
, 24, 77, 271
, 38
, 174
, 174
, 174
, 174
, 214
, 555
, 21
, 730
, 196
, 174
, 81
, 407
, 736
, 754
()
, 388
, 732, 736
, 735
, 754
, 422

, 255

, 259

-, 258
, 253
, 281
, 691
, 22
, 524

, 25, 377, 729
, 555
, 692
, 253
, 693
, 24, 270, 313
, 24
, 25, 475
, 693
, 254
, 693
, 253
, 252
, 23, 172
, 23, 172
, 242
, 544
, 465

-, 258

, 231
, 203
, 637
-, 24, 77
-, 131
, 94
810
()
, 154
, 159
, 112
, 201
, 214
, 214
, 152
, 503
, 756
, 540
, 756

FAT, 536
NT, 536
, 564
, 66
, 252
, 478
, 160
, 140
, 532
, 742
, 748
, 748
, 385, 736
, 629
-, 110
-, 207
, 37
-
, 37, 77
, 564
, 490
, 485
, 45
, 426
, 256
, 50
, 444, 456
, 573
, 50
, 46
, 141
, 148
, 586
, 739
, 555
, 734
, 734
, 38, 76
, 58
--,
271
, 78
, 216
, 49
,
253, 615
, 110
, 153
, 159, 161
, 23, 172
, 210
, 38
, 263
, 152
, 152
, 149
, 149
, 708
, 726
811
, 723
, 714
, 393
, 331
, 38
, 114
, 179
. , 36
, 720
- , 138

, 207
, 138
, 448
, 174
, 43
, 49
, 682
,
710
, 758
, 39, 76, 133, 212
AGP, 242
PCI, 240
, 245
, 244
USB, 255
, 216, 219, 220
, 216
, 611
, 213
, 610
, 611
, 216, 218
, 212
, 215
, 153
, 623
, 623
, 497
, 585
, 606
, 556, 729, 756

, 555
, 26
, 555
, 555
, 20, 729
, 555
, 95
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Таненбаум Э. - Архитектура Компьютера (Классика Computer Science) - 2013

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32.973.

Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Sadle River, New Jersey 07458.

Prentice Hall, 2013

IA-64 Itanium 2 ................................................. 459

1964 IBM , : 7094 1401, , .

360 , 1401, , 1401,

( Commodore, Apple Atari)

1972 . Intel, 4004

PentiumPro PentiumII 36,

. 1.8. Intel Core i7-3960X. 2121

. 1.10. Nvidia Tegra 2

. , 16- 8086 8088 16 , 32- 32 . . . .

CISC. Intel, 486,

. 2.6. SIMD- Fermi

, . .2.9, 32- , ( SPARC IBM).

, 32- (,6) 110 ,

. 2.11. 1100(); ();

1 ( 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 -

. 2.14. 4- DIMM 256-

IDE- EIDE (Extended

Wide Fast SCSI

Wide Ultra SCSI

Wide Ultra2 SCSI

Wide Ultra3 SCSI

Wide Ultra4 SCSI

Wide Ultra5 SCSI

. DVD Digital Video Disk

. 2.28. PCIe PCI

. OLED (Organic Light Emitting

. 2.33. : 06(); 1420(); 2834();

Data Link Escape (

End of Transmission Block

. 3.5. : AB+ AC(); A(B+ C)()

.3.7,. , .3.6,, .3.7,.

. 3.9. : DIP (), PGA ( ) LGA ()

. 3.19. (); ();

. 3.31. FPGA (a); LUT

(80286), Intel 16, 4 ( 20

1333 . DDR3 64-,

DDR3. . 3.43 , Corei7 3

. 3.43. DDR3 Corei7

Texas Instruments OMAP4430

CISC- (, Corei7) RISC-

PCI, 1G Ethernet, USB ports PCI Express SATA.

, PCI- ( ) REQ# , GNT#. GNT#,

. 3.51. 32- PCI.

. 3.52. PCI Express

. 3.53. PCI Express (); ( )

. 3.56. EPROM, PIO 64

36. 64- , 200, 4 , 64- .

. F0 F1 , ENA ENB A B , INVA

JAM JMPC. , 8 MBR

IINC varnum const

MAL (Micro Assembly

SOURCE MDR, PC, MBR, MBRU, SP,

, 8 MBR MPC (. .4.5), . , MBR,

MDR = TOS = MDR +

MDR = TOS = MDR ;

MDR = TOS = MDR ;

MDR = TOS = MDR

MDR = TOS; wr; goto