Разработка Linux Приложений

-
-
2012
681.3.06
32.973.26-018.2
60
. .
60
Linux-. .: -, 2012. 432 .

( )
ISBN 978-5-9775-0747-9
Linux: bash tcsh Tk, glib, GTK+ dialog,
C/C++ Linux:
gcc, / Linux, , /,
. TCL.
, gdb
gprof.

681.3.06
32.973.26-018.2
:

.
.
30.09.11.
70 1001/16. . . . . 34,83.
1200 .
"-", 190005, -, ., 29.
-
77.99.60.953..005770.05.09 26.05.2009 .
.

" ""
199034, -, 9 , 12
ISBN 978-5-9775-0747-9
. ., 2011
, "-", 2011
.......................................................................................................................... 11
I.
...................................................................................... 13
1. ...................................................................... 14
1.1. /etc/shells ....................................................................................................................... 14
1.2. sh ............................................................................................................................ 15
1.3. csh .......................................................................................................................... 16
1.4. ksh .......................................................................................................................... 16
1.5. bash ........................................................................................................................ 17
1.6. zsh ........................................................................................................................... 17
1.7. tcsh ......................................................................................................................... 18
1.8. ash .......................................................................................................................... 19
1.9. ..................................................................................................................... 19
2. bash ................................................................ 20
2.1. bash ....................................................................................................................... 20
2.2. bash................................................................................. 22
2.3. , ! ........................................................................................................................... 23
2.4. ...................................................... 23
2.5. ........................................................................................... 25
2.6. bash ...................................................................................................................... 25
2.7. ...................................................................................................................................... 26
2.8. ............................................................................................................. 27
2.9. .................................................................................................................................. 28
2.10. ............................................................................................................. 28
2.10.1. .............................................................................. 28
2.10.2. ........................................................................................... 29
2.10.3. .......................................................................... 30
3. tcsh ......................................................................... 31
3.1. tcsh ................................................................................................................ 31
3.2. tcsh ............................................................................................ 32
3.3. tcsh ................................................................................................... 33

3.3.1. , .......................................................................... 33
3.3.2. ......................................................................................... 36
3.3.3. tcsh ......................................................................................... 36
3.3.4. ............................................................................................ 38
if ................................................................................................. 38
if..then..else ................................................................................ 39
foreach ......................................................................................................... 40
while ............................................................................................................ 41
switch ........................................................................................................... 41
3.3.5. tcsh .......................................................................................... 42
4. dialog: ................ 45
4.1. ........................................................................ 45
4.2. ............................................................................................... 46
4.3. .......................................................................................................... 47
4.4. ............................................................................................................................. 49
4.5. ....................................................................................................................... 51
4.6. : .......................................... 52
4.7. .......................................................................................................... 54
4.8. ............................................................................................................................... 55
4.9. ............................................................................................................. 56
4.10. ........................................................................................... 57
5. gcc .................................. 60
5.1. .................................................................................................................... 60
5.2. gcc ...................................................................................................................... 61
5.2.1. .............................................................................................. 61
5.2.2. Linux ................................................................... 62
5.2.3. .................................................................................................... 63
5.3. ........................................................................................ 65
5.3.1. .......................................................................... 65
5.3.2. Makefile ..................................................................................................... 66
II. C LINUX....................... 59
6. . ................................... 71
6.1. ............................................................................ 71
6.2. ....................................................................................... 73
6.3. .................................................................................... 75
7. ............................................................................... 78
7.1. ............................................................................... 78
7.2. ? ............................................................................................................ 78
7.3. .......................................................... 80
7.4. ...................................................................................................... 81
8. / Linux ....................................................................................... 83
8.1. /. / ................. 83
8.2. C / ................................................. 85
8.3. / ................................................................................................ 89
8.3.1. / ........................................................... 89
8.3.2. creat() ............................................................................................ 92
8.3.3. : open() read() .................................................... 93
8.3.4. write() ............................................................................................ 95
8.3.5. lseek()............................................................................................. 97
III. .......................................... 99
9. .................................................................... 100
9.1. Linux.......................................................................................... 100
9.1.1. .................................................................................................. 100
9.1.2. ............................................................................. 102
9.1.3. top: ........................ 105
9.1.4. nice renice: ....................................... 107
9.2. system() .................................................................................................................. 107
10. .................................... 109

10.1. ............................................................................................ 109
10.1.1. ................................................................ 109
10.1.2. fork() .................................................................................................. 111
10.1.3. exec ........................................................................................ 113
10.2. wait(): ........................... 117
10.3. ........................................................................................................... 119
10.4. ................................................................................. 120
11. ................................................................. 122

11.1. ............................................................................................................. 122
11.2. pthread_create() .................................................................................................. 123
11.3. ....................................................................... 126
11.4. : pthread_exit()................................................ 128
11.5. : pthread_join() ....................................... 129
11.6. ..................................................................................... 132
11.7. ............................................................................................................ 132
12. ...................................................................... 133

12.1. .................................................................................................. 133
12.2. ................................................................................................................................ 133
12.3. FIFO ...................................................................................... 137
12.4. ........................................................................................................... 140
12.4.1. System V ........................................................... 140
12.4.2. .............................................................. 141
12.4.3. ................................................................................ 143
12.4.4. ........................................................................... 145
12.5. ........................................................................................................................... 149
12.5.1. ............................................................................................. 149
12.5.2. ....................................................................................................... 149
12.5.3. ................................................................................... 150
12.5.4. ..................................................................................... 151
12.5.5. .......................................................................................... 152
12.6. ......................................................................................... 154

12.6.1. ....................................................................................................... 154
12.6.2. .............................. 154
12.6.3. ............................................................................... 156
13. .............................................................................. 158

13.1. ....................................................................................................... 158
13.2. lsmod, insmod, modprobe ................................................................................... 159
13.3. ..................................................................................... 161
13.4. ........................................................................................................... 162
13.5. ........................................................................................................... 165
13.6. ...................................................................................................... 168
13.7. ................................................................................................. 172
13.8. ................................................................................. 172
13.8.1. ..................................................... 172
13.8.2. , .......................................... 173
13.8.3. .................................................................................... 174
13.9. .................................................................................................... 175
13.9.1. ............................................................................................. 175
13.9.2. .......................................................................................... 177
13.9.3. .................................................. 177
13.10. /proc .................................................................................................... 183
13.11. : ...................................................................... 187
IV. LINUX........................................................ 193

14. ................................................................ 194
14.1. Linux ..................................................................................... 194
14.2. Linux ............................................................................ 195
14.2.1. Linux ............................................................................................. 195
14.2.2. ................................................................................................ 196
14.2.3. ....................................................... 197
14.2.4. Linux .................................................................................. 197
14.3. ........................................................................ 198
14.4. ...................................................................................... 201
14.4.1. mount umount........................................................................................ 201
14.4.2. ......................................................................... 202
........................................................................................................... 202
.................................................................................... 204
..................................................................................................................... 204
USB- ............................................................................................... 204
14.4.3. ................................................................ 205
14.4.4. ................................................................... 206
14.4.5. UUID /etc/fstab ...................................................................... 208
14.4.6. mount() ...................................................................................... 210
15. ...................................................................... 213

15.1. ................................................................................... 213
15.2. ................................................................................... 215
15.2.1. ................................................................................ 215
15.2.2. , .............................................................. 215

15.2.3. ......................................................................... 217
15.2.4. ............................................................................... 219
16. ................................................................................ 220

16.1. ....................................................................................... 220
16.2. ...................................................................... 223
16.2.1. : rename() .......................................................................... 223
16.2.2. : unlink() rmdir() .................................................... 223
16.2.3. umask() ...................................................................................... 224
16.2.4. ................................................................................................. 224
17. ...................................... 226

17.1. ....................................................................... 226
17.2. basename() getcwd() ........................................................................................ 229
18. .................................................. 230

18.1. . chmod() ..................................................... 230
18.2. . chown() ....................................................... 233
19. ....................................................................... 234

19.1. .................................................................................. 234
19.2. sysfs................................................................................ 235
19.3. /proc ............................................................................... 235
19.3.1. ........................................................................................ 236
19.3.2. , ................................................. 236
19.3.3. , ................................................................... 237
19.3.4. , ........................................ 238
19.3.5. , ........................... 238
19.3.6. ....................................................................................... 238
V. ................................................. 241
20. TCP/IP .................................................................................... 242
20.1. OSI ......................................................................................................................... 242
20.2. ............................................................................................................ 244
20.3. ................................................................................................... 245
21. : ..................................................... 249

21.1. ................................................................................................................... 249
21.2. .......................................................................................... 250
21.3. ............................................................. 252
21.4. ................................................................................................................ 254
21.5. ................................................................................................... 255
22. : ................................................ 256

22.1. / ............................................................................... 256
22.1.1. - ................................................................................................... 256
22.1.2. - .................................................................................................. 259
22.2. .............................................................................................................. 260
22.3. , ........................................................................................ 263

22.4. ................................................................................................ 264
VI.
TCL/TK ............................................................................................ 265
23. TCL/Tk ................................................................................... 266
23.1. TCL .............................................................................................................. 266
23.2. TCL/Tk ............................................................................................................. 266
23.3. .............................................................................................................. 267
24. TCL .......................................................................................... 270

24.1. TCL ........................................................................................ 270
24.1.1. TCL- ............................................................................................ 270
24.1.2. puts format: ................................... 271
24.1.3. ........................................................................................ 272
24.1.4. ............................................................................................................. 272
24.1.5. ............................................................................................................... 274
24.1.6. .................................................................................. 274
24.1.7. ..................................................................................... 275
24.1.8. if ................................................................................................ 276
24.1.9. while .......................................................................................................... 277
24.1.10. for ............................................................................................................ 277
24.2. ................................................................................................................................. 277
24.2.1. string ......................................................................................................... 277
24.2.2. ...................................................................................................... 279
24.2.3. ......................................................................... 280
24.2.4. ................................................................................................ 282
24.2.5. ................................................................................................ 283
24.3. ................................................................................................................................. 283
24.3.1. list: ................................................................................ 283
24.3.2. concat: .......................................................................... 284
24.3.3. lappend: ...................................... 284
24.3.4. .................................................................................... 284
24.3.5. ....................................................................................... 285
24.3.6. .................................................................... 285
24.3.7. ....................................................................................................... 285
24.3.8. .................................................................................................. 287
24.3.9. ......................................................... 287
24.3.10. foreach .......................................................................................................... 288
24.4. .............................................................................................................................. 289
24.4.1. ................................................................................ 289
24.4.2. array: ...................................................................... 289
24.5. TCL-..................................................................... 290
25. ...................................................................................... 292

25.1. ........................................................................................ 292
25.2. ...................................................................................................................... 293
25.3. .................................................................................................................... 295
25.4. ......................................................................................... 296
26. .................................................................................. 297

26.1. Tk- ....................................................................................................... 297
26.2. Tk- ............................................................. 300
27. ................................. 302

27.1. pack ...................................................................................................................... 302
27.2. button ................................................................................................................... 304
27.3. checkbutton .......................................................................................................... 307
27.4. ................................................................................................ 311
27.5. ................................................................................................................... 313
27.6. .......................................................................................................................... 315
27.7. ............................................................................................. 318
27.8. . bind .................................................................... 319
28. ...................................................................... 321

28.1. grid ................................................................................................. 321
28.1.1. ................................................................................... 321
28.1.2. ........................................................................................ 323
28.1.3. ................................................................................................. 325
28.2. ............................................................................................................................... 326
28.3. .................................................................................................................... 327
28.4. .......................................................................................................................... 328
28.5. ........................................................................... 330
29. ............................................................................. 332

29.1. ............................................................................................................. 332
29.2. ............................................................................................................ 333
29.3. ................................................................................................................. 336
29.4. ............................................................................................................. 336
VII. GTK+ ......................................................................... 337

30. ...................................................................... 338
30.1. GTK+ ............................................................................................................... 338
30.2. GLib ................................................................................................................ 339
30.2.1. ........................................................................................................... 339
30.2.2. GLib .......................................................................................................... 340
30.2.3. ............................................................................ 341
30.2.4. ...................................................................................................................... 342
30.2.5. ........................................................................................ 344
31. GTK+................................................................... 346

31.1. , , ..................................................................... 346
31.2. ............................................................................................ 347
31.3. .................................................................................................... 348
31.4. . ................................................... 351
32. ...................................................................................................... 354

32.1. ......................................................................................................... 354
32.1.1. ................................................................................................. 354
32.1.2. EventBox ..................................................................................................... 356
10
32.2. GTK ......................................................................................................... 360

32.3. ............................................................................................................ 361
32.4. , .................................................................................... 362
32.5. ...................................................................... 370
32.6. CList ....................................................................................................................... 375
32.7. ...................................................................................................... 379
32.8. .......................................................... 381
33. Glade .................................................................. 382

33.1. ...................................................................................... 382
33.2. Glade ................................................................................................................. 383
33.3. Glade ......................................................................................................... 384
33.4. ......................................................................................................... 388
33.5. .................................................................................................... 390
33.6. ............................................................................................... 390
VIII. ......................... 393

34. . ..................... 394
34.1. ................................................................................... 394
34.2. gdb ................................................................................................... 396
34.3. gdb ............................................................................................... 399
34.4. ...................................................................................... 404
35. ....................................................................... 407

35.1. gprof ........................................................... 407
35.2. ....................................................................... 408
.................................................................................................................. 413
. Linux ........................................................................................... 415
1. ......................................................................................... 415
2. ..................................................................................................................... 417
3. .................................................................................................................. 419
.............................................................................................. 423

Linux . ,
. ,
. .
Linux
bash tcsh C/C++
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C/C++,
.
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(Init Next Generation), ? ...
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(IPC), , . .
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.
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.
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VI VII . TCL (, Windows ) Tk, TCL.
( VII) GLib GTK+ GUI. Glade, GTK-.
, VIII . gdb gprof.
, .
. , ,
.

1.
2.
bash
3.
tcsh
4.
dialog:
Linux. ? C. ,
. , awk,
,
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1.1. /etc/shells
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1.
15
PATH. , bash
.
.
bash sh, csh, ksh, zsh .
, , /etc/shells. . 1.1 /etc/shells Fedora ( ).
1.1. /etc/shells Fedora
/bin/ash
/bin/bash
/bin/csh
/bin/false
/bin/ksh
/bin/sh
/bin/tcsh
/bin/true
/bin/zsh
/usr/bin/csh
/usr/bin/ksh
/usr/bin/bash
/usr/bin/tcsh
/usr/bin/zsh
.
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1.1 /bin/false /bin/true . "", , . .
(
chsh). , /bin/false ( /bin/true), . ,
, , "" ,
0 ( false) 1 ( true). .
1.2. sh
()
UNIX (, UNIX, Linux 70- ) sh ( shell). Linux ( FreeBSD).
16
I.
sh (Steve Bourne),
Bourne Shell. sh
AT&T ( Bell Labs). sh
POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX UNIX). sh
( )
FreeBSD.
sh ,
, tcsh bash.
1.3. csh
csh (C Shell) FreeBSD. csh BSD (Linux 15). (csh), sh.
csh C,
( ). , , , C.
sh, csh : , , csh , ( ) ( exit). sh
, .
( ) csh
.
FreeBSD Linux csh tcsh, /bin/csh /bin/tcsh.
1.4. ksh
UNIX, .
UNIX AT&T, UNIX ( BSD).
, AT&T . csh, AT&T , ksh (Korn
Shell) (David Korn).
ksh csh: ,
, ,
.
1.
17
1986 , UNIX ,
Linux ( ).
, ksh , FreeBSD Linux
ksh, pdksh,
ksh.
ksh ( bash)
, , .
1.5. bash
bash (Bourne Again Shell) (Free Software Foundation, FSF).
sh.
Linux.
bash sh, sh
, /bin/sh
/bin/bash.
bash , ksh.
, ,
, . csh, bash , .
bash , , Linux, bash.
1.6. zsh
zsh,
.
zsh, bash.
.
zsh? -, . bash
/dir/subdir1/subdir2 :
cd /dir/subdir1/subdir2
bash
<Tab>. :
cd /dir/sub [Tab]/subdi [Tab]
18
I.
zsh :
/d/s/s
<Tab> . ,
/etc/sysconfig/network /e/s/n <Tab>.
, cd .
. , files, f1 f2. f* sources last. :
/files/f1/sources/last
/files/f2/sources/last
/files/f1/sources/last.
/files/f2/sources/last :
cd 1 2
zsh . , , :
< /var/log/messages
, $PAGER.
:
cat /var/log/messages | less
zsh ,
. , :
http://opennet.ru/base/dev/zsh_intro.txt.html;
http://citkit.ru/articles/1083/;
http://alexott.net/ru/writings/zsh/index.html;
http://habrahabr.ru/blogs/linux/82537/.
1.7. tcsh
tcsh csh. t TENEX:
TENEX ( DEC PDP-10).
tcsh , ( bash). , tcsh . root , .
tcsh , ,
bash. tcsh, bash tcsh.
1.
19
1.8. ash
ash (Almquist shell) . , UNIX ( ).
ash 24 10 . ash Linux ( ).
ash sh, sh. NetBSD
ash /bin/sh.
1.9.
?
. , .
. ,
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bash, tcsh zsh. , . bash,
tcsh ( zsh ). .
bash
2.1. bash
bash
( )
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, , PATH. , bash .
.
/etc/profile bash,
. /etc/profile ,
bash :
~/.bash_profile ;
~/.bashrc ;
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~/.bash_profile , ,
:
source ~/.bashrc
, .bashrc.
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2. bash
21
.bashrc? , , , .
alias, :
alias
alias
alias
alias
h='fc -l'
ll='ls -laFo'
l='ls -l'
g='egrep -i'
: l ls -l.
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PS1 . :
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PS1 :
PS1='\u@\h:\w$'
. 2.1 .
2.1.
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ASCII- ( 07).

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22
2.1 ()
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\$
UID 0, #, $
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PS1='[\u@\h] $(date +%m/%d/%y) \$'
:
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export,
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2.2. bash
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:
tar -cvjf _.tar.bz2
DVD
DVD.
( ), . , ? , .
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. ,
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2. bash
23
. ,
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? , , .
2.3. , !
, : ", !" (Hello, world!).
, nano ee ( 2.1).
2.1.
#!/bin/bash
echo ", !"
,
/bin/bash. : # ! ,
, . , , :
#
echo, .
hello :
$ chmod +x hello
:
./hello
:
, !
hello ( ./), /usr/bin (,

PATH):
# cp ./hello /usr/bin
2.4.

.
,
. ,
, .
I.
24
:
=
:
ADDRESS=www.dkws.org.ua
echo $ADDRESS
:
, -
;
=.
:
read ADDRESS
:
ADDRESS='hostname'

read. .
ADDRESS hostname.
Linux . ,
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BASH bash;
BASH_VERSION bash;
HOME , ;
HOSTNAME ;
RANDOM 0 32 767;
OSTYPE ;
PWD ;
PS1 ;
UID ID , ;
USER .
export:
#
$ADDRESS=ww.dkws.org.ua
#
# ADDRESS
export $ADDRESS
2. bash
25
2.5.
,
/. :
$0 ;
$n (n );
$# , .
.
case-esac , ( 2.2).
2.2.
# :
# _
#
case "$1" in
start)
# start
echo " "
;;
stop)
# stop
echo " "
;;
*)
#
# , ,
#
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop }"
exit 1
;;
esac
, ,
2.2 .
2.6. bash
bash . .
26
I.
:
ARRAY[0]=1
ARRAY[1]=2
echo $ARRAY[0]
2.7.
, bash .
for while, bash until
select, .
for :
for in
do
done
, . , :
for n in 1 2 3;
do
echo $n;
done
: .
, :
1
2
3
while :
while
do
done
while , .
, , . . 1, 2 3, while, for:
n=1
while [ $n -lt 4 ]
do
echo "$n "
n=$(( $n+1 ));
done
2. bash
27
2.8.
bash , if case. if :
if _1 then
_1
elif _2 then
_2
...
elif _N then
_N
else
_N+1
fi
if bash if . , ,
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.
. . :
#
[
#
[
N = 10
N==10 ]
N 10
N!=10 ]
> <,
:
-lt ;
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:
[ | ]
:
#
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#
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N 10
$N -lt 10 ]
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$N -lt $A ]
28
I.
-e , ;
-d , ;
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case ,
:
case in
_1) _1 ;;
...
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*) __;;
esac
(_1 ... _N). ,

, . ,
. case 2.2.
2.9.
bash . :
() { ; }
:
list_txt()
{
echo " "
ls *.txt
}
2.10.
2.10.1.
( 2.3). ,
15 . , , ,
. <Ctrl>+<C>.
2.3.
#!/bin/bash
# ,
INT=3
2. bash
29
while [ true ]
do
# 15
tail -n 15 $1
#
sleep $INT
#
echo; echo
done
:
./ _
:
./script /var/log/messages
2.10.2.
: ,
, ( 2.4).
2.4. rename_blanks
#! /bin/bash
#
#
num=0
#
for filename in *
do
# grep
# ,
# 0
echo "$filename" | grep -q " "
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
# 0,
#
fname=$filename
n=ècho $fname | sed -e "s/ /_/g"`
mv "$fname" "$n"
let "num += 1"
fi
done
30
I.
echo " : $num"

exit 0
2.10.3.
,
dc ( 2.5). dc,
.
2.5. dec_hex
#!/ bin/bash
B=16
#
# , $1
if [ -z "$1" ]
then
echo ": dec_hex "
exit 1
fi
# ($1),
# dc
echo ""$1" "$B" o p" | dc
tcsh
3.1. tcsh
1, tcsh
TENEX,
DEC PDP-10.
, Ubuntu, tcsh . :
sudo apt-get install tcsh
, csh.
, (Linux, FreeBSD) /bin/csh
/bin/tcsh.
bash, tcsh , tcsh 65 . builtins.
. 3.1 .
tcsh :
;
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;
.
<Left>
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, .
I.
32
. 3.1. tcsh
<Up>
<Down>. - (
NFS!), history:
$ history
1
13:08
2
13:09
3
13:19
clear
builtins
history
!#, #
, :
!1
, bash. , &, :
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jobs.
fg (foreground), ( jobs), :
$ fg 1
bg (background).
fg, :
$ bg 1
3.2. tcsh
tcsh /etc/csh.cshrc, /etc/csh.login,
/etc/csh.logout. tcsh
, tcsh .
tcsh , tcsh ( login shell).
3. tcsh
33
~/.cshrc,
~/.login ~/.logout, /etc/csh.cshrc
/etc/csh.login. /etc/skel (
/usr/share/skel/ ).

tcsh . , .
~/.history, .
( alias), ( setenv), tcsh
( set), . ~/.login,
, ~/.cshrc
.
:
alias hist history 25
alias rm rm -i
hist, 25 .
rm,
rm, -i , .
set, path ( ):
set path = (/bin /usr/bin /usr/local/bin /usr/X11R6/bin)
setenv ( ~/.login), :
setenv EDITOR nano
EDITOR, .
3.3. tcsh
3.3.1. ,
, , set:
set name=denis
name ( denis).
:
echo $name
I.
34
. 3.2. set
set ( ),
, (. 3.2).
unset:
unset name
:
name: Undefined variable.
setenv :
setenv
, . :
setenv
EDITOR
nano
tcsh . :
$ set nums = (one two three four five)
$ echo $nums
one two three four five
$ echo $nums[3]
three
$ echo $nums[1-3]
one two three
3. tcsh
35
, ,
, . 1.
. ,
@, $ .
:
$ @ num = 0
$ echo $num
0
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8
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13
$ @ num++
$ echo $num
14
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$ @ num = $num2 + 5
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10
$ @ num = 1
echo $nums[$num]
one
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:
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: =, +=, =, *=, /= %=. , , C. : tcsh

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C-.
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$ echo $a[3]
15
I.
36
3.3.2.
"$<", :
echo -n " : "
set line = "$<"
3.3.3. tcsh
tcsh ,
. 3.1.
3.1. tcsh
argv
(, ). argv[1] , argv[0] .
argv[n] $n,
argv[1] $1. argv[*]
autolist
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autologout
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. ( )
cdpath
cd, ,
~/.login, :
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cwd
fignore
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gid
histfile
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~/.history
history
home
HOME
mail
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path
PATH
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set path = ( /usr/bin /bin /usr/local/bin /usr/bin/X11 ~/bin . )
prompt
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bash. . 3.2. :
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3. tcsh
37
3.1 ()
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shell
status
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tcsh
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time = 0, .
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I.
38
3.3.
%U
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)
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3.1. tcsh
#!/bin/tcsh
if ( $#argv == 0 ) echo " "
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3. tcsh
39
n . 3.4.
3.4. n
n
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( 3.2).
3.2.
#!/bin/tcsh
#
set num = $argv[1]
set flag
#
if ($num < 0) then
@ flag = 1
else if (0 <= $num && $num < 50) then
@ flag = 2
else if (50 <= $num && $num < 1000) then
@ flag = 3
else
@ flag = 4
endif
#
echo "Flag: ${flag}."
foreach
foreach , :
foreach - (-)
end
3. tcsh
41
foreach , :
foreach f ( *.txt )
echo $f
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while
while . , , , :
while ()
end
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#!/bin/tcsh
set n = $argv[1]
set i = 1
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#
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end
#
echo " $n $fact"
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1
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I.
42
case 2:
2
breaksw
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breaksw
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set string = test
switch (string)
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echo ": test"
breaksw
case text:
echo ": text"
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default:
echo " "
breaksw
endsw
3.3.5. tcsh
tcsh (, ,
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tcsh.
3.5. tcsh
alias
alloc
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builtins
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dirs
echo
exec
3. tcsh
43
3.5 ()
exit
tcsh
fg
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I.
44
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4.1.

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sudo zypper install dialog
Ubuntu apt-get:
sudo apt-get install dialog
dialog .
46
I.
4.2.
, -
. ( 4.1), ,
.
4.1. yes-no
#!/bin/bash
DIALOG=${DIALOG=dialog}
$DIALOG --title " " --clear \
--yesno " /" 10 40
case $? in
0)
echo " ''.";;
1)
echo " ''.";;
255)
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DIALOG ,
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) 0, 1. <Esc>, 255.

. echo . , case 2.
yes-no :
chmod +x yes-no
./yes-no
. 4.1.
4. dialog:
47
. 4.1. yes-no
4.3.
, . OK.
, " OK " ,
. 4.2 . :
\n .
4.2. msg
#!/bin/bash
$DIALOG --title "" --msgbox " ,\n,
Enter" 10 40
case $? in
0)
echo " ";;
255)
echo " Esc";;
esac
. 4.2.
. ,
I.
48
Linux. , -, ,
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. 4.2. msg
. , , msgbox, infobox
. - : ,
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4.3. info
#! /bin/bash
# -
left=10
#
unit=""
while test $left != 0
do
$DIALOG --sleep 1 \
--title " " \
4. dialog:
49
--infobox " !\n $left

$unit " 10 40
left=èxpr $left 1`
test $left = 1 && unit=""
done
# (, ):
# /sbin/reboot
. 4.3. info
4.3, , : sleep? , , , . sleep dialog N , N = 1.
4.4.
read, , ,
, .
input, (. 4.4), 4.4.
4.4. input
#!/bin/bash
tempfile=`tempfile 2>/dev/null` || tempfile=/tmp/test$$
trap "rm -f $tempfile" 0 1 2 5 15
50
I.

--inputbox " ?" 16 51 2> $tempfile
retval=$?
case $retval in
0)
echo " : `cat $tempfile`"
;;
1)
echo " ";;
255)
if test -s $tempfile ; then
cat $tempfile
else
echo " ESC."
fi
;;
esac
. 4.4. ( input)
, ,
. ,
, .
.
4. dialog:
51
4.5.

, ,
. 4.5 menu, ,
(. 4.5). - linuxconf
Red Hat, Mandrake,
.
. 4.5. menu
4.5. menu
#!/bin/bash
tempfile=`mktemp 2>/dev/null` || tempfile=/tmp/test$$
$DIALOG --clear --title "" \
--menu " :" 20 51 4 \
"Full" " " \
"Lite" " (600 )" \
"Restore" " " \
"Update" " 4.0" \
"Reboot" "" 2> $tempfile
retval=$?
52
I.
choice=`cat $tempfile`
case $retval in
0)
echo " '$choice'";;
1)
echo " ";;
255)
echo " ESC.";;
esac
,
, . ,
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4.6. :

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fdisk .
.
, ( 4.6, . 4.6).
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#! /bin/bash
tempfile=`mktemp 2>/dev/null` || tempfile=/tmp/test$$
$DIALOG --backtitle " !" \
--title " " --clear \
--radiolist " " 20 61 5 \
"Manual" " fdisk" off \
"Auto"
" ,
" ON 2> $tempfile
retval=$?
choice=`cat $tempfile`
case $retval in
0)
4. dialog:
53
echo " '$choice'";;

1)
echo " ";;
255)
echo " ESC.";;
esac
, . --backtitle,
,
. radiolist ( ). ()
radiolist checklist:
--checklist " " 20 61 5 \
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on ( ),
off ( ). , () ,
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checklist radiolist) ,
:
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54
I.
4.7.
,
, . ,
"
//", , , , .
dialog , (. 4.7 4.8). 4.7
calendar, , .
. 4.7. ()
. 4.8.
4. dialog:
55
4.7. calendar
#!/bin/bash
USERDATE=`$DIALOG --stdout --title "" --calendar " ..." 0
0 1 4 2011`
case $? in
0)
echo " : $USERDATE.";;
1)
echo " .";;
255)
echo " ESC.";;
esac
clear
USERTIME=`$DIALOG --stdout --title " " \
--timebox ",, ..." 0 0 10 00 00`
case $? in
0)
echo " : $USERTIME.";;
1)
echo " .";;
255)
echo " ESC.";;
esac
4.8.
,
, (gauge).
"":
"" 10%. . 4.9 gauge .
4.8. gauge
#!/bin/bash
PCT=10
(
while test $PCT != 110
I.
56
do
echo "XXX"
echo $PCT
echo ": \n\
($PCT %)"
echo "XXX"
PCT=èxpr $PCT + 10`
# 1 , 1 10%
sleep 1
done
) | $DIALOG --title "" --gauge "" 20 70 0
. 4.9. ( gauge)
4.9.

(. 4.10). , "". ""
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, <Enter>. , . 4.9
, .
4.9. fselect
#!/bin/bash
FILE=`$DIALOG --stdout --title " " --fselect $HOME/ 10 60`
4. dialog:
57
case $? in
0)
echo " : \"$FILE\"";;
1)
echo " .";;
255)
echo " ESC.";;
esac
. 4.10. ( fselect)
4.10.
dialog Xdialog,
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Xdialog ( ,
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) . ,
openSUSE Xdialog : http://www.novell.com/products/
linuxpackages/opensuse/xdialog.html;
I.
58
( ), dialog
, .
Xdialog,
Xdialog :
DIALOG=${DIALOG=Xdialog}
, Xdialog, dialog, :
if [ -z $DISPLAY ]
then
DIALOG=dialog
else
DIALOG=Xdialog
fi
, .
, dialog/Xdialog .
Xdialog (,
exit-box). Xdialog
, .
:
http://dkws.org.ua/mybooks/prg/dialog.tar.gz
II
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Linux
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mcedit , nano, , . -
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II. C Linux
62
. 5.1. sudo zypper install gcc
glibc-devel , C,
gcc.
. 5.1 gcc OpenSUSE.
5.2.2. Linux
99% , "Hello, world!" . 5.1
, .
5.1. Hello, world! ( hello.c)
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
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a.out. , :
./a.out
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Linux-!
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64
II. C Linux
-v (. 5.3) . -v : , .
-o hello a.out, . hello :
./hello
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5. gcc
65
-nostdlib , , , -L:
gcc -o hello hello.c -L/usr/lib/my -lmylib
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gcc -I/home/den/include program.c
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5.3.
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66
II. C Linux
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5. gcc
67
,
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,
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#
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, , :
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...
obj1.o: obj1.c
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libmy.so: obj1.o obj2.o
gcc -shared -o libmy.so $^
obj1.o: obj1.c
gcc -fPIC -c $^
obj2.o: obj2.c
gcc -fPIC -c $^
clean:
rm -f libmy.so *.o

-c (),
, . -c , .
libmy.so , obj1.o obj2.o. clean ,

make. clean,
:
make clean
II. C Linux
68
:
libmy.so,
libmy.so,
.
, , -o gcc. ,
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#
main: first_object second_object
$(CC) -shared -o libmy.so obj1.o obj2.o
# obj1.c
first_object: obj1.c
$(CC) -fPIC -c $^
# obj2.c
second_object: obj2.c
$(CC) -fPIC -c $^
#
clean:
rm -f libmy.so *.o
. main,
first_object second_object. , CC.
5. gcc
69
, , make
:
$^ ;
$@ .
main:
main: first_object second_object
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make -f Makefile.intel

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http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-c-compiler-professional-editionfor-linux-documentation/.
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make, :
70
II. C Linux
gcc -fPIC -c obj1.c

gcc -fPIC -c obj2.c
gcc -shared -o libmy.so obj1.o obj2.0
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clean:
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II. C Linux
72
" (, Linux " ",

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libmylib.a , , obj1.o, obj2.o, obj3.o, ,
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,
:
ar x libmy.a
. obj1.c ( 6.1) obj2.c ( 6.2).

6.1. obj1.c
#include <stdio.h>
void hello1 (void)
{
printf("Hello from obj1\n");
}
6.2. obj2.c
#include <stdio.h>
void hello2 (void)
{
printf("Hello from obj2\n");
}
74
II. C Linux
.
make.
Makefile ( 6.3).
6.3. Makefile
libmy.a: obj1.o obj2.o
ar r $@ S^
obj1.o: obj1.c
gcc -c $^
obj2.o: obj2.c
gcc -c $^
clean:
rm -f libmy.a *.o
Makefile : libmy.a,
ar obj1.o obj2.o.
, obj1.o obj2.o ( gcc ). clean .
make :
make
, , , ( 6.4).
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#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
hello1();
hello2();
return 0;
}
:
gcc -o test test.c -L. -lmy
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./test
Hello from obj1
Hello from obj2
6. .
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6.3.
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obj1.o obj2.o,
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, /etc/ld.so.conf LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
, ? :
, /etc/ld.so.conf
, ;
/etc/ld.so.conf , -
/etc/ld.so.conf
( /etc/ld.so.cache).
II. C Linux
76
, .
X11, GTK, Qt . .
, ,
, .
-W1 ( , -rpath) -rpath ( ).
, /usr/lib/my ""
/etc/ld.so.conf. :
gcc -o test test.c -L/usr/lib/my -lmy -W1,-rpath,/usr/lib/my
, .
test.c ( test). ,
my ( libmy.so),
/usr/lib/my, , "" , /home/den/mylibs,
(, libmy.so). -W1 . ,
. -W1: , ld ( -rpath),
( -rpath ).
, , ld.so.conf, /usr/lib
/usr/local/lib, :
gcc -o test test.c -lmy
, .

, ld.so.conf, "" . ld.so.cache ldconfig, root.
man ldconfig.
Makefile, ( 6.5).
6.5. Makefile
obj1.o: obj1.c
gcc -fPIC -c $^
6. .
77
obj2.o: obj2.c
gcc -fPIC -c $^
clean:
rm -f libmy.so *.o
Makefile , (. 6.3). :
libmy.so, libmy.a;
gcc -shared, ar;
-fPIC.
, :
: -
, "" ;
: , ,
. ;
.

7.1.
? ,
, . ,
. , ,
, . ? . Linux , , , /etc.
.
.
.
Linux, Windows, Windows
, UNIX , , .
, , , . .
7.2. ?
, . , (, , , ).
.
. ,
bash, . mc, Midnight Commander, ( ) bash. , bash
( ).
7.
79
, . . , . init (, Linux ). Linux init

( init ). , init, init .
=, ,
=, . , . .
, , USER ( ) HOME
( ).
env. , :
USER (,
);
HOME ;
PWD () ;
SHELL ( bash);
PATH .
:
echo $
:
=
:
FIRSTPRG=hello
echo $FIRSTPRG
,
. , :
export FIRSTPRG
:
export FIRSTPRG=hello
( ),
. , ,
80
II. C Linux
"" . (
, 2 3). , : ,
. ,
- . , , , " ". ,
.
7.3.

.
environ, unistd.h.
getenv().
, getenv(). . environ , . . =
, (. . ) ,
.
.
getenv() . :
char * getenv (char * VAR_NAME);
, ( 7.1).
7.1. user.c
#include <stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
value = (char*) getenv("USER");
printf(" : %s\n", value);
return 0;
}
: USER value, .
7.
81
7.4.
:
setenv() -
;
putenv() , setenv(), -
=;
unsetenv() .
stdlib.h. . setenv():
int setenv (const char * NAME, const char * VALUE, int OV);
, ( )
NAME, VALUE. OV
. 0, NAME , , 0, NAME VALUE.
setenv() 0,
, 1 .
putenv() ,
= ( , NAME,
, VALUE setenv()). :
int putenv (char * INITSTR);
:
result = putenv("DIR=/etc");
setenv(), 1 0,
. , putenv() UNIX , .
unsetenv() NAME :
int unsetenv(const char * NAME);
, .
( 7.2).
7.2.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
II. C Linux
82
int main (void)

{
putenv("DIR=/etc");
setenv ("DIR", "/home/den", 1);
value = (char*) getenv("DIR");
printf("DIR = %s\n", value);
unsetenv("DIR");
return 0;
}
putenv() DIR ( /etc).

( OV) setenv().
getenv() . unsetenv() .
, . , UNIX-,
:
int clearenv(void);
, . .
, .

environ NULL, ,
, .
clearenv() , .
/ Linux
8.1. /.
/

/ (Input/Output, I/O) . , / (
) ( ). ,
/.
/ : C Linux.
. , ,
, C. c Windows. , .
, Linux.
/ . ,
, (
),
, . . Linux, ,
.
/,
/ . ,
Linux-, ,
.
/
. ,
ifconfig
84
II. C Linux
, ,
. ( ps ax)
grep, .
:
echo "some text" > file.txt
> , , ,
, , .
ifconfig .
:
ifconfig > ifconfig.txt
> >>, , :
echo "more text" >> file.txt
cat file.txt
some text
more text
> >> /
|. ,
big_text:
cat big_text
big_text , . , cat - , , :
cat big_text | more
, , less:
less big_text
. , file.txt
:
echo y | rm file.txt
rm ( <Y>),
echo.
. ,
, 555-555. , :
cat file.txt | grep "555-555"
8. / Linux
85
Linux
(. . ), . ,
/, . :
gcc 2>gcc.errors
gcc gcc.errors.
? ! gcc.errors
:
gcc: no input files
8.2. C
/
/ :
, ,
.
C FILE :
FILE * file1;
, :
extern FILE * stdout;
/* */
extern FILE * stdin; /* */
extern FILE * stderr; /* */
, /. / Linux /. ,
(, . .),
.
:
FILE * fopen (const char * FLOCATION, const char * OPEN_MODE);
FILE * freopen (const char * FLOCATION, const char * OPEN_MODE, FILE * FP);
FILE * fclose (FILE *FP);
, ,
. fopen() ,
, . FP , ,
. FP.
:
86
II. C Linux
int fgetc (FILE * FP);

int fputc (int byte, FILE * FP);
FP, byte
FP.
, , :
char * fgets (char * STR, int SIZE, FILE * FP);
int fputs (const char * STR, FILE * FP);
int fprintf(FILE * FP, const char * FMT, ...);
int fscanf (FILE * fp, const char * FMT, ...);
int vfscanf (FILE * FP, const char * FMT, va_list ap);
int vfprintf (FILE * FP, const char * FMT, va_list ap);
, . fgets() fputs() FP . SIZE fgets() STR.

fprintf() fscanf() printf() scanfs(), /, . vfscanf()
vfsprintf() C99.
fprintf() fscanf(), .
va_list, stdarg.h.
/ , /.
. / , / . , .
C :
#define SEEK_SET 0
/* */
#define SEEK_CUR 1
/* */
#define SEEK_END 2
/* */
typedef struct {...} fpos_t;
int fseek (FILE * FP, long int OFFSET, int ORIGIN);
int fgetpos (FILE * FP, fpos_t * POSITION);
int fsetpos (FILE * FP, fpos_t * POSITION);
long int ftell (FILE * FP);
void rewind (FILE * FP);
fseek() . , ( )
(ORIGIN). ( )
: SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END.
8. / Linux
87
fgetpos() :
FILE *fp;
fpos_t f_location;
...
fgetpos(fp, &f_location);
fsetpos() . fgetpos():
fsetpos(fp, &f_location);
ftell() FP,
, . ftell() 1.
, rewind(), . stdio.h.
, C
/, fflush(), / . fflush() , .
fflush() , .
fflush() :
int fflush(FILE * stream);
. , ( 8.1).
8.1.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main (int argc, char * argv[])
{
FILE *fp;
char c;
if ((fp=fopen(argv[1], "r"))==NULL) {
printf(" \n");
exit(1);
}
while ((ch=fgets(fp)) != EOF) {
printf("%c", ch);
}
II. C Linux
88
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
, ,
. C. , -
.
( 8.2).
8.2. stdcopy.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main (int argc, char *argv[] )
{
FILE *in, *out;
char *ch;
if (argc!=3) {
printf(": stdcopy in-file out-file\n");
exit(1);
}
if(in=fopen(argv[1], "rb"))==NULL) {
printf(" \n");
exit(1);
}
if(out=fopen(argv[2], "wb"))==NULL) {
printf(" \n");
exit(1);
}
while(!feof(in)) {
ch = fgetc(in);
if(ferror(in)) { printf(" \n"); break; }
else {
if(!feof(in)) putc(ch, out);
if(ferror(out)) { printf(" \n"); break; }
}
}
fclose(in);
fclose(out);
return 0;
}
8. / Linux
89
: . .
8.3. /
8.3.1. /
C /. . Linux ( FILE) .
, .
, .
.
ulimit -n, bash, ksh . csh tcsh limit descriptors.
open(), creat()
close():
int
int
int
int
open (const char * FNAME, int OFLAGS, mode_t MODE);

open (const char * FNAME, int OFLAGS);
creat (const char * FNAME, mode_t MODE);
close (int FD);
:
ssize_t
ssize_t
ssize_t
ssize_t
read (int FD, void * BUFFER, size_t SIZE);

write (int FD, const void * BUFFER, size_t SIZE);
readv (int FD, const struct iovec * VECTOR, int SIZE);
writev (int FD, const struct iovec * VECTOR, int SIZE);

lseek():
off_t lseek (int FD, off_t OFFSET, int WHENCE);
, Linux.
. ,
Linux (. 8.1). . 8.1
,
.
C .
Linux,
Linux. Linux
, .
II. C Linux
90
8.1. Linux

S_IFREG
,
.
, (,
, )
S_IFBLK
Linux
( 14).
, .

S_IFCHR
.
,
S_IFDIR
,
, . 15
S_IFLNK
S_IFSOCK
.
, : Web-
Linux FreeBSD,
Windows MacOS
FIFO
S_IFIFO
. FIFO 12
C
, ( ),
Linux.
Linux (16 ), (. 8.2). (file mode) (permissions), :
.
8.2. Linux
08
911
1215
8. / Linux
91
. Windows- Linux, 18. ,

.
: (, ),
(, ) . root , .
(, ) : , .
, . ,
.
, , .
,
. , .
, sys/stat.h. . 8.3.
8.3.
S_IXOTH
S_IWOTH
S_IROTH
S_IXGRP
S_IWGRP
S_IRGRP
S_IXUSR
S_IWUSR
S_IRUSR
, "" . 8.3 . . 8.4

( 18,
).
. 8.5 . C, .
II. C Linux
92
8.4.
S_ISUID
SUID
S_ISGID
SGID
S_ISVTX
""
8.5.
O_RDONLY
O_WRONLY
O_RDWR
O_APPEND
O_ASYNC
SIGIO, /
O_CREAT
O_DIRECT
,
,
O_DIRECTORY
O_EXCL
O_NOFOLLOW
O_NONBLOCK
O_NOATIME
O_SYNC
/:
write()
O_TRUNC
0, ,

, . :
S_IXUSR | S_IWUSR
8.3.2. creat()
creat(),
fcntl.h:
int creat (const char * FILENAME, mode_t MODE);
8. / Linux
93
, . 1 : . , creat() ( 8.3).
8.3.
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
<stdio.h>
<fcntl.h>
<sys/types.h>
<sys/stat.h>
<unistd.h>
int main (void)

{
int fdesc;
mode_t modes = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
fdesc = creat("test.txt", modes);
if (fdesc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, " \n");
return 1;
}
close(fdesc);
return 0;
}
test.txt:
.
, :
stderr.

close(), unistd.h.
write(), read(), lseek()
SEEK_CUR, SEEK_SET SEEK_END.
fcntl.h ,
open() O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY .
(S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR) sys/stat.h. sys/types.h
.
8.3.3. : open() read()

C fopen() ,
. /
: (creat),
(open).
II. C Linux
94
, , ,
, .
,
, . . . 8.5.
open() :
int open (const char * FILENAME, int FLAGS, mode_t MODE);
int open (const char * FILENAME, int FLAGS);
, ,
. .
read() unistd.h, :
ssize_t read (int FD, void * BUFFER, size_t SIZE);
, , ( ). SIZE ( ) , .
read() :

SIZE: , 100 ,
;
0 ;
1 .
, ( 8.4).
8.4.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main (void)
{
int fd;
char c;
fd = open("test.txt", O_RDONLY);
if (fd == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, " \n");
return 1;
}
8. / Linux
95
while (read (fd, &c, 1) > 0) printf("%c", c);

close(fd);
return 0;
}
,
, . . .
, ,
4096 . , 4
4096 !
8.3.4. write()
write() ,
write() unistd.h:
ssize_t write (int FD, const void * BUFFER, ssize_t SIZE);
, FD, BUFFER, SIZE . 1 .

stdcopy.c,
C. (syscopy.c), , Linux ( 8.5).
8.5. syscopy.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
<stdio.h>
<unistd.h>
<fcntl.h>
<sys/types.h>
int main (int argc, char ** argv)

{
/* 4096 */
char buffer [4096];
/* */
int fin, fout;
ssize_t r;
/* - */
/* */
if (argc < 3) {
fprintf(stderr, ": syscopy in out\n);
return 1;
}
II. C Linux
96
/* */
fin = open (argv[1], O_RDONLY);
if (fin == -1) {
/*
*/
printf(" : %s\n", argv[1]);
return 1;
}
/* */
fout = open(argv[2], O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0640);
if (fout == -1)
{
printf(" : %s\n", argv[2]);
return 2;
}
/* */
while ((r = read(fin, buffer, 4096)) > 0)
write(fout, buffer, r);
/* */
close(fin);
close(fout);
return 0;
}
: (
), : fin ( ) fout (
). .
, :
fout = open(argv[2], O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0640);
(O_WRONLY), (O_CREAT)
, (O_TRUNC). 0640: ,
,
. 18.
while 4
. write() . .
,
write(). .
8. / Linux
97
stdout ( 1) stderr ( 2). :

write(2, "Error", 5);
8.3.5. lseek()
lseek() /.
unistd.h :
off_t lseek(int FD, off_t OFFSET, int ORIGIN);
, , ORIGIN. ORIGIN :
SEEK_SET ;
SEEK_CUR /;
SEEK_END .
lseek() 1, ,
/ .
Linux , ""
,
lseek() :
/* "" */
lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
/* */
off_t position = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
, .
98
II. C Linux
III

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
.
, , ,
, .
, ,
"" , .

9.1. Linux
9.1.1.
, Linux .
. ,
, .
init (, Linux
).
mc, Midnight Commander,
( )
bash. , bash ( ).
Linux init ( init
). , init, init .
Linux
(PID, Process ID). init 1.
ID , ,
. , .
, , .
ps.
, ps -e --forest. ps
(. 9.1). , , pstree,
(. 9.2). , ,
:
pstree | less
9.
. 9.1. ps -e --forest
. 9.2. pstree
101
III.
102
ps . 9.1.
9.1. ps
-a
,
( )
-e
-t _
-u _
-g _
-x
9.1.2.
, - , mc.
( , - ), . ("") kill. :
kill [] PID
PID (Process ID) ,

; . (
), .
ps. , mc . , , ( <Alt>+<F2>). , ps. ,
, bash ps (. 9.3).
(mc), ,
ps -a ps -U root. , , ,
( , root).
mc ps (. 9.4),
(root) . , ps (tty1), .
,
. TTY (?). (,
9.
103
, ), ps
: pts/N, N .
, PID , "":
# kill 2484
. 9.3.
. 9.4. PID mc
104
III.
mc
. ps -a, mc .
PID :
# ps ax | grep <>
, # ps ax | grep firefox.
-, , PID , , ps.
, , :
# killall < >
, .
, mc,
"", mc. killall ""
.
kill killall ,
, ,
. root, .
kill , , xkill, "" .
xkill, ,
(, , ""?).
, , .
kill, ,
, , ( , kill).
, . :
bash
sleep 1m &
ps -f
bash.
(
&) 1 ( ).
. PPID (Parent
PID) . sleep
2048.
exit, bash,
sleep.
ps -f sleep: 1.
, "" sleep
init (. 9.5).
9.
105
. 9.5.
. (
) .
9.1.3. top:

, ,
.
, - ,
top (. 9.6) . ,
, . , - "".
. 9.6 , (0,3%)
top. , . top , <Q>. <Q>
:
<U> (. . , , );
<D> ;
<F> , . %CPU, . . , ;
<H> top.
III.
106
. 9.6. top
top . 9.2.
9.2. top
PID
USER
PR
NI
nice (. . 9.1.4)
VIRT
, ( )
RES
,
( ).
, . . RES = CODE + DATA
:
R ;
S "" ( ), ;
D " " (uninterruptible sleep), ;
T ;
Z () ,
,
%CPU
%MEM
9.
107
9.2 ()
TIME+
COMMAND
, ( )
9.1.4. nice renice:

, . , .
nice
. , , . :
nice -n <>
20, 19. 10.

,
renice:
renice n <> -p PID
9.2. system()
, . system().
system(), fork(),
, /bin/sh.
system() stdlib.h. :
int system(const char * COMMAND);
COMMAND , . system() 0, .
system() 0, .
( 9.1).
9.1. system()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
108
III.
int main(void)
{
system("sleep 30");
printf("After sleep\n");
return 0;
}
. system() , "After sleep" 30 .

, , &
:
system("sleep 30 &");
COMMAND , , :
system("mcedit /etc/passwd");
system("cd /");
system() , ,
fork() exec(),
.
10

10.1.
10.1.1.
, system()
, .
fork()
exec().
fork(),
.
"" Multics. .
. , . , , , , .
UNIX- . : , . .
,
. .
, , .
, . - , - .
.
, .
"" -
110
III.
, , .
.
, , " " .
, : ", <>".
.
. , .
<Enter> - .
<Enter>. , ,
, , . , . ( )
, "", .
, .
,
,
. ,
, , .
,
, "" .
. . : (. .
- ), . ,
.
: ,
.
. :
.
, Z top.
.
. 10.1.
, . . ,
,
.
. .
10.
111
. 10.1.
:
;
;
-
;
;
;
.
,
, , .
10.1.2. fork()
Linux , ,
. -
( ) "" .
,
12, .
Linux SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessor
Architectures). SMP
Linux. Linux ( 11), . , , "" , .
"" .
() . , .
112
III.
"" ,
, .
. 11.
, . , , .
. , () .
(entry point).
C- main().
main().
, fork(). , , .
: fork() , . execl().
fork() .
execl().
. ( 10.1).
10.1. fork-demo.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
fork();
sleep(30);
return 0;
}
:
gcc -o fork-demo fork-demo.c
./form-demo
ps. fork-demo.
,
.
: ( 10.2). : fork() 0, 1 .
10.
113
10.2. fork-demo2.c
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
if (fork() == 0)
printf(" , PID= %d\n", getpid());
else
printf(" , PID= %d\n", getpid());
return 0;
}
fork-demo : ,
. ,
: Linux ,
, .
10.1.3. exec
(,
, , ,
). .
. , unistd.h:
int
int
int
int
int
int
execl (const char * PATH, const char * ARG, ...);

execle (const char * PATH, const char * ARG, ..., const char ** ENVP);
execlp (const char * FILE, const char * ARG, ...);
execv (const char * PATH, const char ** ARGV);
execvp (const char * FILE, const char ** ARGV);
execve (const char * PATH, const char ** ARGV, const char ** ENVP);
, ( 10.3).
10.3. (exec.c)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
III.
114
int main (void)
{
char * args[] = {
"ls",
"/",
NULL
};
pid_t r = fork();
if (r == 0) {
execve("ls", args, NULL);
}
return 0;
}
, fork().
execve() ls. args , . . (NULL).
: environ, , . ( 10.4).
10.4. environ
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
extern char ** environ;
int main (void)
{
char * args[] = {
"ls",
"/",
NULL
};
pid_t r = fork();
if (r == 0) {
execve("ls", args, environ);
}
return 0;
}
10.
115
10.3, . environ,
execve().
( 10.5). ,
, =.
10.5.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main (void)
{
char * args[] = {
"program",
"/",
NULL
};
char * envp [] {
"USER=den",
"HOME=/home/den",
NULL
}
execve("./program", args, envp);
return 0;
}
exec.
, .
execve():
int execve (const char * PATH, const char ** ARGV, const char ** ENVP);
: , .
. ,
, /bin/bash.
, . , , . NULL. , -
III.
116
/usr/bin/program arg1 arg2. :

char * args[] = {
"/usr/bin/program",
"arg1",
"arg2",
NULL
};
. "=" (. 7). NULL.

execl() execve() , , . (
) . ( ):
int execl (const char * PATH, const char * ARG, ...);
:
execl("/usr/bin/program", "/usr/bin/program", "arg1", "arg2", NULL);

,
. 0, 0 .
0 , : , .
execlp() execl(), ,
, , PATH:
int execlp (const char * FILE, const char * ARG, ...);
:
execlp("program", "program", "arg1", "arg2", NULL);
execle() execl(), :
int execle (const char * PATH, const char * ARG, ..., const char ** ENVP);
execvp() execv() execve(), , , . , execv()

,
execvp() :
10.
117
int execv (const char * PATH, const char ** ARGV);

int execvp (const char * FILE, const char ** ARGV);
:
execv("/usr/bin/program", args);
execv("program", args);
10.2. wait():

, .

. , - .
: .
. .

system(), .
wait(), , .
wait():
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
...
int pid;
<stdio.h>
<unistd.h>
<sys/types.h>
<stdlib.h>
<wait.h>
unsigned short status;

...
if((pid = fork()) == 0 ){
/* */
execl(....);
perror("exec "); exit(1);
}
/* */
while((pid = wait(&status)) > 0 )
printf(" pid=%d %d\n",
pid, status >> 8);
printf( " \n");
118
III.
, . wait.h. fork() .
- execl()
exec. , - ( 0,
). ,
perror() (
printf() ).
, -
, exit() 1.
(
?). wait() PID
, status (
, "" ). .
. while(), :
while((pid = wait(&status)) > 0){
if( WIFEXITED(status)){
printf( " %d %d\n",
pid, WEXITSTATUS(status));
} else
if( WIFSIGNALED(status)){
printf( " %d %d\n",
pid, WTERMSIG(status));
if(WCOREDUMP(status))
printf( "Core dumped\n" );
} else if( WIFSTOPPED(status)){
printf(" %d %d\n",
pid, WSTOPSIG(status));
} else if( WIFCONTINUED(status)){
printf( " %d \n",
pid);
}
}
:
WIFEXITED() , -
return main
ext();
WEXITSTATUS .
, WIFEXITED() ;
10.
119
WIFSIGNALED() , "" -
;
WIFSTOPPED() ,
( !) ;
WCOREDUMP() , ,
core, gdb ;
WCONTINUED() .
, , , .
10.3.
, ,
fork(). wait() -.
exec*().
-
exit(). . - .
. , , PID
.
den, ,
, , . root,
.
, signal():
signal(snum, function);
(. ), , .
SIG_IGN, . .
signal():
#include <signal.h>
...
signal(SIGTTIN, SIG_IGN);
signal(SIGHUP, signal_handler);
kill():
kill(pid, snum);
120
III.
PID , ,
( ). signal.h. .
SIGHUP ( 1) ,
.
, .
hung up . , ,
. . -, , .
SIGINT ( 2) , (-
: , )
<Ctrl>+<C> ( ).
SIGKILL ( 9) , -
.
SIGSEGV ( 11) , -
, . , ,
(core).
SIGTERM ( 15) "" . -
, ( , ). , (
) .
SIGCHLD ( 17) , -
. .
SIGCONT ( 18) , -
SIGSTOP.
SIGSTOP ( 19) .
.
SIGTSTP ( 20) ,
<Ctrl>+<Z>.
10.4.
:
PID (Process ID) . ;
PPID (Parent PID) ;
UID (User ID) () , .
,
unistd.h:
10.
121
pid_t getpid (void);

pid_t getppid (void);
uid_t getuid(void);
pid_t uid_t sys/types.h.

, PID ,
:
#include <unistd.h>
, getuid() .
( /etc/passwd),
getpwuid(), pwd.h:
struct passwd * getpwuid (uid_t UID);
passwd , pw_name, :
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
...
// UID
uid_t uid = getuid();
//
struct passwd * p = getpwuid(uid);
if (p == NULL)
{
printf("Error\n");
return 1;
}
printf("Username: %s", p->pw_name);
11

11.1.
, (, threads) . , ,
. "" ,
,
.
- ,
fork(), ,
.
fork() ,
, .
PID . ,
, 10.2. 11.1.
11.1. : vs
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
int count = 0;
if (fork() == 0) {
count++;
11.
123
printf(" , count = %d\n", count);

return 0;
}
else
printf(" , count = %d\n", count);
return 0;
}
, count count : Linux .

, (IPC),
.
: ,
,
.
, .
,
(PID). (THREAD_ID),
.
, . : .
Linux ,
, .
Linux :
, ;
pthread_create() ,
.
.
pthread_create().
Linux pthread. , -lpthread.
11.2. pthread_create()
pthread_create():
int pthread_create(pthread_t * THREAD_ID, void * ATTR,
void *(*THREAD_FUNC) (void*), void * ARG);
III.
124
, . . Linux
, , - NULL .
, ,
.
, ( 11.2).
11.2. threads.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
/* */
void * thread1 (void)

{
printf("\n 1\n");
sleep(5);
/* 5 */
}
{
printf("\n 2\n");
sleep(10);
/* 10 */
}
int main (void)
{
pthread_t tid1;
pthread_t tid2;
/* */
/* */
/* */
pthread_create (&tid1, NULL, &thread1, NULL);
/* */
pthread_create (&tid2, NULL, &thread2, NULL);
while (1);
return 0;
/* */
thread1()
thread2(). ,
pthread_create() NULL. -
11.
125
pthread() main(), thread1() thread2(),

.
while(). ,
main() . <Ctrl>+<C>.
,
, .
, -lpthread. , , pthread_create(), (
). :
void * thread1 (void * args)
...
void * thread2 (void * args)
,
, 11.2. . threads.c :
{
printf("\n 1\n");
sleep(5);
/* 5 */
return NULL;
}
{
sleep(10);
/* 10 */
printf("\n 2\n");
return NULL;
}
.
"" 5 . 10 ,
. ,
, . , "" : void, , NULL.
:
{
printf("\n 1\n");
sleep(5);
/* 5 */
exit(1);
III.
126
}

{
sleep(10);
/* 10 */
printf("\n 2\n");
return NULL;
}
"", exit()
, . . , 5 . . ,
, , .
11.3.

threads.c ,
. , ( 11.3).
11.3.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
/* */
void * thread1 (void * arg)

{
int c = *(int*) arg;
printf("\nThread 1: %d\n", c);
sleep(5);
/* 5 */
return NULL;
}
{
printf("\nThread 2: %d\n", c);
sleep(10);
/* 10 */
return NULL;
}
int main (void)
11.
127
{
pthread_t tid1;
pthread_t tid2;
int t_arg;
/* */
/* */
t_arg = 10;
/* */
/* */
pthread_create (&tid1, NULL, &thread1, &t_arg);
t_arg = 50;
/* */
/* */
pthread_create (&tid2, NULL, &thread2, &t_arg);
while (1);
return 0;
/* */
. 11.1.
, .
. 11.1.
.
, . , (,
) ( 11.4).
III.
128
11.4.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
/* */
struct t_args
{
int arg1;
int arg2;
}
{
struct t_args t = *(struct t_args*) arg;
printf("\nThread 1: %d %d\n", t.arg1, t.arg2);
sleep(5);
/* 5 */
return NULL;
}
int main (void)
{
pthread_t tid1;
struct t_args ta;
/* */
/* */
ta.arg1 = 10;
ta.arg2 = 50;
/* */
pthread_create (&tid1, NULL, &thread1, &ta);
while (1);
return 0;
/* */
, .
11.4. :
pthread_exit()
(return) main,
exit(). exit() ,
. , -
11.
129
pthread_exit(),
pthread.h:
void pthread_exit (void * RESULT);
RESULT . ,
.
pthread_exit():
{
struct t_args t = *(struct t_args*) arg;
printf("\nThread 1: %d %d\n", t.arg1, t.arg2);
sleep(5);
/* 5 */
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
11.5. :
pthread_join()

. while, ,
.
. , .
while() : while .
, , 1. while :
1, (break). ,
. 11.5.
11.5. "" while
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int end = 0;
/* */
/* , */
void * thread1(void * arg)
{
printf("\nThread 1: %d\n",c);
sleep(5);
III.
130
/* 1 */
end = 1;
return NULL;
}
int main (void)
{
pthread_t tid1;
int t_arg;
t_arg = 10;
/* */
pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, &thread1, &t_arg);
/* , end 1.
, end
1 */
while (end!=1);
return 0;
}
: ,
, .
while, pthread_join().
, ,
pthread_join().
pthread_join() "" .
, , :
int pthread_join (pthread_t THREAD_ID, void ** DATA);
,
THREAD_ID. , pthread_exit().
,
, . pthread_join(), .
, pthread_join(). , .
: - ,
11.
131
. , , pthread_join().
pthread_join() , .
pthread_join() , .
pthread_join(),
.
, .
pthread_exit().
"" , ( 11.6).
11.6.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void * thread1(void * arg)
{
c = c * c;
sleep(5);
/* */
/* */
/* ""
*/
/* */
pthread_exit((void *)c);
}
int main (void)
{
pthread_t tid1;
/* */
/* t_arg , ,
t_res
*/
int t_arg, t_res;
t_arg = 10;
/* */
pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, &thread1, &t_arg);
III.
132
/* */
pthread_join(tid1,(void *) &t_res);
/* */
printf("\nResult = %d\n", t_res);
return 0;
}
11.6.
getpid(), .
pthread_self(), :
pthread_t pthread_self (void);
? : , pthread_join()
. ==,
pthread_equal():
if (!pthread_equal(pthread_self(), tid))
pthread_join(tid, &t_res);
11.7.
""
,
pthread_cancel():
int pthread_cancel(pthread_t THREAD_ID);
0, .
pthread_cancel()
.
, Linux .
. :
man
man
man
man
man
man
man
pthreads
pthread_create
pthread_cancel
pthread_join
pthread_exit
pthread_equal
pthread_self
12

12.1.
"" , . . . - - ,
. IPC InterProcess Communication.
Linux :
;
FIFO (First In First Out);
;
;
;
.
UNIX, ,
UNIX : System V BSD. ,

System V AT&T. Linux .
12.2.

.
UNIX.
( ). ,
134
III.
. .
.
8 /.
, :
cat some_big_file | less
/ , . .
. . / popen():
FILE * popen(const char *command, const char *type);
, (
). . r, ; ,
w.
wr, , ,
, .
popen() FILE NULL,
. pclose() /.
fflush(), - .
popen() 12.1. , ls . ls . ls ,
.
12.1. popen()
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *in;
extern FILE *popen();
char buff[512];
/* , ls, "r" */
if (!(in = popen("ls", "r"))) {
exit(1);
}
12.
135
/* ls */
while (fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), in) != NULL ) {
printf(": %s\n", buff);
}
/* */
pclose(in);
}
, ,
.
. parent ( )
child ( ). , , , ,
.
12.2.
12.2. parent.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
<stdio.h>
<sys/wait.h>
<unistd.h>
<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char buff[1024]={0};
FILE * child;
int sta tus;
/* .
/usr/local/bin/child
*/
child = popen("/usr/local/bin/child", "w");
if (!child)
{
printf(" \n");
exit(1);
}
printf(" : " );
/* */
fgets(buff, sizeof (buff), stdin);
/* */
fprintf(child, "%s\n", buff);
III.
136
/* */
fflush(child);
// pclose()
status=pclose(child);
if (!WIFEXITED(status))
printf(" \n");
printf(" \n");
return 0;
}
( w).
, ( 12.3).
child.c, child
/usr/local/bin. child.c : . 12.2.
fflush(). ""
. fflush() .
12.3. child.c
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char buff[1024]={0};
fgets(buff, sizeof (buff), stdin);
printf(" : %s\n",buff);
printf(" \n");
return 0;
}
:
gcc -o parent parent.c
gcc -o child child.c
child /usr/local/bin:
sudo cp ./child /usr/local/bin/child
./parent. (123456
):
12.
137
: 123456
: 123456

12.3. FIFO
FIFO (First In First Out).
: " , ".
FIFO ,
:
FIFO ,
;
,
: FIFO- ;

. .
, : FIFO- , .
FIFO-
mknod(). :
sudo mknod FIFO p
sudo mkfifo a=rw FIFO
FIFO. mknod :
int mknod( char *pathname, mode_t mode, dev_t dev );
mknod() , , , . mknod FIFO-,

mknod():
#include
#include
#include
#include
...
<sys/types.h>
<sys/stat.h>
<fcntl.h>
<unistd.h>
mknod("FIFO", S_FIFO|0666, 0);
FIFO- ,
.
. ,
.
III.
138
:
S_IFREG ( );
S_IFCHR ;
S_IFBLK ;
S_IFIFO ;
S_IFSOCK .
0, , 1, . errno, :
EFAULT, ENOTDIR, ENOENT ;
EACCESS ;
ENAMETOOLONG .
mknod man 2 mknod. (dev) , .

FIFO
0666.
UMASK
Linux
, . ,
umask(). ( , , , ), umask(0), . . 0, , :
umask(0);
mknod("FIFO", S_FIFO|0666, 0);
. ,
. FIFO-
, ( , ). , ,
<Ctrl>+<C>.
12.4, 12.5.
12.4. fifo-read.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
12.
139
#include <unistd.h>
#include <linux/stat.h>
/* */
#define FIFO
"FIFO"
void main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
/* */
char buf[128];
/* FIFO 0666.
, */
umask(0);
mknod(FIFO, S_IFIFO|0666, 0);
/* */
while(1)
{
fp = fopen(FIFO, "r");
fgets(buf, 128, fp);
printf(": %s\n", buf);
fclose(fp);
}
}
12.5. ,
, . , 12.5.
12.5. fifo-write.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define FIFO
"FIFO"
void main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
FILE *fp;
if ( argc != 2 ) {
printf(": fifo-write <>\n");
exit(1);
}
III.
140
fp = fopen(FIFO, "w");
fputs(argv[1], fp);
fclose(fp);
}
:
gcc -o fifo-read fifo-read.c
gcc -o fifo-write fifo-write.c
:
./fifo-read
(<Alt>+<F2>, ) fifo-write:
./fifo-write test
( fifo-read),
:
: test
, , ?
: fifo-write , . ,
, ,
.
: ,
"", . . fifo-read , ""
( fifo-write) SIGPIPE.
12.4.
12.4.1. System V
, , (IPC) System V.
, IPC , . , . , , . . 123
, 123.
, (IPC Key). - -. , ftok():
12.
141
# include <sys/types.h>
# include <sys/ipc.h>
key_t ftok( char *pathname, char proj );
1, . ,
, .
inode (
, inode ) , . - ,
. :
key_t key_ipc;
key_ipc = ftok ("/etc/passwd", 'd');
IPC ipcs. , , IPC,

:
------ Shared Memory Segments -------key
shmid
owner
perms
bytes
nattch
------ Semaphore Arrays -------key

semid
owner
perms
nsems
status
------ Message Queues -------key

msqid
owner
used-bytes
perms
status
messages
IPC
ipcrm <msg | sem | shm> IPC_ID
(msg , sem ,
shm ), .
12.4.2.
,
. IPC, .
msgbuf ( /usr/src/linux/include/linux/msg.h) :
struct msgbuf {
long mtype;
char mtext[1];
};
/* */
/* */
: .
, -
142
III.
,
. ,
, .
msgbuf :
struct my_buf {
long mtype;
char mtext[256];
}

, :
struct my_buf {
long mtype;
char mtext[256];
long status;
}
/usr/src/linux/include/linux/msg.h:
#define MSGMAX 4056
sysctl (
kernel.msgmax). , msgmax
, .
long (4 + 4 = 8 ) mtext 256 ,
264 .
msg (. msg.h):
struct msg {
struct msg *msg_next;
long
msg_type;
char *msg_spot;
short msg_ts;
};
, msg_next, . , msg_type, , ,
msg_buf. ,
, msg_ts, .
IPC .
msqid_ds ( /usr/src/linux/include/
linux/msg.h):
struct msqid_ds {
struct ipc_perm msg_perm;
struct msg *msg_first;
struct msg *msg_last;
time_t msg_stime;
12.
time_t
time_t
struct
struct
ushort
ushort
ushort
ushort
ushort
143
msg_rtime;
msg_ctime;
wait_queue *wwait;
wait_queue *rwait;
msg_cbytes;
msg_qnum;
msg_qbytes;
msg_lspid;
msg_lrpid;
};
msg_perm, . ipc_perm ( linux/ipc.h):

struct ipc_perm {
key_t key;
/* */
ushort uid;
/* uid gid */
ushort gid;
ushort cuid;
/* uid gid */
ushort cgid;
ushort mode;
/* */
ushort seq;
/* */
};
seq , , .
IPC MAX, MAX IPC .
msg_perm , . msg_time . msg_rtime , msg_ctime .
wwait rwait , ,
.
msg_cbytes ,
msg_qnum , msg_qbytes
.
: msg_lpid PID , , msg_rpid PID , .
12.4.3.
msgget():
#include <sys/ipc.h>
III.
144
#include <sys/msg.h>
int msgget(key_t key, int msgflg);
, ftok(). :
IPC_CREAT , ;
IPC_EXCL IPC_CREAT,
, .
IPC_CREAT ( IPC_EXCL) ,
( ).
IPC_EXCL IPC_CREAT, ,
, , msgget()
1.
IPC_CREAT :
IPC_CREAT | 0660
msgget() 1,
errno:
EACCESS IPC;
EEXIST , , -
;
EIDRM ;
ENOENT ( );
ENOMEM ;
ENOSPC (. . -
).
:
key_t key;
int id;
/* IPC */
/* ID */
/* */
key = ftok ("/etc/passwd", 'd');
/* */
if ((id = msgget ( key, IPC_CREAT | 0660 )) == -1)
{
printf("Error\n");
exit(1);
}
12.
145
12.4.4.
( ) , . . .
msgsend():
int msgsnd(int msqid, struct msgbuf *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg);
, . msgget().
.
(4 ).
0 IPC_NOWAIT, ,
,
. ( 0), , , .
, 0, 1, .
errno :
EAGAIN , IPC_NOWAIT, . . -
;
EACCESS ;
EFAULT msgp (
);
EIDRM ;
EINVAL ;
ENOMEM .
:
/* res
length */
int res, length;
struct my_buf *buf;
/* */
/* */
length = sizeof(struct my_buf);
/* id */
if((res = msgsnd( id, &buf, length, 0)) == -1)
{
printf("Error\n");
exit(1);
}
, , id . .
III.
146
,
( 12.6).
12.6. queue-demo.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
<stdio.h>
<stdlib.h>
<linux/ipc.h>
<linux/msg.h>
main()
{
int id;
key_t key;
int res, length;
/* ID */
/* */
/* */
/* */
struct my_buf {
long
mtype;
/*
int
op_type;
int
l_op;
int
r_op;
} msg;
*/
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* IPC- */
key = ftok(".", 'a');
/* */
if ((id = msgget ( key, IPC_CREAT | 0660 )) == -1)
{
printf(" \n");
exit(1);
}
/* */
msg.mtype
= 1; /* , ! */
msg.op_type = 0; /* */
msg.l_op = 5;
msg.r_op = 4;
/* */
if((res = msgsnd( id, &msg, length, 0)) == -1)
{
printf(" \n");
12.
147
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}
ipcs. . 12.1,
0666.
. 12.1.
, . msgrcv():
size_t msgrcv(int msqid, struct msgbuf *msgp, size_t msgsz, long msgtyp, int
msgflg);
, . , .
. . . IPC_NOWAIT, , ,
ENOMSG.
msqrcv() , ,
1 . errno :
E2BIG , msgsz;
EACCESS ;
III.
148
EFAULT ;
EIDRM ; ,
, ;
EINTR ;
EINVAL ,
;
ENOMSG , . , -
IPC_NOWAIT, .
:
int
id;
int
res, length;
struct my_buf buf;
int type=1;
/* ID */
/* , */
/* */
/* */

if((res = msgrcv( id, &buf, length, type, 0 )) == -1)
{
printf("Error\n");
exit(1);
}
, ,
.
msg_exists(), : id type . TRUE,
FALSE.
int msg_exists(int id, long type )
{
int
res;
if((res = msgrcv( id, NULL, 0, type, IPC_NOWAIT )) == -1)
{
return(TRUE);
}
else
return(FALSE);
}
msgctl(). , msgctl() , :
12.
149
#include <sys/msg.h>
int msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid_ds *buf);
ID , , , , IPC_STAT, buf .
IPC_RMID:
msgctl(id, IPC_RMID, NULL);
msgctl() man 2 msgctl.
12.5.
12.5.1.
IPC, , .
, . : 0 ( ) 1 ( ).
, , .
( ). ,
. 1 0, .
, , , ,
. .
, , .
, . ,
- , 100 .
100 , .
1
, 1.
12.5.2.
semid_ds, /usr/src/linux/include/linux/sem.h:
struct semid_ds {
struct ipc_perm sem_perm;
time_t sem_otime;
/* */
/* */
III.
150
time_t
struct
struct
struct
struct
ushort
sem_ctime;
/* */
sem *sem_base;
/* */
wait_queue *eventn;
/* */
wait_queue *eventz;
sem_undo *undo;
/* undo */
sem_nsems;
/* */
};
.
sem:
struct sem
short
ushort
ushort
ushort
};
{
sempid;
semval;
semncnt;
semzcnt;
/* PID */
/* */
/* , . */
/* , . . */
:
sem_pid PID , ;
sem_semval ;
sem_semncnt , ,
. . ;
sem_semzcnt , .
12.5.3.
. semget(),
:
#include <sys/sem.h>
int semget ( key_t key, int nsems, int semflg );
IPC, , , ftok().
, . , IPC_CREAT IPC_EXCL. :
IPC_CREAT | 0660
sem.h:
#define SEMMSL 32 /* <= 512 */
, , .
12.
151
semget() 1 .
errno :
EACCESS ;
EEXISTS , ;
EIDRM ;
ENOENT , IPC_CREAT;
ENOMEM ;
ENOSPC .
semget():
if((sid = semget(key, n, IPC_CREAT|IPC_EXCL|0666)) == -1)
{
printf(" \n");
exit(1);
}
12.5.4.
semop() :
int semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops);
,
semget(). , . .
sembuf:
struct sembuf {
ushort sem_num;
short sem_op;
short sem_flg;
};
/* */
/* */
/* */
sem_num , .
(sem_op) . ,
IPC_NOWAIT. IPC_NOWAIT , "" ,
( ).
, semop(), .
100 . , "" , sembuf :
struct sembuf dev_lock = { 0, -1, IPC_NOWAIT };
semop(sid, &dev_unlock, 1);
III.
152
, "" , ,
sembuf :
struct sembuf dev_unlock = { 0, 1, IPC_NOWAIT };
semop(sid, &dev_unlock, 1);
, , semop() 0. 1, errno :
E2BIG ( nsops)
;
EACCESS ;
EAGAIN (
IPC_NOWAIT),
EFAULT sops ;
EIDRM ;
EINTR ;
EINVAL semid;
ENOMEM Undo-;
ERANGE .
12.5.5.
semctl():
int semctl ( int semid, int semnum, int cmd, union semun arg );
,
( 0). ,
. (union) , .
, . . , . 12.1.
12.1.
IPC_STAT
semid_ds buf semun (. )
IPC_SET
ipc_perm semid_ds
IPC_RMID
GETALL
.
unsigned short,
array
GETNCNT
12.
153
12.1 ()
GETPID
PID , semop()
GETVAL
GETZCNT
SETALL
. array
semun
SETVAL
.
val semun
, . .
semctl():
union semun {
int val;
struct semid_ds *buf;
ushort *array;
struct seminfo *__buf;
void *__pad;
};
/*
/*
/*
/*
SETVAL */
IPC_STAT IPC_SET */
GETALL SETALL */
IPC_INFO */
semctl() , 1. errno :
EACCESS ;
EFAULT arg ;
EIDRM ;
EINVAL semid;
EPERM cmd;
ERANGE .
. id, n. GETVAL (. . 12.1):

int value;
int N;
value=semctl(id, N, GETVAL, 0);
:
int c, val;
for (c = 0; x < 5; c++)
III.
154
{
val=semctl(sid,c,GETVAL,0);
printf(" %d: %d\n",c,val);
}
12.6.
12.6.1.
IPC .
: "" , . ,
, .

shmid_ds, /usr/src/linux/include/linux/shm.h:
struct shmid_ds {
struct ipc_perm shm_perm;
/* */
int
shm_segsz;
/* */
time_t shm_atime;
/* */
time_t shm_dtime;
/* */
time_t shm_ctime;
/* */
unsigned short shm_cpid;
/* PID */
/* PID - */
unsigned short shm_lpid;
short shm_nattch;
/* */
unsigned short shm_npages;
/* ( ) */
/* $frames -> S$*/
unsigned long *shm_pages;
struct vm_area_struct *attaches; /* */
};
,
. shm.h.
shmget(), , . , ( ). . shm_nattach
.
12.6.2.

shmget().
:
12.
155
#include <sys/shm.h>
int shmget(key_t key, int size, int shmflg);
, , .
, ftok(). , . IPC_CREAT,
, , .
IPC_EXCL IPC_CREAT, . IPC_EXCL .
shmget()
1, . errno :
EACCESS ;
EINVAL ;
EEXISTS , .
, IPC_EXCL IPC_CREAT , ;
IDRM ;
ENOMEM .
:
shid = shmget( key, size, IPC_CREAT | 0660 )
, shmat():
int shmat ( int shmid, char *shmaddr, int shmflg );
, . .
0 : .
. :
SHM_RND (
);
SHM_RDONLY .
shmat() ,
, 1, . errno
:
EACCESS ;
ENOMEM ;
EINVAL , . . ID -
(shmaddr).
III.
156
:
char *ptr;
ptr = shmat(sh_id,0,0);

, .
, , .
shmdt():
int shmdt ( char *shmaddr );
1. errno
: EINVAL, . . .
shmctl():
int shmctl ( int shmid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf );
, , , IPC_STAT/IPC_SET.
:
IPC_STAT shmid_ds buf;
IPC_SET ipc_perm shmid_ds -
. buf;
IPC_RMID , -
. , .
, shmctl() 0 1,
.
12.6.3.
, ,
( 12.7).
12.7. share.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
<stdio.h>
<stdlib.h>
<sys/types.h>
<sys/ipc.h>
<sys/shm.h>
/* 256 */
#define SIZE 256
12.
157
int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
key_t key;
/* */
int shmid, c;
/* */
char *ptr;
/* */
/* */
key = ftok(".", 'D');
/* */
shmid = shmget(key, SIZE, IPC_CREAT|0660);
/* */
if((ptr = shmat(shmid, 0, 0)) == -1)
{
printf("shmat() error\n");
exit(1);
}
/* ptr */
return 0;
}
ipcs , .
. , :
shm_change_mode(int shmid, char *mode)
{
struct shmid_ds mds;
shmctl(shmid, IPC_STAT, &mds);
printf(" : %o\n", mds.shm_perm.mode);
sscanf(mode, "%o", &mds.shm_perm.mode);
shmctl(shmid, IPC_SET, &mds);
printf(" : %o\n", mds.shm_perm.mode);
}
, :
.
158
III.
13

13.1.
, Linux? ,
. ,
, . ,
.
, Windows . , . ( ,
, )
. , "" "" , .
Linux - .
, , .
, . ,
, Windows, .
, , ,
,
. , , NTFS SCSI-, NTFS SCSI-. ( NTFS,
SCSI), .
, , .
, , , ,
, ? ,
,
"" .
,
. ,
13.
159
SCSI-, SCSI.
ext2, ext3, ext4 ""
Linux.
, ? , ,
. .
.
, SCSI ext3. , NTFS-. insmod
,
. , /etc/modules.conf .
-
, , . . , , , .
- ,
, , . , ,
, (
). .

. ,
, , , .
, ""
.
.
, .

Linux, ,
, .
13.2. lsmod, insmod, modprobe

, .
insmod . ,
, , :
# insmod //.o
160
III.
/etc/modules.conf ( /etc/modules). ,
, insmod .
/etc/modules.conf
/etc/modprobe.conf, , modules.conf. 13.1 /etc/modprobe.conf.
13.1. /etc/modprobe.conf
alias eth0 pcnet32
alias sound-slot-0 snd_ens1371
install scsi_hostadapter /sbin/modprobe mptscsih; /sbin/modprobe mptspi;
/sbin/modprobe ata_piix; /sbin/modprobe ahci; /bin/true
install usb-interface /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd; /sbin/modprobe uhci_hcd;
/bin/true

:
man modprobe.conf
modprobe, ,
.
(, , , remove).
modprobe . , insmod. insmod
,
"" . modprobe
( ), :
# modprobe ivtv
ivtv. ,
, .
, /etc/modules.conf
/etc/modprobe.conf. . , /etc/modules.conf
( /etc/modules), . , /etc/modprobe.conf, , , . ,
, /etc/modprobe.conf.
( /etc/modprobe.conf)
modprobe . /etc/modprobe.conf , . ,
. , . .
.
13.
161
/etc/modules.conf, /etc/modprobe.preload. , .
/etc/modprobe.conf /etc/modprobe.preload
/etc/modprobe.d /etc/modprobe.preload.d. .
,
.
/etc/modprobe.conf /etc/modprobe.preload. ,
,
/etc/modprobe.d ( /etc/modprobe.preload.d,
).
/etc/sysconfig/modules. ,
, .
, Ubuntu /etc/modprobe.conf, /etc/modules /etc/modprobe.d. ,
, , Linux- .
, ? ,
, - /etc/modprobe.conf,
/etc/modprobe.preload ( ).
/etc/modules.conf /etc/modules
.
.

insmod ,
. lsmod
. root
less
lsmod:
# lsmod | less
rmmod. , , .
13.3.
,
:
make make,
(, , ), ,
, ;
162
III.
kernel-source , kernel-source
;
kernel-headers, linux-userspace-headers ,
,
headers
;
kernel-default-devel , . -
, kerneldevel kernel-*-devel.
, ,
.
13.4.
, . - ,
rmmod.
"" module.h, :
#include <linux/module.h>
kernel.h :
#include <linux/kernel.h>
, /usr/include/linux, /usr/src/linux/include/linux.
init_module(),
.
cleanup_module(). .
. ,
, printk(). printk() , /var/log/messages. , .
, , "" ( 13.2).
13.2. first.c
int init_module(void)
13.
163
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Hello from kernel!\n");
return 0;
}
void cleanup_module(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "first.c: removed\n");
}
, init_module() 0, , . ,
, . . , .
cleanup_module() .
printk(). ,
(, , syslog, klogd, syslog-ng ).
printk() .
, . klogd syslogd, , , .

KERN_ALERT. , ,
. , ,
.
, .
. 13.1.
13.1.
KERN_DEBUG
KERN_INFO
KERN_NOTICE
KERN_WARNING
: -
KERN_ERR
KERN_CRIT
KERN_ALERT
""
KERN_EMERG
"" ( )
164
III.
KERN_ERR (KERN_CRIT, KERN_ALERT, KERN_EMERG)

, ,
, . , KERN_EMERG
, .
, ,
KERL_ALERT, "" .
2.3.13 init_module() cleanup_module(). . , .
module_init() module_exit(), linux/init.h. 13.3 .
13.3. first2.c
#include <linux/init.h>
static int __init first_init(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Hello from kernel\n");
return 0;
}
static void __exit first_exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "first.c: removed\n");
}
module_init(first_init);
module_exit(first_exit);
module.h ,
:
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
/* */
MODULE_AUTHOR("Denis Kolisnichenko");
/* */
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Driver for /dev/mydev"); /* */
MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE("mydev");
/* */
, , .
13.
165
13.5.
,
. , .
, ,
linux/module.h , , ...
, , :
, ,
(. , );
X.Org (X Window).
X.Org? , , printk(), ! , .
printf()
. , printk(),
X.Org /var/log/messages.
Linux 12 ( 1999 ). 2.2 2.4 . , -
(
).
:
gcc -DLINUX -DMODULE -D__KERNEL__ -c _.c
, , ,
linux/module.h . ( -I),
gcc - asm/*.h.
, . kbuild . .
, . first.c /root/module.
Makefile :
obj-m := first.o
, Makefile. . Makefile .
, /root/module, :
# make -C /usr/src/linux SUBDIRS=$PWD modules
, . , -C , Makefile. ,
166
III.
Makefile, Makefile . /usr/src/linux /usr/src/linux-2.6.x.x. ,

, .
make modules ( !)
/usr/src/linux/Makefile ( Makefile ). ,
, (
$PWD make , ). make Makefile
.
. 13.1.
. ,
. make, . . 13.1 ,
. , . 2.6
"" ko o, . /root/module/first.ko.
. 13.1.
. 13.2.
13.
167
.
make , (. 13.2).
, openSUSE 11.2
Mandriva 2010.1 .
. 13.3. ?
. 13.4.
168
III.
. /usr/src/linux
:
make menuconfig
Exit. menuconfig ,
, .
Yes (. 13.3), , (. 13.4).
/root/module make:
# make -C /usr/src/linux SUBDIRS=$PWD modules
13.6.
:
# insmod ./first.ko
: first.ko, first.o.
, .
, :
insmod: error inserting './first.ko": -1 Invalid module format
, , , ! ,
.
, .
, , ,
(, , ,
). . ,
2.6.33.3, , /usr/src/linux /usr/src/linux-2.6.33.3.
, , 2.6.33.5, RPM- .
, 2.6.33.5, . , , . ,
.
. ,
. ,
, kernel.org. -
13.
169
, ,
, .

, , --force-vermagic modprobe, modprobe --forcevermagic first. , ,
.
? , . :
#
#
#
#
#
make
make
make
make
make
menuconfig
dep
modules
modules_install install
,
(
/usr/src/linux-x.x.x.x*).
. .
, ( ) . ,
. ,
( kernel.org) . ,
.
? , ,
,
. .
modinfo (. 13.5):
# modinfo ./first.ko
. 13.5.
. 13.5:
2.6.33.5-desktop, 2.6.33.5-server,
.
170
III.
kernel-source ,
, RPM- , . ,
2.6.33.5-server,
kernel-source "" ""
. 2.6.33.5-desktop.
Mandriva.
. , kernel-server-devel-2.6.33.52mnb , "" .
/usr/src linux-server-2.6.33.5.2mnb, /usr/src/server.
:
# make -C /usr/src/server SUBDIRS=$PWD modules
. 13.6: ,
insmod "". insmod
, ,
/var/log/messages (. 13.7).
/proc/modules. (. 13.8).
. 13.6.
13.
171
. 13.7.
. 13.8. first
172
III.
, , , : !
13.7.
. (
, ):
, (file1.c file2.c).
Makefile :
obj-m += big.o
big-objs := file1.o file2.o
13.8.
13.8.1.
, ( ),
? : ""
. ,
.
, .
, . printf(). libc.
. , . : ,
, .

.
, ,
/proc/kallsyms.
?
, .
"Hello, world". , ,
:
strace hello-world
13.
173
? write()
strace. .
?
. ,
write() ,
"write()". , . . ,
ps,
top .
13.8.2. ,

( ) .
.
.

. , " ",
( ).
.
.
. , , , . . . , , , , .
,
. ,
.
, . , ,
.
. ,

. .
, ,
. . .
174
III.
, .
, , ,
root.

,
, , .
, . : . , Linux , . , - , Linux
. "Understanding the
Linux Kernel" O'Reilly Media. ,
: 10 , ( , , - ), , 2000 2.2, 2.6.
13.8.3.
, :
. , .
, - . ,
, . , .
, .
, , . ,

( , ). ,
.
, . :
ls -l /dev/sda[1-2]
, (, ),
(14).
. 13.9. , :
(8) , (/dev/sda1
/dev/sda2) . .
, .
. , , -
13.
175
. ,
"" , .
, : . ( ), . . 13.9:
( r) b ( . block). ,
, c ( . char), .
. 13.9.
mknod, :
mknod /dev/sda3 b 8 3
(b) /dev/sda3,
8, 3.
/dev , .
Linux .
/dev/sda3, , :
. ,
"",
, "" .
13.9.
13.9.1.
- . file_operations linux/fs.h. , . ,
. , , NULL. :
struct file_operations {
struct module *owner;
loff_t(*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
ssize_t(*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
ssize_t(*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t);
ssize_t(*write) (struct file *,
const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
176
III.
ssize_t(*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const char __user *, size_t,

loff_t);
int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int,
unsigned long);
int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
int (*flush) (struct file *);
int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *, int datasync);
int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync);
int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
ssize_t(*readv) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
loff_t *);
ssize_t(*writev) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
loff_t *);
ssize_t(*sendfile) (struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, read_actor_t,
void __user *);
ssize_t(*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t,
loff_t *, int);
unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area) (struct file *, unsigned long,
unsigned long, unsigned long,
unsigned long);
};
: . , ,
read, write, open release, file_operations
:
struct file_operations fops = {
.read = mydevice_read,
.write = mydevice_write,
.open = mydevice_open,
.release = mydevice_release
};
fops.
file_operations fops . ,
. fops, , file_operations.
. file_operations.
(. . ) file,
linux/fs.h. file filp.
13.
177
13.9.2.
, , ?
, . . . ,
- .

.
register_chrdev(), linux/fs.h:
int register_chrdev(unsigned int major,
const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);
,
, file_operations.
,
.
, ? . 0

.
Documentation/devices.txt, , , . :
, , 77, , .
: , , ,
( ). mknod()
. cleanup_module() .
13.9.3.
( ) . /var/log/messages. ,
mknod():
,
mknod.
, . : .
13.4.
III.
178
13.4. mydev.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
<linux/kernel.h>
<linux/module.h>
<linux/fs.h>
<asm/uaccess.h>
/* put_user */
/* */
int init_module(void);
void cleanup_module(void);
static int mydevice_open(struct inode *, struct file *);
static int mydevice_release(struct inode *, struct file *);
static ssize_t mydevice_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
static ssize_t mydevice_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *);
#define SUCCESS 0
#define DEVICE_NAME "mydev"
#define BUF_LEN 128
static
static
static
static
int Major;
int Device_Status = 0;
char msg[BUF_LEN];
char *msg_Ptr;
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* , 1 = */
/* */
/* */
static struct file_operations fops = {
.release = mydevice_release,
.write = mydevice_write
};
/* */
int init_module(void)
{
/* */
Major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &fops);
if (Major < 0) {
printk(KERN_ALERT "register_chrdev() error %d\n", Major);
return Major;
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE "Major number %d\n", Major);
printk(KERN_NOTICE "Please create a dev file with\n");
printk(KERN_NOTICE "'mknod /dev/mydev c %d 0'.\n", Major);
13.
179
return SUCCESS;
}
void cleanup_module(void)
{
/* */
int res = unregister_chrdev(Major, DEVICE_NAME);
if (res < 0)
printk(KERN_ALERT "unregister_chrdev() error: %d\n", res);
}
/* */
/* */
static int mydevice_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
if (Device_Status)
return -EBUSY;
Device_Open++;
sprintf(msg, "Hello\n");
msg_Ptr = msg;
try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
return SUCCESS;
}
/* */
static int mydevice_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
Device_Status--;
module_put(THIS_MODULE);
return SUCCESS;
}
/* */
static ssize_t
mydevice_write(struct file *filp, const char *buff, size_t len, loff_t * off)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Unsupported operation: write()\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
/* ,
.
filp file
buffer ,
lenght
offset */
III.
180
mystatic ssize_t mydevice_read(struct file *filp, char *buffer, size_t length,

loff_t * offset)
{
int bytes_read = 0; /* */
if (*msg_Ptr == 0)
/* ,
0 */
return 0;
/* : .

( ), ,
.
, put_user(),

*/
while (length && *msg_Ptr) {
put_user(*(msg_Ptr++), buffer++);
length--;
bytes_read++;
}
/* */
return bytes_read;
}
/* */
MODULE_AUTHOR("Denis Kolisnichenko");
/* */
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Driver for /dev/mydev");
/* */
MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE("mydev");
/* */
? .
:
#include
#include
#include
#include
<linux/kernel.h>
<linux/module.h>
<linux/fs.h>
<asm/uaccess.h>
/* put_user */
.
file_operations(), .
put_user(),
.
13.
181
:
#define SUCCESS 0
#define DEVICE_NAME "mydev"
#define BUF_LEN 128
static
static
static
static
int Major;
int Device_Status = 0;
char msg[BUF_LEN];
char *msg_Ptr;
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* , 1 = */
/* */

0, .
, .
Major .
Device_Status : 1 ( -
), 0 . msg , , /dev/mydev. .
Major. ,
, 0,
register_chrdev(). ,
, mknod. : (
) KER_ALERT (
), KERN_NOTICE (
):
Major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &fops);
if (Major < 0) {
printk(KERN_ALERT "register_chrdev() error %d\n", Major);
return Major;
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE "Major number %d\n", Major);
printk(KERN_NOTICE "Please create a dev file with\n");
printk(KERN_NOTICE "'mknod /dev/mydev c %d 0'.\n", Major);

(, mknod, /dev, ):
int res = unregister_chrdev(Major, DEVICE_NAME);

, filp:
III.
182
static struct file_operations fops = {
.write = mydevice_write
};
, , :
mydevice_open() , ;
mydevice_release() ;
mydevice_read() , -
;
write() - ,
echo info > /dev/mydev.
: 1, , ,
-EBUSY: . 0, ( )
.
if (Device_Status)
return -EBUSY;
Device_Open++;
sprintf(msg, "Hello\n");
msg_Ptr = msg;
0:
Device_Status--;
. , . . .
,
, bytes_read.
while
put_user(). while bytes_read, :
int bytes_read = 0;
if (*msg_Ptr == 0)
/* */
/* , 0
*/
return 0;
while (length && *msg_Ptr) {
put_user(*(msg_Ptr++), buffer++);
13.
183
length--;
bytes_read++;
}
return bytes_read;
, , . ,
. .
put_user(),
get_user():
static ssize_t
mydevice_write(struct file *file,
const char __user * buffer, size_t length, loff_t * offset)
{
int bwrite;
for (bwrite = 0; bwrite < length && bwrite < BUF_LEN; bwrite ++)
get_user(Message[i], buffer + i);
Message_Ptr = Message;
/* - */
return bwrite;
}
, .
. , , ioctl(), Input/Output ConTroL.
, -
. , 1000, , ,
1000 , . ioctl
:
struct file_operations fops = {
.write = mydevice_write,
.ioctl = mydevice_ioctl,
};
13.10. /proc
/proc
, /proc/modules -
184
III.
. /proc , ,
. /proc/mydev, .
/proc proc_fs.h.
, module.h kernel.h:
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
/proc proc_dir_entry:
struct proc_dir_entry *pde;
proc_dir_entry :
/* */
pde = create_proc_entry("mydev", 0644, NULL);
pde->read_proc = proc_read;
/* */
pde->owner = THIS_MODULE;
/* proc- */
pde->mode = S_IFREG | S_IRUGO;
/* */
pde->uid = 0;
/* UID */
pde->gid = 0;
/* GID */
pde->size = 50;
/* */
proc_read() proc-:
ssize_t
proc_read(char *buffer,
char **buffer_location,
off_t offset, int buffer_length, int *eof, void *data)
:
;

buffer;
;
, ;
eof = 1, ;
, , proc-
.
proc_read :
ssize_t
proc_read(char *buffer,
char **buffer_location,
13.
185
{
int length = 0;
static int c = 1;
/* */
/* */
/* , ,
*/
if (offset > 0) {
printk(KERN_INFO "Offset %d, Bytes %d\n", (int)(offset), length);
*eof = 1;
return length;
}
/* */
length = sprintf(buffer,
"This file has been read %d times\n", c);
c++;
return length;
}
pde:
int init_module()
{
int res = 0;
pde->uid = 0;
pde->gid = 0;
pde->size = 50;
printk(KERN_INFO "Module started. Creating /proc/mydev...");
if (pde == NULL) {
res = -1;
remove_proc_entry("mydev", &proc_root);
printk(KERN_INFO "Error\n");
} else
printk(KERN_INFO "OK\n");
return res;
}
create_proc_entry , proc-
remove_proc_entry() .
III.
186
cleanup_module() :
void cleanup_module()
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Module stopped\n");
}
( 13.5).
13.5. procf.c
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
struct proc_dir_entry *pde;
ssize_t
proc_read(char *buffer, char **buffer_location,
{
int length = 0;
static int c = 1;
/* */
/* */
/* , ,
*/
if (offset > 0) {
printk(KERN_INFO "Offset %d, Bytes %d\n", (int)(offset), length);
*eof = 1;
return length;
}
/* */
length = sprintf(buffer,
"This file has been read %d times\n", c);
c++;
return length;
}
int init_module()
{
int res = 0;
13.
187
pde->uid = 0;
pde->gid = 0;
pde->size = 50;
printk(KERN_INFO "Module started. Creating /proc/mydev...");
if (pde == NULL) {
res = -1;
printk(KERN_INFO "Error\n");
} else
printk(KERN_INFO "OK\n");
return res;
}
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Module stopped\n");
}
( insmod).
/proc mydev. .
13.11. :

. , , , , , - .
.
. (key loggers).
, .
,
, , .

. ,
.
(IRQ) . 1
( Intel). :
III.
188
100
250 . ,
250 , . : 250
1, , , , .
:
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
<linux/module.h>
<linux/kernel.h>
<linux/workqueue.h>
<linux/sched.h>
<linux/interrupt.h>
<asm/io.h>
myqueue:
#define MY_WORK_QUEUE_NAME "WQsched.c"
static struct workqueue_struct *myqueue;
, , , GPL, , :
(IRQ 1). , , (
), cleanup_module() :
{
}
:
int init_module()
{
/* */
myqueue = create_workqueue(MY_WORK_QUEUE_NAME);
/* IRQ 1 */
free_irq(1, NULL);
return request_irq(1,
/* IRQ */
keyboard_handler,
/* */
SA_SHIRQ,
"keyboard_irq_handler",
(void *)(keyboard_handler));
}
13.
189
init_module() ,
1 free_irq().
request_irq(). , . SA_SHIRQ , . , /proc/interrupts. ID
. SA_SHIRQ, NULL, - .
keyboard_handler().
-
log_char(), .
log_char() keyboard_handler()
log_char() .
work_struct. log_char() - . , .
irqreturn_t keyboard_handler(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
static int initialised = 0;
static unsigned char scancode;
static struct work_struct mytask;
unsigned char status;
/* - */
status = inb(0x64);
scancode = inb(0x60);
/* mytask log_char */
if (initialised == 0) {
INIT_WORK(&mytask, log_char, &scancode);
initialised = 1;
} else {
PREPARE_WORK(&mytask, log_char, &scancode);
}
/* mytask myqueue */
queue_work(myqueue, &mytask);
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
log_char() . . , ,
=007=. :
cat /var/log/messages | grep =007= | less
III.
190
:
static void log_char(void *scancode)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "=007=: Scancode %x %s.\n",
(int)*((char *)scancode) & 0x7F,
*((char *)scancode) & 0x80 ? "Released" : "Pressed");
}
13.6 .
13.6. sniffer.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
<linux/module.h>
<linux/kernel.h>
<linux/workqueue.h>
<linux/sched.h>
<linux/interrupt.h>
<asm/io.h>
#define MY_WORK_QUEUE_NAME "WQsched.c"

static struct workqueue_struct *myqueue;
static void log_char(void *scancode)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "=007=: Scancode %x %s.\n",
(int)*((char *)scancode) & 0x7F,
*((char *)scancode) & 0x80 ? "Released" : "Pressed");
}
irqreturn_t keyboard_handler(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
static int initialised = 0;
static unsigned char scancode;
static struct work_struct mytask;
unsigned char status;
/* - */
status = inb(0x64);
scancode = inb(0x60);
/* mytask log_char */
if (initialised == 0) {
INIT_WORK(&mytask, log_char, &scancode);
13.
191
initialised = 1;
} else {
PREPARE_WORK(&mytask, log_char, &scancode);
}
/* mytask myqueue */
queue_work(myqueue, &mytask);
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
int init_module()
{
/* */
myqueue = create_workqueue(MY_WORK_QUEUE_NAME);
/* IRQ 1 */
free_irq(1, NULL);
return request_irq(1,
/* IRQ */
keyboard_handler,
/* */
SA_SHIRQ,
"keyboard_irq_handler",
(void *)(keyboard_handler));
}
{
}
. ,
, . : Linux.
192
III.
IV
Linux
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Linux ,
Linux. Linux. , ,
.
14

14.1. Linux
Linux .
, , : ext2, ext3, ext4, XFS, ReiserFS, JFS.
"" (native) Linux ext2 ( ext
Linux),
ext3. ext4.
Linux ext3 ext4.

Linux ext, , .
,
Linux- ext3, ext4, XFS, ReiserFS, JFS.
( ext2) ,
. ,
,
. ,
(, " "). , , , . ,

, , .
ext2 ext3 . , ext3 ext2,
. ext3 (, Total Commander
Ext2Fsd Windows), ext2. , ext4 ext3.
14.
195
ext4 (
ext3).
. ,
, ext3/ext4.
XFS Silicon Graphics 2001 . (
7 /). XFS 512 64 .
, ,
.
(, ),
(, "" ). , , .
, XFS
.
ReiserFS ,
( ). ,
4 , 512 (
), 3,5 .
ReiserFS !
:
. ,
, UPS ( ) .
JFS ( IBM)
AIX, Linux.
(,
XFS). ( 512 4 ). , , , 4 , , .
ext4. , , Linux, "Linux. " (3- ) " Linux (3- )".
14.2. Linux
14.2.1. Linux
Windows Linux , . , Linux ,
IV. Linux
196
. Windows, , Document1.doc Document1, doc . Linux

Document1.doc , .
254 .
( ), / \ ? < > * " |. . , , Windows- ( , ) . (- ,
).
, Linux : FILE.txt FILE.Txt .
/ ( ), \ ( ), Windows.
14.2.2.
Windows , . . , DOS (Disk Operating System) Windows.
Linux . Windows-
: Linux , , . /dev (
devices). , !
DOS, , , , - : PRN (), CON (
, ), LPTn ( , n ), COMn
( ).

- , Linux ""
Microsoft Linux 90- , DOS 80- . . , Microsoft
UNIX, DOS.
,
.
:
/dev/sdx USB-;
/dev/sdxN , N ;
/dev/mouse ;
/dev/modem ( ttySn);
/dev/ttySn , n (ttyS0 -
COM1, ttyS1 COM2 . .).
14.
197

/dev/hdx (. ).
, : .
, , , . .
14.2.3.
, Windows.
( Windows XP).
, ( A:), ( C:, D: E:), CD/DVD (F:).
A:, C:, D: . . Windows
.
Linux . , Linux /dev/sda3.
Linux-.
/, . . ( )
cd /.
, .
, .

, /mnt/cdrom. . 14.4.6, .
14.2.4. Linux
Linux :
/ ;
/bin Linux (cat, cp, ls, login . .);
/boot , Initrd,
;
/dev ;
/etc ;
/home ;
/lib ;
/lost+found
IV. Linux
198
/misc , /opt;
/mnt ;
/proc procfs,
;
/root root;
/sbin , -
root;
/tmp ;
/usr , ,
;
/var , :
, , , . .
14.3.
? ,
. :
,
, .
, ,
: .
,
(ISO 9660).
, ,
. , Linux
open() open(), ,
.
(. 14.1): , .
glibc ( GNU C) . glibc , , ,
: open(), read(), write(), close(), glibc,
.
VFS . . -
14.
199
. VFS, ,
open_ext2() , ext2,
open_vfat() VFAT. , VFS .
.

, PATA
SATA.
ext2/3 ,
. 14.2.
512 .
.
(Master Boot Record,
MBR) , .
.
. 14.1.

. 14.2.

( )
. .
1, 2 4 . . 1.
200
IV. Linux
, . 1 (1024 ).
,
.
/usr/src/linux/include/linux/fs.h:
struct super_block {
struct_head s_list; //
unsigned long s_blocksize;
struct file_system_type *s_type;
struct super_operations *s_op;
struct semaphore
s_lock;
int s_need_sync_fs;
...
}
, i-,
i- ( i- inode, ).
(block map)
. i-, ,
. i- . i- , i- , .
i- .
15 , 12
, . 12 (, 1 = 1 ), .
(13-) ,
, .
, , . ,
1, 2 4 . , 256, 512 1024 .
, ? . 14- , , 15- ,
.
, .
ext3 1 . 2.6
16 , "" 4 . DVD- (
18 ).
, i- , . , . -
14.
201
, i-
(). ( )
,
.
, Linux . ? i- i-
, i-
Linux.
14.4.
14.4.1. mount umount
- ,
. , ,
,
. , .
(, -),
, ,
.
,
/ , . .
, . -
, . ,
, .
(, ) .
( root) :
# mount [] <> < >
,
. , /mnt/cdrom, ,
-, (
/mnt/cdrom).
, /aaa-111. , .

root. root
sudo. , -, :
sudo mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrom
IV. Linux
202
mount sudo root.

, mount.
umount:
# umount < >
14.4.2.
. ,
.
, Linux .
.
, /dev/fd0 , /dev/hda (/dev/sda) . /dev.

, -. ,
IDE-, , Fedora 5
/dev/hda, Fedora 8 /dev/sda. , IDE (PATA), /dev/hdx, SCSI/SATA-
/dev/sdx ( x ).
udev
(UUID) ,
(PATA, SATA, SCSI), /dev/sdx, x . udev UUID. ,
IDE- /dev/sda. ,
(. . 14.4.5). ,
SATA- (. . PATA- ,
SCSI ),
IDE (PATA), .

udev , Linux 2.6.
devfs.
/dev.
. /dev/sda. , ,
( ). ,
Windows C:, D: E:. C: (), . Linux 1, C:
/dev/sda1 .
, (D: E:)
/dev/sda2 /dev/sda3. . .
14.
203
(primary partition), (extended partition)

(logical partition).
, .
, 1, 2, 3, 4. D: E: , /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3. , (
11 ). Windows
, ,
. ,
5, . . D: E: , /dev/sda5
/dev/sda6 .
: ,
fdisk.
(/dev/hda), :
# /sbin/fdisk /dev/sda
fdisk.
p <Enter>. (. 14.3).
q <Enter>.
. 14.3.
. 14.3 .
( C:, Windows) .
( 2).
204
IV. Linux
( 5). 3 4 ,
. ,
.

CD- DVD- /dev/srN ( /dev/scdN),
N .
, /dev/sr0 ( /dev/scd0). ,
CD-ROM,
/dev/cdrom. DVD-,
/dev/dvd. :
sudo mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom
sudo mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
sudo mount /dev/dvd /mnt/cdrom
, ,
/mnt/cdrom. , .
. : (/dev/fd0) (/dev/fd1).
:
sudo mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
sudo mount /dev/fd1 /mnt/floppy
, Windows- /dev/fd0 A:, /dev/fd1 B:.
USB-
USB- ,
(/dev/sd?). , (
/dev/sda) , /dev/sdb. ( , ) :
sudo mount /dev/sdb /mnt/usb
USB- ( ,
) (
, Linux).
14.
205
14.4.3.
, , . :
# mount <> < >
:
# mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/win_d
mount , : -t, -r, -w, -a.

-t .
, .
. :
# mount -t < > <> < >
:
# mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrom
:
ext2 ext3
iso9660
vfat
Linux;
CD-ROM;
FAT, FAT32 ( Windows 9x, ME, XP);
ntfs
NT File System ( Windows NT, XP), NTFS, NTFS-

;
ntfs-3g
ntfs-3g, .
NTFS-.

ntfs-3g, . . ,
www.ntfs-3g.org. , .
-r " ".
-w "/".
,
(, NTFS ,
CD/DVD-).
a ,
/etc/fstab ( , noauto ).
mount -a.
IV. Linux
206
NTFS- ntfs-3g, , , (, Windows ). o force, :

sudo mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdb1 /media/usb -o force
14.4.4.
(, Windows-),
/etc/fstab. : (, CD/DVD-, Flash-). , , Mandriva,
/etc/fstab.
Windows- . , ,
fstab:
_ _ _ _
: _ , _ . (1), dump
. (0),
. ,
fsck.
:
;
-
.
.
. 14.1.
14.1. /etc/fstab
auto
.
,
noauto
(
mount -a),
mount
defaults
exec
noexec
14.
207
14.1 ()
ro
" "
rw
"/". ,
user
/ ( root)
nouser
root.

umask
.
Linux' : umask=0
utf8
, UTF-8
. (
KOI8-R) Windows iocharset=koi8-u,codepage=866

/etc/fstab, /etc,
(, gedit, kate), root
( su sudo).
:
/dev/sdc /mnt/cdrom auto umask=0,user,noauto,ro,exec 0 0
/dev/sda1 /mnt/win_c vfat umask=0,utf8 0 0
-,
C:.
. /dev/hdc CD-ROM. -
/mnt/cdrom. , . : iso9660, - ,
auto, . . . . , umask
, - Linux. user ,
. noauto ,
-. ro
" ", exec . , - , , .
. . . ,
( vfat), auto. umask,
208
IV. Linux
, . utf8 .
14.4.5. UUID /etc/fstab

/etc/fstab, UUID
(Universally Unique Identifier), . , Ubuntu, ( fstab) ID, fstab , :
# /dev/sda6
UUID=1f049af9-2bdd-43bf-a16c-ff5859a4116a / ext3 defaults 0 1
# /dev/sda1
UUID=45AE-84D9 /media/hda1 vfat defaults,utf8,umask=007 0 0
SUSE :
/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_WDC_WD1600JB-00_WD-WCANM7959048-part5 / ext3
acl,user_xattr 1 1
/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_WDC_WD1600JB-00_WD-WCANM7959048-part7 swap swap
defaults 0 0
, /dev/sda1 ,
1f049af9-2bdd-43bf-a16c-ff5859a4116a.
, !
. , /etc/fstab
, ( , ).
" " :
ls l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
, ,
, ? , Linux
. IDE-.
, (primary),
(secondary), , .

(master), (slave). , ,
, hda (primary
master), hdb (primary slave), hdc (secondary master), hdd (secondary slave). SATA/SCSI- .

.
14.
209
(persistent name). ,
, , , , /dev/hdaN, /dev/hdbN. , Linux , . , ,
. ? .
. . libata. libata PATA hdx, sdx, ( )
. ,
, IDE SATA/SCSI-.
UUID :
UUID=45AE-84D9
/media/sda1
vfat
defaults,utf8,umask=007, gid=46 0 0
UUID ;
/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_WDC_WD1600JB-00_WD-WCANM7959048-part7
defaults 0 0
swap
swap
/
ext3
defaults
1 1 , ,
.
LABEL=/

by-uuid,
. . UUID, by-id, . . . by-label . :
ls l /dev/disk/by-uuid
ls l /dev/disk/by-id
ls l /dev/disk/by-label
, by-path. sysfs. ,
.
:
ls -lF /dev/disk/by-label
, . 14.2.
14.2.

ext2/ext3/ext4
# e2label /dev/XXX <>
ReiserFS
# reiserfstune -l <> /dev/XXX
JFS
# jfs_tune -L <> /dev/XXX
IV. Linux
210
14.2 ()

XFS
# xfs_admin -L <label> /dev/XXX
FAT/FAT32
Windows
NTFS
# ntfslabel /dev/XXX <>
/etc/fstab . : /dev/disk/by-uuid/*, /dev/disk/by-id/*

/dev/disk/by-label/*, UUID=
LABEL=. , .
14.4.6. mount()
mount(),
umount(). mount() , root.
, mount().
, , mount, ,
mount.c. ,
( do_mount), 14.1. - , 14.1 mount.c BusyBox, UNIX- .
14.1. do_mount
static int
do_mount(char *specialfile, char *dir, char *filesystemtype,
long flags, void *string_flags, int useMtab, int fakeIt,
char *mtab_opts)
{
int status = 0;
char *lofile = NULL;
// , ,
#if defined BB_MTAB
if (fakeIt == FALSE)
#endif
{
#if defined BB_FEATURE_MOUNT_LOOP
if (use_loop==TRUE) {
int loro = flags & MS_RDONLY;
char *lofile = specialfile;
14.
211
specialfile = find_unused_loop_device();
if (specialfile == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Could not find a spare loop
device\n");
return (FALSE);
}
if (set_loop(specialfile, lofile, 0, &loro)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Could not setup loop device\n");
return (FALSE);
}
if (!(flags & MS_RDONLY) && loro) { /* loop is ro, but
wanted rw */
fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: loop device is readonly\n");
flags &= ~MS_RDONLY;
}
}
#endif
// mount()
status = mount(specialfile, dir, filesystemtype, flags,
string_flags);
}
/* , . . status = 0,
, TRUE */
if (status == 0) {
// BB_MTAB,
// mtab
#if defined BB_MTAB
if (useMtab == TRUE) {
write_mtab(specialfile, dir,
filesystemtype, flags, mtab_opts);
}
#endif
return (TRUE);
}
/* mount() */
#if defined BB_FEATURE_MOUNT_LOOP
if (lofile != NULL) {
del_loop(specialfile);
}
#endif
// = EPERM, ,
// root
IV. Linux
212
if (errno == EPERM) {
fatalError("mount: permission denied. Are you root?\n");
}
return (FALSE);
}
mount ( mount.c) .
, . mount() , man. mount() , :
http://www.opennet.ru/man.shtml?topic=mount&category=2&russian=0
! man-
mount(),
.
,
Linux: Linux, , .
15

15.1.
, , .
. 15.1.
15.1.
mkdir <>
cd <>
ls <>
rmdir <>
rm -r <>
:
. , cat ./file, -
file, ;
.. , cd ..,
"" ;
~ ( ).
. :
mkdir directory
cd directory
touch file1.txt
214
IV. Linux
touch file2.txt
ls
cd ..
ls directory
rm directory
rmdir directory
rm -r directory
(mkdir) directory .
(cd) ( ) . touch file1.txt
file2.txt.
ls . cd .. . , Linux "..", ".". , directory, file1.txt file2.txt ./file1.txt ./file2.txt.
: Linux, Windows, (/), (\).
".." "." Linux "~"
. , /home/den.
dir file1.txt.
:
/home/den/dir/file1.txt
:
~/dir/file1.txt
, (~) . directory ,
, ls :
ls directory
rm . : ! rmdir, . , , . . . . , ,
-r rm .
( ),
(. 15.1).
cp mv : (/) -, -.
-r, () .
15.
215
. 15.1.
15.2.
15.2.1.
unistd.h :
int chdir (const char * path);
int fchdir (int fd);
chdir() , chdir() () . fchdir()

( Linux open() ). 1 ( ).
15.2.2. ,
8 FILE. C DIR. ,
.
dirent.h , :
DIR * opendir (const char * name);
int closedir (DIR * dirp);
opendir()
DIR. , . NULL.
IV. Linux
216
0. 1.
fchdir() fopendir(), , , :
DIR * fopendir (int fd);
,
readdir():
struct dirent * readdir (DIR * dirp);
readdir()
dirent. , readdir() ,
. , readdir().
dirent dirent.h :
struct dirent {
ino_t
off_t
unsigned short
unsigned char
char
};
d_ino;
d_off;
d_reclen;
d_type;
/*
/*
/*
/*
inode */
*/
*/
;
*/
d_name[256]; /* */
d_name, / .
, ( 15.1.)
15.1. ( dir.c)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dirent.h>
int main (void) {
DIR *dir;
struct dirent *ent;
/* */
char directory[255] = "./";
/* */
dir = opendir(directory);
/* */
while ((ent=readdir(dir)) != false) {
printf("%s\n", ent->d_name);
}
15.
217
/* */
closedir(dir);
return 0;
}
. , rewinddir(), ""
:
void rewinddir (DIR * dirp);
15.2.3.
dirent: , d_name. , stat(), fstat() lstat():
int stat (const char * path, struct stat * buf);
int fstat (int fd, struct stat * buf);
int lstat (const char * path, struct stat * buf);
sys/stat.h.
path,
stat, .
,
fd.
stat.
lstat() . , path, , stat , , .
stat:
struct stat {
dev_t st_dev;
ino_t st_ino;
mode_t st_mode;
nlink_t st_nlink;
uid_t st_uid;
gid_t st_gid;
dev_t st_rdev;
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
, */
*/
*/
- */
UID */
GID */
/*
*/
off_t st_size;
/* */
unsigbed long st_blksize; /* */
unsigned long st_blocks;
/* */
time_t st_atime;
/* */
time_t st_mtime;
/* */
time_t st_ctime;
/* */
}
IV. Linux
218
,
( 15.2).
15.2. fileinfo.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
<stdio.h>
<sys/stat.h>
<sys/types.h>
<time.h>
int main (void)

{
struct stat s;
if (stat("./fileinfo.c", &s) == -1)
{
printf("Error\n");
return 1;
}
printf("Filename: fileinfo.c\n");
printf("UID: %d GID: %d\n", (int) s.st_uid, s.st_gid);
printf("Size: %ld\n", (long int) s.st_size);
printf("Last access time: %s", ctime(&s.st_atime));
printf("Time of last modification: %s", ctime(&s.st_mtime));
return 0;
}
fileinfo.c. , , . ,
, , .
, / .
.
18, ,
.
st_mode stat.
. , ,
18, , .
, . 15.2.
15.2.
true,
S_ISDIR()
S_ISCHR()
15.
219
15.2 ()
true,
S_ISBLK()
S_ISREG()
S_ISFIFO()
FIFO
S_ISLNK()
S_ISSOCK()
:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
...
struct stat s;
lstat("./fileinfo.c", &s);
if (S_ISREG(s.st_mode)) printf(" \n");
else if (S_ISDIR(s.st_mode)) printf("\n");
else if (S_ISLNK(s.st_mode)) printf("\n");
...
, , . 15.2.
:
lstat(), S_ISLNK() .
15.2.4.
unistd.h :
int rmdir(const char *pathname);
sys/stat.h :
int mkdir(const char *pathname, mode_t mode);
. ,
. .
mkdir() ,
, :
mkdir("directory", 0777);
1 0 .
16

16.1.
Linux
(. 16.1), , .
16.1. Linux,
touch <>
cat <>
tac <>
, . . , . .
cp <1> <2>
<1> <2>. <2> ,

mv <1> <2>
<1> <2>.

rm <>
locate <>
which <>
, ,
. , PATH ( )
less <>

( )
( . 16.1):
16.
221
touch file.txt
cat file.txt
cp file.txt file-copy.txt
cat file-copy.txt
rm file.txt
cat file.txt
mv file-copy.txt file.txt
cat file.txt
. 16.1.
(touch) file.txt.
(echo) some text . > /,
.
(cat) some text. (cp) file.txt filecopy.txt. cat, file-copy.txt , .
(rm) file.txt. ,
. , <Y>,
, <N>. ? : cat
file.txt. , .
(mv) file-copy.txt file.txt. file.txt. , ,
DOS, Windows .
222
IV. Linux
. ,
, tmp.
: rm *tmp.
,
: rm *.
, ?, , , ,
. , ,
s:
rm s??
s14, sqm, sr6 . ., , s.

.
Linux , . . :
.
, .
, .
,
. , Linux-: ,
/home
. ,
, , /home. .
, , .
ln:
ln file.txt link1
ln -s file.txt link2
link1,
file.txt. link2,
file.txt.
( link1 link2), file.txt.
. ,
link2, file.txt , -
, .
link2 ,
. link1,
file.txt, .
16.
223
16.2.
16.2.1. : rename()
stdio.h rename(),
. rename():
int rename (const char * oldpath, const char * newpath);
, .
0, - , 1.
( 16.1).
16.1. rename.c
#include <stdio.h>
int main (int argc, char ** argv)
{
if (argc < 3) {
printf(": rename _ _\n");
return 1;
}
if (rename(argv[1], argv[2]) == -1) {
printf(" \n");
return 2;
}
return 0;
}
, rename(). , rename() ,
stdio.h, .
16.2.2. :
unlink() rmdir()
unlink() unistd.h
:
int unlink (const char * pathname);
,
0 1, .
224
IV. Linux
, . , rmdir(),
15.
unlink():
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
...
if (unlink(fname) == -1) {
printf(" \n");
return 1;
}
16.2.3. umask()
umask() :
mode_t umask (mode_t mask);
, .
. man umask.
16.2.4.
. 16.1 . ,
. link(), symlink():
int link (const char *existing, const char *new);
int symlink (const char *existing, const char *new);
unistd.h, 1 0 .
(existing) , ,
.
, ,
readlink(), unistd.h:
ssize_t readlink(const char *path, char *buf, size_t bufsiz);
, ,
, , . , 1.
16.
225
C '\0', readlink() \0, :

int bytes;
/* C link ,
*/
char buffer 1025;
bytes = readlink("link", buffer, 1024);
buffer[1024] = '\0';
printf("%s", buffer);
17

17.1.
14 , , Linux. mount(),
. ,
/etc/mtab (
, /proc/mounts).
, . /etc/fstab (. 14)
, setmntent(),
mntent.h:
FILE * setmntent (const char * FILENAME, const char * MODE);
struct mntent * getmntent (FILE * FILEP);
int endmntent (FILE * FILEP);
setmntent() ,
.
/etc/mtab. .
, , fopen().
NULL, .
, getmntent(), setmntent()
struct mntent. getmntent() NULL,
/etc/mtab.
mntent :
struct mntent
{
char *mnt_fsname;
char *mnt_dir;
/* */
/* */
17.
char *mnt_type;
char *mnt_opts;
int mnt_freq;
int mnt_passno;
227
/* */
/* */
/* dump */
/* fsck */
};
endmntent() , . /mnt/fstab.
, /etc/mtab. .
, , , statvfs():
int statvfs (const char * PATH, struct statvfs * FS);
, statvfs, .
man statvfs,
f_bsize, f_blocks f_bavail. , .
, .
, (
).
. ,
( 17.1). . 17.1.
17.1. fsinfo.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
<stdio.h>
<mntent.h>
<sys/statvfs.h>
<stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE * f;
struct mntent * record;
struct statvfs fsinfo;
f = setmntent("/etc/mtab", "r");
if (f==NULL)
{
printf("Error: can't open /etc/mtab");
exit(1);
}
228
IV. Linux
while ((record = getmntent(f)) !=NULL)

{
if (statvfs(record->mnt_dir, &fsinfo) == -1) {
printf("Error");
exit(1);
}
printf("Device: %s\n", record->mnt_fsname);
printf("Mount point: %s\n", record->mnt_dir);
printf("Total blocks: %ld\n", (unsigned long int) fsinfo.f_blocks);
printf("Free blocks: %ld\n", (unsigned long int) fsinfo.f_bfree);
printf("Block size: %ld\n", (unsigned long int) fsinfo.f_bsize);
}
endmntent(f);
return 0;
}
. 17.1. fsinfo
17.
229
17.2. basename() getcwd()

. getcwd(), unistd.h:
char * getcwd (char * BUFFER, size_t SIZE);
getcwd():
#include <unistd.h>
...
char * b = (char*) malloc (1024 * sizeof(char));
...
b = getcwd(b, 1024);
printf(" : %s\n", b);
, ,
, basename(),
strings.h:
char * basename (const char * PATH);
:
printf("%s\n", basename("/home/den/thread.c"));
18

18.1. .
chmod()
. , /, . ? , ,
- . ,
. , .
: (r), (w), (x).
.
(. . ),
(. . ,
) . root
, . , root .
, :
ls -l < />
,
ls -l video.txt
-r--r----- 1 den group 300 Apr 11 11:11 video.txt
-r--r-----
. .
. , d ( directory).
(r--)
. , , .
18.
231
, ,
, w x .
(r--) .
, : , .
(---) . , , .
"Access denied".

ls , ,
, , .
chmod.
: ( , r,
w, x) . , UNIX .
, .
:
rw-r-----

(rw-), .
(r--),
.
, :
rw-
, , 1, , , 1, , 0. 110. 110 ,
6. . 18.1.
18.1.

000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
232
IV. Linux
, . 100,
. . 4. (---) 000, . . 0.
"-". 640 . , :
chmod 640 <_>
:
644 ,
;
666 ;
777 , . , -
.
. ,
script, , :
chmod +x script
, -x:
chmod -x script

chmod (man chmod). chmod(), C-:
int chmod(const char *path, mode_t mode);
, , mode. :
S_IRUSR ;
S_IWUSER ;
S_IXUSR ;
S_IRGRP ;
S_IWGRP ;
S_IXGRP ;
S_IROTH ;
S_IWOTH ;
S_IXOTH .
OR.
, 640 ( ,
18.
233
, )
file.txt :
chmod ("file.txt", S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP);
,
file.txt, root.
18.2. .
chown()
"" - , . . - , chown:
chown
, , , , .
C- chown():
#include <unistd.h>
int chown (const char *path, uid_t owner, gid_t group);
,
(UID), (GID).
/etc/passwd (UID), /etc/group (GID), getuid() getgid() ( ) .
-, , ( root).
19

19.1.
Linux . "",
, "", . . .
,
(Virtual File System layer).

,
, . /proc ( proc) , /proc/filesystems. 0,
, ,
, . ,
, . . " ". ,
, . , .

sysfs proc. /etc/fstab
:
sysfs
proc
/sys
/proc
sysfs
proc
defaults
defaults
0 0
0 0
sysfs proc ,
. , , . , ,
19.
235
:
/sysfs /proc. -
, . sysfs proc. ,

.
19.2. sysfs
() sysfs Linux, . sysfs 2.6. /sys.
:
block ,
( ). Flash-,
/sys/devices/ , /sys/block
(
usb-storage);
bus , (,
). devices drivers.
devices , (. . /sys/devices);
class , .
class ( , block, );
devices , -
;
drivers . drivers
, .
19.3. /proc
() /proc , , (,
/proc, . process). ,
/proc, " ". /proc ,
, , , .
, , , .
IV. Linux
236
cat:
cat /proc//<_>
proc :
echo "" > /proc//_
19.3.1.
. 19.1 ( ) proc: .
19.1. proc-
/proc/version
/proc/cmdline
/proc/cpuinfo
/proc/meminfo
( ,
free)
/proc/devices
/proc/filesystems
/proc/mounts
/proc/modules
/proc/swaps
19.3.2. ,
/proc/sys/kernel ,
. , , , (. 19.2).
19.2. /proc/sys/kernel
/proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del
0, <Ctrl>+<Alt>+<Del>
,
init "" , reboot. 1,
<Ctrl>+<Alt>+<Del> Reset.
, 1
/proc/sys/kernel/domainname
, dkws.org.ua
19.
237
19.2 ()
/proc/sys/kernel/hostname
, den
/proc/sys/kernel/panic
" " , "kernel

panic" . , , ,
. 0 ( ) ,
/proc/sys/kernel/printk

. 6 4 1 7.
, 6 (
, ) .
.
. 9.
,
. ,
, ,
syslog
19.3.3. ,
/proc/sys/net , (. 19.3).
19.3. /proc/sys/net
/proc/sys/net/core/message_burst

(DoS). DoS- ,
,
. ( ), . 50 (5 ). , "" ( 5 ),
/proc/sys/net/core/message_cost
, ,
message_burst
/proc/sys/net/core/netdev_max_backlog
.
300. , ,
/proc/sys/net/core/optmem_max
IV. Linux
238
19.3.4. ,

/proc/sys/vm ,
:
buffermem ( ): , , . : 2 10 60;
kswapd , :
, ;

;
,
. 512 32 8.
19.3.5. ,

/proc/sys/fs , .
:
file-max
( 4096);
inode-max (
4096);
super-max ;

, , super-max,
256, . , ,
, ( ).
super-nr -
. , .
19.3.6.
, " ".
, , ? -
19.
239
, /etc/sysctl.conf (,
, !).
: /proc/sys/ ,
, , , . , /proc/sys/vm/buffermem /etc/sysctl.conf :
vm.buffermem = 2 11 60
/etc/sysctl.conf,
echo "" > .
240
IV. Linux

20.
TCP/IP
21.
22.
Linux. 20 TCP/IP. , ,
, . 21 TCP/IP. ,
, 22.
20
TCP/IP
20.1. OSI
80- . :
. (International
Organization for Standardization, OSI) (Open System Interconnection, OSI).
: OSI, OSI. :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
? ,
, ,
( ). OSI, ,
,
. OSI .
( Ethernet) . ,
,
. , OSI ,
.
20. TCP/IP
243
:
,
. . . ( ). : 1000Base-T
Ethernet, 5- (
) 1000 /;
(
, ) .
: PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol). (, . .) (
). , (frames). , , ,
.
MAC-. MAC- (, ,
).
MAC-.
MAC-;
, . . ,
. , . ,
,
, .
: IP (Internet Protocol). , IP
,
TCP/IP, .
, ( , ,
). ,
. (
) .
( . hop).
. ,
volia.net 6 ( ), . 20.1;
. ,
.
. ,

( ) -
V.
244
.
TCP (Transport Control Protocol);
. . ( , , , ),
.
. (, ),
, . .
;
. 20.1. volia.net
, .
. SSL (Secure Socket Layer);
( ) .
, : HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol),

FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) . .
20.2.
"". , . .
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol). ,
TCP/IP. , TCP/IP .
TCP, ,
(, , ), . .
. IP
. ,
20. TCP/IP
245
(IP-), , , IP . (DNS, Domain

Name System).
TCP IP
, :
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) . Web-
HTTP
HTTPS (HTTP Secure);
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) . -
. FTP-
, , , .
FTP-, .
, . ,
, .
FTP- ftp.
FTP-;
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) . (e-mail);
POP (Post Office Protocol) ,
;
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
, , POP,
. IMAP, ,
, POP. , , .
IMAP , . IMAP ,
POP IMAP .
, , ,
, .
IMAP ( ) .
20.3.
IP-. IP- , ( 32- , , ,
). , , IP- () . () IP- ,
. -
V.
246
IP- , .
MAC- ( MAC-), IP-
.
IP-: 127.0.0.1, 192.168.1.79, 111.33.12.99.
, IP- 32- 8-
. 2 256. , , IP- , IP
4,3 .
, IP IPv6 ( IP, , ,
IPv4).
128- ( 32-),
1012 109. IPv6- , . : 1628:0d48:12a3:19d7:1f35:5a61:17a0:765d.

, IPv6 ( IPng IP Next Generation) , .
IPv4, , ,
IPv6 . IPv6 : http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6.
IP- (NIC, Network

Information Center). IP- ,
. , , .
IP-, . ()
"" . IP- 192.168.1.1. IP-
.
, "" IP- () .
( IP-) "" ,
(NAT, Network Address Translation). , -, IP- , IP-. -
,
"", -. , . . , , .
, , IP- NIC? -
20. TCP/IP
247
. IP- , . , , IP- 192.168.1.0.

0 .
:
A , 16 777 216 ,
IP- 1.0.0.0126.0.0.0;
B , 65 536 .
128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0;
, 256 .
D , E ,
( IPv6), D ( ).
. -.
NIC IP- . ,
1000 . , . , B. ,
, 65 536 ,
B, . . ,
, . A, B C . 20.1.
20.1. A, B C

255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0 256 ( IP-

0 255). , 192.168.1.0, 255.255.255.0,
IP- 192.168.1.0 192.158.1.255.
(192.168.1.0) IP- , . , 254
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.254.
32 : 255.255.255.224
(255 224 = 31 + "" IP-, 32).
, IP- , 192.168.1.0.
, ?
. 192 : 11000000. .
110, C. -
V.
248
10.0.0.0. 10,
: 00001010. 0,
A. . 20.2.
20.2.

10
110
1110
11110
.
255.255.255.255 .
, ,
. , , , : 192.168.5.255. , 192.168.5.0.
127.0.0.1. . , , . . , . . ,
127.0.0.0.
IP-, 127.
IP- ,
. :
192.168.0.0192.168.255.0
( 256 , 255.255.255.0);
172.16.0.0172.31.0.0 B ( 16 , 255.255.0.0);
10.0.0.0 ( , 255.0.0.0).
IP-
, . . 192.168.0.0192.168.255.0.
,
, 10.0.0.0,
. .
10.0.0.0.
, .
21
21.1.

. .
, . open() .
, , (, ).
, ,
. . . , c Linux , , . , write() , read()
. , , ,
Linux , .
,
:
1. socket().
2. bind().
3. (
accept(), connect()).
4. .
5. shutdown() close().
, , socket.h:
#include <sys/socket.h>
V.
250
21.2.
.
socket(), socket.h.
sys/types.h:
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);

POSIX.1.2001 sys/types.h
Linux. ,
UNIX (, BSD), sys/types.h.
socket() . .
, AF_INET,
TCP/IP.
:
SOCK_STREAM . TCP/IP;
SOCK_DGRAM . UDP;
SOCK_RAW , ( ,
, ).
, 0,
.
SOCK_STREAM, TCP,
SOCK_DGRAM, UDP.

, SOCK_RAW , .
netinet/in.h. SOCK_RAW socket()
/etc/protocols.
socket()
1, .
, bind():
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
,
sockaddr, ,
, sockaddr
.
21. :
251
sockaddr socket.h (/usr/incude/sys/socket.h):

# define __SOCKADDR_ALLTYPES \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_at) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_ax25) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_dl) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_eon) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_in) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_in6) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_inarp) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_ipx) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_iso) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_ns) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_un) \
__SOCKADDR_ONETYPE (sockaddr_x25)
sockadd_in, TCP/IPv4, TCP/IPv6 sockadd_in6. ( netinet/in.h) :

struct sockaddr_in
{
__SOCKADDR_COMMON (sin_);
in_port_t sin_port;
/* */
struct in_addr sin_addr; /* IP- */
unsigned char sin_zero[sizeof (struct sockaddr) __SOCKADDR_COMMON_SIZE sizeof (in_port_t) sizeof (struct in_addr)];
};
/* IPv6. */
struct sockaddr_in6
{
__SOCKADDR_COMMON (sin6_);
in_port_t sin6_port;
uint32_t sin6_flowinfo;
struct in6_addr sin6_addr;
uint32_t sin6_scope_id;
};
/* */
/* IPv6 */
/* IPv6 */
/* IPv6- */
IPv6
IPv6, . IPv4 .
sockaddr_in:
sin_ , TCP/IP
AF_INET;
252
V.
sin_port ;
sin_addr , IP-;
sin_zero .
struct in_addr, ,
netinet/in.h:
struct in_addr
{
in_addr_t s_addr;
};
s_addr INADDR_ANY. bind()

. . , : IP- , ,
.
bind() 0 1, . :
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
...
int sock;
sock = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sock==-1) {
printf(" \n");
exit(1);
}
struct sockaddr_in client;
...
client.sin_family = AF_INET;
client.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
client.sin_port = 1235;
bind (sock, (struct sockaddr *)&client, sizeof(client));
21.3.

, . connect(),
21. :
253
listen() accept(). ,
.
listen():
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
, ( ).
0.
,
accept().
:
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
, ,
. accept() . , .
accept() listen()
, :
//
sock2 = accept (sock1, (struct sockaddr *)&client, &ans_len);
//
write (sock2, MSG_TO_SEND, sizeof(MSG_TO_SEND));
accept() .
0, , ,
IP- .
connect(), :
int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *serv_addr,
socklen_t addrlen);
, , ( ), ,
.
, 0, 1. connect:
struct sockaddr_in server;
struct hostent *h;
...
/* IP- */
h = gethostbyname ("server.ru");
254
V.
memcpy ((char *)&server.sin_addr,h->h_addr,h->h_length);

/* */
server.sin_port = 3333;
/* */
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
/* */
connect (sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server));
: IP- , gethostbyname(), .
getsockname():
int getsockname(int s, struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t *namelen);
, , ,
.
21.4.
.
. read() write(),
.
send() recv(), .
( UDP), sendto() recvfrom(). , . sendto() , recvfrom()
, .
send() recv():
ssize_t send(int s, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
ssize_t recv(int s, void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
, .
.
. send() ,
recv() buf .
, .
/ .
:
man 2 send
man recv
/ 1
.
21. :
255
: send()
(, -),
, . recv() : ,
, . , MSG_DONTWAIT.
.
sendto() recvfrom() :
ssize_t sendto(int s, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
const struct sockaddr *to, socklen_t tolen);
ssize_t recvfrom(int s, void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
struct sockaddr *from, socklen_t *fromlen);
send() recv(), -
. ,
sockaddr, ,
( sendto) (
recvfrom).
sockaddr.
21.5.
close(), , , .
shutdown(), close():
int shutdown(int s, int how);
shutdown() , . , , (, ), :
SHUT_RD , ,
.
;
SHUT_WR ;
SHUT_RDWR : , -
.
, , 0 1 . .
22
22.1. /
22.1.1. -
. -, .
,
. , ,
.
, ( ) ,
, . . -
, ,
( , ).
- 22.1.
22.1 , ,
, .
22.1. server.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
<sys/types.h>
<sys/socket.h>
<netinet/in.h>
<netdb.h>
<memory.h>
<stdio.h>
<stdlib.h>
22. :
/* , */
#define PORT 3333
/* */
#define BUF_SIZE 64
/* , */
#define MSG_TO_SEND "My Simple Server v0.0.1\n"
int main () {
/* */
int server_socket, client_socket;
/* */
int answer_len, count=0;
/* */
char buffer[BUF_SIZE];
/* sockaddr_in (sin) */
struct sockaddr_in sin, client;
/* */
server_socket = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
/* , . man memset
*/
memset ((char *)&sin, '\0', sizeof(sin));
/* sin */
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
sin.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
sin.sin_port = PORT;
/* 3333 */
bind (server_socket, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, sizeof(sin));
/* */
printf("Server started.\n");
/* */
listen (server_socket, 3);
/* ,
, <Ctrl>+<C> */
while (1) {
/* */
answer_len = sizeof(client);
/* */
client_socket = accept (server_socket,
(struct sockaddr *) &client, &answer_len);
257
V.
258
/* */
write (client_socket, MSG_TO_SEND, sizeof(MSG_TO_SEND));
/* */
count++;
/* ,
anser_len - */
answer_len = read (client_socket, buffer, BUF_SIZE);
/* */
write (1, buffer, answer_len);
/* */
printf("Client no %d\n",count);
/* */
shutdown (client_socket, 0);
/* */
close (client_socket);
};
return 0;
}
, -
. , , . , :
fprintf(stdout, "Client connected: %s\n", inet_ntoa(client.sin_addr));
,
accept():
if (server_socket = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0) < 0) {
printf("Failed to create socket");
exit(1);
}
...
if (bind (server_socket, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, sizeof(sin)) <0) {
printf("Failed to bind the server socket");
exit(1);
}
...
/* accept */
if (client_socket < 0)
{
printf("Failed to accept client connection");
exit(1);
}
, ,
-.
22. :
259
22.1.2. -
- 22.2. , , , MSG, .
, - ,
. ,
scanf() .
22.2. client.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
<sys/types.h>
<sys/socket.h>
<netinet/in.h>
<netdb.h>
<memory.h>
<stdio.h>
<stdlib.h>
/* ( , IP-),
, */
#define SERVER_HOST "localhost"
#define SERVER_PORT 3333
#define CLIENT_PORT 3334
/* , */
#define MSG "Denis\n"
main () {
int sock;
int answer_len;
int BUF_SIZE = 64;
/* */
/* */
/* */
char buffer[BUF_SIZE];
/* */
/* IP- */
struct hostent *h;
/* */
struct sockaddr_in client, server;
/* */
sock = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
/* client */
memset ((char *)&client, '\0', sizeof(client));
/* */
client.sin_family = AF_INET;
260
V.
client.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
client.sin_port = CLIENT_PORT;
/* */
bind (sock, (struct sockaddr *)&client, sizeof(client));
memset ((char *)&client, '\0', sizeof(server));
/* IP- */
h = gethostbyname (SERVER_HOST);
/* */
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
/* */
memcpy ((char *)&server.sin_addr,h->h_addr,h->h_length);
/* */
server.sin_port = SERVER_PORT;
/* */
connect (sock, (struct sockaddr *) &server, sizeof(server));
/* */
answer_len = recv (sock, buffer, BUF_SIZE, 0);
/* */
write (1, buffer, answer_len);
/* */
send (sock, MSG, sizeof(MSG), 0);
/* */
shutdown (sock, 0);
close (sock);
exit (0);
}
. 22.1 . -. , ,
. , "Denis" ( ).
,
. ,
, .
.
22.2.
, . / Linux . .
22. :
261
. 22.1.
:
getsockopt() ;
setsockopt() .
:
int getsockopt (int sd, int level,
int option_name,
void *restrict option_value,
socklen_t *restrict option_len);
int setsockopt (int sd, int level,
int option_name,
const void *option_value,
socklen_t option_len);
. , SOL_SOCKET .
( int),
( get*) ( set*).
getsockopt() , , , -
V.
262
(option_value),
option_len. setsockopt() ,
,
option_value, , getsockopt(),
.
. TCP/IP, , . 22.1.
22.1.

SO_DEBUG
(1) / (0)
SO_BROADCAST
(1) / (0)
SO_REUSEADDR
(1) / (0)
SO_KEEPALIVE
SO_KEEPALIVE = 1, TCP
"keepalive probe" .
,
SO_SNDBUF
SO_RCVBUF
SO_SNDTIMEO
- .
- 0. struct timeval
SO_RCVTIMEO
- .
- 0, . . .
struct timeval
TCP_NODELAY
( 1) , . . . 0
TCP_MAXSEG
TCP_NOPUSH
(1)
TCP_NOOPT
TCP (1).
0
setsockopt() 0 , 1, errno :
EBADF ;
ENOTSOCK , ;
EFAULT , optval.
getsockopt() .
getsockopt() :
22. :
263
SO_ERROR (
);
SO_TYPE .
:
int sock;
int optval;
int optlen;
int new_buffsize = 8192;
/* */
/* */
/* optval */
/* */
/* */
sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
/* */
optlen = sizeof(optval);
getsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &optval, &optlen);
printf("Old value of SO_SNDBUF: %d\n", optval);
/* */
setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF,
&new_buffsize, sizeof(new_buffsize));
/* */
getsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &optval, &optlen);
printf("New value of SO_SNDBUF %d\n", optval);
22.3. ,

. , 10,
, .
SIGIO, SIGURG, SIGPIPE:
SIGIO /, , ;
SIGURG , - ( -
- );
SIGPIPE , .
:
#include <signal.h>
...
/* SIGPIPE */
/* */
sig_handler()
V.
264
{
printf(" SIGPIPE \n");
}
main()
{
int sock;
/* */
/* SIGPIPE */
signal(SIGPIPE, sig_handler);
/* */
}
22.4.
,
.
accept(), connect(), read(), write().
, , , .

ioctl():
ioctl(socket, FIONBIO, 1);
accept(), connect() /
(read(), write(), recv(), recvfrom() .) . accept()
EWOULDBLOCK, connect() , EINPROGRESS.
, ,
: read()
, , , .
.
VI

TCL/Tk
23.
TCL/Tk
24.
TCL
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
TCL Tk,
TCL . C, TCL/Tk.
23
TCL/Tk
23.1. TCL
TCL (Tool Command Language) . TCL
TK (Took Kit)
.
, . . . dialog . dialog .
TCL, Tk, . GTK,
C. ? ,
C + GTK, , , . , TCL/Tk
. , TCL/Tk: ,
, , . , TCL, , (CAD/CAM),

. , TCL . Tk
,
TCL-.
23.2. TCL/Tk
TCL/Tk Linux ( ) -
23. TCL/Tk
267
. , TCL/Tk.
, tcl tk . , . , Ubuntu
:
sudo apt-get install tcl tk
(yum, zypper
. .).
23.3.
TCL , , , TCL .
, tclsh:
which tclsh
tclsh /usr/bin.
wish, TCL-.
Tk.
,
Exit. , "Hello,
world!", . , . , . . ,
TCL, . , 23.1 TCL/Tk-.
23.1. TCL/Tk-
#!/usr/bin/wish
label .l -width [string length "My First Tk-application"] -text "My First Tkapplication";
button .b -text "Exit" -command exit;
pack .l -padx 40 -pady 10
pack .b -padx 40 -pady 10
Tk.
"My First Tk-application".
.
, :
label .l -width 23 -text "My First Tk-application";
, , . ,
.
268
VI. TCL/Tk
Exit, ( -command) exit.

pack ( ) . -padx -pady,
, 27.
first.tcl :
chmod +x first.tcl
./first.tcl
first.tcl , . , . 23.1.
. 23.1.
TCL,
26,
,
TCL .
TCL- tclsh:
tclsh < TCL->
23. TCL/Tk
269
, TCL,
TCL-, tclsh :
tclsh
TCL-:
%
<Enter>,
. ,
puts (
printf() C).
24
TCL
24.1. TCL
24.1.1. TCL-
TCL- ,
.
. C, Java PHP . ,
, :
, Web- . .
,
, , .
, - .
TCL- ,
(\n) . :
_ 1 ... N
( 23.1) . , first.tcl , ,
.
, ,
,
. , . first.tcl
, .
, .
#.
, , :
#
pust "Hello, world!"; # , !
24. TCL
271
TCL- , . 24.1, .
24.1.
[]
""
{}
24.1.2. puts format:

TCL, puts, ,
. , puts printf() C. puts , format.
puts , ( ) stdout:
puts "Hello, world!";
stdout :
puts stdout "Hello!";
-nonewline (/n) :
puts -nonewline stdout "Hello!";
puts . 25, my.log:

set chan [open my.log a]
set timestamp [clock format [clock seconds]]
puts $chan "$timestamp Message"
close $chan
chan
a ( append) my.log, timestamp , ( puts) " Message". .
272
VI. TCL/Tk
format sprintf() C.
format :
format _ 1 ... N
sprintf(),
. C ( ,
), :
http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl/TclCmd/format.htm
:
set fmt " %s, %d"
puts [format $fmt "Hello" 123456]
fmt , %s %d. puts , format. format

.
, \n, \t, \a (
) ., C.
24.1.3.
. 23.1 ,
. , :
set val1 "Value 1";
set val2 "Value 2";
set val3 "Value 3";
puts:
puts "$val1 $val2 $val3";
puts {$val1 $val2 $val3};
:
Value 1 Value 2 Value 3
:
val1 val2 val3
, ,
.
24.1.4.
,
set. (=),
.
24. TCL
273
set :
set _
. set:
set
set
set
set
a 123456
s1 String1
s2 "String 2"
s3 {String 3}
a 123 456. ,
, .
, .
.
: . .
. :
set s1 String1;
set s2 {String2};
s2 String2 . s1 : String1;, String1.

tclsh, . :
, , ,
. , TCL,
( ), , TCL-.
- . expr , :
set a [expr 2 + 2];
$ :
set b [expr $a + 2];
a 4 (2 + 2), b 6 (4 + 2).
$, :
puts \$msg;
0 100:
set min 1
set max 100
set random [expr {round($min + (rand() * ($max $min)))}]
puts " : $random"
274
VI. TCL/Tk
24.1.5.
. TCL . :
proc _ { _ } {
... ...
}
: , .
proc dbl {arg} {
set result [expr $arg * 2];
return result;
}
,
:
proc mysum {arg1 arg2} {
set result [expr $arg1 + $arg2];
return result;
}
:
set a [expr dbl(3)];
set b [expr mysum(2,5)];
24.1.6.
gets , ,
.
. gets :
gets -
gets , (EOL).
, <Enter> . , (EOF), 25.
:
puts -nonewline " -: "
flush stdout
set count [gets stdin user_input]
puts " : $user_input"
puts " $count "
.
, ,
, .
24. TCL
275
gets (stdin) user_input

. count. user_input
count.
24.1.7.
expr.
:
expr 1 2 ...
, , :
expr 2 + 3
expr : 2, +
3. .
. 24.2 . , .
. 24.2 .
24.2. TCL
NOT
NOT
<<
>>
<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
eq
VI. TCL/Tk
276
24.2 ()
ne
AND

OR
10
OR
11
&&
AND
12
||
OR
13
x ? y : z
If .. then .. else
,
. , == != , .
eq ne.
24.1.8. if
. TCL , ,
if.
if :
if { _ } {
, . :
if {$a < 0} {
set a 0
}
:
if {1} ?then? {
1
} elseif {2} ?then? {
2
} elseif
...
else {
N
}
24. TCL
277
then ,
C.
24.1.9. while
while while:
while {} {_}
, .
while , if, , (
) :
while { $a < 10 } {
puts $a
incr a
}
, , a 10.
a 1
incr.
24.1.10. for
for :
for {start} {test} {next} {body}
for for . start,

. test, ,
, body. , next, . next
.
:
for {set i 1} {$i < 10} {incr i} {
puts $i;
}
TCL,
"" .
24.2.
24.2.1. string
, .
VI. TCL/Tk
278
string,
:
string 1 [2 3 ...]
string . . ,
compare, ,
. compare ,
. . 24.3 string.
24.3. string
bytelength
compare
( )
equal
1, , 0,
first
index
is
last
length
map
match
, ,
range
, start end
repeat
replace
tolower
toupper
totitle
trim
trimleft
trimright
24. TCL
279
24.2.2.
eq, ne
if, compare, equal string:
set s1 = "string";
set s2 = "string";
if {$s1 eq $s2} {
puts { s1 s2 };
} else {
puts { s1 s2 };
}
compare:
string compare [-nocase] [-length N] strng1 string2
, string1 string2. . , -nocase.

N -length N.
compare , - strcmp(),
:
1 string1 string2;
1 string1 string2;
0 .
compare:
puts -nonewline " : ";
flush stdout;
get stdin str;
if{![string compare $str "admin"]}{
puts " admin";
} else {
puts " $str";
}
equal (
compare). , equal
1 (true), , 0,
. equal,
, , compare.
,
equal:
puts -nonewline " : ";
flush stdout;
get stdin str;
280
VI. TCL/Tk
if{[string equal $str "admin"]}{

puts " admin";
} else {
puts " $str";
}
match 1, . match :
string match [-nocase]
-nocase . * ?. , .
if{[string match "*.jpg" $filename]}{
puts "JPEG-";
} else {
puts " ";
}
* ? :
if {[string match {[A-Z]} $filename]} {
# 1
} else {
# 2
}
24.2.3.
,
. ,
, . .
length bytelength:
string length
string bytelength
.
, .
, , TCL Unicode,
.
:
set str "";
puts " [string length $str] ";
puts " [string bytelength $str] ";
index , N:
string index N
24. TCL
281
0. "",
N "", 1 "" . .
first last :
string first [start]
string last [end]
first . last, , . start

end ,
. 0.
first last:
set str "1234 ## 5678 ## 999";
set start [string first "##" $str];
set end [string last "##" $str];
puts "start = $start";
# 5
puts "end = $end";
# 13
range , start end:

string range start end
, range , replace, .
replace :
string replace start end [_]
replace , start end.

newstr,
_. :
set s "";
set new_s [string replace $s 0 5 "Hello"];
puts $new_s; # Hello
. is ,
, , . . :
string is [-strict]
1, , ,
0 . ("") , -strict (
). ( ) . 24.4.
:
if {[string is integer "123"]} { puts "Interger!" }
282
VI. TCL/Tk
24.4.
alnum
(Unicode)
alpha
ascii
7- ASCII
boolean
control
( Unicode)
digit
(Unicode)
double
,
( , )
false
, FALSE
graph
(Unicode),
integer
lower
,
(Unicode)
print
(Unicode),
space
(Unicode)
true
, TRUE
upper
,
(Unicode)
wordchar
(Unicode) ,

xdigit
24.2.4.
, , . repeat, N :
string repeat N
:
puts [string repeat "X" 10]
X .
, . 24.3.
:
string toupper [start] [end]
string tolower [start] [end]
string totitle [start] [end]
24. TCL
283
start end , ( start = 0, end = _ 1).

trimleft, trimright trim (. . 24.3) ""
:
string trimleft [chars]
string trimright [chars]
string trim [chars]
chars ,
. (, , , ).
24.2.5.
, .
set:
set str1 ", world";
set str2 "Hello $str1";
puts $str2;
, .
append:
append 1 [... N]
append , , ( ):
append $s "Hello " "world " "again";
puts $s;
24.3.
24.3.1. list:
, . list:
list 1 ... N
list set:
set cars [list VAZ GAZ ZAZ]
cars VAZ, GAZ ZAZ.

:
set cars [list "VAZ" "GAZ" "ZAZ"]
284
VI. TCL/Tk
( )
, :
set cars [list "VAZ" "GAZ" "ZAZ" "Alfa Romeo"]
24.3.2. concat:
concat .
, concat. :
set cars1 [list "VAZ" "GAZ" "ZAZ" "Alfa Romeo"];
set cars2 [list "Mazda" "Toyota" "Nissan"];
set allcars [concat $cars1 $cars2];
allcars :
"VAZ" "GAZ" "ZAZ" "Alfa Romeo" "Mazda" "Toyota" "Nissan"
24.3.3. lappend:

- ,
lappend:
lappend cars1 "VW"
24.3.4.
lindex :
lindex [N]
-, .
, . ,
( 0):
for {set i 0} {$i < 3} {incr i} {
puts [lindex $cars $i];
}
, , . llength:
for {set i 0} {$i < [llength $cars]} {incr i} {
}
lrange:
lrange start end
, start end.
24. TCL
285
24.3.5.
append . linsert
:
linsert 1 [2 ... N]
, ( ).
. linsert , . 0,
. ,
.
24.3.6.

lreplace:
lreplace start end [...]
, start end ( ),
end. end , start end
.
start 0, , start = 0. end , start,
. ,
.
24.3.7.
, ,
lsearch:
lsearch []
. , .
, 1.
.
- , -regexp, lsearch, :
lsearch -regexp
-start N, , . , ,
.
286
VI. TCL/Tk
:
1. , , .
2. -start N+1, N
.
3.
-start N+1, N . .,
.
:
set cars [list "GAZ-21" "VAZ" "GAZ" "ZAZ" "GAZ-24"];
set n 0;
set first 0;
while { $n>-1} {
if { $first > 0 } {
set n [lsearch -start $n+1 $cars "GAZ*"];
} else {
set n [lsearch -start $n $cars "GAZ*"];
if { $n > -1 } incr first;
}
if { $n > -1 } { puts "Find $n"; }
}
, "GAZ*":
Find 0
Find 2
Find 4
. n
. first ,
. , :
set n [lsearch -start $n $cars "GAZ*"];
n 0. , :
set n [lsearch -start $n+1 $cars "GAZ*"];
start n (. . ), ,
.
first = 0, .
, first.
lsearch 1: . Find 1, n: , n > 1.
24. TCL
287
,
0- "" .
:
set cars [list
set n 0;
while { $n>-1}
set n [lsearch
if { $n > -1 }
}
"VAZ" "GAZ" "ZAZ" "GAZ-24"];

{
-start $n+1 $cars "GAZ*"];
{ puts "Find $n"; }
, . VAZ GAZ
, 1 3, 0,
n + 1 (0 + 1).
24.3.8.
lsort:
lsort []

(. 24.5).
24.5. lsort
-ascii
Unicode-
-dictionary
-integer
-real
-command
TCL- (
)
-increasing
-decreasing
-index
-unique
24.3.9.
TCL , . . . split:
split []
VI. TCL/Tk
288
,
, .
, (, CSV )
.
:
set words [split $sentence]
$sentence words.
, . . , join:
join []
, ,
, :
set $sentence2 [join $words]
24.3.10. foreach
"" for
while, foreach.
PHP, for.
foreach "" , , .
foreach:
foreach { }
: , , , ;
, .
for:
for {set i 0} {$i < [llength $cars]} {incr i} {
}
, foreach:
foreach item $cars {
puts $item;
}
, foreach for.

break.
TCL: break, . continue,
.
24. TCL
289
24.4.
24.4.1.
, . . , , ,
. ,
.
: admin guest. password, :
set passwords(admin) "qwerty";
set passwords(guest) "123";
:
puts $passwords(admin);
24.4.2. array:
string, array,
(. 24.6). array .
24.6. array
array anymore _
1,
array nextelement, 0
array nextelement
_
.
,

array startsearch

,
anymore nextelement
array donesearch
_
,
, ,
array exist
1, (
), 0 ( )
array get
, (1, 3 . .) ,

290
VI. TCL/Tk
24.6 ()
array set
. array get,
. . ,

array size
array names []

. , ,
:
array set users [list \
{1} { } \
{2} { } \
{3} { }];
puts " users [array size users] ";
puts " 3 : $users(3)";
:
foreach id [array names users] {
puts "$users($id) = $id";
}
24.5.
TCL-
, , . . TCL . , C
, Basic, Pascal, PHP, Java. ,
(, C PHP),
TCL .
$, . C
$ , , . PHP , $
:
.
24. TCL
291
TCL, , ,
"" , $.
:
set s1 = "string";
set s2 = "string";
if {s1 eq s2} {
puts { s1 s2 };
} else {
puts { s1 s2 };
}
( , s1 s2 )
. ? $
. , . . TCL , $.
string, , :
set s "Privet";
set new_s [string replace s 1 5 "Hello"];
puts $new_s;
, "PHello",
s. $ s, :
set new_s [string replace $s 1 5 "Hello"];
, . , , , , ,
.
TCL-
if :
if ($new_s eq "Hello") { puts "- " }
, if , , ,
. :
if {$new_s eq "Hello"} { puts "- " }
: if , TCL . , TCL- ,
.
25

25.1.
open:
open _ [_] [_]
, .
(. 25.1). ,
: , . . C- fopen().
25.1.
r+
. , ;
,
w+
. , ;
,
. . ,

a+
( ). ,
UNIX-. , . ,
" ".
open ,
/ . -
25.
293
: stdout ( ), stdin ( ) stderr (

).
close, :
close id
:
set fId [open test.txt r];
puts " test.txt , ID $fId";
close $fId;
:
if {[catch {set fId [open test.txt r+]} err]} {
puts " , : $err";
return 1;
} else {
puts " test.txt , ID $fId";
close $fId;
}
25.2.
:
gets ;
read , EOL (End Of
Line, ), .
, ;
scan .
gets. , :
set line "";
gets stdin line;
puts $line;
line, , .
. ,
test.txt. ,
, .
gets:
1 (, ). get.tcl 25.1.
294
VI. TCL/Tk
25.1. get.tcl
set tChars 0;
set tLines 0;
while {[set
puts
incr
incr
}
count [gets $fId line]] != -1} {

"($count ) $line"
tChars $count
tLines
puts " $tChars "

puts " $tLines "
close $fId
while "" tChars (

) tLines ( ).
. 25.1.
read:
read id_ [_]
. 25.1. get.tcl
25.
295
read , . , open.
, read. read
, (EOF)
. , read
.
:
set input [read $fId];
puts " [string length $input] ";
close $fId;
input, ,
. 512 :
while {![eof $fId]} {
set input [read $fId 512]
puts " [string length $input] : $input"
}
close $fId;
, read , gets,
read.
: , . read
: .
1024 2048 .
gets read ,
scan .
25.3.
puts. :
puts [-nonewline] [ID_]
puts . , , . -nonewline
.
.
, -nonewline,
puts , .
296
VI. TCL/Tk
, , :
\n (UNIX, Linux, MacOS X);
\r ( MacOS OS X);
\r\n (Windows).
,
, TCL ( Linux, TCL
). , puts
, :
-nonewline (puts
"Hello\r");
fconfigure. , :
http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.4/TclCmd/fconfigure.htm.
puts format
(. 24) .

/ , , .
fflush:
fflush ID_
25.4.

:
. TCL.
tell seek:
tell ID_
seek ID_ []
. . , .
:
start ;
end ;
current .
TCL ,

.
26
26.1. Tk-
- "", TCL-. 23
, ,
( 26.1).
26.1.
#!/usr/bin/wish
label .l -width [string length "My First Tk-application"] -text "My First
Tk-application";
pack .l -padx 40 -pady 10
pack .b -padx 40 -pady 10
TCL, .
. tclsh wish.
, ,
:
#!/usr/bin/tclsh
:
#!/usr/bin/wish
, , TCL- , .
:
tclsh < >
VI. TCL/Tk
298
wish < >
,
Exit. label button
, pack
.

: , , ,
. . .
: . Tk 45 , .
Tk- .
, ,
(
onClick). , . Exit
exit, . , .
, . ,
, , , . . . TCL- exit
, . .
,
. . . 26.1
, "" , , . . . 26.2 .
, Tk- ,
. 26.2. , . 26.2
, .
.
26.1.
button
canvas
checkbutton
()
entry
26.
299
26.1 ()
frame
label
( )
labelframe
,
(label)
listbox
menu
menubutton
message
( )
panedwindow
()
radiobutton
scale
( ,
, )
scrollbar
spinbox
text
toplevel
(),
26.2.
-activebackground
(
, )
-activeborderwidth
( )
-activeforeground
-anchor
( n,
ne, e, se, s, sw, w, nw center)
-background
-bd
-borderwidth
-bg
-background
-bitmap
BMP-
-borderwidth
-compound
BMP-
( : bottom, top, left, right, center)
-cursor
VI. TCL/Tk
300
26.2 ()
-disabledforeground
-exportselection
,
X-
-fg
-foreground
-font
-foreground
-highlightbackground
-highlightcolor
-highlightthickness
-image
, -bitmap
-text
-justify
. :
left, right center
-padx
-pady
-relief
3D- , flat, groove, raised, ridge,

sunken solid
-selectforeground
-text
-wraplength
: ,

26.2. Tk-

. (, , ), , Tk-. "" ,
-.
, Windows,
MacOS Linux , .

Linux TCL/Tk , Windows MacOS
http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/8.0.html.
26.
301
TCL/Tk Windows, , GNOME KDE. .

Tk- , , :
.
. .l, .b:
label .l -width [string length "My First Tk-application"] -text
"My First Tk-application";
?
, button1 label1?
, , "." (). ,
,
. ,
.button1:
button .button1 -text "Exit" -command exit;
( Tk ,
)! ,
, : .l.small1 .l.small2.
, .l , .l, , ,
(.).
( ),
, . . , X.Org
.
27

27.1. pack
TCL-.
,
. TCL pack, grid place. grid , pack, , place. , ,
Tk. , pack,
.
, pack,
, , .
pack ,
. -in (), -before ()
-after () .
, .
, (, , ).
first.tcl :
pack .b -padx 40 -pady 10 -before .l
-before .l ,
. . 27.1.
, pack . , (cavity).
.
27.
303
. 27.1.
, -side. -side top

bottom, ,
, -ipady -pady. -side left right,
, , -ipadx -ipad. -expand;
. , -
, 2.
( )
-fill;
. -
, -anchor;
. -
, . , , , .
, ( ) . , .
pack
(. 27.1). . 27.1 pack, (man pack).
27.1. pack
-after
-ahchor
, c
()
-before
-expand 1|0
, (1)
- (0)
304
VI. TCL/Tk
27.1 ()
-fill
- ,
:
none ,
( );
x ;
y ;
both
-in
-ipadx
, . , 1 (1 ), , 1c (0,1 ).
0
-ipady
.
0
-padx
.
0
-pady
. 0
-side
, - :
left ;
right ;
top ;
bottom .
top
forget
"" ,

slaves
27.2. button
button . :
button
, button . 27.2.
27.2. button
-command
, .
TCL-,
27.
305
27.2 ()
-default
:
normal ;
active ;
disabled
-height
-state
:
normal ;
active ;
disabled
-width
invoke
, -command.
,
configure
flash
. Activate Exit. Exit ,

Activate Exit ( 27.1).
27.1. buttons.tcl
set bExit [button .e -width 20 -text "Exit" -state disabled \
-command exit]
set bActivate [button .a -width 20 -text "Activate" \
-command {$bExit configure -state normal}]
pack $bActivate -pady {0 20}
pack $bExit
. Exit,
(-state disabled). Activate. Activate:
$bExit configure -state normal
$bExit
, Exit.
configure
. button .e -state normal, .e, -
306
VI. TCL/Tk
. configure.
, ,
. 27.2.
. 27.2. buttons.tcl
. Exit ,
Activate Flash, Exit ( 27.2). , , .
27.2. flash_buttons.tcl
set bExit [button .e -width 20 -text "Exit" \
-command exit]
set bFlash [button .a -width 20 -text "Flash" \
-command {$bExit flash}]
pack $bFlash -pady {0 20}
pack $bExit
27.
307
27.3. checkbutton
() checkbutton:
checkbutton
button, checkbutton (. 27.3).

27.3. checkbutton
-command
, .
TCL-,
-height
-indicatoron
-offvalue
, , .
0
-onvalue
, , .
1
-selectcolor
-state
: normal, active, disabled
-variable
, .
,
-width
cget
configure
flash
invoke
, -command
select
,
-variable, ,
-onvalue
deselect
,
-variable, ,
-offvalue
toggle
.
,
, . :
set ckFirst [checkbutton .ckfirst -text " " \
-command {GetState .ckfirst}]
set ckSecond [checkbutton .cksecond -text " " \
308
VI. TCL/Tk
-command {GetState .cksecond}]

set ckThird [checkbutton .ckthird -text " " \
-offvalue "OFF" -onvalue "ON" -command {GetState .ckthird}]
: ckFirst, ckSecond ckThird, .ckfirst, .cksecond, .ckthird. : GetState, . GetState , (

). , ,
1, 0. -onvalue -offvalue
, .
, "ON", "OFF". GetState :
proc GetState {ckbuttons} {
foreach ckbutton $ckbuttons {
set var [$ckbutton cget -variable]
global $var
set val [set $var]
puts "$var = $val" }
}
$ckbutton
cget -variable.
ckbuttons,
:
set ckbuttons [list $ckFirst $ckSecond $ckThird]
:
Toggle toggle , -
;
Clear ;
Set ;
;
.
:
set bToggleAll [button .toggleall -width 12 -text " Toggle" \
-command {ButtonCommand toggle $ckbuttons}]
set bClearAll [button .clearall -width 12 -text " Clear" \
-command {ButtonCommand clear $ckbuttons}]
set bSetAll [button .setall -width 12 -text " Set" \
27.
309
-command {ButtonCommand set $ckbuttons}]

set bShowAll [button .showall -width 12 -text "" \
-command {GetState $ckbuttons}]
set bExit [button .exitb -width 12 -text "" \
-command exit]
ButtonCommand,
,
, ckbuttons ( ). GetState ckbuttons,
. . . .
ButtonCommand :
proc ButtonCommand {action ckbuttons} {
switch $action \
toggle { $ckbutton toggle } \
clear { $ckbutton deselect } \
set { $ckbutton select } }
}
switch,
. , ,
, .
27.3.
27.3. check.tcl
proc ButtonCommand {action ckbuttons} {
switch $action \
toggle { $ckbutton toggle } \
clear { $ckbutton deselect } \
set { $ckbutton select } }
}
proc GetState {ckbuttons} {
set var [$ckbutton cget -variable]
global $var
set val [set $var]
puts "$var = $val" }
}
set ckFirst [checkbutton .ckfirst -text " " \
-command {GetState .ckfirst}]
310
VI. TCL/Tk
set ckSecond [checkbutton .cksecond -text " " \

-command {GetState .cksecond}]
set ckThird [checkbutton .ckthird -text " " \
-offvalue "OFF" -onvalue "ON" -command {GetState .ckthird}]
set ckbuttons [list $ckFirst $ckSecond $ckThird]
set bToggleAll [button .toggleall -width 12 -text " Toggle" \
-command {ButtonCommand toggle $ckbuttons}]
set bClearAll [button .clearall -width 12 -text " Clear" \
-command {ButtonCommand clear $ckbuttons}]
set bSetAll [button .setall -width 12 -text " Set" \
-command {ButtonCommand set $ckbuttons}]
set bShowAll [button .showall -width 12 -text "" \
-command {GetState $ckbuttons}]
set bExit [button .exitb -width 12 -text "" \
-command exit]
pack $ckFirst $ckSecond $ckThird -anchor w
pack $bToggleAll -pady 5 -padx 5 -side left
pack $bClearAll $bSetAll $bShowAll $bExit -pady 5 -padx {0 5} -side left
. 27.3. check.tcl
27.
311
. 27.3 .
. 2 3, :
cksecond = 1
ckthird = ON
:
ckfirst = 0
cksecond = 1
ckthird = ON
27.4.
, . , , . ,
. ,
.
radiobutton.
, checkbutton.
radiobutton . ,
.
, .
:
set rRed [radiobutton .rred -text "" -value red]
set rBlue [radiobutton .rblue -text "" -value blue]
set rGreen [radiobutton .rgreen -text "" -value green]
radioButtons, :
set radioButtons [list $rRed $rGreen $rBlue]
:
set labelColor [label .lcolor -text " "]
set bSet [button .bset -width 15 -text " " \
-command {SetColor $selectedButton}]
set bExit [button .bexit -width 15 -text "" -command exit]
setColor,
. setColor -
312
VI. TCL/Tk
. "" bSet, :
$rRed select
$bSet invoke
27.4. radio.tcl
. 27.4.
. 27.4.
radio.tcl
27.4. radio.tcl
proc SetColor {newColor} {
. configure -background $newColor
global labelColor
$labelColor configure -background $newColor
global radioButtons
foreach button $radioButtons {
$button configure -background $newColor \
-activebackground $newColor \
-highlightbackground $newColor }
}
set rRed [radiobutton .rred -text "" -value red]
set rBlue [radiobutton .rblue -text "" -value blue]
set rGreen [radiobutton .rgreen -text "" -value green]
set radioButtons [list $rRed $rGreen $rBlue]
set labelColor [label .lcolor -text " "]
set bSet [button .bset -width 15 -text " " \
-command {SetColor $selectedButton}]
27.
313
$rRed select
$bSet invoke
pack $labelColor -anchor w
pack $rRed $rGreen $rBlue -pady 0 -padx {2 0} -anchor w
pack $bSet -pady {10 2} -padx 5
pack $bExit -pady {2 10} -padx 5
27.5.
menu. :
set mainMenu [menu .mainmenu]
, :
set mFile [menu $mainMenu.mFile -tearoff 0]
$mainMenu add cascade -label "" -menu $mFile
:
$mFile add command -label "..." -command {Cmd Open}
$mFile add command -label "" -command {Cmd Close}
add command label,

, command.
Cmd TCL-,
.
add separator:
$mFile add separator
,
( 27.5). . 27.5.
27.5. menu.tcl
set mainMenu [menu .mainmenu]
. configure -menu $mainMenu
set mFile [menu $mainMenu.mFile -tearoff 0]
$mainMenu add cascade -label "" -menu $mFile
$mFile
$mFile
$mFile
$mFile
$mFile
$mFile
$mFile
$mFile
$mFile
$mFile
add
add
add
add
add
add
add
add
add
add
command -label
command -label
command -label
command -label
separator
command -label
command -label
separator
command -label
command -label
"..." -command {Cmd CreateFile}

"..." -command {Cmd Open}
"" -command {Cmd Save}
" " -command {Cmd SaveAs}
"" -command {Cmd Print}
" " -command {Cmd PrintSetup}
"" -command {Cmd Close}
"" -command exit
314
VI. TCL/Tk
set mEdit [menu $mainMenu.mEdit -tearoff 0]

$mainMenu add cascade -label "" -menu $mEdit
$mEdit add command -label "" -command {Cmd "Copy"}
$mEdit add command -label "" -command {Cmd "Cut"}
$mEdit add command -label "" -command {Cmd "Paste"}
$mEdit add separator
$mEdit add command -label "" -command {Cmd "Search"}
$mEdit add command -label "" -command {Cmd "Replace"}
proc Cmd {cmd} {
tk_messageBox -icon info -type ok -message $cmd
}
. 27.5. menu.tcl
. exit,
. Cmd,
puts tk_messageBox, , -message. .
27.
315
27.6.
Tk : entry spinbox. , . , .
entry spinbox ,
. 27.4. ""
, .
27.4. entry spinbox
spinbox
-buttonbackground
spinbox
-buttoncursor
,
spinbox'
spinbox
-command
, ,
-exportselection
true,
X-
-format
.
%<pad>.<pad>f
spinbox
-from
-insertbackground
-insertborderwidth
-insertofftime
0, off
-insertontime
0, on
-insertwidth
( )
-invcmd
, ,
-validatecommand 0
spinbox
-increment
-from -to.
, ,
0 20 2. -from
0, -to 20,
increment 2
spinbox
-readonlybackground
, ( )
-selectbackground
-selectforeground
VI. TCL/Tk
316
27.4 ()
entry
-show

, *.

-textvariable
,
-text. -text
spinbox
-to
-validate
:
none ( );
focus
, ;
focusin
, ;
focusout
, ;
key ;
all

-vcmd
, , -validate none.
-vcmd: -validatecommand
-values
. spinbox
, , -from, -to -increment
. 27.4 entry spinbox,

. :
man entry
man spinbox
, -vcmd. . 27.5.
27.5.
%d
(0 , 1 , 1 )
%i
%P
27.
317
27.5 ()
%s
%S
%v
(none, all, focus . .)
%W
, . , .
.
(,
), .
27.6.
#
proc Letter {text} {
if {[regexp {[Â-Z-]} $text]} {
.a configure -bg red
return 0
} else {
.a configure -bg white
return 1
}
}
#
proc Digit {text} {
if {[regexp {[^0-9]} $text]} {
.d configure -bg red
return 0
} else {
.d configure -bg white
return 1
}
}
label .la -text " :"

entry .a -bg white -textvariable a \
-invcmd bell -validate all -vcmd {Letter %P}
pack .la .a -fill x
318
VI. TCL/Tk
label .ld -text ":"

entry .d -bg white -textvariable d \
-invcmd bell -validate all -vcmd {Digit %P}
pack .ld .d -fill x
entry.tcl . 27.6.
. 27.6.
entry.tcl
27.7.
listbox. , . . 27.7.
27.7. list.tcl
#
proc GetCars {carsfile} {
set fileId [open $carsfile r]
while {[gets $fileId line] > 0} {
lappend cars [string trim [lrange $line 0 end]]
}
close $fileId
return $cars
}
# ,
listbox .carslist -bg white
#
set cars [GetCars "cars.txt"]
foreach car $cars {
.carslist insert end $car
}
# ""
button .bexit -text "" -command exit
grid .carslist -padx 5 -pady 5 -sticky nsew
grid .bexit -pady {0 5}
27.
319
(. 27.7) ,
. pack grid,
.
. 27.7.
list.tcl
listbox (),
scrollbar ( ) text ( ).
, . /usr/share/tk8.6/demos (
Tk , ).
, , TCL, .
( ).
27.8. .
bind
, , ( Tk) . bind , (. 27.6) :
bind
, bind .
(, ) , , .
27.6.
Active
ButtonPress
, Button
ButtonPress. ButtonPress .
.
ButtonPress ,
320
VI. TCL/Tk
27.6 ()
ButtonRelease
Configure
Deactivate
Destroy
(, )
Enter
Expose
FocusIn
FocusOut
""
KeyPress
, .
Key
KeyRelease
Leave
Map
, (,
, )
Motion
MouseWheel
Unmap
, ,

Visibility
, ,

28

28.1. grid
, .
: , -. ,
grid, . .
grid ,
, pack.
grid :
. , , ;
-row -column.
28.1.1.
,
grid , . , "" .
, , , .
, .
. , 12 34 ( 28.1).
28.1. grid
wm title . ""
for {set i 1} {$i <= 12} {incr i} {
VI. TCL/Tk
322
frame .fr$i -bg white -width .50i -height .50i

label .l$i -bg blue -fg white -text $i
grid propagate .fr$i false
grid .l$i -in .fr$i
if {![expr $i % 3]} {
grid .fr[expr $i 2] .fr[expr $i -1] .fr$i -padx 5 -pady 5
}
}
, . , (, ) wm.
for 12 .frN, N ,
, -width
-height. .lN (N
), . -in grid :
grid .l$i -in .fr$i
-in .

( ):
. 28.1. grid.tcl
28.
323
, . . propagate
true.
(. . ) grid $i 2, $i 1 $i: -padx -pady. .
. 28.1.
28.1.2.

. -row -column . 28.2 :
, . , row, -row grid. ,
, .
28.2. grid
wm title . " 2"
set row 1
for {set i 1} {$i <= 12} {incr i} {
grid .l$i -in .fr$i
if {![expr $i % 3]} {
grid .fr[expr $i 2] -row $row -column 0 -padx 5 -pady 5
grid .fr$i -row $row -column 2 -padx 5 -pady 5
grid .fr[expr $i 1] -row $row -column 1 -padx 5 -pady 5
incr row
}
}
, . 28.2.

43 , , . 28.3. 28.3.
28.3. grid3.tcl
wm title . " 3"
set counter 1
324
VI. TCL/Tk
for {set i 1} {$i <= 12} {incr i} {

grid .l$i -in .fr$i
if {![expr $i % 3]} {
grid .fr[expr $i 2] -column $counter -row 0 -padx 5 -pady 5
grid .fr[expr $i 1] -column $counter -row 1 -padx 5 -pady 5
grid .fr$i -column $counter -row 2 -padx 5 -pady 5
incr counter
}
}
. 28.2. grid2.tcl
. 28.3. grid3.tcl
28.
325
28.1.3.
- Web-, , HTML .
( -
) ( ).
HTML, Tk -rowspan
-columnspan grid:
-rowspan ,
;
-columnspan , -
.
, . grid ,
. , -rowspan -columnspan,
28.4, . 28.4,
.
28.4. span.tcl
label
label
label
label
label
label
grid
grid
grid
grid
.l1
.l2
.l3
.l4
.l5
.l6
.l1
.l2
.l3
.l4
-bg
-bg
-bg
-bg
-bg
-bg
red
red
red
red
red
red
-width
-width
-width
-width
-width
-width
10
10
10
10
10
10
-height
-height
-height
-height
-height
-height
2
2
2
2
2
2
-relief
-relief
-relief
-relief
-relief
-relief
groove
groove
groove
groove
groove
groove
-text
-text
-text
-text
-text
-text
"Label
"Label
"Label
"Label
"Label
"Label
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
-row 0 -column 0 -columnspan 2 -sticky nsew

-row 0 -column 2 -rowspan 2 -sticky nsew
-row 1 -column 0 -columnspan 2 -sticky nsew
.l5 .l6 -sticky nsew
. 28.4.
span.tcl
, -sticky,
. (
), -sticky
. -sticky
326
VI. TCL/Tk
. n, s, e w ( ,
).
(n , s , e , w ), "" .
(n s e
w), , .
, -sticky
pack: -anchor -fill. ,
.
28.2.
frame () .
, ,
grid. .
,
.
-relief. frames.tcl ( 28.5)
.
28.5. frame.tcl:
frame .f1 -width 1i -height .25i -relief raised -borderwidth 2
label .l1 -text "raised"
frame .f2 -width 1i -height .25i -relief flat -borderwidth 2
label .l2 -text "flat"
frame .f3 -width 1i -height .25i -relief sunken -borderwidth 2
label .l3 -text "sunken"
frame .f4 -width 1i -height .25i -relief groove -borderwidth 2
label .l4 -text "groove"
frame .f5 -width 1i -height .25i -relief solid -borderwidth 2
label .l5 -text "solid"
frame .f6 -width 1i -height .25i -relief ridge -borderwidth 2
label .l6 -text "ridge"
set row 0
foreach num {1 2 3 4 5 6} {
grid .f$num
grid .l$num -in .f$num -sticky nsew
grid propagate .f$num false
grid rowconfigure . $row -pad 5
28.
327
incr row
}
grid columnconfigure . 0 -pad 5
( )
( -relief,
) .fN, N
. , .
foreach
.
. 28.5. ,
.
. 28.5. frame.tcl
28.3.
- .
, . ( 28.6)
- .
: . ,
, ,
(. 28.6).
. 28.6. child.tcl
328
VI. TCL/Tk
toplevel:
toplevel []
, : ,
, . .
28.6.
proc ShowChild {} {
toplevel .w
wm title .w " "
label .w.l -justify left -height 1 -width 0 -text " "
button .w.b -text "" -command {wm withdraw .w}
grid .w.l -sticky w
grid .w.b -sticky s -pady {30 10}
}
set win [button .win -text "" -command {ShowChild}]
set ext [button .ext -text "" -command exit]
grid $win $ext -padx 5 -pady 5
ShowChild.
ShowChild :
.w;
.w;
.w.l;
( , -
);
grid.
28.4.
-
. toplevel
. : . ( ),
message.
, tk_mesagebox.
"" . , , tk_messagebox.
, message:
28.
329
message .m -text " \n message"

grid .m
, message (. 28.7) .
tk_messageBox .
. 28.1.
28.1. tk_messageBox
-default
(ok, cancel).
-type. -default ,

-icon
. error, info, question warning

. ,
-message
-parent
-title
-type
( ):
abortretryignore Abort, Retry Ignore;
ok OK;
okcancel OK Cancel;
retrycancel Retry Cancel;
yesno Yes No;
yesnocancel Yes, No, Cancel
:
set answer [tk_messageBox -message "?" -type yesno -icon question]
case $answer {
yes {tk_messageBox -message " !" -type ok}
no { exit }
}
. 28.8.
. 28.7. message
. 28.8. tk_messageBox
330
VI. TCL/Tk
28.5.

tk_getOpenFile tk_getSaveFile:
tk_getOpenFile
tk_getSaveFile
. 28.2.
28.2.
-defaultextension
.
, .
-filetypes __
.
, (
),
. ,
-initialdir
-initialfile _
,
. tk_getOpenFile

-parent
-title
:
set types {
{{ JPEG} {.jpg} }
{{ GIF} {.gif} }
{{ PNG} {.png} }
{{ } * }
}
set filename [tk_getOpenFile -filetypes $types -initialdir ~]
if {$filename != ""} {
# filename ,
}
/ , , . ,
28.
331
, ,
. . 28.9.
. 28.9.
29

29.1.

nmap. . ,
nmap . , ,
, " " .
(, Linux- nmap),
,
nmap.
nmap :
nmap [] ___
nmap , nmap (
), -O (
) -sV ( ).
:
_-_
:
192.168.0.1-192.168.0.100
nmap . .
( entry),
( radiobutton). .
, .
29.
333
, : nmap, : ,
. nmap
. , nmap, ( ) .
? puts,
. text, , ,
( text ). nmap
text. ,
.
29.2.
nmap exec:
exec nmap $options $address
:
set nmapOutput [exec nmap $addr $aa]
nmapOutput
:
puts $nmapOutput
.t insert end $nmapOutput
, ,
. 29.1 .
"-". ,
.
:
set rNormal [radiobutton .rnormal -text " " -value ""]
set rOs [radiobutton .ros -text " " -value "-O"]
set rServices [radiobutton .rservices -text " " -value "-sV"]
-value:
. nmap.
radioButtons, aa - .
set radioButtons [list $rNormal $rOs $rServices]
set aa ""
set labelHint [label .lcolor -text " "]
aa . aa
. , -
334
VI. TCL/Tk
aa :
set Address [entry .address -textvariable aa]
text :
set OutputWidget [text .t -setgrid true \
-width 80 -height 20 -wrap word]
set bSet [button .bset -width 15 -text "" \
-command {ScanNmap $selectedButton}]
. 29.1. nmap
ScanNmap, :
proc ScanNmap {opt} {
global aa;
set nmapOutput [exec nmap $opt $aa]
#puts $nmapOutput
}
29.
335
opt , nmap.
aa.
nmap .t. , .
"" :
$rNormal select
pack $labelHint -anchor w
pack $Address -anchor w
...
29.1.
29.1. nmap.tcl
proc ScanNmap {opt} {
global aa;
set nmapOutput [exec nmap $opt $aa]
#puts $nmapOutput
}
set rNormal [radiobutton .rnormal -text " " -value ""]
set rOs [radiobutton .ros -text " " -value "-O"]
set rServices [radiobutton .rservices -text " " \
-value "-sV"]
set radioButtons [list $rNormal $rOs $rServices]
set labelHint [label .lcolor -text " "]
set aa ""
set Address [entry .address -textvariable aa]
set OutputWidget [text .t -setgrid true \
-width 80 -height 20 -wrap word]
set bSet [button .bset -width 15 -text "" \
-command {ScanNmap $selectedButton}]
$rNormal select
pack
pack
pack
pack
pack
pack
$labelHint -anchor w
$Address -anchor w
$rNormal $rOs $rServices -pady 0 -padx {2 0} -anchor w
$OutputWidget
$bSet -pady {10 2} -padx 5
$bExit -pady {2 10} -padx 5
336
VI. TCL/Tk
29.3.
root, root, nmap:
sudo wish nmap.tcl
sudo, su:
su -c wish nmap.tcl
29.4.
. . ? , , text ,
.
nmap, man nmap.
VII
GTK+
30.
31.
GTK+
32.
33.
Glade
C
TCL, ,
Tk. GTK+, C.
GLib Glade.
30

30.1. GTK+
C .
TCL/Tk . , Tk , TCL , TCL/Tk . - , ,
, C .
TCL/Tk .
, , , GTK+. GTK+ ( GTK)
GIMP, The GIMP Toolkit.

GNOME. GTK GNOME.
, , , , . GTK
GNOME, LXDE
Xfce.
GTK -: , GTK, Windows.
: , ,
, GTK, .
GTK- , GTK . , ,
GIMP Linux- (
KDE, Qt,
GIMP). Windows
: http://www.gtk.org/download-windows.html.
30.
339
GTK GLib GDK (The GIMP Drawing Kit).

,
GTK. X.Org .
GLib,
GTK-.
glib.h.
30.2. GLib
30.2.1.
GTK- , GLib. , , (, ),
, .
C
? ,
. ,
int 32-, 64-.
, gint ( GLib), GLib GLib, .
. 30.1 C
GLib.
30.1. GLib
C
GLib
char
gchar
short
gshort
long
glong
int
gint
unsigned char
guchar
unsigned short
gushort
unsigned long
gulong
unsigned int
guint
float
gfloat
double
gdouble
long double
gldouble
boolean
gboolean
void*
gpointer
VII. GTK+
340
30.2.2. GLib
GLib ,
. 30.2 , , ,
.
30.2. GLib
gchar* g_strchug (gchar* string)
string,
( ).

gchar* g_strchomp(gchar* string)
string (, . .),
void g_strdown (gchar* string)
string
void g_strup (gchar* string)
string
void g_strreverse (gchar* string)
: . .
gchar *g_strconcat (const gchar

*string1, ...);
, , .

gchar *g_strjoin (const gchar

*separator, ...);
,
,
.
,
gchar *g_strdup (const gchar*

string);
.
,
string.
gchar *g_strndup (const gchar

*string, gsize n);
, g_strdup(), n

gchar **g_strdupv (gchar **strings);
strings. , , g_strfreev()
gchar *g_strcpy (gchar *dest, const

gchar* src);
src dst. \0
gchar *g_strnfill (gsize length,

gchar fill_char);
length ,
fill_char
void g_strfreev (gchar **strings);
void g_print (const gchar *string);
string
30.
341
30.2 ()
gint g_printf (const gchar

*format, ...);
printf()
gint g_sprintf (gchar *buf, const

gchar *format, ...);
sprintf()
gint g_snprintf (gchar *buf, gulong

n, const gchar *format, ...);
snprintf()
gint g_strcasecmp (const gchar *s1,

const gchar *s2);
strcasecmp()
gint g_strncasecmp (const gchar *s1,

const gchar *s2, guint n);
strncasecmp()
gboolean g_ascii_isalnum (gchar c)
true, c

gboolean g_ascii_isalpha (gchar c)
true, c
gboolean g_ascii_iscntrl (gchar c)
true, c
gboolean g_ascii_isdigit (gchar c)
true, c
gboolean g_ascii_isgraph (gchar c)
true, c

gboolean g_ascii_islower (gchar c)
true, c
gboolean g_ascii_isupper (gchar c)
true, c
gboolean g_ascii_isprint (gchar c)
true, c
()
gboolean g_ascii_ispunct (gchar c)
true, c
gboolean g_ascii_isxdigit (gchar c)
true, c
GLib
:
http://developer.gnome.org/glib/2.29/glib-String-Utility-Functions.html
30.2.3.
GLib .
:
gpointer g_malloc( gulong size );
gpointer g_realloc( gpointer mem, gulong size );
void g_free( gpointer mem );
342
VII. GTK+
30.2.4.
GLib - .
gslist.h (GLib Single List)
, glist.h .
,
.
- :
//
typedef struct _GSList GSList;
struct _GSList
{
gpointer data;
GSList *next;
//
}
//
typedef struct _GList GList;
struct _GList
{
gpointer data;
GList *next;
//
GList *prev;
//
}
data , , gpointer void*.

, . :
GList *list = NULL;
GSList *slist = NULL;
.
g_list_append() g_slist_prepend()
:
gchar *element1 = g_strdup(" ");
list = g_list_append(list, element1);
g_list_append() g_slist_prepend() .
, :
g_list_prepend(GList *list, gpointer data)
g_slist_prepend(GSList *list, gpointer data)
:
GList *g_list_insert( GList *list, gpointer data, gint position )
GSList *g_slist_insert( GSList *list, gpointer data, gint position )
30.
343
position , . position 0, .
:
GList *g_list_remove(GList *list, gpointer data )
GSList *g_slist_remove(GSList *list, gpointer data)
:
g_list_nex(), g_slist_next() "" ;
g_list_prev() .

.
//
GList *list = double_list;
//
...
//
while (list!=NULL)
{
g_printf("%s\n",list->data);
list = g_list_next(list);
}
:
void g_list_free(GList *list);
void g_slist_free(GSList *slist);
:
GSList *g_slist_sort(GSList * slist, GCompareFunc f);
, .
. :
typedef gint (*GCompareFunc) (gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b);
.
:
a<b, 1 (, 0);
a==b, 0;
a>b, 1 ( 0).
GLib , ,
.
344
VII. GTK+
30.2.5.
. gtimer.h.
g_timer_new():
GTimer *g_timer_new()
g_timer_start():
GTimer *timer = g_timer_new();
g_timer_start(timer);
g_timer_elapsed() ( ), ( ,
microseconds):
gdouble g_timer_elapsed( GTimer *timer,
gulong *microseconds );
g_timer_reset():
g_timer_reset(GTimer *timer)
g_timer_stop(), g_timer_destroy():
g_timer_stop(GTimer *timer)
g_timer_destroy(GTimer *timer)
30.1 . , . 10 . , GLib
, ,

.
30.1.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <glib.h>
#include <gtimer.h>
int main()
{
gdouble sec;
gulong ms;
gint i;
printf(" \n ");
30.
345
//
GTimer *timer = g_timer_new();
g_timer_start(timer);
for (i=1; i>0;)
{
sec = g_timer_elapsed(timer, &ms);
g_printf(" %d\n", i);
if (sec >=10)
{
g_timer_stop(timer);
printf(" . : %d\n",ms);
break;
}
i++;
}
g_timer_destroy(timer);
return 0;
}
, GLib,
GTK-,
.
31
GTK+
31.1. , ,
,
GTK+, . - , ,
Tk.
: , , ,
. . . .
( ).
Tk (pack, grid), .
.
.
, . Tk
, , Linux
. GTK
. ,
button_press_event, ,
(, GDK_1BUTTON_PRESS
). .
:
1. GTK.
2. , .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
31. GTK+
347
:
GtkWidget *button;
...
/* "!" */
button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("!");
/* :
hello() */
gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (hello), NULL);
/* */
gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), button);
/* */
gtk_widget_show (button);
. hello()
window ( ) .
gtk_widget_show(), .
31.2.
GTK-:
. , GTK , .
gtk.h:
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
main()
GTK:
GtkWidget *window1;
gtk_init( &argc, &argv );
. 31.1
GTK-.
31.1. GTK-
int main( int
argc, char *argv[] )
{
GtkWidget *window1;
VII. GTK+
348
window1 = gtk_window_new( GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL );
gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window1),"My App");
gtk_widget_show( window1 );
gtk_main();
return 0;
}
gtk_window_new() , gtk_window_set_title()
.
gtk_main(). gtk_main() ,
. gtk_init() gtk_main() GTK.
31.3.
GTK- first.c.
:
gcc first.c -o first `gtk-config --cflags` `gtk-config --libs`

, Makefile, ,
.
. 31.1. GTK+
31. GTK+
349
, , gtk.h gtk-config (. 31.1).

libgtk+-devel
(. 31.2),
(. 31.3).
. 31.2. libgtk+-devel
. 31.3.
VII. GTK+
350
. 31.4.
. 31.5. GTK-
31. GTK+
351
,
. 31.4. ,
.
:
./first
My App (. 31.5).
31.4. .

. , ( ) , .
""! . ( ), ,
. , , ,
, (. 31.6):
ps -ax | grep first
. 31.6. ps: first
kill (kill < >).

, . : , ,
. gtk_main_quit() destroy window1:
gtk_signal_connect( GTK_OBJECT( window1 ), "destroy",
GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC( gtk_main_quit ), NULL );
31.1,
, , gtk_signal_connect():
:
GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC( gtk_main_quit ), NULL );
gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window1),"My App");
VII. GTK+
352
. .
gtk_main_quit() ,
. - , , . .
gtk_main_quit().
31.2.
31.2.
/* - */
void close_window1( GtkWidget *widget, gpointer data);
int main( int
argc, char *argv[] )
{
GtkWidget *window1;
(GtkSignalFunc)close_window1, &window1 );
gtk_main();
return( 0 );
}
/* gtk_main_quit() */
void c

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Linux-. .: -, 2012. 432 .

3.3. tcsh ................................................................................................... 33

10. .................................... 109

11. ................................................................. 122

12. ...................................................................... 133

12.6. ......................................................................................... 154

13. .............................................................................. 158

IV. LINUX........................................................ 193

15. ...................................................................... 213

15.2.2. , .............................................................. 215

16. ................................................................................ 220

17. ...................................... 226

18. .................................................. 230

19. ....................................................................... 234

21. : ..................................................... 249

22. : ................................................ 256

22.3. , ........................................................................................ 263

24. TCL .......................................................................................... 270

25. ...................................................................................... 292

26. .................................................................................. 297

27. ................................. 302

28. ...................................................................... 321

29. ............................................................................. 332

VII. GTK+ ......................................................................... 337

31. GTK+................................................................... 346

32. ...................................................................................................... 354

32.2. GTK ......................................................................................................... 360

33. Glade .................................................................. 382

VIII. ......................... 393

35. ....................................................................... 407

hello ( ./), /usr/bin (,

(_1 ... _N). ,

echo " : $num"

: =, +=, =, *=, /= %=. , , C. : tcsh

break continue. break , end.

--infobox " !\n $left

4.3, , : sleep? , , , . sleep dialog N , N = 1.

$DIALOG --title " " --clear \

echo " '$choice'";;

make, automake Makefile (

. 5.1. sudo zypper install gcc

gcc , ( man gcc). -o, , a.out

make Makefile . , clean,

libmy.so , obj1.o obj2.o. clean ,

. (libmy.so) $^, , make. 5.2 , .

main . main Makefile, .

gcc -fPIC -c obj1.c

/lib, /usr/lib, /usr/local/lib.

" (, Linux " ",

, ( "" so, "" a).

. obj1.c ( 6.1) obj2.c ( 6.2).

gcc "" test.c test my ( lib "" ),

, . . , . init (, Linux ). Linux init

int main (void)

putenv() DIR ( /etc).

int fgetc (FILE * FP);

, . fgets() fputs() FP . SIZE fgets() STR.

open (const char * FNAME, int OFLAGS, mode_t MODE);

read (int FD, void * BUFFER, size_t SIZE);

. Windows- Linux, 18. ,

, "" . 8.3 . . 8.4

int main (void)

ssize_t(aio_write) (struct kiocb , const char __user *, size_t,

mystatic ssize_t mydevice_read(struct file filp, char buffer, size_t length,

/etc/fstab . : /dev/disk/by-uuid/, /dev/disk/by-id/