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GRAVITY
HOME
WORK
GRAVITY
GEOID
What is the shape of the Earth?
The sea-level surface (if un-disturbed) is known as Geoid. It is
particularly important in gravity surveying as it is horizontal and at
right angles to the direction of acceleration due to gravity everywhere.
Equipotential surface of gravity
The irregular distribution of mass alter the geoid, which is why geoid
is not identical to the ellipse of rotation
rotation
GRAVITY UNIT
Normal value of g = 980 cm/s2
Gal = 1 cm/s2
1 milliGal = 10-3gal
1 microGal =10-6 gal
In SI gravity is measured m/s2 - gravity unit (g. u.)
1 g. u. =0.1 mGal
10 g. u. = 1 mGal
GRAVITY ANOMALY
Agravity anomalyis the difference between the
observed acceleration ofEarth's Gravityand a value
predicted from a model.
Models
GEOLOGICAL
FACTOR
AFFECTING
DENSITY
(IN MEGA
GRAM PER
CUBIC METRE
OR GRAM PER
CUBIC
CENTIMETRE)
GRAVITY MEASUREMENT
Absolute Gravity
Relative Gravity
GRAVIMETRE
LaCoste-Romberg gravimetre
Worden gravimetre
SURVEY DESIGN
CORRECTION
As is true of most all measurement of physical
properties, there are always effects that change the
measured values that we are NOT interested in and
that we desire to remove (or correct for) as
accurately as possible.
An important point is that we measure gravity at
whatever value our gravimeter reads, and THEN
we correct that data for these different effects that
we are not interested in.
CORRECTION
In the case of gravity , there are seven gravity
effects to correct for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Drift correction
Latitude correction
Free-air correction
Tide correction
Bouguer correction
Terrain condition
Eotvos correction
1. DRIFT CORRECTION
The reading of a gravimeters at a point
changes with time!
Causes:
Instrument drift: due to
environmental changes (P,T) and
spring creep
Earth tides: relative rotations of the
earth, moon and sun
Correcting procedure:
1.Return to base station
periodically
2. Assume drift is linear
3. Correct measurements in loop
2. LATITUDINAL CORRECTIONS
1- It is caused by both rotation of the earth and its slight equatorial bulge.
2- The maximum value occurs at latitude 45.
3- L.C. equal to zero at equator and pole.
4- The correction is added as we moved toward the equator.
2. LATITUDINAL CORRECTIONS
Gravity varies from 9.78 m/s2 at the equator (lat=0) to 9.83 m/s2 at the poles (lat: north =
+90; south = -90). This is a huge change: a 0.052 m/s2 variation equals 5200 mgals! This is
much larger than other gravitational effects. The gravity varies with latitude for two
reasons:
The Earth is not a sphere, but a flattened spheroid with an equatorial radius of 6,378 km
and a polar radius of 6,356 km (21 km different). Thus, the gravity is LESS at the equator
because it is FARTHER AWAY from the Earths center of mass.
The Earth is a non-inertial reference frame because it is a rotating body that spins once per
day. At the equator any object has a rotational velocity of 465 m/s, whereas at the poles the
rotational velocity is zero! Physics requires that a rotational reference frame has noninertial (fictitious) forces such as the outward directed centrifugal force. The centrifugal
force is the force that any mass rotating with the planet feels in response to the centripetal
force that the planets gravity field provides to continually curve an objects path on the
earth intoa circular path. Recall Newtons first law says that all masses go in a straight line
in a INTERTIAL reference frame unless acted on by an unbalanced force (it is gravity that
provides the unbalanced force as a centripetal acceleration).
gravity
3. FREE-AIR CORRECTION
4. TIDE CORRECTION
1- It is the change of gravity due to movement of the sun and moon.
2- These variation has amplitude as large as 0.3 mgal.
3- The amplitude depend on latitude and time.
5. BOUGUER CORRECTION
1- It is account for attraction of materials between the
stations and the datum plane.
2- We have to consider that the stations are located on a
plateau of horizontal extent
has uniform thickness and density.
3- B.C. is calculated by
B.C. = 0.04191 ph mgal
4- B.C. is applied in the opposite sense to F.A.C. , it is
subtracted when the stations are above the datum and vice
versa.
5. BOUGUER CORRECTION
6. TERRAIN CORRECTION
6. TERRAIN CORRECTION
Hammer Approach
(not for details, could be important for thesis /
project work at 4-1/4-2 stage)
7. EOTVOS CORRECTION
For a gravimetre mounted on a vehicle, such as a ship or a helicopter, the
measured gravitational acceleration is affected by the vertical component of the
Coriolis acceleration which is function of the speed and the direction in which
the vehicle is travelling.
To compensate for this, gravity data are adjusted by applying the Eotvos
correction (named after Baron von Eotvos).
gEC= 75.08 cos sin + 0.0416 V2 (g. u.)
Where, is the degree of geographical latitude,
is the azimuth in degrees,
and V is the speed of the vehicle in knots per hour.
INTERPRETATION
Duly corrected observed gravity
data can be interpreted in two
different way:
1.Direct interpretation of the
observed data
2.Indirect or inverse (model
based) interpretation
Selection of interpretation
techniques depends on the
project objectives.
USES
Depth estimates
Mass determination
Identification of geological structure
Mineral exploration
Basin configuration
Detection of underground cavities
Volcanic hazards
Basement configuration and nature etc.
GRAVITY
ANOMALIES
OVER GIVEN
GEOMETRIC
FORMS
MODELLING A BASIN
WHAT THIS
MAP TELLS US?
WHY
GRAVITY IS
CHANGING
ON A
TEMPORAL
BASIS?
THANK YOU