Workshop Note On Pushover Analysis

IS-CAAD
International Seminar on Computer Aided Analysis and Design
Performance Based Design

and Push-over Analysis of Buildings
Workshop Note
Pushover Analysis Using ETABS and SAP2000
Pushover Analysis
Using ETABS and SAP2000
June 18-19, Manila, Philippines
For
Association of Structural Engineers Philippines
By
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
Asian Institute of Technology
In Association with
Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, California, USA
Acknowledgements
Pushover Analysis, ACECOMS, AIT
Some of the material presented in these

notes is based on following sources:
Class notes by Prof. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai
Seminar notes from Computers and Structures
Incorporated, USA
Notes from various workshops conducted by
Naveed Anwar
SAP2000 User and Technical Manuals
ETABS User and Technical Manuals
ATC40, Applied Technology Council, USA
FEMA-273, Federal Emergency Management
Agency, USA
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software
Objectives
Introduce the basic Modeling and Analysis
Concepts
To provide an understanding of Static
Nonlinear Pushover Analysis for Seismic
Performance
To demonstrate the application of Pushover
Analysis for buildings using ETABS and
SAP2000 and to provide a comparison
Modeling and Analysis
Structural System Analysis Model

STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal Changes
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
pv
Structural
Model
Analysis of Structures
xx yy zz
+
+
+ pvx = 0
x
y
z
pv
Real Structure is governed by

Partial Differential Equations of
various order
Direct solution is only possible for:
Simple geometry
Simple Boundary
Simple Loading.
The Need for Modeling

A - Real Structure cannot be Analyzed:
It can only be Load Tested to determine
response
B - We can only analyze a Model of the
Structure
C - We therefore need tools to Model the
Structure and to Analyze the Model
Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool
Finite Element Analysis

(FEA)
A discretized solution to a
continuum problem using FEM
Finite Element Method (FEM)

A numerical procedure for solving
(partial) differential equations
associated with field problems, with
an accuracy acceptable to
engineers
Continuum to Discrete Model
pv
3D-CONTINUM
MODEL
CONTINUOUS MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by partial (Governed by either

differential equations) partial or total differential
equations)
DISCRETE MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by algebraic
equations)
From Classical to FEM Solution

Equilibrium
Actual Structure
Structural Model
xx yy zz
+
+
+ p =0
x y z vx
FEM
Assumptions
Classical
Kr = R
Stress-Strain Law
Compatibility
Partial
Differential
Equations
Algebraic
Equations
_
dV = pvt udV + pst uds

v
(Principle of Virtual Work)
K = Stiffness
r = Response
R = Loads
Simplified Structural System

Deformations (D)
Loads (F)
Fv
F=KD
The Analysis System

STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
pv
Static
Dynamic
Elastic
Inelastic
Linear
Nonlinear
Eight types of equilibrium equations are possible!
The Equilibrium Equations

1. Linear-Static
Elastic
Ku = F
2. Linear-Dynamic
Elastic
Mu&&(t ) + Cu& (t ) + Ku (t ) = F (t )
3. Nonlinear - Static Elastic OR Inelastic

Ku + FNL = F
4. Nonlinear-Dynamic
OR
Mu&&(t ) + Cu& (t ) + Ku(t ) + F (t ) NL = FElastic
(t )
Inelastic
Basic Analysis Types

Excitation
Structure
Response
Basic Analysis Type
Static
Elastic
Linear
Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static
Elastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static
Inelastic
Linear
Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static
Inelastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Dynamic
Elastic
Linear
Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Elastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Inelastic
Linear
Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Inelastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Analysis Type
The type of Analysis to be carried out depends

on the Structural System
The Type of Excitation (Loads)
The Type Structure (Material and
Geometry)
The Type Response
Some More Solution Types
Non-linear Analysis
P-Delta Analysis
Buckling Analysis
Static Pushover Analysis
Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
Large Displacement Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Steady State Dynamic Analysis
Static Vs Dynamic
Static Excitation
When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with

Time
When the Load can be assumed to be applied
Slowly
Dynamic Excitation
When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
When the Inertial Force becomes significant
Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are

consideredQuasi Static
Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to
Equivalent Static Loads
Elastic Vs Inelastic
Elastic Material
Follows the same path during loading and unloading
and returns to initial state of deformation, stress,
strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
Inelastic Material
Does not follow the same path during loading and
unloading and may not returns to initial state of
deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/
excitation
Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

behavior depending upon level of loading.
Linear Vs Nonlinear
Linearity
The response is directly proportional to excitation
(Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
Non-Linearity
The response is not directly proportional to
excitation
(deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
Non-linear response may be produced by:

Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
Both
10
Elastic Vs Inelastic
Elastic Material
Follows the same path during loading and unloading and
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after
removal of load/ excitation
Inelastic Material
Does not follow the same path during loading and
unloading and may not returns to initial state of
deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/
excitation
Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

behavior depending upon level of loading.
Linear Vs Nonlinear
Linearity
The response is directly proportional to excitation
(Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
Non-Linearity
The response is not directly proportional to
excitation
(deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
Non-linear response may be produced by:

Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
Both
11
Action
Linear-Elastic
Linear-Inelastic
Deformation
Action
Deformation
Action
Action
Elasticity and Linearity
Nonlinear-Inelastic
Nonlinear-Elastic
Deformation
Deformation
Linear and Nonlinear

Linear, Static and Dynamic
Ku = F
FNL
M u&&( t ) + C u& ( t ) + Ku ( t ) = F ( t )
Ku = F
Nonlinear, Static and Dynamic
Ku - FNL = F
Ku + FNL = F
u
Mu&&(t ) + Cu&(t ) + Ku(t ) + F (t ) NL = F (t )
Non Linear Equilibrium
12
The Seven Degrees of Freedom

The General Beam
Element may have
7 degrees of
freedom
The seventh
degree is Warping
Warping is out-of
plane distortion of
the beam crosssection
ry
uy
y
u x rx
x
z
uz
rz
wz
Each section on a beam

member can have seven
Degrees Of Freedom
(DOF) with respect to its
local axis.
The Complete DOF Picture

uz Axial deformation Axial strain Axial stress
ux Shear deformation Shear strain Shear stress
uy Shear deformation Shear strain Shear stress

rz Torsion Shear strain Shear stress
ry Curvature Axial strain Axial stress
rx Curvature Axial strain Axial stress
wz Warping Axial strain Axial stress
13
What is Stiffness ?
In structural terms, stiffness
may be defined as
Resistance to Deformation
So for each type of
deformation, there is a
corresponding stiffness
Stiffness can be considered
or evaluated at various levels
Stiffness is also the
constant in the ActionDeformation Relationship
For Linear Response
uF
Ku = F
K=
F
u
The Structure Stiffness

Material Stiffness
Cross-section Geometry
Section Stiffness
Member Geometry
Member Stiffness
Structure Geometry
Structure Stiffness
14
The Matrices in FEM

Global Nodal Deformations
T-Matrix
Global-Local Cords.
Element Nodal Deformations

N-Matrix
Shape Functions
Deformation in Element Space

B-Matrix
Strain-Deforrmation
Strain In Element Space

D-Matrix
Stress-Strain
Stress in Element Space
Methods of Dynamic Analysis

For Both Linear and Non-Linear Systems
Step-by-Step Integration
Use of Mode Superposition with Eigen or LoadDependent Ritz Vector for FNA
For Linear Systems Only

Transformation of frequency domain and FFT
Method
Response Spectrum Method CQC - SRSS
15
Step by Step Solution Method

Form Effective Stiffness Matrix
Solve Set of Dynamic Equilibrium Equations
for Displacement at Each Time Step
For Non-Linear Problems Calculate Member
Forces for Each Time Step and Iterate for
Equilibrium Brute Force Method
Mode Superposition Method

Generate Orthogonal Dependent Vectors and
Frequencies
Form Uncoupled Modal Equations and Solve
Using Exact Method for Each Time Increment
Recover Nodal Displacement as a Function
of Time
Calculate Member Forces as a Function of
Time
16
Load Dependent Ritz Vector

Approximately Three Times Faster than the
Calculation of Exact Eigen Vectors
Results in Improved Accuracy using a
Smaller Number of LDR Vector
Computer Storage Requirements are
Reduced
Can be Used for Non-Linear analysis to
Capture Local Static Response
Dynamic Response of Beam
100 Pounds
10 @ 12" = 120"
Force
Time
17
Pushover Analysis
One Dimensional Static Loads

No Energy Dissipation
Inertia Forces Not Considered
Defined One Failure Mode
Higher Mode Effects Neglected
Fast Non-Linear Analysis

Evaluate LDR Vectors with Non-Linear
Elements Removed and Dummy Elements
Added for Stability
Solve All Modal Equations with Non-Linear
Forces on the Right Hand Side
Use Exact Integration within Each Time Step
Force and Energy Equilibrium are Satisfied at
Each Time Step by Iteration
18
Fast Non-Linear Analysis
The FNA Method is Designed for Static and

Dynamic Analysis of Non-Linear Structures
with a Limited Number of Pre-Defined NonLinear Elements
Base Isolation
19
Building Impact
Dampers
20
Gaps and Joints
Hinges
21
Dampers
Linear Viscous Damping

Does not Exist in Normal Structures and
Foundations
5 or 10 Percent modal Damping Values are
Often Used to Justify Energy Dissipation Due
to Non-Linear Effects
If Energy Dissipation Devices are Used Then
1 Percent Modal Damping should be Used for
the Elastic Part of the Structure
22
Non-Linear Equilibrium Equations
Ma + Cv + Ku + FN = F
Where Ma + Cv + Ku = F FN
Fn= The Global Node Loads due to the
Forces in the Non-Linear Elements
Non-Linear Equilibrium Equations
Ma + Cv + [K + kE ]u = F FN + kEu
Where
Ke= The Effective Linear Stiffness of the
Non-Linear Element are of Arbitrary Values
for Zero Damping
23
Uplift
Non Linear Static Analysis
24
Structure Types
Cable Structures
Cable Nets
Cable Stayed
Bar Structures
2D/3D Trusses
2D/3D Frames, Grids
Surface Structures
Plate, Shell
In-Plane, Plane Stress
Solid Structures
Global Modeling of Structural Geometry
(a) Real Structure
(b) Solid Model
(c) 3D Plate-Frame
(d) 3D Frame
(f) Grid-Plate
(e) 2D Frame
Fig. 1 Various Ways to Model a Real Struture
25
Some Sample Finite Elements
Truss and Beam Elements (1D,2D,3D)
Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)
Brick Elements
The Modal Analysis
26
The Modal Analysis

The modal analysis determines the inherent natural
frequencies of vibration
Each natural frequency is related to a time period
and a mode shape
Time Period is the time it takes to complete one
cycle of vibration
The Mode Shape is normalized deformation pattern
The number of Modes is typically equal to the
number of Degrees of Freedom
The Time Period and Mode Shapes are inherent
properties of the structure and do not depend on the
applied loads
Free Vibration Analysis

Definition
Natural vibration of a structure released from initial condition and
subjected to no external load or damping
Main governing equation -Eigenvalue Problem
[M ] u
+ [c ] u + [K
t
t
] {u }t
{P }t
Solution gives
Natural Frequencies
Associated mode shapes
An insight into the dynamic behavior and response of the structure
27
The Modal Analysis

The Modal Analysis should be run before
applying loads any other analysis to check
the model and to understand the response of
the structure
Modal analysis is precursor to most types of
analysis including Response Spectrum, Time
History, Push-over analysis etc.
Modal analysis is a useful tool even if full
Dynamic Analysis is not performed
Modal analysis easy to run and is a fun to
watch the animations
Application of Modal Analysis
The Time Period and Mode Shapes, together

with animation immediately exhibit the
strengths and weaknesses of the structure
Modal analysis can be used to check the
accuracy of the structural model
The Time Period should be within reasonable
range, (Ex: 0.1 x number of stories seconds)
The disconnected members are identified
Local modes are identified that may need
suppression
28
Application of Modal Analysis
The symmetry of the structure can be

determined
For doubly symmetrical buildings, generally the
first two modes are translational and third mode
is rotational
If first mode is rotational, the structural is unsymmetrical
The resonance with the applied loads or

excitation can be avoided
The natural frequency of the structure should not
be close to excitation frequency
Model Creation Tools
Defining Individual Nodes and Elements

Using Graphical Modeling Tools
Using Numerical Generation
Using Mathematical Generation
Using Copy and Replication
Using Subdivision and Meshing
Using Geometric Extrusions
Using Parametric Structures
29
Graphic Object Modeling
Use basic Geometric Entities to create FE

Models
Simple Graphic Objects
Point Object
Line Object
Area Object
Brick Object
Represents Node
Represents 1D Elements
Graphic Objects can be used to represent

geometry, boundary and loads
SAP2000, ETABS and SAFE use the concept
of Graphic Objects
Modeling Objects and Finite Elements

Structural Members are representation of
actual structural components
Finite Elements are discretized
representation of Structural Members
The concept of Graphic Objects can be used
to represent both, the Structural Members as
well as Finite Elements
In ETABS, the Graphic Objects representing
the Structural Members are automatically
divided into Finite Elements for analysis and
then back to structural members for result
interpretation
30
Design Methods and Concepts
From Loads to Stresses
Applied Loads
Building Analysis
Member Actions
Cross-section Actions
Material Stress/Strain
From Strains to Response
The Response and Design

Material Response
Section Response
Member Response
Building Response
Load Capacity
31
From Serviceability to Performance
Satisfying one design level does not ensure

that other design levels will be satisfied
Serviceability design only ensures that
deflections and vibrations etc. for service loads
are within limits but says nothing about strength
Strength design ensures that a certain factor of
safety against overload is available within a
member or a cross-section but says nothing
about what happens if load exceeds design level
Performance design ensures that structure as a
whole reaches a specified demand level.
Performance design can include, both service and
strength design levels
32
The entire response of structure or a

member can be determined, in an
integrated manner from the ActionDeformation Curve
A Serviceability
B Cracking Limit
C Strength Limit
D Failure Limit
The Cross-section Response

Material Stress-Strain Curves
Cross-section Dimensions
Performance
Given P value
Given Moments
Given Axial Load
P-M Curve
M-M Curve
Moment-Curvature Curves
Moment for Given Curvature

Curvature for Given Moment
Yield Moment
Stiffness
Ductility
Moment for Given Load

Load for Given Moment
Capacity Ratio
Strength
Capacity
Interaction Surface
Given Moment Direction
Mx for Given My
My for Given Mx
Capacity Ratio
33
Original Cross-sections
Plain concrete shape
Compact Built-up steel

section
Reinforced concrete section
Composite section
Compact Hot-rolled steel shape
Reinforced concrete,
composite section
Sections After Strengthening
34
Capacity
Interaction Surface
P
My
Mx
P-M and M-M Interaction Curves
35
The Moment Curvature Curve
Cross-section Stresses
36
Strength and Performance

In Strength Design, every member and every
cross-section must satisfy strength equation
Even if all members and sections are
designed for strength, the structure may not
perform well in case of overload
In Performance Based Design, only a few
members on the critical load path need to
perform well for the structure to perform well
Therefore for strengthening of structures, we
may only need to strengthen members or
section in the critical load path
Members on Critical Load Path
In Performance Based Design, only a few

members on the critical load path need to
perform well for the structure to perform well
Therefore for strengthening of structures, we
may only need to strengthen members or
section in the critical load path
37
What Effects Serviceability?

Anything that reduces cracking
The presence of appropriate amount of
reinforcement at appropriate locations
Anything that increases stiffness

Reasonable sizes and proportions of member
cross-sections
Anything that reduces Creep/ Shrinkage

Presence of compressive reinforcement
Anything that improves Durability

High strength concrete
Proper cver and protection of rebars
What Effects Strength?

The basic Material Strength
Concrete crushing strength

Reinforcement yield strength
The Cross-section Dimensions

The amount of Rebars
The framing conditions
38
What Effects Performance?

Performance is generally of concern for
lateral loads such as earthquake and wind
The main factor that effects performance is
the Ductility of the members on the critical
load path
In frame structures, the design of the joints
between columns and beams is critical
The performance of shear walls if great
importance for lateral load demands
Ductility can be
defined as the ratio
of deformation and a
given stage to the
maximum
deformation
capacity
Normally ductility is
measured from the
deformation at design
strength to the
maximum
deformation at failure
Load
Ductility Definition and Usage
Yield/ Design
Strength
Dy
Du
Deformation
Ductility = Dy / Du
39
What Effects Ductility!

The most important factor effecting ductility
of reinforced concrete cross-section is the
confinement of concrete
Amount of confinement steel

Shape of confinement steel
Other factors include:
Presence of Axial Load

Stress-strain curve of rebars
Amount of rebars in tension
Amount of rebars in compression
The shape of cross-section
Action Deformation Curves
Relationship between action and

corresponding deformation
These relationships can be obtained at
several levels
The Structural Level:

Load - Deflection
The Member Level:
Moment - Rotation
The Cross-section Level: Moment - Curvature
The Material Level :
Stress-Strain
The Action-Deformation curves show the

entire response of the structure, member,
cross-section or material
40
How to Get Action-Deformation Curves

By actual measurements
Apply load, measure deflection
Apply load, measure stress and strain
By computations
Use material models, cross-section dimensions to
get Moment-Curvature Curves
By combination of measurement and

computations
Calibrate computation models with actual
measurements
Some parameters obtained by measurement and
some by computations
The Moment Curvature Curve
41
The Moment-Curvature Curve
Probably the most important action-deformation

curve for beams, columns, shear walls and
consequently for building structures
Significant information can be obtained from
Moment Curvature Curve to compute:
Yield Point
Failure Point
Ductility
Stiffness
Crack Width
Rotation
Deflection
Strain
What is Curvature
In geometry, it is rate
of change of rotation
In structural behavior,
Curvature is related to
Moment
For a cross-section
undergoing flexural
deformation, it can
computed as the ratio
of the strain to the
depth of neutral axis
Curvature = e / C (radian / unit length)
42
How to Read M-Phi Curve
Outputs from M-Phi Curve
2 -Failure Point
1 -Yield Point
3 - Ductility =
y
u
43

4 - Stiffness of the Section at given M and Phi
M
EI
M
EI =
5 - Slope of the section at given Moment

b
M
dx
EI
a

6 - Deflection of the section at given Moment
M
= x dx
EI
a
7 - Strain at given Moment
= c
c = distance from the NA to

the point where strain is
required
44

8 - Crack Width at given crack spacing
W = s X
W = yX
9 - Crack Spacing at given crack width

W
X=
X=
W
y
Outputs from M-Phi Curve - Summary

Plot M-Phi Curve
EI =
Determine curvature
at known moment
Determine Flexural
Stiffness (EI)
EI
M
=
x dx
EI
a
b
Determine Deflection
= c
dx
Determine Slope
X =
Determine Strain
W = sX
Determine Crack
Spacing/Width
45
Outputs from M-Phi Curve - Example

For M=600 Phi = 0.00006
From M-Phi Diagram
EI =
EI=600x12/0.00006
EI=1.2E8 k-in^2
Slope at Mid Span

b
M
dx
EI
a
=600x7.5x144/1.2E8
=0.0054 rad

Deflection at Mid Span
M
= x dx
EI
a
=600x7.5x144x15x12/(6x1.2E8)
=0.162 in
Strain in Steel
= c
M = 600 k-ft, y=16
=0.00006x16
=0.00096
46

Crack Width
Assuming crack spacing of 18 in
Specified Crack Spacing = X
W = s X
NA
=0.00096 x 18
=0.01728 in
Crack Spacing
Rebar Centroid
Assuming crack width of 0.02 in
X=
=0.02/0.00096
=20.8 in
M-Phi Curve and Ductility

Effect of Axial Load
Effect of Compression Steel
Effect of Confinement Model
Effect of Confinement Shape
47
Axial Load and Ductility

Effect of Axial Load on Ductility
700
600
500
400
Axial Load =0
300
Axial Load =0.2Pu
200
Axial Load =0.4Pu
100
Axial Load =0.6Pu

Axial Load =0.8Pu
0
-0.0002
0.0000
-100
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
C ur v a t ur e ( r a d/ i n)
Compression Steel and Ductility

Effects of Compression Rebars on Ductility
700
600
500
400
300
a: Duct ilit y Rat io =2.65

b: Duct ilit y Rat io =3.32
200
c: Duct ilit y Rat io =4.68

d: Duct ilit y Rat io =9.25
100
0
-0.0005
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
-100
C ur v a t ur e ( r a d/ i n)
48
Confinement Model and Ductility

Effect of Concrete Confinement Model on Ductility of Cross-Section
350
300
Moment (kip-ft)
250
200
Whitney Rectangle
Mander Circular Confined
150
Mander Pipe Filled

100
50
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
Curvature (rad/in)
Confinement Steel and Ductility

Effect of Confinement Steel Spacing on Ductility
160
140
Moment (kip-ft)
120
100
Spacing = 3in
80
Spacing = 6 in
60
Spacing = 12 in
40
20
0
-0.0005
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
-20
Curvature (in/rad)
49
Confinement Shape and Ductility

Effect of Confinement Shape on Ductility
350
300
250
200
150
100
M ander Rectangular Confined

M ander Circular Confined
50
Whitney Rect angle
0
(0. 0010)
0. 0000
0. 0010
0. 0020
0. 0030
0. 0040
0. 0050
0. 0060
0. 0070
-50
C ur vat ur e ( r ad/ i n)
Introducing
Pushover Analysis
50
The Pushover Analysis

An alternate method of analysis for carrying
out the Performance Based Design
Pushover analysis is carried out after the
Linear Analysis has been done and
Serviceability and Strength design has been
completed
Pushover analysis is most suitable for
determining the performance, specially for
lateral loads such as Earthquake or even
wind
Why Pushover Analysis
Buildings do not respond as linearly elastic

systems during strong ground shaking
Improve Understanding of Building Behavior
- More accurate prediction of global
displacement
- More realistic prediction of earthquake demand
on individual components and elements
- More reliable identification of bad actors
Reduce Impact and Cost of Seismic Retrofit

- Less conservative acceptance criteria
- Less extensive construction
Advance the State of the Practice
51
Performance Based Design - Basics

Design is based not on Ultimate
Strength but rather on Expected
Performance
Basic Ultimate Strength does not tell us

what will be performance of the structure at
Ultimate Capacity
Performance Based Design Levels
Fully Operational
Operational
Life Safe
Near Collapse
Collapse
Pushover Spectrum
52
Pushover Demand Curves
Earthquake Push on Building
53
The Pushover Curve
Pushover Capacity Curves
54
Demand Vs Capacity
Non-linearity in Pushover
Material nonlinearity at discrete, user-defined hinges
in frame/line elements.
1. Material nonlinearity in the link elements.
Gap (compression only), hook (tension only), uniaxial

plasticity base isolators (biaxial plasticity and biaxial
friction/pendulum)..
2. Geometric nonlinearity in all elements.

Only P-delta effects
P-delta effects plus large displacements
3. Staged (sequential) construction.

Members can be added or removed in a sequence of stages
during each analysis case.
55
Important Considerations
Nonlinear analysis takes time and patience

Each nonlinear problem is different
Start simple and build up gradually.
Run linear static loads and modal analysis
first
Add hinges gradually beginning with the
areas where you expect the most nonlinearity.
Perform initial analyses without geometric
non-linearity. Add P-delta effects, and large
deformations, much later.
Important Considerations
Mathematically, static nonlinear analysis
does not always guarantee a unique solution.
Small changes in properties or loading can
cause large changes in nonlinear response.
It is Important to consider many different
loading cases, and sensitivity studies on the
effect of varying the properties of the
structure
Nonlinear analysis takes time and patience.
Dont Rush it or Push to Hard
56
Procedure for Pushover Analysis

Create a model just like for any other analysis.
Define the static load cases, if any, needed for use in
the static nonlinear analysis (Define > Static Load
Cases).
Define any other static and dynamic analysis cases
that may be needed for steel or concrete design of
frame elements.
Define hinge properties, if any (Define > Frame
Nonlinear Hinge Properties).
Assign hinge properties, if any, to frame/line
elements (Assign > Frame/Line > Frame Nonlinear
Hinges).
Define nonlinear link properties, if any (Define > Link
Properties).

Assign link properties, if any, to frame/line elements
(Assign > Frame/Line > Link Properties).
Run the basic linear and dynamic analyses (Analyze
> Run).
Perform concrete design/steel design so that
reinforcing steel/ section is determined for
concrete/steel hinge if properties are based on
default values to be computed by the program.
For staged construction, define groups that
represent the various completed stages of
construction.
Define the static nonlinear load cases (Define >
Static Nonlinear/Pushover Cases).
57

Run the static nonlinear analysis (Analyze >
Run Static Nonlinear Analysis).
Review the static nonlinear results (Display >
Show Static Pushover Curve), (Display >
Show Deformed Shape), (Display > Show
Member Forces/Stress Diagram), and (File >
Print Tables > Analysis Output).
Perform any design checks that utilize static
nonlinear cases.
Revise the model as necessary and repeat.
Performance Based Design

and
Pushover Analysis
Technical Background
By:
Iqbal Suharwardy, PhD, S.E

Director Development
Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, USA
58
Performance Check for Structures

Purpose
How will a structure perform when subjected to a

give level of earthquake?
Definition of Structural Performance
Definition of Earthquake Level
Determination of performance level
Performance Check for Structures

Process
Recently released guidelines for Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings:
ATC-40
ATC-33 (FEMA 273 and 274)
SEAOC Vision 2000 Framework
59
Types of Performance Checks

Linear Static Analysis
Linear Dynamic Analysis
Non Linear Static Analysis (Pushover
Analysis)
Non Linear Dynamic Analysis
Performance Check Using Pushover
60
Steps in Performance Check
Construct Pushover Curve

Select Earthquake Level to check
Select Performance Level to check
Select acceptance criteria for each
Performance Level
Verify Acceptance
ATC-40 Method
ATC-33 Method
Constructing Pushover Curve

Define Structural Model
Elements
Strength-Deformation properties
Define Loads
Gravity
Lateral Load Patterns
Select Control Displacements or Drifts

Perform Pushover Analysis
61
Pushover Modeling (Elements)
Types
Truss Yielding and Buckling

3D Beam Major direction Flexural and Shear Hinging
3D Column P-M-M Interaction and shear Hinging
Panel Zone Shear Yielding
In-Fill Panel Shear Failure
Shear Wall P-M-Shear Interaction!
Spring for foundation modeling
Pushover Modeling (Properties)
62
Pushover Modeling (Beam Element)
Pushover Modeling (Column Element)
63
Pushover Modeling (Column Element)
Pushover Modeling (Loads)

Start with Gravity Loads
Dead Load
Same Portion of Live Load
Select Lateral Load Patterns
Uniform
Code Static Lateral Load Distribution
First Mode
Combination of Modes
64
Pushover Analysis (Control)

Force Controlled Analysis
Deformation Controlled Analysis
Roof Displacement
Generalized Displacement Definitions
Story Drift
Limit of Analysis
Instability Loss of Gravity Load Carry Capacity
Excessive Distortions
Pushover Analysis (Solution Schemes)

Event by Event Strategies
Manual
Newton-Raphson Type Strategies

Constant Stiffness iteration
Tangent Stiffness iteraton
Problem of Degradation of Strength

Ritz Method (Reduced Space) Strategies
65
Pushover Analysis (Results)
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)
Construct Capacity Spectrum

Estimation of Equivalent Damping
Determine Demand Spectrum
Determine Performance Point
Verify Acceptance
66
67
68
69
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)

(Displacement Coefficient Method)
Estimate Target Displacement

Verify Acceptance

Estimation of Target Displacement
Estimate effective elastic stiffness , Ke
Estimate post yield stiffness, Ks
Estimate effective fundamental period, Te
Calculate target roof displacement
70

Estimation of Target Displacement
Co, Relates spectral to roof displacement
C1, Modifier for inelastic displacement
C2, Modifier for hysteresis loop shape
C3, Modifier for second order effects
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options
Full 3D implementation
Single Model for
Linear Static Analysis

Linear Response Spectrum Analysis
Linear Time History Analysis
Non Linear Time History Analysis
Non Linear Static Pushover Analysis
Steel and Concrete Design
71
Generally Follows ATC-40 and FEMA-273

Available Pushover Element Types
Truss Yielding and Buckling

3D Beam Major direction Flexural and Shear Hinging
3D Column P-M-M Interaction and shear Hinging
Shell, Solids, etc (Considered Linear)
Panel Zone (later)
Shear Wall (Later)
Non-Linear Spring (Later)
72

Strength Deformation and P-M-M curves
can be calculated by program for:
Steel beams (FEMA-273)

Steel columns (FEMA-273)
Shear Hinges in EBF Links (FEMA-273)
Concrete Beams (ATC-40)
Concrete Columns (ATC-40)
Shear hinge in Coupling Beams (ATC-40)
73

Gravity Load Analysis
Nodal Loads
Element Loads
Load Controlled Analysis
Pushover Analysis
Starts from Gravity loads
Nodal Load Patterns (User, Modal, Mass)
Multi-Step Displacement or Drift Controlled
Available Results for each step of Loading
Base Shear
Element Forces
Section Forces
Joint Displacement
Drifts
Element hinge Deformations
Limit Points reached
74
Pushover Curve Post-Processing (ACT-40)
Conversion to Capacity Spectrum

Calculation of Effective Period (per step)
Calculation of Effective Damping (per step)
Calculation of Demand Spectrum (per step)
Location of Performance Point
Limit Points (acceptable criteria) reached

Visual Display for Each Step
Deformed Shape
Member Force Diagrams
Hinge Locations and Stages
Graphs
Base Shear VS Roof Displacement

Capacity Curves
Demand Curves
Demand Spectra at different Damping
Effective Period Lines
75
Examples
Example 1
76
Base Shear Vs Displacement
Capacity Spectrum
77
Example 2
Example 2
Desired Behavior
2100
1700
1000
0.1
0.6
0.8
Measured Axial Displacement at Joint 2

(in)
78
Find Column E
Determine Column E to
give Appropriate Initial
Stiffness:
Column
PL
= (1700 *12*12)/(24*24*0.1)
A
E=
= 4250 Ksi
Find Column Deflection

Determine Elastic Column
Lengthening when loading
from 1700 to 2100 K:
Column
= [(2100-1700) *12*12)]/(24*24*4250)
PL
=
= 0.0235 in
AE
79

Determine Elastic Column
Lengthening when loading
from 2100 to 1000 K:
Column
= [(2100-1000) *12*12)]/(24*24*4250)
PL
=
= 0.0647 in
AE
Determine Elastic
Column Lengthening
when loading from 1000
to 0 K:
Column
PL
=
= 1000 *12*12)/(24*24*4250)
AE
= 0.0588 in
80
Find Hinge Properties
Hinge Properties
81
Pushover Curve
Example 3
82
Example 3
Example 3
83
With W12x190 Brace
With W8x10 Brace
84
Conversion to ADRS Spectra

ATC-40
Response Spectrum Conversion
Acceleration-Displacement Response
Spectra (ADRS)
Every Point on a Response Spectrum curve
has a unique
Spectral Acceleration, Sa
Spectral Velocity, Sv
Spectral Displacement, Sd
Time, T
85
Response Spectrum Conversion

For Each value or Sai and Ti determine the
value of Sdi using the equation
2
T
S di = i 2 S ai g
4
Spectral Acceleration and Displacement at

period Ti are given by
S ai g =
2
Sv
Ti
S di =
Ti
Sv
2
Capacity Spectrum Conversion

Capacity Spectrum from Capacity or
Pushover Curve
Point by Point conversion to first mode
spectral coordinates
on capacity curves are converted

to
Sai and Sdi on capacity
Vicorresponding
and roof
spectrum using:
S ai =
Vi
W
S di =
roof
(PF
1
1, roof
86
Moment Hinge Properties

Using M-Fi Curve
Procedure
Plot M-Fi curve for cross-section
Estimate EI value from M-Fi Curve using the
following equation
M
EI
M
EI =
Calculate Rotations from Curvature using:

b
M
dx
EI
87
Example
Reinforced Concrete
Beam-Column CrossSection
24x24
Reinforced with 12 #9
bars
Length is 12 ft
Example
370
0.00028
88
Example
EI =
So EI = 370/0.00028 = 1321428.6
b
M
M
= Ip
= dx
EI
EI
a
So = 0.00336 rad
Find for other Moment Values and input in
Hinge Property
Considerations
Keep moment Constant over hinge length

when integrating or integrate over the whole
member length with actual moment diagram
Only one value of EI at Yield is sufficient
Ip = h/2
89
Comparisons of
SAP2000 and ETABS
SAP2000 vs ETABS
SAP2000
General Purpose FEA
Software
Classic Finite Element

Software
Steel, and Concrete Frame
Element Design
Shear Wall Design Not
Supported
Fewer Automated Meshing
Options
Does not Support
Composite Design
ETABS
Specialized FEA Software
for Building analysis and
design
Fully Object based Modeling
and Design
Steel, concrete, composite
Frame Element design
Supports Shear wall design
Full and practical auto
meshing options
Supports Composite Design
90
SAP2000 vs ETABS
SAP2000
ETABS
General output related to

nodes and elements is
reported
Floor wise representation of

results such as story drift,
floor mass participation,
story shear, etc.
General Report (text files)

Professional Report
Powerful load cases,
combinations, envelopes,
multiple case, etc.
Cables, Dampers, and NL
Links and Hinges
Relatively less ability to

handle load combinations
Only Nonlinear links and
Hinges
SAP2000 vs ETABS
SAP2000
Supports Solid Elements
Does not support solid

elements
Powerful grid system
definition and editing
Relatively low versatility

for defining and editing
grid systems
ETABS
91
ETABS Pushover
ETABS Pushover
92
ETABS Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
93
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
94
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
95
96

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IS-CAAD

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