hite Racis | Origin i WPa ear et ec a Co Fre eae esa De oe Ea Res Aa a geet pete er es ena HU eMac ammeter ert er Cen Peete ak ar mY ere ee Cen Pee eee uaa Re Ta Pe er PO we me er eee _ Ae et ei ie er seared Ar eC ea m at pS Reeth aes MR Dee Re ee PiSelrron cake ot ae erro Perera a ear oR ee Tre et eae ore Lue mara ee a Petco Lire eno Cages DOC Oe een otem ren UC cS Ree ROR er sere concur as ee UCC alae ee CGrUCuN Mem RL Kcar eRe seca a etary Dito cucu cee eer wer SAR re ac ac Rea Cerri Me Seen a oe Ion eects ‘i s ‘ J Si eanataiid teers cemiing European nomadic culture.2 Pretoria oat ee TST P i Structure) Is determined in thelr formative Peg gre eMC ra experlence as CA Reap Macca CR ee CT Poeaian Ea el AOL ek et eRe ana coca Ee ee UC a Cran alee mia a Pee a ad CC Rm eres oN Nal aR ater em at ‘ to cick eeere rine 2 PU eae ee Diop's ‘second ‘premise concems:. ihe Hee cca coe Me gt eet Sei ena opposite character of civilization In tha. two. Tre aA Cl moa tea Rau pn Cee cae CTT net re een eR Creer Say” eeu NR er ameneeed ose her gic ate corr Sty at Cae (atreg) * (European) ey Cee Matritineal Fy LS re oer ee tere} 3 ae occa ig 4s . Sa ice Collective, Xenophilic: . re : Piet err) MESS DC CCL Es : No rt heva zie le Europea nv) / Colurcae “yp halesegh y Reet we creepy Diop’s second premise states this opposite them. Diop’s work can be consulted fo character explicitly: further Information. € But our concern here nucasrnY tn passing trom South to North all Is the_xenephobic-athnocontrle social from « pe cultural values are overthrown and piiflesophy_whigh_becamawhite Zacigm, ‘ue 54, became opposite as the poles. To cum {NE problem of the 20th century. : "artery up, anclent Africa was opposed to pacism, A Mass Based Social ‘Seclee Europe in its conceptions of domestic (Mace Entosephy) nes et mMOsOhY crevseces We, state craft, philosophy,”etc. The stratiicatlon of tha two sociological Before continuing, we would like. to realities can be discemed there at distinguish between what we will call a ylile ras every level, In every epoch and In all Tass philosophy 7 and a theory. A theory Lass fieids.4 is produced and understood by a smaller S,O145 numMar_ol_people. The wassed seldom Po (o5 To explain this opposlts character Dlop know or understand Tt Contaillya mary | formulated his third and fundamental philosophy 1s a set _o SSIES possessed by everyday people, It nag ye nts of nomadic ite snd bacome pat of the behavTora pattern of ai; >=") those of settled iife provide all the of the people. White racism has the-lalter elements of an explanation which character and is therefore primarily a mast” makes, jt possible to clarity the philosophy, and secondarily @ theory. A; subject. ‘mass philosophy is the result of a common! Diop’s theory was formulated largely to experience shared by all and that Is why we disprove that of Bachofem, a European st Seek _white_tacism’s origins in an writer, who proposed a universal transition experleoce_camman_to whites In_ancient from promiscuty to matmarehy to pale, times 8 neither ar in all societies. Dlop’s two cradié Saw Nor understood. ' fy Instead links a matrilineal descent From Nomadism to Racism : | 1 system (not matriarchy in the “domination ' by women" sense) to Atrlcan agrarian Ife, White_racism originated. In_ pre-capitalist [2 -AM@a patrilineal descent system (which for Eufopean nomadism. It is from this Europe was equal to “domination by men”) Specific condition that the ethnocentric. to European nomadic~life. A_matrilineal xenophobic mentality of Europeans devel- Systemresulted trom the baiané@- economic PCM. This social philosophy or value aT eee econo: system became a mass philosophy after | soclely. Additionally, the Afilean was thousands of years of nomadic ev'stenca eftrusted with inheritance rights because 2nd In turn became white racism when the she remained at home and was therefore white race came In’ contact with Black and. ry jv . more stable than the man who was, even In other races of color Jand yellow) and: ey ae agrarian society, more nomadic than the dominated them. jor_to the actual ro i'4 fomale and more exposed to physical ang domination of white over Blacks, Lea! Usry.c 3: social risks, thus men and women had duting. the perlad of Black world domiy © \/7 complimenta fs In-Affican nance,” the _mentallty _couk be agrarian gociety. 8 aan extreme Individualism a! Y'17..( ) ; tack of tolearGs Torolner eultuar ()}s patstineal descent system resulted | (ethnoountram) and nurs Y! ei Taces_(etno iP tistorcaly from the lesser fola of Euro. So an gets Toa ot etter “races.¢ No household) pean women In nomadic life: The upkeep of /\(xenophobla. 4 —vecauseef= fine home as_a role was non-existent 4 Matnaclsiy| fole of whitel ‘The progression from nomadism to indlvid-l friale- 7 the European —_vallsm and xenophobla'Is logical ust as Is Aevalvecl (\womets only real jals-was piecreatlon, the Brogiassion trom agriculture tocollect devalued In Europedn vism and xenophilla (love, of strangers). i@ origins of European homosex- According to Diop: ype SE ety Campant in AnctentGreeca) and “The sedentaytteand the nomadic Mal" | CacPeal "“orostitution can perhaps be traced to this not only gave way to two types of] homesey: «igen. family but equally to two forms ot na re marcas chn Ae iclait State, Collectviem the focal | qi! example_is_logical_for_ those whose ism... i‘ - wy sualenance came [rom Tne So ene Agriculture demands cooperation on | See Sm HoTadS TS BSS Worship large SeaIE-Tor plant od. hanesting, Wiga-| | thelr ancestors by carrying the ashes Ww ions distribution etc. Eventually this! | ‘ ae a if 12 uw i]transcend even as it did In communal activity m extended family bounaaries, Egypt. it is known that the form of the Nile Valley demanded from the population from the time they Installed them- selves there, a general communal activity on the part of the nomes. and = all of the towns to. cope with natural phenomena such asthe floods of the rive, The obligation to-break ths Too- narrow isolating timits.of the primitive ~ family;that Is the clan; the necessity of having a strong ‘central power transcending the Individual and ¢o- ordinating the work, administrative and cultural unification, all this was + implicit in the material ‘congitions of existence. Thus, the primitive clans Soon merged to become no more than administrative divisions (the nomes). The state appeared with Its apparatus of government perfected to the small- est details, without our being able to frace, except through legend, an anterior existence of a period of nomadic life, and’ this is valid for Eoypt, Ethiopia and the remainder of Black Attica. Diop further contrasts this African develop- iment with that in Europe: nomadic style _of life makes family, am absolute entity, and autono- TH Its from an economic or other In Sddition, the head Of the family does not have to account for anybody, there is no authority nigher than his own, no religion above his, no morality outside p+ domestic morality. This situation, born eet dng ne aera he ifselt tor a Tong time after sedentarisa- tion. Fustel de Coulanges showed that Individual rights among_the_Arvans inclldual ats Se foundaiion of a iS-Tfe feason why, for a long time, the state had no power to interfere in the private fife of is to say that in Rome ¢ duriig-wiole centuries a” ‘slaves or sell them, wil ting acrime against the staié, washer Public authorit stanned ,at_the deot ofa —mants dat_the doot of a man's house. Individualism obviously to0k root early in Europe and predestined Europeans to develop Aighly” incividualistic competitive ineututions. and” philosophies such 2s capitalism and Darwinism. The practics assigning such development and qual to all peoples based on purely speculative arguments is unscientific and therefore Inexcusable. European Individualism prevented the unifl- cations of Its first body of civilized people from forming a nation. ‘The very nature of the institutions was opposed to the unification of the territories to form a nation... While the domestic Institutions of the Aryans elon ielr_own_nght, their political Institutions seem to have been borrowed from the outside. This particularism of Instituttons, which did not provide for the case of the foreigner, and the xenophobia which was a consequence of it, explains the frenzied patriotism of the Greco- fatins... the idea of a stranger being free and enjoying a juridical individu» ality never oécured to the Greco-latins. To kill a stranger ‘crime; the laws mi is 56, he_-was unable to lay_a_complaint against anyone and could not be tried by any tribunal. A man was a man only at home. a rie ging Liner eer rn ity is an example at this, which even ‘colonization was not able to destroy. Here is the reason for the basically open door policy of African society which was the great historian Chancellor Williams_felt_ was.a fatal flaw, But whose origin Te was: not able to Tully explain, Individual right and xenophobia was basic values in the European cradle, even in Settled white society. Nomads must have possessed these traits in even cruder form. Such people would be embryonic racists whose reaction to a Black race would be paranoie, such as it was in East india, however, we must keep in mind that the contact of the barbaric whites or even partially civilized ones like the early Greeks ith cosmopolitan sophisticated Blacks Such as Cushites, Nubians, and Egyptians would not produce racism. It would produce instead a powerful feeling of Gultural and technical inferiority in_ the fmnites. The etnocentric-xenophobic mass philosophy would remain suppressed by the objective reality but reinforced by the Somestic. institutions that persisted in Concrete form (religious rites, legend, traditions, etc.). If whites came to power (Such as in East India) these attitudes Would flower into racism. Institutions 23Env Factors sree UO borrowed from the Blacks would have acism super Imposed on them, thus, the African skill-determined caste ‘system In pre-Aryan East India became a racist institution. This type of racism didn’t occur in Africa or in areas conquered by Africans due to the social structure of African society which prohibited the development of racism and of capitalism even when conditions favorable for their evolution were present. The Capitalist Origin/Socialist Destruction Myth’ Marxist, socialist, and_many_non- Marxian social &c a first is that racism prpeqded capitalism (the subject of this papebl. Evan exponents of the capitalist origin theory usually show y begat racism before capitalism exisiea-othe second Ts tmar tre-eaprtaliam <-originpremise does not explain the mass character of racism in several European countries which speak gical apatites and have different cultures. Gobineau's eory never reached the essentially [iter Sa whte masses ienietine 1 goblets other theories cannot account for: third criticism has been. stated, European languages are anti-Black, There has not been enough time since capitalism began for ail these different langdages to rave acquired this same chancia Pode if the reason for racism was conquest then all conquered people should have been judged equally inferior, They were not. Orientals were considered strange, exotic, and even barbaric but not unintelligent (except, Ironically, by Karl Marx and a few others). Yellow people were considered to be less inferior than Blacks because they were less Black, not simply because they weren't conquered or were conquered to lesser degree. (Oe filth criticism deals with the conten- fon that the elimination of capitalism will eliminate racism. AB others have noted, even if capitalism were racism’s mother, elimination of capitalism would not neces- sarily mean elimination of racism. At! iving things are capable of reproduction, but the children survive after the parent dies, often changing thelr nature in ‘doing #0. Tocay js tity. rooted in’ the Waite Tuasses._contsanly= capitalism 78 Not average white does not understand what 24 capitalism is nor can they practice it, they can practice racism which Is ‘reitt forced by their whole culture. A change to ~ another political system (dictatorship the white proletariat for example) will not alter the collective mentality of a. give people in any reasonable period of time, There are considerations. White workers, whom socialists claim are not realy racists, do not perceive it to be in thet; interest to ollminate racism. As the USA.“ declines, whitos will reason that @ minonty © Black population ts expendable. A genoct = dal war against Blacks would appear to b an easy solution for an already armed, organized white popuiation. 16 “Under = white-dominated socialism protest in any © form about racism will be outlawed ay = against the ‘revolution (as in Cuba). © Meetings among Blacks for any reason wil © be legal. Many of the superstructure of § capitalism can be placed on a_sociallet base without serious modification of ‘th former, Just as can be done with a house, In any'event, we are doomed if we place £ ur survival nthe hands of any white Soy. People struggle in their own interests, We | 2 z must struggle in ours. Wo have established a theoretical explana- tion for the origin of racism. We will now discuss_a_concrete exam! Lene ‘talist racist system established by whites, ‘ast lndia,complete with a racist j 4a ry for good measure, aoe DOF good measure. East Indla— Racism not Caste the structure of East Indian society today is 4 a powerful argument for a a rtin of white racism. The oppression of the the Blackest East Indi the lo te In that ig identical tothat of Black: Tonial society ant femost t cr [on 3 aie interest unsaid fend eae Be any f strong evidenca however. The racial inter = actions in Acient Egypt, so well analyzed 2 by Chancellor Williams, the writings of Al Jahiz in the ninth century A.0. (before 3 capitalism) concerning racist white Arabs, 4 the racist remarks of persons such as ibn Khaldoun, the great deception about the theft of Africa civilization by the “Greeks, and the structure of Arab countries today 2 demonstrate our main thesis. But East : India is the clearest modern example of an - evolved ancient racist system, even though the original Aryan invaders are no longer, strictly white in color because they are @numerical minority in a Black land. Gur main source of information is+a work by two East Indian writers, G.P. Malalas- kera and K.N. Jayatilleke entitled “Bud¢- hism end the Race Question.” The rationale for the study is given in the preface. “The reason why Mr. Malalaskera and Mr. Jayatilleke have confined themselves to this particular aspect of the subject is that like many historians and sociologists, _thi attribute the origin _of the caste ib 2 sysiem, at latje measure, to aL A AN ener iy Lda. bes Op Puck ‘the autors of this booklet rightly ress the close analogy existing, ih various countries, between differ- thas (5 5 ent racial groups. The resemblance Synorowo us WI Mis particularly striking when it comes Voces to the behavior of those who clai superiority on the strength of mem- bership of a privilege caste, the color of their skin, or even the type of their hair. 17 ‘The authors then review two studies done on castes, one on blood type and one on nasal indexes, and they state: The blood types of these two groups are quite different and differences like these were also found in six other gene-determined characters. They are in fact at least as different in these traits as American whites and American Negroes.....18 This is important. In_most cases, the upper_caste is no longer a, true European type, but tf in Blood_type between Zasies fas remained. Soon a relative basis (which is all that matters) the two castes, and others as well, functions as though they represent two races. The authors then refer to a study by another historian. It is interesting to note that Risely, who argued for a racial origin of caste, observed after comparing the nasal indexes of some of the caste of Hindustan that the order of graduation established by means of the nasal index is substantially the same as that of social precedence.'9 The nasal index per se does not mark a person as Black or white, but we are trying t wut that_an original discernable fern n bland yee anc nasal dex tas beer-maintained and is related to the ies facism) in that society. The preceding has és that race 3 and caste are functionally equivalent, would therefore expect a theory of racig to be present to compliment the practice (9 yacism. In tact there was such a theory. East Indian Racism Theory H East India's theory of racism was due tq) two ancient teachers, Purana Kassapa ang Makkhali Gosala. Their racist theory was biatant. i There is however, a philosophical theory of racism héld by some of the religious teachers in the Buddhas time which is mentioned and crth: sized in the Buddhas texts. It Ig associated with two teachers both of whom denied free will to man, One was Purana Kasapa who denied man’s capacity for moral action in virtue of the fact that he had no tree will. The other was Makkhali Gosala, who denied both free will and causa- tion and argued that beings were miraculously saved (ahstu appaccuya Satta Visujjhanity) or doomed. They argued that human beings belonged to one or another of six species {abhijatl) or specific types; in vinue ‘of which they had certain genetic constitutions, physical tralts and habits and ‘psychological natures ‘which they were incapable of altering by their own will and effort, The six types were designated by six colors. They were the black species Kana- habhijati). the blue species, the red species, ‘the yellow species, the white species, and the pure white species. Whether these colors de noted differences in their physical complexion Is not clear, but that they were genetically different in physical and psychological types Is ‘what is implied by the classification. To the black species belonged the butchers, towlers, hunters, fisher man, dacolt and executioners and ‘all those who adopt a cruel ‘mode of living. They were incidental- ly, among the lower castes and their complexions was on the whole the darkest. The other five types differed in virtue by their degree of wicked- ‘ess of saintliness, which was not in their power to alter. The pure white Species were considered to be the perfect saints, though their saint- liness was considered to be natural to them as much as their physical constitutions and was in no way achieved by any effort or will on theif part 20 eA£ } k i E This theory makes that of Gobineau appear mild by comparison and demonstrates clearly that Gobineau's theory was not the first of its kind In history. The opposition of Buddhism to such ideas was. natural being that Buddha was apparently’a Black, Egypto-Nubian priest who would automat. cally oppose an anti-Black doctrine.21 The racist theory even clearly accounts for the intermediate position of red and yellow persons who were probably the result of misegenation. Recent colonial and neo- colonial society exhibit this same charac- teristic. In Portuguese colonies It is the mulattces, in East Africa and parts of t Carribean’ itis Eest Indians who migrants from the lighter skinned upper classes of East India, We have established that the caste system is functionally equivalent to a racial system and that a theory. of racism existed bt essence of racism Is the reduction of the despised race to Subhuman status, East Indian culture Gemonstrates this quality. A particularly revealing passage describing the official view of the Sundras (relative ‘iggers) in East Indias points this out: The members of the lower castes were considered to be physically ugly, loathsome, and deformed: the chandalas....are ‘described as-black, ill featured, hunched back, a prey to many diseases, purblind ‘or with a crooked hand,’ fame or paralyzed, while the higher castes the Ksatriyas, (rulers)....are described as hand- some, fair looking and charming, But much’ more reprehensible is the fact that the Sundras (lowest castes, out-castes) were in the opinion of the high castes, by birth and nature Intetlectually and morally deficient as well. As Ghurye observes; Manu declares foundly that a Sundra cannot commit an offense causing lose of his caste so degraded was he.22) We come toa key phrase: ‘The Sathpatha goes so far as to say that a Sudra (outcaste) Is _u itself. (emphasis mine)e> We stiouid like to stop and compare this phrase, and those preceding it, with a Bassage from a book which describes colonial African society as constructed by the white settier: <.-85 if to know the totalitarian character of colonial exploitation the settler paints the native as a sort of quintessence of evil...He represents not only the absence of values, but Sigo the depution of valusee Ne tet is sare aaal_the_ enemy” of values, afd Th this sense he 1s-the wuuee. ‘The similarity of these statements Is significant. In both cases the identification of the Black element with evil (as opposed to'being product of evil influence) is total and complete. Here we witness an exact Identity of two systems separated by several thousand years and miles but linked to a common creator, white nomads from the northem cradle, the most recent one possessing technology and the ancient one a barbarian, In the area of politics, severe restrictions were placed on the Sundras: It was unthinkable, In the o higher castes, that the members of the lower castes should be consider ed fit to govem and administer (the duty of the Kystriyas) or to render the rulers advice (the duty of the Brahmins). Even if a Sundra mene tions the name and class of the twice born arrogantly, an iron nail ten fin- gers long shall be thrust red hot into his mouth. If he proudly teaches Brahmins (priests) ‘their duty the king shail cause hot oil to be poured Into his mouth and into his ears.25 There is a close parallel here with the contention that the continental African or the African bom in the U.S.A. cannot govern himself. Here also it Is indicated that the Sundra at times did these very things for which punishment had to be prescribed, just as colonial Blacks often "got out of their place.” In the area ot economics, the laws (actually taker from the Laws of Manu) were equally harsh: In ancient India especially in those tegions where Brahminism most strongly prevailed, the Sundra was not only considered the servant of another, but also regarded as one who could be expelled to do servile work. For he was created by the self existent to the slave of a Bran min....A sundra though emanci- pated by his master is not released from servitude, since that is inate in him, who can set him free from it? "26 ‘The parallel with attitudes of whites in Africa and America toward enslaved Blacks is clear. A slave in America couldalso be killed by another white without Punishment because a slave was below Property and considered a slave by nature, yet, this system we are now describing since a free si ae infact In America: (This systam obviously isnot unique to capitalism but !s unique to a alien people, Le Europeans, whl.) it might be argued by some that these severe attitudes developed only after attitudes had hardened in ancient India from long periods of conflict. This Is not true. The caste restrictions were simply a tore advanced state. of funsamental ‘ually. We return tothe authorer ‘The strength of the racial hypothesis lies in the fact that It can expiain so many factors of castes prejudice; the Rigveda sometimes. ges vivid ac. counts of what the Aryan felt among the Aborigines among whom he had to settle down. One hymn says: “We are surrounded om all sides by Daysu tribes, They do not perform sacri- fices; they do not belleve in any- thing. They are not men! Kill them. Destroy the Dasa race.” We find here the usual pre-conditions of racial Prejudice. preceded that inthe he chepots by noerty three | would agree with all but one term pre-conditions! Here we find not even something as mild as racial prejudice, but racial hatred in fact. The basis of! this hatred (or fear and an etnocentric-xenopho- bic mentality to be accurate) was racial and cultural: ‘The migrant invaders have encoun- tered a tribe of people who are considered to be racially and cultur- ally different: “The -physical differ ences are striking. The Aborigines are dark skinned and noseless (anasa). They have a differnt lan- Quage and a different religion, in short a different culture...they were devoid of Vedic rituals (ahar-man), ‘not worshipping Vedic gods (adeva- yo), non-sacrificing (ayajvan), phal lus’ worshippers (sisna-devah), law- less (evrata)...28 Obviously, the attitudes came with the Aryan and only became codified into law after conquest was complete. Clearly the Invading Aryan brought the same attitudes, Set up the same system and used the same methods of oppression whether in India, colonial Africa or the disapora. 28 ‘Some are of the opinion that the East Indian ‘caste system was formed long before the Aryan arrival. Diop himset maintains that in essence the East Indian caste system was an African system which was based on the four basic divisions, i.e,, the agrarians, the skilled persons, and the Priests, and’ the King but, we shoulg distinguish between Diop’s contention of a caste system based on function as a African system with an agalitarian struc ture, and the obvious racial and other determinants and modifications imposed perhaps on that caste system by the invading Aryans. In fact he states the case correctly when he asserts: ‘Thus, this caste system seems to result from a recent transformation of Indian Society with the decline of Dravidian supremacy.23 This Is true, the decline of Dravidian supremacy began with the conquest by the Aryans, and therefore we agree with Diop concerning absolute origins, but we con- tend that the East Indian caste system we are familiar with was based on race, as Is ebvious from the word used to designat caste in East India: “Vama," which literally means “skin color’: If there is a basic similarity between the nature of caste prejudice and discrimination and of racial preju- ices and discrimination, and if It is, likely that it was these racial Prejudices which became concealed in the caste prejudices of a later day~ to which the word for caste of ‘varna" which means “skin color" still appears to bear witness— then In the combating these latter preju: dices we are dealing with the problem of racism in another form, and objections against either caste or racism would be ipso facto objections against the other.20 ‘The indications at this time are that the world “vama” or at least its skin color interpretation by the Aryans of ancient India was not used by the indigenous population to designate caste. If, the caste system preceded the invasion by the Ayran, then knowledge of the word for caste prior to the use of “varna” would enable us to determine exactly when and why “vara” feplaced this word. (It is unlikely that Alricans used “vara” to designate caste in skin color sense). Reference to African settlement of early East india will clear up this confusion. Our opinion at this time is that the present hard caste lines in East& India were rest. of the effects of Aryan racism on an Ajrican caste system which was skilled determined. The caste system even today, is identical with a racial system and this ‘identity with racist systems outside East India Is due to a common origin; the European, who's attitudes were forced in nomadism, their first experiences asa people. The Origin of Capitalism Since it has been postulated by many (If not most) that capitalism is racism’s ‘mother, a brief explanation of the origins of capitalism would be instructive. Dioo’s two cradle theory indi igm fad _ its origin: fn ividualism. Europe, never went through comminal period (as Marx errone- ‘ously contended). The moment they settled down to the land, it was on an individualis- tic basis. Feudalism differs little from capitalism in this respect. The principal of slavery_and_private ownership of the meat of BrSUueton® wee” peau to Greste jas_tO feudal an falist Europe, aan are closely related Te mentality of a capitalist: Grime violence, war and a taste for isk, $0 many sentiments bom of the climate and the early conditions of existence all predisposed the Aryan world, extracrdinary as this may appear, to 0 great historical dest any.3t (emphasis mine) This historical destiny was imperialism and capitalism, “imperialism being si world wide “manis of In ancient Africa. Diop commented on this in ancient Egypt: The labor force was therefore free and contractual in urban of rural communities, comparable in that respect to ‘workers In capitalist countries. In this. second” form capitalism could appear and as a matter of fact there was a marginal capitalism with the appearance of a business class who rented land in the countryside and hired hands to cultivate it. Like the farmers of Europe, their sole aim was to amass huge profits, the same business < pratices were carried on in the citles.... Apparently, the only safer ‘Quard to prevent these practices from developing Into a strong capitalism was the practically inalienable rights of the Egyptian citizen. This was a special feature of the juridicial organization and the Egyptian ethical code.32 So, the agrarian development in Africa. prevented the growth of capitalism even when conditions existed for its develop- ment. Remember that slavery was neces~ ‘sary for true capitalist development, and that is why Marx and Engels stated It so unequivocally. Africans never developed ased economies Such aS Grescian, European, and American oni 3S, ‘ever deveiopen—capialis Much hee work is needed ia this, aréa, Suffice it to say that Eugpean gamuciemapoeatso bs the fundamental determinant j fevel- opment of European Inparaiion’ era capitalism. Footnotes on page 72 — Caitgllama. Snagit sca atyetesialon of uragean Saale este. tion of European individualism. ihe quail, Vullndiela Woboga has been involved In jn ties relating to crime, war, and risk Black St A eat o cnduircuali tes roa the "gangster “monialy “oY the Black Struggle since the sit-in days. He was an integral part of the BSU move- Wapenabian oe Wiling te sol-onermw eatiaciesiaetane ment and has worked with erie Cooney “Tuasadistao Oe ras Ta SST ee eR nae years. He is also a physical Ape Ora aoe ee ee ‘at Chemist, Musician, and Historian. His cabtalsmand-iiperanem- woud Tesut fr ion of qualities especially When cnugied wih 19s" erease= soph only other publication to date is “Fanon’s 4-Stage Path of Decolonization” in Kitabu created by slavery, Africans did not develop capitalism be Cha Jud Summer edition, 1974. He resides with his wife Nozipo and daughter Cause of the structure of African Society, _Enitianwa in California. He attended the Both Chancellor Williams and Diop have Stated that elements of capitalism existed sixth Pan African Congress as a science delegate in 1974.Worldview con'd from page 43 7 The history of Russian and Chinese Involvement in Africa is a complex one, To fully grasp the complexities of this Involvement would, indeed, require {travel and much study of original documents. However, from the sources available, the Sino-Soviet policy in Africa seems to be of a triangular nature, that is, the USSR, China and the USA are bouncing from policy to policy, stalled by cutdated ideology yet continuing to play catch with each other hoping to win the biggest prize in the world— Africa, Most foreign policy is profit motive whether it be capitalist or communist. That is to say that othing is put in without expectations of a greater return. However, on the surface what is different between the threa super powers in Africa Is style and performance. It Is true that of the three powers the Chinese are more “people” oriented and are in greater emphathy with the complex problems facing the new nations. The USA, as well as USSR, are considered advance . technological nations and come to Africa and In doing so, miss the oppor tunity to really be of aid in a meaningful way. The great Uhuru Rallway is an example of this, After all of the rhetoric, after the exchanges of paper and pencll, after smiles, lles and countless handshakes, after the internationalism, one worldism and human beingism, what remains are the children who must go beyond the limitations of the adults, what remains Is the people. What remains “Is the responsibilty of every government to look after the Interests. of their country as they see them." This too has been the case with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China. Footnotes on inside back cover, ae pe pent el a tne a perro ater GeneScreen nr nsession . Romer ORS cee oer ee Th Clan of Rant Has R-Madhnbe tb poh by Td Wat Prin Fob 397. Footnotes trom Wobogo's articl 1. Teter “eee toegh thelr of enh masa A, (Soot ening tami Ae cate 2 Te eercontonatie thn of De. Face Weng 6 epee {Duncan cpa cera s engetng a howe 3 ats Asta Dip “The Calne Un of Mepe Afin” Pree ‘Menae, Pc 49. 4 CA. 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Se pal serge bot ft och o be soe Laie Soe ‘eae The wl kners spe Buch and espn Tome feats Eg stan prado ree bag {shes tk aor athe et oe else + Gad Tene {Sula bred a he by tes now ane e 2 Wie 23 tip, 2. Fah Fee “The Wrecad ofthe Eat", 3 28 suddham and the Ree Queen”. 3. 2 ie, 2d pe 28 tid pp at 29, Cth Ans Diep Tae An Onn of Cato, Lane (orp. 27, Fonte 2, Budehiom and the Ree Quan, 7.3931, 31, Chet tn Dep. "The Cael ey of rar Ain 8 32 Cho Aa Dip, “The Aces Ont f Cran”.