Teach Yourself Nepali

A Tourist Manual

by Karunakar Baidya

Ratna Pustak Bhandar

Published by: Rataa Pastak Bbaadar, Bhotabity, Kathmandu C Publisbers

Edition : 1997

PriDted by : Bbargava Offsets, VaraMSi

CONTENTS

Paae
CHAPTER I
What is Nepali Language ?
CHAPTER II
Syllabary 2'
CHAPTER III
Pronunciation and Accents of Vowels S
Pronunciation and Accents of Consonants I
CHAPTER IV
Combined Letters 14
CHAPTER V
Noun 1S
Gender 19
Number 21
Case 23
CHAPTER VI
Adjective 28
CHAPTER VII
Pronoun 34
CHAPTER VUf
Verb 37
Conjugation of Verbs 40
Use of • Must' in Nepali 45
Use of Infinitives in Nepali 47
Use of Participles in Nepali 47 Expression of Mood

Use of 'Let' in Imperative Mood

Page 49 55

CHAPTER IX Adverb

53

CHAPTER X Preposition

56

CHAPTER XI Conjunction

61

CHAPTER XII Interjection

CHAPTER XIII

~~ ~

Interrogative Sentence 66

Negative Sentence 70

The Use of Adjective Clause in Nepali 73

The Use of Numerals in Nepali 75

The Translation of Introductory Adverb "There' 77

The Use of Participles in Nepali 78

The Conjugation of the Verb 'to be' in Nepali 81

The Conjugation of the Verb 'can' 82

The Conjugation of the Verb 'may' 83

The Use of the Verb 'have', 'has' 83

Optative Sentence 83

Direct and Indirect Narration in Nepali 84

Miscellaneous Exercises ~6

II

CHAPTER XIV Vocabulary

Important Adjectives Colour

Useful Verbs

Eating & Drinking Fruits and Nuts Vegetables and Cereals Birds, Fish and Fowls Table Articles

Clothing and Washing Travelling

House Furniture

Time

Weather Commercial

Medicines and Ailments Human Body Relationshi p

Animals

Insects

Minerals Correspondence Religions Terms Servants

Professions and Trades Days of the Week Names of the Months

Page

92 92 94 94 96

97 91 98 98 98 99 99

100 100 100 101 101 102 102 102 102 103 103 104 104 lOS lOS

III

TEACH YOURSELF NEPALI

CHAPTER I

What is Nepali LaRguage ?

Nepal, the only independent Hindu kingdom lies at tile foot of the mighty Himalayas, sandwiched between the two big countries the People's Republic of China on the north and the Republic of India on the south. fhis ancient kingdom is inhabited by people of different castes and creeds. speaking different languages such as Nepali, Newari, Bhutia, Tamang, Lepcha, Magar, Maithili, Hindi etc. The Nepali language (formerly called the Parbatia ,?r the: Gorkhali Language) is the National language.

Any foreigner with a little knowledge of spoken Nepali can make himself easily understood in any part of Nepal as it is the 'Lingua Franca' of the land.

The Nepali language has no other script than the Devanagari script. One who knows how to read and write the Devanagari script, can learn speaking and writing Nepali within a very short time.

CllAl'TER u

Syllabary

The characters used for writing the Nepali language are the Devanagari characters. The Devanagari alphabets consist of two divisions :

(a) the Vowels, and (b) the Consonants.
&. The Vowels ( SWOT- V QI'J)Q)
1f 'IT ~ f ~ 3;
a a. u u
"' '" '" .r lIr:
~ IT
e ai 0 au am ah
b. The Consonants (Vyanjan-VarQa)
<ti .. tI' tf '!=
ka kha ga gba ila
~ 'CJ ~ If OJ
cba chha ja jha ita
?: 0 T ~ VI"
ta tha 4a 4ha 1)8
2 \'I' 'f ~ 8' ;:r
ta tha da dba Da
C{ qj • 1f If
pa pba ba bha ma
~ ~ W ~ 11'
ya ra )a va Aa
~ ~ ~ ~ •
~ sa ha kbhya tra
W
gna The consonants can be changed generally into twelve different forms with the help of the vowels. The vowel signs are joined to the consonants to make the change. The vowel signs are as follows:

Vowels

Signs T f

•

..

...

..

How the vowel signs are to be used, is mustrated below:

iii - iii (ka)
COflSOlUlllt + Sign Del'allagari Roman;sed Nepali
IIi+T IIiT U
lIi+f fiIi ki
iii +1 ~ ki
iii +. f ku
iii + .. I( to
iii +" t k!
iii +. t kai
iii + ) ~ to
iii + , lfil kau
iii + .. It kam
iii + Ifi: Db
LESSON 1 'fry to change and practise writing out all the consonants in the manner given above.

4

CHAPTER In

Pro~atioD aDd Aecents of Vowels

Pronunciation oj Eng/Zsh words in Romanised Nepali Vowels- (Swor-Varna)

Vowels

in Devaniigari

Pronunciation ill Romanised Nepali

Rule of Pronunciation

n is pronounced like 'u JD

the English words, 'but', 'up as ~ ( Akhhyar=Ietter).

It has a long sound of English 'a' as in the words, 'father', 'large', as arm (Asha=hope).

It hali the short sound of English 'e' as in the words, 'tin', 'pin', 'thin' as ~rlf; ,(Inam=prize).

It has the long sound of English "ee' as in the words, 'meet', 'beet', 'feet' as ~ (lswor= God).

u It has the short sound of English 'u' as in the words, ':Qut\ 'full',

~r

a

'pull' as ~ (Unl=she), ~ (Utha=get up).

u It has the long sound of English '00' as in the words 'too', 'cuckoo', 'moon' as ~(iin =wool),

5

~ (fUI=fl.ower).

it has the lon~ sound of 'e' as in the words.thell', 'ben', 'men', 'ten' etc. as ~ (ekata=union), ~ (Khela=play).

ai

It is a diphthong

which is as it-n'

pronounced as 'ai'

(Aina= mirror).

o It has the long sound of "oe' as in the words. 'low', 'toe' as lfR- (Mola=price), ~o (otha= lip).

It is also a diphthong and has the sound of both 'a' and 'u' as ~~ (Aulae-Malaria), ~ (Aunlii=finger).

au

am

ar:

ah

an

6

It is pronounced as the sound of 'ng' or on' as in the English words, 'song', 'tong', as ~'f (Arilga= body).

It is pronounced with a long

breath just as interjection 'ah r 'Oh !' as in Tf: (Punahe=again},

It i'i pronounced with a half nasal sound without closing the mouth as ~ (Kahan e where),

lf~ (Yahiin=here).

ProiIudatioll aM Aeceats of CORSoDUts Pronunciation l?f.English words in Romanised Nepali

COiuona"t s (Vyanjan- Varl}a)

Consonants. in Devanagari

Pronunciation in Roltl/l1lised Nepali ..

Rule of Pronunciation

ka

It has the sound of 'c' in the English words, 'call', 'cup' etc. as ~ (Kalama=pen), ~ (KasarI= how).

kha It has got the combined sound of 'k' and 'h' as in the word 'khan' like ~ (khabara=news).

" (Khela = play).

It is pronounced like 'g' in the English words, 'give', 'got' ~ 'girl' etc. just as, 1fi{ (Gamu-«

to do), ~ (Gaja = yard).

gha It has the combined sound of 'g' and 'h' as~ (Gharaeehouse), ~ lGha\fI-Clock).

It has the nasal sound of 'og' as in the English word, 'long', 'song', etc.

cha It is pronounced like 'ch' in the

English words. 'bench', 'chap' etc. just as, ~ (chara=bird).

tla

1

chha It is pronounced with the mixed sound of 'ch' and 'h' pronounced together, as Q (chhala-etrick),

wrm (Chbtt4=umbrella).

ja It sounds like OJ' in the English words, 'jam', 'joy' etc. just as ~ (Jala--water), ~ (Jasta= zinc).

It has the sound of 'j' and 'h' pronounced together as IRt (Jharl=rainy), Iflf1'f (JhagaQa=

R

jha

quarrel).

It is pronounced with a. nasal sound of 'n' as in the word 'punch' as Q'3=~ (Punchama-«

fifth).

It is pronounced as 't' in the words 'tea', 'tomato', as ~ (toknu-eto bite), ~ (tikata= stamp),

tha It is pronounced like 'th' in the English words, 'thumb', 'thank', as liTo! (thagnu=to cheat), ~~ (thika = right).

..

ita

8

da It sounds like 'd' in the words 'dig', 'dog', 'dumb', as ~ (dabala =double), n (Qara=fear).

dha It has the sound of 'd' and 'h' pronounced all a. once as ~ (~hoke = gate-keeper), " (dhaka=weight),

It is pronounced like on' by curling the lip of the tongue as flrrrr (BiQii= a musical instrument), T'" (Guna-emerit).

ta It is pronounced like "t' in the words, 'tin', 'ten' as mr (Tala= down), ~ (Tarajue balance).

tha It has the sound of "t' and 'h' pronounced together as in the English words, 'thin', 'thumb', 'think', etc. as 'H (Thara-caste), ~ (Tharl-tharI= different kinds).

da It has the sound of 'th' in the words, 'this', 'that' as ~ (Dara ==Rate], ~ (Daraja=shelf).

dha It has the sound of 'd' and 'h' pronounced all at once as !R' (Dhana-ewealth),

na It sounds like 'n' in the words 'nut', 'name', 'now' etc. as ifT'3' (Nau=barber), <fIT. (Nagara= city), ~ (Nahara--canal).

9

pa It has the sound of 'p' as in the words, 'pen', 'pan' as qf.r (Pani =also), try;:IT (Pant = water}.

pha

It sounds like 'f' in :he words 'fool', 'run' as: tfim (Pharsi= pumpkin), ~ (Phalae-fruit).

ba It is pronounced like 'b' in the

·Il

bha

the words, 'bull', 'bail', 'book' etc. as, ifnft (Baggle-coach), ~ (Barapha e-ice).

It has the sound of ·b' and 'h' pronounced all at once, as \lR't (Bhari=load), ~ (Bhannu--to

'"

say).

ma It is pronounced like 'm' in the English words, 'man', 'moon', 'musk,' as 1IO (Mathae-monastery), ~ (Mala=manure).

ya It sounds like 'i' and 'a' pronounced quickly together as in 'yolk', 'yak' as ~ (yahaft=-.: here), ~ (Yasari=thus).

ra It is sounded like 'r' in the word 'rais' or 'run' as ~ (Rabara-e rubber), mr (Rataee night).

la

10

It is pronounced like 'I' in the

words, 'long' 'luck', 'look' etc. as ~ (Latthi e-stlck), ~ (Ladakt-. girl).

wa It is pronounced like "oa' pronounced quickly together, as ~ (Wahaii=there), ~ (Wara= near).

§a It has the sound of "sh' as in the words, 'shut', 'short' as wr~ (sarada=Auturnn), m (~ita=dew).

It has no exact souna In English. It sounds somcthinging like osha' pronounced by curling the tip of the tongue, as \lNVT

(Bha~aQa=lecture) , <r1i (Bersa =year).

sa It has the sound 0 f's' in 'sun', 'song' etc., as ~ (Samu--to move), ~ (Sathl=friend) etc.

ha It sounds like 'h' in 'hot', 'home', 'heart' as ~lft (Haml=we), ~~ (Hisaba-e sum).

khhya It has no similar sound in English.

It is pronounced as the combined sound of 'kh and 'ya' as mtt

11

(khhyetrl=the name or a caste), ISla' (khhyetrae-field).

tra It has no exact corresponding sound in English. It is pronounced by uttering the three letters 't r a' together a'i~ (Putra =son), ~ (Mantrl=minister) etc.

gna It has no corresponding sound in English The letters 'gna', when pronounced quickly together gives the nearest sound as in m.,- fGnana=knowledge), fqr;:r (Bignina=Science) etc.

LESSON 1

Read the following:

1. <.f;T4lr 2. lITlfT 3 : ~~'" 4. ;rr~ 5. ~

6. ~~ 7. mot' 8. oocit.-u 9. ~ 10. ~ 11. am;r 12. ~ 13. ~ ~ 14.-u;qy;fi 15. fff~1fT 16. '(liT it~ 17. ~ 18 ~ 19. ~ ~~ 20. f6(iHql( 21. 'U'(~ 22. (1""lItt'" 23. flQ'f'f 24. ~ ~ 25. ~ 1k 26. tiN'u 27 ~~ 28 VTsr 29. ~ 30. ~ 31. mwfi 32. ltiTmr 33. 1I"{;f~ 34. ~srl:om:.~ 35. WAf 36. 1fi{if1;; 37.00 38. ~ 39. i'U 40. wf.fm 41 .~

'"

42. amr 43 f~ 44. mft 45. maT 46 W 47. q~~""l

48. ~ 49.~"( 50. qr-f\' 51. ~ 52. ~ I

12

LFSSON 3

Read the following:

I. irUOfTlf ~ fl.) I 2. lJ ~ hr~ fCli1I.,£jllilfC ~ ~ I 3. lfflrf Q;~~r ~)~'fT ~h; I 4. ~ ~ qm;r ~ <tiW t§? 5. ~ t t ~T t§? 6. ~) ~T itifi t§ I 7. 1J~ lJ ~ ~, 8. 1fflTf ~ ~ ~ ~~~ I 9. tNrofr ~c ~ ~ (t ? 10. Mloil ... 1 ~ IifiT IifiT t§ 1 11. ifU m'fT, irU ~ ~ ~ ~ t§~ I 12. 1ffl ~ffiI' t§ I 13. liiTO'fTit ~ ~ (T I 14. ~ iIllT~ ~ (t I 15. m\;(f~ ~~) ~ (t I 16. ~ ~ <I'i"Wll( ~~ ~ I 17. lJ{Tm qf.f ~ ~ t§ I 18. ~Nliffif ~ fi"~~i~ ~ 119. ~~vr.fr"'~ ~ I 20. ~-. ~ 1:' ~ 1Jlt) I

LESSON 4

Write out in Nepali ehamcters:

1. GaQcsha 2. Rima 3. Hari 4. Ncpala 5. Hotela

6. AmericA 7. ItAly 8. Chamala 9. Tarakart 10. Dala 11. Johnson 12. Ko16rAd6 13. 'PhujiyAma 14. Pasupati 15. Birilo 16. Mahabauddha 17. Nama 18. Yogi 19. Sita 20. Hanumana 21. Gopala 22. Lilla Bahadur 23. Jean Allen 24. Kamala 25. Paurotl 26. Chiya 27. Phula 28. Achara 29. KhAna 30. Bila.

13

~ (fiil=flower).

" .

it has the Ion!' sound of 'e' as in the words, 'hell', 'ben', 'then', 'ten' etc. as ~ (ekata=union), ~ (Khela--play),

ai

It is a diphthong

which is as ~

pronounced as 'ai'

(Aina= mirror).

o It has the long sound of "oe' as in the words, 'low', 'toe' as lf~ (Mola=price), q10 (otha= lip).

au

am

ar:

ah

an

6

It is also a diphthong and has the sound of both 'a' and 'u' as ~~ (Aula= Malaria), .mrr (Aunla=finger).

It is pronounced as the sound of 'ng' or 'n' as in the English words, 'song', 'tong', as .;'"

(Arilga= body).

It is pronounced with a long

breath just as interjection 'ah !' 'Oh !' as in T": (Punah=again).

It I" pronounced with a half nasal sound without closing the mouth as ~ (Kahai'i.=where).

lf~ (Yahiii'i.=here).

ProiIImdadoa aM Aeceats of CORSO ... ts Pronunciation t?f.English words in Romanised Nepali :

COIUOno"ts (Vyanjan-VorQa)

Consonants. in Devonagari

Pronunciation in ROlflllllised Nepali

Rule of Pronunciation

ka

Jt has the sound of 'c' in the English words, 'call', 'cup' etc. as IIi\'J1r (Kalamae-pen), ~

(Kasari = how).

kha It has got the combined sound of 'k' and 'h' as in the word 'khan' like~ (khabara=news).

" (Khela=play).

ga It is pronounced like 'g' in the English words, 'give', 'got'. 'girl' etc. just as, ~ (Garnu-« to do), ~ (Gaja=yard).

gha It has the combined sound of 'g' and 'h' as'R (Ghara-ehouse), ~ (Gha\ii-C1ock).

It has the nasal sound of "ng' as in the English word, 'long', 'song', etc.

cha It is pronounced like 'ch' in tM

English words, 'bench', 'chap' etc. just as, ""' (charii=bird).

tla

7

"

chha It is pronounced with the mixed sound of 'ch' and 'h' pronounced together, as \JW (chhala-e trick),

WRIT (Chhlti = umbrella).

ja It sounds like 'j' in the English words, 'jam', 'joy' etc. just as ~ (Jala = water), ~ (Jastii= zinc).

It has the sound of 'j' and 'h' pronounced together as srtt (Jharb=rainy), "~T (Jhagada-«

jha

quarrel).

ita It is pronounced with a. nasal sound of 'n' as in the word 'punch' as ~~ (Puflchama-e fifth).

It is pronounced as 't' in the words 'tea', 'tomato', as iR; (toknu-eto bite), f?:ltiZ (tikata= stamp).

tha It is pronounced like 'th' in the English words, 'thumb', 'thank', as 0T0I [thagnu=sto cheat), ~ifi (thikae-right),

Qa It sounds like 'd' in the words 'dig', 'dog', 'dumb', as Taffi (dabala = double) , ~ (darae-fear).

8

dha It has the sound of 'd' and 'h' pronounced all a, once as ~ (\fhoke = gate-keeper), " (dhaka=weight],

It is pronounced like on' by curling the lip of the tongue as A'vrr (BiQa= a musical ins-

trument), T'" (Guna-emerit).

ta It is pronounced like 't' in the words, 'tin', 'ten' as ~ (Tala= down), ~ (Taraju-. balance).

tha It has the sound of '1' and 'h' pronounced together as in the English words, 'thin', 'thumb', 'think', etc. as 'n: (Thara= caste), ~ (Tharl-tharl= different kinds).

da It has the sound of 'th' in the words, 'this', 'that' as ~ (Dara =Rate), ~ (Darilja=shelf).

dha It has the sound of 'd' and 'h' pronounced all at once as 8'Of (Dhanae-wealth).

It sounds like 'n' in the words

na

'nut', 'name', 'now' etc. as ilT~ (Niiu=barber), ifq. (Nagara= city), ~ (Nabarae-canal).

9

pa It has the sound of 'p' as in the words, 'pen', 'pan' as qf.f (Pani =also), qy;ft (Plinl=water).

It sounds like 'f" in 'he words 'fool', 'run' as: Cfim (Pharsl= pumpkin), ~ (Phala--fruit).

ba It is pronounced like 'b' in the

pha

·tt

bha

the words, 'bull', 'ball', 'book' etc. as. ifRft (Baggte-coach), ~ (Barapha--ice).

It has the sound of 'b' and 'h' pronounced all at once, as 'lR"r (BhlirI=load), ~ (Bhannu-e to

..

say).

ma It is pronounced like 'm' in the English words, 'man', 'moon', 'musk,' as 1IO (Mathae-rnonas-

tery), ~ (Mala=manure).

ya It sounds like 'i' and 'a' pronounced quickly together as in 'yolk', 'yak' as ~ (yahlin=--= here), ~ (yasarI=thus).

ra It is sounded like 'r' in the word 'rais' or 'run' as ~ (Rabara-e rubber), mr (Rata-e night).

la

10

It is pronounced like 'I' in the

words, 'iong' 'luck', 'look' etc. as ~ (Latthi=-stick).;;rm (LaQaki=-= girl).

wa It is pronounced like 'oa' pronounced quickly together, as ~ (Wahaii=there), ~ (Wara= near).

b It has the sound of 'sh' as in the words, 'shut', 'short' as ~T~ (sarada= Autumn), l1fre (§it:t=dew).

It has no exact souna In English. It sounds somcthinging like 'sha' pronounced by curling the tip of the tongue, as \'fT'fUl' (Bhasanae-lecture) , cf1i (Bersa =year).

sa It has the sound 0 f's' in 'sun', 'song' etc., as ri (Sarnue to

"

move), ~ (SathI=friend) etc.

ha It sounds like 'h' in 'hot', 'home', 'heart' as ~1fi (Haml=we), ~mor (Hisaba-e sum).

khhya It has no similar sound in English.

It is pronounced as the combined sound of 'kh and 'ya' as mfi

11

(khhyetrl=the name or a caste), lim (kbhyetrae-field).

tra It has no exact corresponding sound in English. It is pronounced b) uttering the three letters 't r a' together a'i~ (Putra-sson), 1Rft' (Mantrl=minister) etc.

gna It has no corresponding sound in English The letters 'gna', when pronounced quickly together gives the nearest sound as in wr.f (Gniina=knowledge), f~ (Bignana-e Scienee ) etc.

LESSON 1

Read the following:

1. ,.;r4if 2. lfT'IT 3: ;ij~ 4. ~~ 5. ~

6. ~~ 7. lf1Cif 8. (I.,l<£ttl(t 9. ~ 10. 1iTe< 11. am;r 12. qm;r 13. 1jtrc;r 4nm: 14. (1 ... 9Ioft 15. f~~'IT 16. ~ftrr ~~ 17. ~ 18 ~ 19. ~ ~~ 20. f~i{CH"I( 21. U31"~ 22. (1"'"'tI" 23. ",Ii"" 24. ~ ~ 25. ~ ire 26. qNu 27 ~flOfT 28 tIT'f 29. ~ 30. ~ 31. ~ 32. ltiTm:r 33. "'(J~ 34. ~'ft'"lT(.~ 35. tITifT 36. q;~lpr 37. m 38. ~ 39. iu 40. 1rf.lim: 41 .~

...

42. m 43 f~ 44. mil" 45. maT 46 ~ 47. ~41'11

48. ~ 49. iI'k< 50. qrofl' 51. ~ 52. ~ I

12

LFSSON 3

Read the following:

1. l\"U;n1f ~~) I 2. 1t ~ ~ f"'1I.,tllliifTC ~ 'i! I 3. lfWr( {(~r ~T~1fT ~~ I 4. ~f ~ ~ ~ ~ w? 5. ~ if; if; tiTifr w? 6. ~) lfiR;T iA> WI 7. ,,1ft;y 'I"~ ~ t 8. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ I 9. ~r ~~ ~ ~ ~ ? 10. Mloi'l",l ~ i!iT ..n- w? 11. itU mlfT, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Wt I 12. lfW ~~ W I 13. ~1O'l'T61 ~ ~ ~ I 14. ~ ~'«fA;l ~ ~ I IS. ~ffif~ ~ ~T ~ ~ I 16. ~ ~ (f"'l«(ql( ~~ ~ I 17. ~ qf.f ~ ~ W I 18. (NI(~I( JOf tOf m~l--m ~ ? 19. m~PfRprr~ f'f I 20. ~-. ~ ~.m "liT I

LESSON 4

Write out in Nepali charocters:

1. Ganesha 2. Rima 3. Hari 4. Nepala 5. Hotela

6. America 7. IU.ly 8. Chamala 9. Tarakart 10. Dala II. Johnson 12. Ko16rAdo 13 .. PhujiyAma 14. Pasupati IS. Birllo 16. Mahabauddha 17. Nama 18. Vogi 19. sua 20. Hanumana 21. Gopala 22. Lala Bahadur 23. Jean Allen 24. Kamala 25. Pauroti 26. Chiya 27. Phula 28. Achara 29. KhAna 30. Bila.

13

CHAPTER IV

CombiDe4 Letters

How to read aad write ?

In Nepali two or more consonants are sometimes joined together. The consonants so joined together are called conjunct consonants (samyukta-varna).

In such cases the consonant which comes first, is half pronounced and the second one is fully pronounced.

The following are the rules observed in combining consonants.

Rule 1. When the consonants containing or ending in a vertical line such as 11', qr, or, cr, q', ~, If, ~, ". If, etc. are joined to another consonant the vertical of the former is dropped off, as-

-r +tf = 111' (gya) as in ~ (yogyata-qualification)

8'+lf '= ~ (tya) as in ~ (satya - truth)

1f+tf = tq (pya) as in QfR or + tf = PlI' (nya) as in ~ ~+8' = ~ (sta) as in snr~ If+lf = llf (sma) as in \rof

(pyaja - onion) (~unya - gero) (prasasta - plenty) (Bhasme - perish). etc.

14

Rule 2:- When the Consonants having no vertical line such as e, 0, ~, ~, ~, ~ etc. are joined together the former one is placed just below the second or before with a sign underneath as follows:

e + e - ~ or ~ (tta) as in ~ (Bhatta - the name

of a caste) o + or = ~ (ththi) as in ~r (Laththt - stick)

T + ~ = i" ~<;Ioo) as in ~~ (Laddoo-a rounded bread) ~ + S' = ~ (ddha) as in Q (suddha - pure)

'"

Rule 3:- The Consonant I~':-

(a) When a consonant is joined to I~' the former loses its 3J sound and the I~' changes into a short slinting line to be stuck on the lower, left side of the former as shown below:

lfi+~ _. 'JIi (kra) as in ;r-ti (Chakra - wheel)
q+~ 3f (pra) as in 3f~ (Praja - people)
1f+~ = ~ (bhra) as in ~1PI' (Bhramana ~ travel)
1f+~ - 'if (mra) as In if1il' (Namra - polite)
1f+-U - lifT (mra) as in '{iIT (Jumra -louce)
if +-0 - "Jft (mrt) as in "UlfT (Ramrl- beautiful girl)
(b) The '~' joined together as first consonant is cha nged into the si~n os' and is placed over the second consonant. For example:

~ + lfi = lRi' (kka) as in q<RiJ' (Pakkii - sure).

~ +. = 1f. (kkha) as in 'flA"l (Makkhan - butter)

IS

~+(I' = lffi' (Ita) as in 'fR" (Mufta - free)

st+1: = F! (jhnu) as in '!F! (8ujhnu - to understand)

Exceptions: There are some other consonants which do not fol1ow any rules. Some examples are as follows

W+"{ = S:f (sra) as in flf'5l' (Miflra - Egypt).

1Ii+(I' = m (kta) as in ~ffi (Shakti - power)

LESSON 5

Read and write the followtng :

1. ~m 2. ~ 3. ~ 4. aot 5. ~ifiT ~ 6. ;;rnft 7. ~r 8. ~ 9. itilroT 10 lf~ 11 ~ 12 $ 13. ~ ~ 14. ~ 15. r,! i!m; 16. ~ 17. ~ 18. ~ 19. ~ 20. ~ 21 ~ 22. '1r",qq 23. 1!~~ 24. ~ 25. ~ 26. f~ 27. ~ ~ 28. ~ m 29. fm¢~ 30. \Jlqrf~fu ~ 31. ~ ~ 32. ~ ~ ~3. \ffli~ 34. pur ~ 35. ~ 36. ~ 37. fii1t;jj 1i;4 I 38. I:faf'uq., I 3. ~ 40. «Tf~ 41. iIi1f~ 42. ~ 43. ~~m-t 44. ar~ 45~ ~ffi' 46. lIiT~ 47. ~A 48. ~flJifir 49. ~Hf~<l) SO. \ilTa-1f ~r~ 51. ~~I

LESSON 6

Read lind write the followt.ig sentences:

1. 1ft ~ i!fTiRGI' it I 2. ~ mt ~ ? 3. lfi ~ ~~ gO{ I 4. ~ ...r f~ I 5. miT ~ ~"I\f~1' I

16

6. fu1ft 1fPlAToft 'fTiW ~ I 7. fCllja:",qt ttrn" ~ ~ W t 8. Ifttf"61( ~~ cni I 9. 4"lqfdqt f~tcHtei'tlfll ~ ~ I 10.m~prr ~~ 1fW? ll.q!~~~ WI 12. ~ 4f.f t-t ~ WI 13. IlfR tm. '!f'tqtlfl' ~ ~T I 14. ~ mim qfif 'ITt{ qi\.,tifl) ~ ~ rw I 15. ~~ 1I'lRR: ~T I 16,~, (Ali" ~ tn~ FJ ? 17. 1f ~ Ei12(1ijfd( ~ ~ '! I 18. ~ IlfR tr.R ~ ~ rw I 29. ~ m m~ ~ ~ a .. t,~a; I 20 irU ~ Af't 8~ ?

LESSON 7

Rewrite in Nepali chortJcter8:

I. Namasle, tapAI kaMA jAnu huilchha ? 2. Ma NayAft Sa~ak jana IAgek6 chbu, 3. Yasako dama kati chha ? 4. Godavari jane bus kahiA parchha ? S. TapAt Ratna Pirkmi parkhanuhes. 6. Banepil bilta Himalaya rilmro sa6ga dekhincbha. 7. Hillo Riksiwili maJii rimro tbAuml tagi dlQ. 8. Bh61i kuna bell bheta bOil ? 9. Mero chiil chidai lyAu. 10. Hano Driver! Hotela Makilu samma kati linchhau? 11. Aja ma ilrim garchhu. 12. Sajilo NepAli GrAmara aeyutl kahlft Mil? 13. Ratoa PUstaka Bhan~ilramil pllinchha. 14. Y~ bus kahlA jinchha ? 1 S. Yo bus ta Lagankhela jilne bOil. 16. Mablbauddha jilne bilto kuna h6? 17. Aja pAnt parlA jast6 cbha. 18. ue, barsidi linuhos. 19. Hilmi bb6U bhetauli. 20. Jaya NepAl.

17

CHAPTER V

Noaa - (N lma - 0fT1f)

The Nepalese grammar follows. i~ many respects, the rules of .the German or the Sanskrit grammars.

As in the English grammar the noun is subdivided into five classes which have the same meaning and uses as in the English grammar.

a. Proper NOUDS:- The names of particular persons or things just as Buddha (Buddha), Nepala (Nepal), Americ! (America). Johnson (Johnson), Mearl (Mary), Himalaya parhat (Himalayas), RamayaQa (Ramayan), SagarmAtha (Sagaraaratha.) Colorado (Kolorado), etc.

b. Common NoaM:- Such as Biralo (cat), Topl (cap) Pula (bridge), Molara (Motor), Holela (Holen, Chhitl (umbrella), MAnisa, (men), etc.

e. CoUectiye Nouns:- Such as Bathana (group), BJti4a (crowd). Thupro (heap). Phauja (army) etc.

•. Material NOU04J:- Such as SOna (gold), Chaftdi (silver), Phalima (iron), Dudha {milk), Tela (oil), Dhatu (metal). kitha (wood) etc.

e. Abstract NOUDS: Such as Sukha (happiness), Dukha {sorrow), Gyana (knowledge), Jawanl (youth), Halla {joy) etc.

18

GeHer (Li6ga - m)

There are three kinds of genders in Nepali viz :

•. PaIl ... (Mascaliae leader) denoting bbale (males) such as Raj! (king), Babu (father). BOkli (goat), Gh&;ll (Horse). Bhii (brother), Ketli (boy) etc.

b. sum ... (F ..... iae .... ) denoting pOthl (females). such as Amli (mother), Rini (queen), Bahinl (sister), Kell (girl) etc.

c. N.pusabtip (Neater Ie".) denoting inanimate objects such as IBlito (clay), dhuilgli (stone). Murti (statue) Tasblr (picture). Lugli (clothes), Bijull (electricity) etc.

There are some words in Nepali which are similar lc? common gender in English such as charli (bird), klrl (insects). bija (hawk) etc.

There are three different ways of changing a masculine noun into a feminine one:

(a) My a change of word

Masculiae Fembllae

Babu (father) Amli (mother)

Bhale (male) Pothl (fsQIale)

OOru (bull) Gil (cow)

Dliju (elder bother) Bhiujfi (elder bother's wife)

Bhai (younger brother) Bahinl (younger sister) "

Sasuri (father-in-law) SlsQ (mother-in-law).

(b) By adding the suffixes ~ (ini), ~;ft' (ani). f (I>' oft' (n;) etc. at the end ofthe mascuJiIte noun such tI8:

19

( i) By adding f (I)

Masculine

Kika (uncle) ChhOro (son) Keto (boy)

GhOcJi (horse) Sup (male parrot)

Feaaiai8e Kakt (ant)

ChhOrf «daughter) Keti (Jirl) ,

Gho41 (mare)

Sugl (fomaie parrot)

(Ii) By adding ;ft (ni, Mucalille

Ne.lra (Newar) MAlika (master) Dhobl (washerman) JylpO (male farmer) Nlti (grandson)

(W) By adding

M..cau.e

Bista (a kind of caste) Dbote (a kind of caste) Bhatta (a kind of caste)

FemiDiJIe

Newlrani (Newami) Milikanf (maid) Dhobinl (washerwoman) Jyapunl (female farmer) Nltini (grand 'au8hter)

,~, (inl) or '1foft" (Cni)

FeIIW8e

Bislenl or Bistinl BhOtenl or BhOtinl Bhanenl or Bhattinl

There are some masculine nouns which take feminine forms without any fixed rules, such as :

MatcdIe RAjA (king)

Guru (male teacher) Bljye (grand father)

20

RAni (queen)

Guriimi (female teacher) Bajyai (grand mother).

Just as in English, there are certain words in Nepali such as Devati (God), Kabi (poet), Manisa (man), Mrip (deer), K.a.lnilA (ant), Kir! (insect) etc. whose gender is distinguisb_e4 by adding the word 'bhalS' (male), in case of masculine and 'pOthl' (female) in case or feminine.

LESSON 8

Point out 1M genders of the following and give the opposite geNiers wherever possible:

1. Raji '(king)' 1. Guruma (female teacher) 3. Marti (statue) 4. Kitaba (book) S. Manisa (man) 6. Bhailgeri (sparrow) 7. Bhalu (bear) 8. Parewl (pigeon) 9. Kukhurl (cock) 10. MIma (maternal uncle) 11. I$wara (god) 12. Devatl (god) 13. RukQa (tree) 14. Hatala (hotel) IS. Ghara (house). 16. Jutti (shoe) 17. Chh'arl (daughter) 18. Machhi (fish) 19. Kumara (mister) 20. Kota (coat) 21. Engina (Engine) 22. Samaya (time) 23. Gha\ll (watdt) 24. Goru (ox) 25. HUhi (elephant) 26. DiU (goat) 27. Bhlle (male) 28. Bhailgep (female sparrow). 29 PutaU (butterfty) 30. Mihurt (bee).

NUMHR (Vacbua- ~)

As in English, there are two numbers in Nepali : a. Eta ...... (AIpJar)

b...... .ada.. (pI....t)

Rule 1 : Unlike in English, the' method of changing the numbers of Nepalese nouns is ~ery simple. The most general rule is to add the suffix (haru) at tbe end of the nouns to change them into the plural ones just as :

21

SiIIpIar am6ri (son) Mlnisa (matt) Ohara (house) OhacJl (watch) Pasala (shop) Suntall (oranae) CharI (bird) K.amill (ant) PakhiSI (willa) ROkha (tree)

PhInI Chh6rlhar1l (SOIlS) Manishehar1l (~) Oharahar1l (houses) Oha~lhar1l (watches) Pasalahar1l (shops) Suntallhar1l (oranges) CharihacO (birds) K.amillhar1l (ants) Pakhe\lbar1l (winp) ROkhahar1l (trees)

RIlle 2 : Sometimes the smllltar nouns ending in vowel '0' become plural simply when the '0' is cltaqed into 'I'. Such nouns can also be pluralized by addin, the suffix '~'. For example :

Sl .....

Cbh6rl (son)

Dak6 (aoat)

Path6 (Iamb) Bhaftpra (sparrow)

K.lr6 (insect)

......

Chh6ri or Chh6t1har1l (sons) Dakl or BaklharO floats) Plthl or PathlharO (Iambs) BWaerA or Bhaftaerihar1l (sparrows)

Klri or IOriharO (insects)

IhIe 3 : Propet, c:oIIectiv~ material or aMtract nouns do not take the phnl (ODDS with an addin, of the suftix 'hart'. For instanc::e, we do not say mpalahar1l (Nepal), Plnlbartl (water), Biddylhattl (Icarnin,), Rlmaharll (Ram), Daylharll (kindness), Onlnallartl (bowledae) etc. Such words can be used in the plural sense without

22

addinl the suffix 'haril' after them just as 'dasa paltan' (ten repPlellts). Here 'paltan' bas a plural sense witholit 'haru' after it.

Rule 4 : Sometimes a Nepali proper noun is given a plural form by adding 'haru' after it, to signif)'la number of other persons besides the one named just as :

s ......

Rima (only one person)

~

Rimaharil (Ram and other persons also).

LESSON 9

Write the plurals of the followbrg:-

I. B6ki (goat) 2. RAjA (king) 3. Ghara (bOUle) 4.

GOpila (Gopal) S. Guru (teacher) 6. NIDI (baby) 7. PAnl (water) 8. KuIIl (porter) 9. KhAnl (food) 1'0. Mini .. (man) 11. La4akl (boy) 12. Kitlba (book) 13. Dbl ... (rice) 14. Dayl (kindness) IS. BhAlu (bear) 16. ~via4a (Govind) 17. Bh~1 (sheep) 18. Sahara (town) 19. DaftdOka.(aun) 20. Bala(ball) 21. Thlla (disc) 22. Aml(mother) 23. SlthI (friead) 24. Blbu (father) 25. BbIi (brother) 26. JylpO (peasant) 27. BahiDl (SIster) 28. BatlI (lamp) 29. Kalama (pen) 30. Chiyl (tea) 31. Tarakid (carry) 32 ChAmaia (rice).

N ........ CMI :

... 1 : AI ill En,lilb aDd o1her IIilpqa • Domin

native case denotes the agent or one who does something. The nominative form is generally expressed by adding the suffix 'Je' at the end of the nominative word, and the nominative word always comes first.

,

For example :

'R~male b~gha miirchha (Ram kills a tiger).

In this sentence the nominative 'Ram' is indicated by \Rama!!'.

'Gaile gh~i\sa khaiuhha (The cow eats the grass), Here the nominative 'cow' is expressed by 'gaile'.

Rule 1 : But sometimes when the nominative is used with an intransitive verb the suffix 'Ie' is generally omitted as :

Rima baschlra (Ram sits).

Here the nominative 'Ram' coming with the intransitive verb 'sit' (baschha) doc, not take 'Ie' after it.

'Mlni$Q kAma garchhan' (Men worlc). In this sentenfC the nominative 'men (manisa)' coming with the tntransitive verb ·wor" .', 'kama garchhan' drops the suffix ·le'.

Rille 3 : Sometime, the nominative case can be expressed by adding the vuffix 'bata', When the nominative has a honorific sense a~ 'Raja bata ligna bhayo' (The king ordered). Here the word 'Raja' (king) has got an honorific sense. So it has taken the suffix 'bata' after it instead of 'Ie'. Other examples of the nominative with 'bala' are

24

Bubabata Mumabata Gurubata

(by the father) (by the mother)

(by the teacher) etc.

Objective case :

Rule I : The objective case in Nepali is expressed by adding the suffix 'Iai' after the noun as :

Gurule si§hya/ai pa~hallfichhan (The .teacher teaches the students). In this sentence the objective case 'si~hyalai' (students) is denoted by adding the suffix 'Iai' after it.

Ama/e chhoraliii maya gamuhuiichha (The mother loves the son). Here 'chhoralai' (son) being in the objective case has taken the suffix -nr after it.

Rule 2 : But after certain words\denoting inanimate objects as well as objects other than \uma~ beings. the suffix '/ai' is omitted. For example, in the sentence 'Rama kittsba pa~hchha' (Ram reads the book), the objective case 'kilaba' (book) has dropped the suffix III after it. We do not say Riuna kiliibaliU parJhchha. Other examples are:

I. Kela/S machha samAtchha (The boy catches fish).

2. BhAflchhS1S khanA pakAuflcbha (The cook cooks food).

3. RnmalS miisu khAyo (Ram ate meat).

4. Gopa/ale kalama banauflchha. (GopaJ makes a pen).

Possessive or Geaeti,e case:

Rule I : The posses-sive or geneti- e case in Nepali is expressed by simply adding the suffix 'ko' to singular

2

25

nouns. 'kA',to plural nouns and 'kl' to feminine nouns. This rule applies to all nouns animate and inanimate alike. As for example:

Rlma/ca chhOra (Ram's son).

Gharaka cJhaka (The door of the house).

MtllUlka kura (Thoughts of mind).

Hlthlko sui'lcJa (Elephant's trunk).

H6t!/ak& "lmq (The name of the hotel).

Sltllel didl (Sita's sister).

Balrinlk6 la.(ne (Sister's husband).

MlIIisaluuOk6 Ayu (The life of men) .

•• 1: In the case of the first and the second persons, the suffixes ',a' with singular, 'ri' with plural and "I' with \ feminine nouns an: used instead of 'k6', 'kA' and 'kl' as :

AIW k6thi (My room). Hen: mera (my) being in the lint person, bas taken ',a' as its suffix.

Timr6 bylga (Your bag). Here 'timr6 (your) being in the second person, has taken ',a' as its suffix.

Voad.e cae:

,. ._ 1 : The vocative case in Nepali is placed in the bqinni.. of a sentence and is indicated by adding the prefixes 'Ho !" 'Her or 'Hey r before a noun for indicatin, vocative c:aae as :

Ho ""LUrQ I chupllll6l1. (0. brothers I keep silent).

0, KuJIl I slmIIIa uthIO. ({J, porter I lift the.luspse). Aq IIiIItIIarO 1 J'QIIU 10. (Ho, Children t Come here)

etc.

LESSON 10

Put the following into tfrt possessive case :

I. Ket6 (boy) ~. Mini.-.a (man) 3. La~aki (boy) 4.

Dindara (monkey) 5. Chiyi (tea) 6. T6pl (cap) 7. Caps (cup) 8. rebala (table) 9. Mandira (temple) 10. P6khar1 (Jake) II. PahicJa (mountain) 12. Sa~aka (road) ]1. Bijull (electricity) 14. Kalamahartl (pens) 15. Pasalaharti (shops) 16. SAmAnaharO (goods).

LESSON 11

Change the following into objective case (by adding Ili):-

I. Disha (tiger) 2. RAma (Ram) 3. Johana (John) 4. Minisa (man) S. Chara (thief) 6. Dhabi (washer-man) 7. Jhiftp (By) 8. KuickOra (dog) 9. Bh!cJl (sheep) 10. Ralaklrl (postman) 11. Gil (cow) 12. SAhO (merchant) 13. Duniyl (world) 14. Atmi (soul) IS. Chari (bird).

LESSON 11

Turn the following into tM IttHhiiuniYr ClIR (by tId4ing'~'):-

1. G6plla (Gopal) 2. ROsa (duck) 3. Sikarml (carpenter) 4. Guru (teacher )S. J6bana (John.) 6. Wiliyama (William) 7. BirAl6 (cat) 8. Kharly6 (hare) 9. Miltkha (foolish) 10. SukJul (happiness) 11. Oatha (sorrow) 12. Ami (mother) 13. Blbu (father) 14. SAthl (friend) IS. Sinha (lion) 16. Bahinl (sister) 17. AI6 (fire) 18. Dharma ('virtue) 19. Plpa (sin) 20. N6tara (senant).

21

CHAPTER VI

Adjective (Vi¢Saila - fmvr)

Kinds of adjectives:

The adjectives in Nepali may be divided into four classes, viz.,

1. Adjectins of Qulity:- such as'Rato topI' (red cap), 'Moto manisa' (fat man), cThUlo hOtela' (a big hotel),

2. Adjectives of qaaaitity : such as:

Dherai (much) dAma (money). Thora; (little) bhiita (rice) Alikat; (some) chinI (sugar) K"ehl (some) kurii (fact).

AdM (half) ghantl (an hour).

3. Numeral Adjectiyes: such as :

DtulljanA (ten) mIinisaharu (men). DuI (two) gh~a. (horses).

Piineha (five) aevataharu (gods). Pahi/o (first) I~aka (boy). Athauf'l (eigth) kakchhyii (class).

28

3. (i) Cardi ... AdjectivC5 commonly used:-

I - , - Eka II - , 1 - Egharha

2 - ~ - Dul 12 - 1 ~ - Barba

3 - ~ - Tina

4 - " - Chara 5 - ~ - Pancba 6 - ~ _ Cbba

7 - '3 - Sata

8 - c; - Alba

9 - t - Nau

10 - 10 - Dasa

13 - 1 ~ - Terha

14 _ ,,, _ Chaudha

15 - 1~ - Pandhra 16 _ 1~ - SOrha

17 - 1" - Satra

18 - 1c; - Athira 19 - 1t - Unnaisa 20 - ~o - Blsa

(ii) Some Cardiaal Adjectives deaoting orcler:First - Pahilo

Second - Dosro

Third - Tesro

Fourth - Chautho

Fifth - Panchaui'i

Sixth - Chhaithauft

Seventh - Sataun Eighth - Athaun Ninth - Nabauf Tenth - Da~un

4. DatoImrative Adjectives, such as:

Yo (this) kalama (pen), Yi kalamaharu (these pens). Tyo (that) IShoka (door), TI Dhokaharu (those doors). Tyo (the) mandir (temple).

5. Besides the above there are four kinds of adjectives

29

(a) uterrogad,e AdJect"es askinS questions sucb as:

K.una (whicb) kitlba (book) ? Ko (wbo) manisa (man) ? Ke (what) kalama (pen)?

(b) Peaessin Adjecti,es cleaotlac ... e_. such as:

Mero (my) kalama (pen). Timro (your) naka (nose). Usko (bis) ko18 (coat):

HAmra (our) gbara (bouse). Yesako (its) nama (name).

Use or adjectives:-

Adjectives can be used in two ways as in English:

(a) Tbe adjective word is placed just before the noun'

wben it qualifies tbe noun directly as:

Laftga~o (lame) manisa (man). Kala (black) kola (coat). IUmro (fine) lugl (clothes). Hamra (our) gbara (bouse). Umo (long) hito (way)

Unlike in English the Nepali adjective words undergo changes as follows in the following cases.

(i) Tbe vowel '0' in the end of tbe adjective words, is changed into 'a' when tbey are used to qualify a plural noun as in tbe case of the French and tbe German grammar, as:

S .... r Plural

Kilo (black) topl (cap) kili (black) topiharu (caps).

Umo (long) dina (day) limi (long) dinaharu (days).

RimrO (beautiful) topl (cap) Rimri (beautiful) toplharil (caps).

30

(ii) The vowel '0' or 'a' in the end of the adjective word is changed into e when it is used to qualify a femininenoun sccb as:

Kalo (black) keto (boy) - kala (black) kelt (girl)

ThOlo (grand) babu (tather)- Thull (grand) amli (mother) lUmro (beautiful) la4akii (boy)- RamrI (beautiful) ladak!

(girl)

Exceptions. (a) Some adjectives, however, do not change their form even when they are used to fem'nine nouns:-

Besa (god) kela (boy)- Besa (god) kell (girl).

Asala (good) laeJakii (boy)- Asala (good) ladakt (girl). Kharaba (bad) keta (boy)- Khariba (bad) kett (girl).

(b) An adjective can also be used to qualify a noun indirectly. In this case the adjective word comes just after the noun and the predicate or the verb last, as:-

Bato (way) llimo (long) chha (is).

Kelt (girl) rlimrI (beautiful) chhin (is). Kalama (pen) kalo (black) chha (is).

Comparison of adjectives

Rule I: In all adjectives the comparative is formed by adding 'jhan' (more).

Rule 2:- The superlative is formed by adding 'sababhanda'.

These two rules are all comprehensive and there is no complication. The following examples make it clear.

31

Positive Comparative Superlative
sana (small) jhana sana sababhandii sana
thillo (great) jhan thillo " thillo
tato (hot) .. tato .. tato
moto (fat) ,. moto .. moto
asala (good) .. asala " asala
sukhi (happy) sukhl " sukhi
maslno (fine) mastno " maslno
lame> (long) liimo lama
biklo (thick) " biiklo biiklo
pahei'i1o (yellow) .. pahefilo .. pahefilo
rii~ro (beautiful) " ramro " riimro
suro (brave) .. silro siiro
LESSON 11 Trans/ale into English:

1. Datajanii mlnisaharO 2. Bahula kukkura 3. Agio Himila 4. Rimro hOtela S. Hamro hOtela 6. M&o ghara 7. Garama chiyi 8. Chiso hawi 9. Limo bito 11. Narama kapa~i II. I Hariyo kheta 12. thillo jangala 13. Rimro drisya 14. thillo bigha IS. Sino kothii 16. Kiilo topt 17. Nepali pOtaka 18. thillo buddha 19. Cbiso panl 20. Asala khina.

translate into Nepali :

1. Ten men. 2. Thy rod. 3. Big room. 4. Ni.;~ car.

S. White snow. 6. Green hills. 7. Blue sky. 8. Fine fields. 9. Good girls. 10. Big loss. II. Fine arts. 12. Small amounts. 13. Big business. 14. Exchange rate. IS. Next day ]6. Fine. lake. 17. Clear water. 18. Cold morning. 19. Happy Christmas. 20. Cold night.

32

LFSSON 13

Give the comparatives and superlatives of the following:

I.JaQo 2. ChaUikha 3. Mail! 4. Sagila S. Khill 6. Ramro 7. Baribara S. Chamera 9. Asala 10 Sukhl 11. KaQi 12. Tila 13. Haluk! 14. Uma IS. Purina 16 .. Nayii'i 17. Dhanl IS. dhilo 19. Narama 20. Kamala 21. xne 22. seta 23. ChhOta 24 Baliyo 25. Khusl 26. Mltha 27. GarbO 2S, Sasto 29. Moto.

33

CHAPTER VII

Pronoun (Sarvanama - mnr) KiDcIs of Pronouns

There are four different kinds of pronouns in Nepali, viz.,

(i) Personal Pronouns such as 'Ma' (0. "Timl' (you) 'Tan' (thou), 'Tini' (she), 'Tyo' (he), 'YO' (it), etc.

(ii) Demonstrative ProDOUDS such as 'Yo' (this), 'Tyo' (that), 'Yesto' (such), "Tf (those), 'Yi' (these), etc.

(iii) Relative Proaoaas such as 'Juna' (which), 'Jo' (who, that). 'Jasle' (who, by which) etc.

(iv) Interrogative Pronouns such as 'ko' (who) ?, 'kuna' (which) ?, 'ke' (what) ? etc.

Forms of Personal Pronouns

First Person

Case Nominative Objective Possessive

Singular Ma(l) Malai (me) Mero (my)

Plural

Hamt or Hamlharu (we) Harnlla! or Hamtharulat (us) Hamre (our)

34

Cue Nominative Objective Possessive

Secoad Pel'SOII Siagalar

Plural

Timl (you) TimIhartl (you)

Timilal (to you) Timlharillal (to you) Timro (your) TimlharO (youn)

Third Penoa

Case

Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter A.I' gender&

Nomina- Tyo (he) Tinl (she) YO (it) Tinlharil or

alive Unlharil (they)

Objective Uaslil (him) Tinilili (her) Yasalill Uniharilill

(il) (them)

Possessive Usakd (his) Tinako (her) Yasako UnIbarilka

(its) (theirs)

De Reftcxi'fc PrODOun in Nepali is formed by adding 'iphai' to the pronoun of the first, second or third ~sons. For example:

Ma (n Timl (you)

Tyo (he), Tini (she)

Ma lphai (I myself) Timl iphai (you yourself) Tyo iphai (he himself) Tinl aphai (she herself)

In Nepali a special sort of pronoun is used to address persons who are superior or elderly. Such pronouns arc called honorific and are not found in English or other western languages. This is used in the case of the second and the third persons only and never in that of the nrst persons. For example:

3S

SiJIpIar

TiIDl (you}{in ordinary sense) TaplUii (you}{sbowing respect) Ubiii (be }-{" ")

Plural Timlbani (you) Tapiliibani (you) Ubiiiibatii (they)

latenupll.e Proao_ are used in asking questions as

in Englisb, as:

YO ke bo 'l (What is this 1) xe janchha 1 (Who goes 1 ) Kuna kitAba ? (Which book 1)

Timro nAma ke bO ? (What is your name 1)

LESSON 14

Find out the pronouns in the following sentences:

\

2. Tyo lyiO. 2. Timl jlnu parchba 3. Tintl ko hau 1

4. Usale malll tx\lIyo. S. ya mero kitiiba bO. 6. Uhaiiliil kahile bhctl bOI1l1 7. Tapiilii kahiii jinO hunchha 1 8. Ma yahl hotelami bascbhu. 9. Timl ipbai yo kama gara. 10. TimlharO chupa liiga. 11. Yiihaii jo iuiichha yahii'i rakl rakha, 12. thOlolc je garchha tyo thika chba. 13. Timl kc cbihallChhau 114. YO mera gi4i bOo 15. Tyo Rimako ghara ho.

36

CHAPTER vm

Verb (kriya - mr)

In Nepali, theverbs are formed by adding 'nu' at the end of the word. That is to say, the verbal root is 'nu' such as 'janu' (to go), 'khanu' (to cat), 'garnu' (to do). 'basnu' (to sit), etc.

Verbs are of two kinds: (i) Transitive verb, and (ii) Intransitive verb.

(i) A traasitive verb takes an object just as 'LaeJalcl patha padhchha' (the boy reads his lesson). Here 'pa4hchha' (reads) is a transitive verb having the object 'pAtha' (lesson). 'G6thal6 gAl duhuncbha' (the cowboy milks the cow). In this sentence 'duhuncbha' (milks) is a transitive verb with the object 'gAl '(cow).

(ii) An intraasidve verb gives a complete sense witbo1l t taking an object. as 'Ladakaharn baschh .. n' (boys sit). Here 'baschhan' is an intransitive verb. 'Charihalil u4- chhan' (birds fly). 'Nadl babanchha' (the river flows). Here 'udchhan' and 'babanchha' are intransitive verbs.

In Nepali, the original verb (infinitive) always ends in the suffix ·nu'. When the verb is conjugated in different

37

tenses and moods the root verb is obtained by removing the suffix 'nu',

In order to form the present Indefinite the suffix ·chha' for singular and 'chhan' for plural are added to the root verbs. Take, for instance, the verb 'garnu' <to do). In order to conjugate it we have to obtain the root, which is 'gar'.

Then for conjugation we change the verb forms as liven below:

Present ltukfinite Tense

.......

Ma prcbhu (I do)

Taft prchbas (Thou doest) Ty6 pn:hha (He does)

Plural

HimI prchhauft (We do) TIml garchbau (You do) Tinlharu garchhan (They

do)

For different tenses different suffiixes should be added.

It.. detailed scheme will be liven later on under the conjugation.

In Nepali, the verbs are also changed according to the number, gender or person of the subject, as in German or French and unlike in English.

SIIIpIar P*aI

K.lt6 pa4hcbha (The boy reads) KctAharQ pa4hchhan (Boys read)

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b. Ditrereace in Geoder

MMCUliDe Feminbte

La~aka janchha (The boy goes) Ladakt janchhan (The girl goes).

Here we see the verb 'janchha' has been changed into 'janchhin' because the subject 'la~akl' is in the feminine gender.

Similarly, when the person denoted by the subject is such as deserves respect the verb is formed with 'huncbba· added to the root verb in the case of the Present Indefinite tense as: Bi (father) jlnuhunchha (goes). Guru (teacher) po4hiunuhunchha (teaches). Here the suffix 'huncbba· is added to the verb 'jinu' (to go) or 'pa~biunu' (to teach) .

In the case of the Past Indefinite tense, the luft"lX 'bhay6' is added as:

PMt rndejinUe

Jinu (to go) Kbinu (to eat) HEmu (to see) Dinu (to give)

J1Dubhay6 (went) ~nubbay6 (ate) HEmubhay6 (saw) Dinubbay6 (pve)

fa the case of the Future Indefinite tense, the suIis ·b6Il'is addded:

Future Indefinite·

Khinu (to eat) Hemu (to see)

Khlnuh611 (will eat) Hcmuh61i (wiU see)

39

Jiinll (to go) Aunu (to come) Ukhnu (to write)

Jinuhola (will go) AunuhoJa (will come) LekhnuhOli (will write)

In Nepali,the custom is to use honorific verbs as above while talking to the friends, relatives and elderly persons.

The personal pronoun of the second person singular number 'tail· (thou) in Nepali is used only. when addressing to the servants or when expressing anger. So this is seldom used.

COIIjug.tiOil of Verbs

T •• ere are three main tenses in Nepali:

a. Present tense (Vartamanakiila)

b. Past tense (Bhlltakila)

c. Future tense (Bhavi~yaka/tf)

Each tense has three different forms:

1. Indefinite 2. Continuous 3. Perfect

Rale. '01' C .... tioa of Nep.1i VerlM Ia the Present Tease '01' Qauging into Present lade6Dite

a. As we have already pointed out. the 'nu' in the end of a root verb is dropped and the rest is joined to 'chhu' in the first person singular. 'chhauo' in the first person plural, 'chhas' in the second person singular and 'chhau' in the second person plural, 'chhau' in the third person singular and 'chhan' in the third person plural.

40

For example. the conjugation of 'basnu' (to sit) is as follows:

Basnu (to sit) Present Indefinite Tense

Singular

Plural

lst Person Ma baschhu (I sit) Hamt baschhauft (We sit) 2nd "Taft baschhas (Thou sittestjTimt baschhau (Yousit) 3rd "Tyo baschha (He sits) Tiniharu baschhan (They sit)

Rule for conjugation of Past Wefinite Tense

For turning into Past Indefinite tense the root part 'nu' is removed and the remaining part is joined to 'eo' in the' first person singular, 'yaw' in the first person plural, 'yis' in the second person singular and 'yau' in the plural 'yo' in the third person singular and 'e' in the third person plural. For example, the verb 'bosnu' (to sit) in the Past Indefinite tense will be as follows:

Singular

Plural

lst Person Ma baseD (I sat) Hamt Basyauft (We sat) 2nd .. Taft basyis (Thou sattest) Timlharu basyau (You sat) 3rl1 .. Tyo basyo (He sat) Tinliliaru base (They sat)

Rule for coniugation of Future Indefinite Tease

For turning a verb into Future Indefinite tense the root-ending 'nu' is removed and the remaining part is joined to 'uMi' in the first person singular, 'aw/a' in the first person plural, 'las' in the second person singular,

41

'au/a' in the second person plural, 'la' in the third person singular and 'Ian' in the third person plural. For example, the verb 'basnu' (to sit) is conjugated as follows:

Future Iadefinite Tense

Siagular

P1ara1

2nd .. Tan baslas (Thou wilt sit)

3rd .. Tyo basUi {He will sit)

1st Person Ma basuftlii (I shall sit) Hami basuftla (We shall sit) Timi basaula (You will sit) Tinlharu baslan (They will sit)

Rale for cbaagiag jDto Preseat Continuous Teate

For turning a verb into Present Continuous form the r~~nding 'nu' is dropped and the remaining part is jcindl to the suffix 'iraJrekochhu' in the first person singular, ';raJrekiichhauil' in the first person plural, ';raheJcochhas' in the second person singular, 'irahCk4.:hhau' in the second person plural, ';rahekochha' in the third person singular and 'irahekachhan' in the third person plural. For example.

P1ara1

1st Person Ma basirahekOchhu Himl basirahekAchhauil

(I am sitting) (We are sitting)

2nd ,. Tail basirahekocbhas Timt basirahekichhau

(Thou art sitting) (You are sitting}

3rd" Tyo basirahck&hha TiniharQ basirahckichhan

(He is sitting) (They are .sitting)

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Rale for cbanging into Past CoatiDaous Tease

For turning a verb into Past Continuous tense the rule as given in tbe preceeding rule regarding the Present Continuous Tense is to be followed except that the last e{iding should be 'thie' in the first person singular 'thiyaui'l' in the first person plural, 'thils' in the secvd person singular, 'thi~'au' in the second persen plural, 'fitiyo' in the third person singular and 'thie' in the third person plural. The following example will make it clear.

Past CoatillllOUS Tease

Plural

lst Person Ma haftsirahekothieft HAml basirahCkAthiyauft

(I was sitting) (We were sitting)

2nd " Tift basirahekothils Timl basirahekAthlyau (Thou wast sitting) (y ou were: sitting)

3rd" Tyo basirahekothiyo Tinlharil basirahekAthie

(He was sitting) (They were sitting)

R_ for ch.uI&i-. Iato htln eo.tiaaou Teale

For turning a verb into Future Continuous tense also the same rule of Present Continuous tense is to be foUowed. In this case, however, the last ending should be 'hull/A' in the first person singular, 'hauft/l, in the first person plural, '1I611s' in the second person singular. 'ho/iu' in the second person plural' ,ho/l in the third person singular and 'ho/l,,' in the third person plural. For example:

43

SillKulu

Future COiltiauoas Tease

PlaraJ

1 st Person Ma basirahek6huftlA Ham! basirabck6hauillA II shall be sitting) (We shall be sitting)

2nd" Taft basirahek6MJas Timl basirabek6holau (Thou wilt be sitting) (You will be sitting)

3rd" Ty6 basirabek6Mlii Tinibarii basirahcUMlin (He wiD be sitting) (They will be sitting)

Rule for tlll'llbi'g into Preseat Perfect Tease

For turning a verb "lto Present Perfect tense the root ending 'nu' is removed and the remaining part of the verb is joined to the suffix 'Ck6chhu' in the first person singular, 'eka.:hhauft' in the first person plural, 'ek6chhas' in the second person singular, 'ekachhau' in the second person plural, 'Ckochha' in the third person singular and 'Ckiichhan' in the third person plural. For example:

Preseat Perfect Tease

SIDguiu

1st Person Ma basek6chhu (I have sat)

2nd .. Tail basek6chhas (Thou hast sat)

3rd" Ty6 basekochha (He has sat)

PIaraI

Hamt baseUchbaun (We have sat,

Timl basekachhau (You have sat) Tiniharfi basekachhan (They have sat)

Rule for chugiag into Past Perfect Tense

For turning a verb into Past Perfect Tense, the same rule as above is to be followed except that the ending

44

should be 'thien' in the first person singular, 'thiyauft' in the first person plural. 'thits' in the second person singular, 'thiyou' in the second person plural, 'thi_vo' iu the third person singular and'thie' in the third person plural. For example:

Past Perfect Tease

Singular

I at Person Ma basekothien (I had sat)

2nd" (Taft basekothils) (Thou hadst sat)

3rd" Tyo basekothiyo (He had sat)

Plural Hamt basekiithiyaui'i (We had sat)

(Timl basekathiyau) (You had sat) Tinlharu basekathie (They had sat)

Rule for chaogiog a verb into Futnre Perfect Tense

For turning a verb into future Perfect tense the root ending 'nu' is removed and the remaining root part is added to the suffixes as given under the rule for turning into Present Continous tense.

As regards the Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous tenses there are no separate ways of expression in Nepali. The expression used for expressing the Continuous Tense is also used for expressing Perfect Continuous tense.

Use or 'Must' in Nepali

Just as in English, the verb 'parchha' (meaning 'must') has the same form in all the tenses and moods; and it carries the same sense as in English. If you translate the

4S

sentence 'He must go home' in Nepali it becomes 'Tyoghara janai parchha'. Similarly, when we translate 'They must go home', we say 'TinIharu gharajanaipar~4hha'. Thus we see that the word 'parchha' (must) does not change whether the subject is singular or plural.

Note the following examples:- Tyasale kotha chh04nu parchha (He must leave the room). Tyassli: btstsra! khanuparchha (He must eat slowly). Timile chiya khanu parchha (You must take tea) etc.

LESSON 15

a. COil jugate the following verbs in all the tenses:

1. Hiifisnu (to laugh). 2. Khanu (to eat) 3. Janu (to gel. 4. Chalnu (to move). 5. Bolnu (to speak). 6. Uthnu (to rise). 7. Khasnu (to fail). 8. Hernu (to look).

b. Translate into Nepali using ike proper form of tenses:

I. I have eaten. 2. Ram is sitting. 3. Birds fly. 4. The woman is weeping. 5. The wind blows. 6. My friend has come. 7. Mr. John is eating. 8. The manager is writing. 9. We shall live. 10. I am going. 11. Mr. Allen has been speaking. 12. Ram will have arrived. 13. He has left. 14. I shall be walking. 15. The boys are reading. 16 I am forgetting. 17. I shall be playing. 18. I am making. 19. Men die. 20. The leaves fall. 21.1 must go to Patan. 22. Mr. John must be there. 23. I must return h<t,I!le. 24. Ram must walk in the morning. 25. The servant must wash the clothes.

46

Use of Infinitives in Nepali

The 'nu' is the sign of the infinitive in Nepali. For example, 'ja+nu'=janu'. Here 'la' is the root verb and 'nu' is the signofthe infinitive. Again 'hiins+nu'=haihnu' Here the root-verb 'hails' and the 'nil' is the sign of the infinitive. So 'hiisnu' means 'to laugh'. Note the following:

gar + nu = garnu (to do) kha + nu = khanu (to eat) bas + nu = basnu (to sit) Qui + nu = dulnu (to walk) sik + nu = siknu (to learn) her + nu = hernu (to see) bhan + nu = bhannu (to ~ell) chal + nu = chalnu (to move)

The purpose of the infinitives is the same as in the English grammar i.e. to name the action without naming the doer; and as such, the infinitives in Nepali can be used either as a simple infinite or a qualifying infinitive. For instance:

M a khena chahanchhu - I want to eat.

Tyb herna ch ahanchha - He wants to see. Rkma jana managarchha - Ram likes to go. Tyo hafisna tha/yo - He began to laugh.

Use of Part:ciples

a. The present participle is formed by adding 'era' or 'iraheko' or 'aradai' to the root of a verb. Note the following examples:

47

Ma dagurda! gaeii- I went running.

Khe/iraheko ba.laka iaQ)'o - The playing child fell down. Maile hai1sirahekl keti dCkheii - I saw a laughing girl. Keto dagurera AyO -the boy came running.

b. The past participle is formed by adding 'eko' to the root of a verb. Note the following:

Khas+eko = khaseko (fallen) - khaseko pata HAiis+eko = hiinseko (laughed) - hAiiseko keto Sun+eko =. suneko (heard) - suneko kura Chal+eko = chaleKo (moved) - chalcko motara bas+cko = baseko (sat) - bascko manisa birs+Cko = birseko (forgotten) - birseko kura

A continuous participle is formed by adding era' or 'da' to the root of a verb, such as,.

Sun+da = sunda (on hearing) Her+dii = herdA (on seeing) Bhan+era = Bhanera (by saying)

KhA+era = khiiera (by taking or baving taken) Dekh +cra = dekhera (by seeing or having seen) Sun+era = sunera (by bearing or having beard) LHera = Hera (by taking or having taken) PaQb+era = pa4hera (by reading or having rea4li)

coaJ .... tioII of Verbs Formed

Preseat Put Participle CootiDaoas
Bolnu BOlyo BOleko- BOliraaeko
(to speak) (spoke) spoken (speaking)
Uthnu Utbyo Utheko Utbiraheko
48 Janu Gayo Gayeko Galraheka
Hafisnu Haiisyo HAiiseko HAi'lsiraheka
Chalnu Chalyo Chaleko ChalirahSka
Bhannu Bhanyo Bhaneka Bhaniraheko
dulnu c)ulyo Quleko QulirahSka
Kbelnu Khelyo Kheleko Kheliraheko
Dhunu Dboyo Dhoeko DhoirAheka
Dinu Diyo Diyeko DiirahSko
Paunu Payo Payeko PAiraheko
BOlaunu Bolayo BOlayeko Boliliraheko
Unu Uyo Uyeko UirahSka
Surugarnu Surugaryo Surugareko Surugarirah~ka
Garnu Garyo Gareko Gariraheka
Dekhnu Dekhyo Dekhekc:; DekhirahSko
Basnu Basyo Baseko Basiraheka
Falnu Falyo Faleko Flliraheko
Hernu Heryo Hereko Herirahek6
Expression of Moods
In Nepali the Imperative mood is expressed in two
ways:
a. by denoting respect: In order [0 denote respect the term 'hos' is added to the root verb at the endjust as"Please go' becomes 'jA1l:Uras' in Nepali. Hence the full sentence will be 'tapaiii jlnuhos' which means' You please go' in a respectful sense. Similarly, note the following sentences.

Tapalii basnuhes, (You please sit)

Tapaln parkhanuhos. (You please wait)

49

\

Tapaln bhitra aunuho.f. (You please come in.)

\

Tapain jatra hernuhds. (You please see the festival.)

b. if no respect IS denoted:

If no respect is expressed' the suffix '11' or 'a' are added at the end. For example, 'janu' (to go) drops a root ending 'nu' and takes 'u' after it. So in order to say 'go' without any sense of respect the Nepali translation becernes 'riml j411'. Note the the following sentences:

Timl pa4ha - You read.

Timl basa - You sit. Chandrama hera - Sec the moon. Pan I piii' - Drink water.

Paisa leu - Take money.

Kama chalau - Start the work etc.

SobjUdCtive Mood

In order to express Subjunctive mood denoting probability or condition, the root verb drops 'nu' and the suffixe 'e' is added to the root or 'bhaye' to the past partipcile form, just as, in order.ito translate 'if you eat' the verb 'khanu' drops the suffix 'nu' and takes 'e' and becomes 'khae', So the sentence becomes 'Tindle khae (if you eat) or we can add 'bhaye' to the past partipicle form just as 'khlyCko bhaye, which means 'if you have eaten.' Note the following examples:

Udle gare (if he does) Ayek6 bhaye (if he has come) Pakeko bhaye (it it is cooked)

Timile pa<Jheko bhaye (if you have read) Usle bhane (if he says)

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In the Indicative mood, in Nepali also, we assert or indicate an action as a fact ; as,

Ty6 luftchha (he comes).

Ram .ghara jl"chha (Ram goes home).

xet6 pitka pa4Julaina (The boy does not read his lessons.)

Use of , Let' III tbe ImpentiYe

The meaning of 'Jet' in Nepali is 'dinu' which means 'to allow' or 'to permit' and which can be used as the principle verb denoting co mmand. Thus, 'Us/Ii jAlta deO' means 'let him go.' ; 'N8kara/ai bhitra luna deO'-means 'Let the servant come in'.

Sometimes this term can also be used to denote a ploposai. In such a case, the root-verb takes the suffix 'aun' after it and the verb comes after the subject. For example, in order to translate 'Let us go to walk', first the main verb 'janu' takes the form of root verb 'ji' by dropping 'nu' and the suffix 'aun' is added to it.

So it becomes 'jlu' (Jet go). So the whole sentence is translated as; 'Hamiharu (we) 4u/na (walk) jiauft (let go). Study the following examples:

Hamlharu sinema bema jaaui\(Let us go to the the picture). Hamlharu .vO kura bhanaui: (Let us teU this fact). HamIharu kehl hera basaui: (Let us sit for a while). HamIharu Pltanatira jlalln (Let us go towards Patan),

SI

LESSON 16

Translate into Nepali:

1. He wants to see the festival. 2. I want to buy a book. 3. I see the boys playing. 4. While walking, I met him. 5. He began to go. 6. Ram, come here. 7. Please give me your pen. 8. Please show me a room. 9. Bring some water. 10. Tell him to go. 11. I saw a girl smiling.

12. If you give me the book I shaUgive you twenty rupees.

13. If he comes I shall go. 14. Bring the tea, if it is ready. 15. If rain falls we cannot start. 16. If you have seen him it would be better. 17 Hallo James, get up. 18. If you walk fast. you will fall down. 19. Please walk slowly. 20. Take a guide with you.

52

CHAPTER IX

There is no hard and fast rule for the formation of adverbs in Nepali.

In Nepali the adverb takes its position just before the verb. For example, if in English we say, 'Go down,' in Nepali we say, 'Tala jau.' Here the adverb 'tala (down)' comes before the verb 'faii (go)'.

Let us take another example, 'Ram bist!rai tJulchha' (Ram walks slowly). In this sentence the adverb 'bistarai' precedes the verb '4ulchha (walks)'.

Classification of Some Important Adverbs I Adverbs of time:

Hijo (Yesterday) Aja (to - day) BhOli (tomorrow)

Pursi (day-after-tomorrow) Turunta (at once)

Chandai (soon)

Aghinai (before)

53

Ekapaila (once) Duipolta (twice) Sadhoifi (always)

II AdYerbll deaotiIIg place:

Yahafi (here) TyahAfi (there)

AgA4i (before, in front of) PaeM 4i (behind)

Tala (down, below) MAlhi (up, above) ~aripAri~across)

III AdYel'bs deBOtlq ...... r:

Bistarai (slowly)

Dherai (very, much, many) Chh/tosanga (quickly) Ramrai (finely, beautifully; Tyasarl (in that way)

There are some other adverbs which are expressed in Nepali by the repetition of words as:

BAramblra (often) Jhola - wta (quickly) Dina - dina; (daily)

Yata - uti (here and there) DhamA - dhama (again) Sarasara (straight)

54

Sometimes the adverb is expressed by using certain

sounds of the verb, ju~t as:

Sirisiri (gently)

Sarara (easily) Dhwakka (with a bang) Chatakka (quickly)

Kalakala (with a replaying sound) Danadana (brightly)

LESSON 17

Translate into Nepali:

I. He comes here. 2. Boys go to school daily. 3. The, servant is coming down. 4. I am going to-morrow. 5. My friend came here. 6. I shall seeyou day-after-to-morrow. 7. We play daily. 8. Take food slowly. 9. He worked well. 10. He comes here daily. II. The fire burns brightly. 12. The bird is tIying above. 13. The plane is coming down. 14. The wind is blowing gently. IS. He went straight.

55

CHAPTER X

Preposition (Namayog] - "'1,,414ft)

In English a preposition governs a noun or pronoun in the objective case and the object comes immediately after the preposition. For example, we say, 'with me'; 'for the man'. Here 'man' and 'me' are in the objective case governed by the preposition going before,

This is the same case in German Grammar. The Germans say, 'Pur den Mann' or 'durch mich'. Here also we see that 'mich' and 'Mann' are in the objective case following the prepositions.

But in Nepali the preposition comes just after the noun or pronoun. Besides, the noun or pronoun need not be in the objective case. This should be carefully noted. For example. in order to translate 'at this station' we say 'steSanama' which literally means 'station at'.

In the same way we translate the expression 'with me' as 'masanga' which literally means 'I with' Here 'rna' (I) is no' in the objective form but is in the nominative form. Had it been in the objective form it should have been 'malal' and the expression would have been 'maW ~.J I;a' which is inco-rect ,

56

Semetimes when the preposition 'for' has to be used, the pronoun or noun is placed in the possessive case by adding 'k6' after it.

In the same way we translate 'for Ram' as 'Ramak6 nimitta',

Classification of Some Commonly Used Prepositions

a. Preposition denoting aceompanjment sucb as 'witb,' 'by'

Sitasanga (with Sita) Gurwita (with the teacher) Sathisita (with the friend) Masanga (with me)

Ty6sila (with him) Amibanga (with the mother)

b. Preposition denoting instrumental sense soda as '"i.', 'by' etc.

U (witb, by)

Chakkule (with a knife) Kalamale (with a pen) Sathile (by a friend) Ba.tI/e (by the lamp)

Binii (witbout)

Makkhanabinii (without butter) Ramabina (without Rama) Sathlbina l without a friend)

Bam6jima, Mutabika (according to)

3

57

Usako salhahabamOjima (according to his advice) Usako kiimamutabika (according to his work)

c. Preposition denotiDg the 'ieDSe of 'for' or 'on behalf of'

Nimitta, Nimti, Lagi (for, OD behalf of) Ramako lagi (for Ram)

Usake nimitta (for them)

Sathiko nimtt (for a friend) Bachavatako lagi <for the safety)

d. Preposition denoting the sense of 'from', 'sinee' etc.

Bat- (from)

Americahiita (from America) GharabalO (from the house) HotelabalO (from the hotel)

e. PrepositioD deDOting position with respect to a DOUD or proDOun such as 'at,' 'iD', 'on' etc.

Ma (at, in, on) Kothiima (in the room) Amerikama (in America) Gharama tat home) Chhaniima (on the roof)

Bhitra (inside, in etc); Bahira (out, outside) Gharabahira (outside the house) Kothiibhitra (inside the room)

Malhi (upon, on etc.)

Gharamiithi (upon the house)

Chhiiniimathi (on the roof)

S8

taukomathi (on the head) tebalamiithi (on the table)

Muoi, tala (downwards, dowD, below)

KhAtamuni (below the cot) Battimuni (below the lamp) Pabli~akotala (below the mountain)

Aghl, AIIi~1 (Wore, fa front of ete.) Ohara aga~i (in front of the house) Sehoolakd aghi (before the school)

Najika (Dear)

Bajara najika (near the market) Ohara najika (near the house)

f. PrepositioD denoting directioD socb as 'towards', 'to' etc. 1'ira (tovvards, to)

ChOkatira (towards the yard) Pasalatira (towards the shop) Pari (beyond)

Dan~apari (beyond the hill)

g. PrepositioD deaotiag 'about' 'Bare' or barema (about) Ramako bare (about Ram) Gharako bare (about home)

LESSON 18 Translate into correct Nepali:

I. Without her. 2. For your friend. 3. For a penny.

4. Through the window. 5. Without the pen. 6. Near

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R4nipokhari. 7. In the box. 8. Naya Sadak. 9. Inside the room. 10. Above the roof. 11. Outside the city. 12. In the town. 13. By the hunter. 14. With a knife. IS. On the chair. 16. From Paris. 17. Up the hill 18. Under the breeze. 19. Into the house. 20. Over the city. 21. After Ram. 22, Beyond the sea. 23. Under the ground. 24. Before me. 25. Under the temple. 26. Within five days. 27. Over the table. 28. Behind the garden. 29. Below the chair. 30. From New York. 31. Of the boys. 32. To the ladies. 33. From Kathmandu. 34. Towards the hill with a guide.

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CHAPTER XI

CoajllllCtioa - (Satpyojaka - ~)

The conjuctions most commonly used in Nepali are given below:

ra (and) - Rima ra Shyfuna (Ram and Shyam).

ani (then) - Ty6 gayo ani rna ien (He went, then I came). lara (but) - Magaen tara mera sAthi iiena.

(I went but my friend did not come.) kinabhanC (because) - Ty{J aena kinabhane tya birami chha. (He did not come because he is ill).

Examples of Co-ord_tiaa CoajllllCtioa: a. Camalative (aclditioB)

ra (and)

pani (As well as)

b. Alteraatin (choice)

.

kita, . . . . .. kita (either or)

na na (neither nor)

natrabhane (otherwise, else, or etc. )

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c. Adversative (coatrast) tara (but)

taipani (yet, though, although)

d. Illative (IDrereoce)

tyasakiiratia (so, therefore)

taba ( then, so)

Some Examples or Sub-ordloate CODjuoctiCDl: a. Cause or Reason:

kinabhani: (because, since. as)

b. Effect:

ki (that)5 nimitta (for)

c. Purpose:

tiiki (that, in order that. so that)

d. Condition:

yadi (if)

nabhaycsamma (unless)

e. Condition or Contrast:

tapani (though, although)

f. Extent or Manner: jahiiosamma (so far as) mutsbik (according as)

g. Time:

jaba (when) jasai (as)

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bittikai (as soon as) agiiwai (before) nabhayisamma (so long as)

Examples of Interrogative Adverb

kina (why) ?

kahafi (where) ? kahlifibiita (whence)? kasari (how) ? kahile (when) ?

kaba (when) ?

lESSON 19

Translate into Nepali using the conjuactions correctly:

I. Ram and Shyam have come back. 2. He as well as you are tired. 3. Either Ram or Shyam must be coming. 4. He has neither slept nor eaten. 5. He is sad but angry. 6. I am tired therefore I must rest. 7. I will do this as you desire. 8. Men work that they may live. 9. I will do if you allow me. 10. He is honest though he is poor. II. This is not true so far as I know. 12. I do not know when he will come. 13. This is the place where we rested. 14. Ask him why he has come. 15. I do not know how you work. 16. I shall wait so long as you do not come.

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CllAPl'ER m

INTERJECJ10N CVitmayldib6dhaka r..~luficita",)

The common Interjections. are given below.

Ahl ! (joy)

HI I, Hal. HAye ! (sorrow) Alyl ! Uhool. 001 (pain)

Sylblsa I Xylblta I (well done I well done t) CMIID~/Dh~~(~~)

As in English this exclamatOfY words come fint in the seatenee. For example

Syib&.ra 1 timl pW HtlJjyau \ Well done ! you have passed.)

Dhi/clclra IlimiIC b~ _.(Fie on you I na~ you spoilod:) 01 Riblwl/l yahlil 10.(Oh Riksawala! Come here).

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CHAPTER XUI

SYNTAX - ARRANGEMENI' OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE

The normal order of the sentence in Nepali is : 1- the Nominative case or the subject.

II - the indirect object of the verb or the direct, a noun. followed by a preposition.

III - the verb.

For example:

"Maile walAi steSaoamA bhetcft (I met him at the station). This sentence literally translated becomes: "I him station at met.' Thus we see that the verb generally comes last and the object precedes the verb. The preposition with the object "steSaoamA <at the station) can be placed at the beginning of the sentence also. For example, the above sentence can also be spoken as 'StSSanaml mailS usa/a; bheteft.' Literally translated this sentence becomes "Station at I him met.'

For instance, if you have to say, 'The hunter killed a tiger in the forest; you have to say • JangalamA sikAriIC bagha marya' which literally means, 'Jungle in a hunter a tiger killed'.

65

Again in order to say, 'Give the fowls their food' you have to say, 'Rukhuraharo./ai khana deo."which literally means, "The fowls to their food give'.

II Interrogative Sentence:

The way of expressing an interrogative sentence in Nepali is quite different from that In English or in French.

In English, in order to change a sentence such as 'He comes here daily' into the interrogative form we turn the sentence into 'Does he come here daily?' In such a case the positions of the verb and the subject are inverted .

. '

But in Nepali this is not the case. The sense of interrogation can be indicated by using some accents. A foreigner can learn it by some practice, for instance, in order to translate 'The boys come' into Nepali we say, 'LaQakfJ./Jaro. aunchhan'. But in order to to put the same into interrogative form i.e. 'Do, the boys come ?', in Nepali ~(. say, 'LaQakaharo. aunchhan?' Here we see there is no hange in the construction of the sentence. But the sense of interrogation is expressed by putting some accents on the verb 'aunchhan' (come). Again in order to say, 'He carne in Nepali we say, 'Tyo ayo'. But in order to ·tl,l~n the same into the interrogation form 'Did he come')' we say in Nepali, 'Tyo ayo?'. Thus we find that' there is no change in the construction of the sentence, but the sense -of interrogation is expressed by putting a.sign of interrogation on the verb 'ayo' and the' emphasis is laid on the verb. This can be learnt only by practice.

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But often while putting questions we use certain interrogative prepositions such as 'ke?' or'ta' For example, in order to translate 'Ooes he come?' we say in Nepali 'ke tyo auflchha?'. Here the interrogative preposition is placed at the beginning of the sentence. But sometimes the position 'ke' can also be placed at the end of the sentence. For instance, we say for 'Will he come?', 'Ke tyo au/a?' or 'Tyo au/a ket', Both these forms are commonly used according to the choice of the questioners.

But when the interrogative abverbs such as 'when' 'where" 'how', 'how much', 'how many,' 'whence', 'why' etc. or the interrogative pronouns such as 'who' 'which' 'what' etc. are to be used, the equivalent Nepali words for these interrogatives are placed just after the subject and not in the beginning of the sentence as in English or in French. For instance, in order to say 'When will he come?', in Nepali, we say 'T),o kahi!e illlla?' Here we find, that as before, the subject comes first and then the interrogative pronoun or adverb For 'What is your name?' we say in Nepali' Timre namCl) (your name) ke ho (what is?) in the literal way.

When these interrogative adverbs or interrogative pronouns are used we do not use the preposition eke'. ·It should be dropped.

By following the foregoing rules it becomes quite a simple process to learn the way of interrogation in Nepali. Study the follwing examples.

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Ke limi pienebata ayekachhau'! (Have you come by plane?) Yo kama kasale gareko chha*! (Who has done this work? ) Timi kina abera bhayau?

(Why are you' late ? )

Tmi kahiJe ghara gayau? (When did you go home ? ) Mr. Johana kahlil baschha? Where docs Mr. John live? ) Timi ke khliraheka chhau? (What are you eating? ) Timllil kasto chha?

(How are you? )

T,o kuna h6te/ami baschha? (In which hotel docs he stay ? )

In all the above examples we find that the subject comes first and the interrogative adverbs or interrogative pronouns ~ust after the subject.

it is to be noted that this method of interrogation is similar to that of Japanese grammar.

Some c::ollllDODly used InterrogatiYe PrOllOUllS Kuna (which)? - It is used in a selective sense. Kuna-manisa. Which man?

ko (who)?- Ty6 k6 hO (who is he?)

ke (wbat)?- Yo ke kitaba h6? (What book is this?) kasaJai(wbom1) Timlli. kasa/ai aekhyau (whom did you see?).

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SolDe cOlDmoalf used Interro.atiyes

a. Time:

kahile (when)? katiberasamma (how long)?

b. Place:

kaMn (where)? kahiinhiUa (whence)? katabiita (from where)? kattuira (whether)?

c. Number:

katipalta (how often)?

d. ManDer, quality or state: kasari (how)?

e. QaaUty or Ilep'ee: kahansamma (how far)?

r. Cause or Reason: kina (why)?

LESSON 11

Trans.ate the followinl Into correct Nepali:-

1. Why docs he speak? 2. Wbo has helped you 3. Was he in this room. 4. In wbicb bouse does he live? S. Do you know this gontleman? 6. Have you forgotten me? 7. Who has taken my umbrella? 8. Whicb is the way to Patan ? 9. What is the name of Ulis temple? 10. How far is the airport from here? 11. What have you gjvoo him? 12. Have you found the w~y? 13. Have you sot some good friends? 14 Who found your key? IS. Havo

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you got many letters? 16. Have you taken your supper? 17. When will you take tea? 18. Are you quite well ? 19. What is this ? 20. Will you come with me? 21. What did he write to you ? 22. Have you seen the paper? 23. Who comes here today ? 24. When do you come to my house? 25. Are you quite ready ?

01 Negative Sentence:

(a) To make out negative sense, the suffix 'daina' is added to the root verb. For example, in order to say 'he goes' in Nepali we say 'tyo janchha'. Here the root verb 'jan' takes the suffix rdaina' to turn itself into negative. So the sentence' becomes 'Iyo jandaina' for saying 'he does not go'. Note the following examples:

Affirmative Negative

Ty{) khe/chha (he plays). Tyo kheldaina (he

does not play).

Ketahurii paQhchhan (Boys lead). Ketiiharii pa4hdainan (Boys do not read).

Motara chalchhan (Motor moves). Motaraharii chaldainan (Motors do not move).

In case of the Present perfect tense the participle form takes the suffix 'chllailla'in the present tense and'thiyena' in the Past Perfect This rule applies also to the Continuous tense-present and past. For example, the- participle form of'khlnu' (to eat) is khaveko' (eaten). (Refer to the preceeding chapter on Conjugation of the verbs). So in order to say 'be has not eaten' in Nepali we say 'tyasali: khayeko chhaina' and in the past perfect it becomes 'tyasa/e khiyeko thivena', Note th\' following examples;

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Affirmative Net_live
Present RAma sutekochha Rama suteko chhaina
Perfect (Ram has slept.) (Ram has not slept)
Past Rama suteko thiyo Ram suteko thiyena
Perfect (Ram had slept.) (Rapt had not slept.) 'Present Riuna sutirahekochha Rama sutiraheko chhains

Continuous (Ram is sleeping.) (Ram is not sleeping.)

Past Rama sutirahekothiyo Rama sutiraheko tbiyella

•

Continuous(Ram was sleeping.) (Ram was not sleeping.)

In case of the Future Continuous tense tbe participle form of the verb takes the suffix' hufidoinaho/a' in the ~tive senses. For example, in order to say 'I shall not be going' in Nepali it is • Ma gairaheko hufidainahOla' (I sball not be going). Here the continuous form of the verb 'ja1fU' (to go) is 'gaIraheko' and the suffix 'huiidainahOla' is added to. Note the following examples:

Atrirm_dve

Ma khairahekohufl/a (I shall be eating.)

Negadve

Md khairahekohundainahol! (I shall not be eating.)

Rama basirahekOhOIa Rama basirahekohundainahO/a

(Ram will be sitting.) (Ram will not be sitting.)

XCti/Jarii khilirahekohOlii XCtaharii kheJirahekahuftdailUlho/a (Boys will be playing.) (Boys will not qe playing.)

The above forms of negatives are sufficient to express tb e negative sense in Nepali. The other forms are not s9 commonly used. •

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In case of an Imperative sentence the verb simply takes the prefix 'na' in the beginning. For instance, 'come here' is translated as 'yah 1ft lu'; when turned into negative the ·Iu' is preceded by the prefix 'na'. So the sentence in negative sense becomes 'yalrlift na iu' (do not come here). The process is quite simple. Note the following examples:

Affirm.t1n.

Timl yahilj'l basa (Sit here.) Tintlchiftda;/arka (Return soon). Malti his lira; lag a (Carry me slowly.) Malili bhlla rakha (Serve me rice) Timl dherai hAilsa (Laugh much.)

Neg.tlve

Timl yaMi'i na basa

(Do not sit here.j

Timi chandai nafarka (Do not return soon.) Molal btstsrai nalaga , (Do not carry me slowly.) Molal bha/a no rakha (Do not serve me rice.) Timl dherai na hiilsa

(Do not laugb much.)

The above rule also applies in the case of the Irnpera"1ive mood in a respectful sense. (Refer to the preceeding .dlaptenm Imperative mood in honorific sense).

LESSON II

Transkue into Nepali:

I. Come with us. 2. Do not come with me. 3. Do not tell him this matter. 4. I have not seen my friend .. S. He is not taking tea. 6. I shall not be waiting for you. 1. The washerman does not come daily. 8. I have forgotten his namc. 9. Mr. John is not at home. 10. They are not

72

going to the city. II. Lalitpur is not the capital of Nepal. 12. I am not going to the airport. 13. He did not buy anything. 14. He had sean a tiger in the forest, 15. He did not take bath in the morning. 16. I wrote you three letters but you did not reply. 17. Jack as well as John was not absent to-day. 18. I was not keeping well. 19. I shall not be waiting for you. 20 Do. not bring your dog here. 21. I have not seen your umbrella and walking stick. 22. He was not riding a taxi. 23. I have no money to pay the bill. 24. That is no, a good hotel. 25. There are no hippies here.

IV. The use of Adjective Clause in Nepali

An adjective clause in English immediately follows the noun or the pronoun which it qualifies. For instance, in the sentence 'This is the man whom I saw yesterday'. the adjective cl iuse 'whom I saw yesterdayt. irnmediately follows the noun 'man'. When translated into Nepali, the adjective clause 'whom I saw yesterday' becomes jas!l/ai m:li!e hije, dekhei'i'. So the whole sentence in Nepali is translated as' Yo fyo ml"iso ho. jafJai moile hijo rrelcheo'.

But this sort of expression is not much in use in Nepali.

Generally the adjective clause in placed before the noun. For instance, the part of the above sentence 'whom I saw yesterday' is translated into Nepali as 'maile hijo ac/che/co manisa; by putting the verb 'aekhnu' (saw) in the past participle form i.e., 'aekheko'(seen). So the whole sentence is translated as 'Maile hi;o aekheko manisa yahi hO. Take for instance another sentence, 'The man who is waiting outside is my friend'. When translated into

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Nepali, the adjective clause 'who is waiting outside' becomes 'hahira parkhirflheko' and is placed before the noun 'the man'. So the sentence becomes' Hahira parkhirakheko miutisa mero sathi ho'. Thus we see that in Nepali, the adjective clause is formed by using the verb in the participle form and placing it before the noun. Study the following examples:

Ka4a kama garne la4akaharu pasa hunchhan. (The boys who work hard pass).

Ma ba,seko thflufi KOioraQo ho.

(The place where I live is Colorado). Riikhabata khasCko fala usa/e tipy6.

(He picked up the. fruit which fell down from the tree). Tyo har!yeko kitiba usale pAVo.

(The book which was lost is found out by him). Bhigeko chbra samatiyo.

(The thief who ran away was caught).

Sababhanili agIo chuchur6 E,arest Nepa/m! chha . (The Everest which is the highest peak is in Nepal).

LESSON 23

Study the following examples and trans/ate them into Nepali:

I. The house where we lived is this. 2. Give me the book which is on the table. 3. This is the hotel where we stayed. 4. The plan which you have made is quite right 5. The room where we stayed is a nice one. 6. This is the umbrella which you forgot yesterday. 7. The man whom you met is from Japan. 8. This is the same story which I heard before. 9. I have seen the temple of which

74

you spoke. 10. Please give me a paper which is placed on the chair. 11. I saw a Tibetan who was selling dogs. 12. I met Mr. John who had come from the States.

The Use of Numerals iB Nepali

As in English the Nepalese numerals can also be classified into three kinds, viz., (i) Cardinals (ii) Ordinals, and (iii) Multiplicatives.

(i) Cardinals show how many things there are.
I Eka - one 6 Chha - six
2 Dui - two 7 Silta - seven
3 Tina - three 8 AVril - eight
4 Chara - four 9 Nau - nine
S Pancha- five 10 Dasa ~ ten
(ii) Ordinals show in which serial order a thing stands. Pahilo - first Chhaithaun - sixth
DOSIO - second Sataun - seventh
Jcsro - third Athaun - eighth
Chautho - fourth Nabaun - ninth
Pilnchauil - fifth Dasaun - tenth (iii) Multipticatives show how often a thing is repeated. Ekapalia or Ekachoti - once

Duipalia or DlIichoti - twice

Tinapalia or Tinacholi - thrice

Chsrapalta or Charachoti - fourt fold or (four times over) Pafichapalta or pan.:/rachoti- five- fold or (five times over) Chhapalsa or Chhachoti - six -fold (six times over), etc.

7S

III the sentence, 'There is a temple in the middle of Ranipokhari.'

In order to SdY 'There are many birds in the tree' we say'Rukhama (in the tree) dherai charahQru chhan (many birds are). Here we see that the verb 'chhan' is used in the sense of the introductory adverb 'there'.

For introducing the past tense, we use 'thiyo' (was) in singular and 'thie' (were) in plural. Note the following examples:

Euta Raja thiyo t There was a kmg).

Pii\jaQama duiwot[! bagha thie (There were two tigers in

the cage).

Giliisama paJli thiyo (There was water in the glass). Yahan gaui\horu thibna (There were not villages here). Khetoma gaiharil thie (There were cows in the field).

Use of Participles in Nepali

In using different participles the verb ending 'era' is added to the root of the verb. For instance, if we have to translate 'taking a stick' in which the root verb is 'Iinu' meaning 'to take', we drop the suffix 'nu' and add 'era' to tbe remaning 'li', So the equivalent Nepali for 'taking' is 'liera', and hence 'taking a stick' in Nepali becomes 'iat,hhi liera (stick taking).

This is the general rule for translating the participles into Nepali. A participle when qualifying a noun generally comes before the subject. For example, in order to translate a sentence 'Taking a stick the man went out', we

78

say in Nepali 'Laiihhi liera menisa hahira ga)'6'. Here the participle 'lauhhi liira' cernes before the subiect 'mtsnisa',

The Nepali equivalent of the past r-artlciple is also made in the same manner as said above. That is to say, the equivalent of 'having taken a stick' is also the same, i.e .. lathhi liera. So the same expression serves for both, taking a stick. Note the following examples.

Kitsba liera Rama paQhna gayi». (Taking a book Ram went to read.) Bekasa uthaera kulli hii'IQ) 6.

(Having lifted the box the kulli went away.) tokari b6kera nokara gay6.

(Carrying the basket the servant went away.) Ausadhi khaera btrsmi sutyo,

(Taking the medicine the patient slept).

For translating participle phrases such as 'being tired', 'being bitten', etc. the general rule is to add the suffix ck6/'e to the root verb.

Suppose, we have to say 'being tired' in Nepali. The word for 'to get tird' is 'thaknu'. We take the root - verb 'thak' by removing 'nu' and add the suffix 'ek6/e'to it. The two parts 'thak + ek61e' become 'thiikCk61e'.

So the Nepali equivalent of , being tired' is'thiikek61t.'.

If this rule is studied carefully, there would be no difficulty in translating phrases beginning with 'being'. The followiug examples should be noted for practice.

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Verb Root-verb Verb with ·being'·
toknu (to bite) tok tokeko/e (being bitten).
harnu (to lose) har har!kolc (being lost).
bhannu (to tell) bha'l bhanClca/e (being told).
garnu (to do) gar garCk6le (being done).
suknu (to dry) suk sukCkolc (being dried).
chalnu (to move) chal c/raICko/c (being moved). It the above examples are carefully studied a little practice can easily make it quite easy to translate phrases using the word 'being'.

LESSON 14

Tr .... te lato Nepali:

1. Being tired of work, he took rest. 2. Being bored he went home. 3. Being sick, he went to hospital. 4. Being a winner he became very glad. s. Being advised by all, she was pleased. 6. Being defeated in the game, Ram was sad. 7. Doing his work everday, he soon impro.ed. 8. Having a thought, he wrote the letter. 9. Lighting a match, he lit his cigar. 10. A stove being lost he boiled water. 11. Being boarded on a plane, he left for America. 12. Being engaged in the work, I have no time. 13. Having read, he fell happy. 14. Being fallen from the car, he became unconscious. IS. Walking over the fields he saw many deer. 16. Having found his friend, he was much pleased.

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The verb 'hunu' (to be) is very much used for expressing different tenses and moods and they help the foreigners to express the tenses correctly. By a simple practice, the different forms of the verb 'to be' is added to the root verb to express the different tenses. Note the following conjugations carefully.

P ....

1st per. Ma ehhui\. (I am) Hamiharu cllhauii (We are)

I

2nd per. Tail chhas (Thou art) Timlhari1 ehhmllYou are)

3rd per. Tya ehha (He is) TinIharQ c"lu1It (They are)

Put ladefbdte

SlapIu

1st per. Ma '''left (I was) HImIItar1l thiyauft(We were) 2nd per. Tail thils (Thou wast) TImIlu:vG ,hlyllU (You were) 3rd per. Tyf> thiy6 (He was) TinIhtu11 ,"R (They were)

The above forms can be used with any verbs by adding the participle form of the verb as Jiven in tho preceeding chapter (See page 41).

htIn IIIdefIIIte

1st per. Ma hurt/l (I shall be) HlmIIMrO h .. /1 (We IhaU be)

2nd per. Taft halls (Thou wilt~) T ..... ara".,.O (YO\6

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will be)

• Tiniharu holan (They will be)

The above forms can be used by adding the participle form OD the continuous form of the verb as given in the pfeeeeding chapter (See page 42) •

3rd per. T)'6 Mia (He will be)

.

CODJug.tioa of the verb 'saknu' (caa):-

The verb' saknu' (can) is used in the present form. With this verb the main verb is used in the form of the Indefinite verbs such as 'Janu' (to go), 'khanu' (to eat), 'qulnu' (to walle), etc. For instance, the verb 'saknu' is conjugated with the verb 'janu' in the Present Indefinite, as:

Preseot lDdef"mite

Siogular

1st per. M a jana sakchhui: (I can go)

2nd per. Taiijilna sakchhas (Thou canst go) 3rd per. TyO jana sakchha (He can go)

Plural

HaimiharOjAna sakchhaun (We can go)

Timiharis jana sakchhau (You can go)

TiniharO jana sakchhau (They can go)

For putting into past tense the verb 'saknu' is changed into 'sakthyO' (could), as follows.

P!'.St Indefinite

SiapW

1st per. Majana sakthen (I could go)

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Plaral

HamiharO jana sakthyaun (We could go)

znd per. Taftjana sakthis (Thou couldst go) 3rd per. Tyo jana sakthya (He could go)

Timlha,O jiM _thytlu (You could go) TinIha,O jana saktl~ (They could go)

Conjuptioa of the yerb 'soknu' in the sease of 'may

The use of the verb SQknu in the sense of 'may' is similar in meaning to the verb 'can' in English so this verb 'may' can be conjugated exactly the same way as the conjugation of the verb 'can' given in the above.'

Use of the yerb 'haye' or 'bas'

When these verbs 'has' and 'have' are used as principle verbs, it means they carry the sense of possession. For instance, in order to translate 'I have a dog', the Nepali equivalent of , have' or 'has' is 'sangacha', So the sentence in Nepali becomes 'M a scnga euta kukkfJra chha'. The past tense of , have' is sanga thiyO (had). For instance, 'John had a nice camera' in Nepali, becomes 'Johana sanga 'euta ramra camera thiyo'.

When these verbs are used in the future tense we say sanga hola instead of sanga chha. Sanga hOlA means 'will have' or 'shall have'. For instance, the Nepali equivalent of 'You will have a pen' is Tin1!sanga Cuta kakrm ha/A. Ram will have a nice coat = Rama sanga euta Ramra kola Mia'.

Optative Sentence

In order to express optative sense in Nepali, the general rule is to drop out the root ending 'IIU' from the main verb and then to add 'os' after the root verb.

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Suppose we have to translate 'May you live long'.

Here the main verl, is 'live' the Nepali equivalent of which is blftchun. So to express the optative sense, 'nu' is dropped out and the remaining root verb 'biilch' is joined to the suffix 'as' and so the optative verb becomes 'bif¥:hos'. So the whole sentence in Nepali is 'Timi (you) dhCrai ba~, samma (long) blftchas (live)'. In the same way let us study the following examples:

Long live the king - Rlji dherai samaya biilchas. May he succeed - Tyo sa/ala hbs.

May you recover soon - Timl chail~ai niko ha~. May God bless you - Ishworale timl/a.; ashi~ deal.

In this way with a little practice the optative sentence can easily be translated.

DIrect .... ~ Narntioa i. Nepali

The change of direct into indirect narration in Nepali is very simple. It is not complicated as in English. Let us take an example ofa sentence in reported speech: Rlma/e blumyO, "Ma bholi Pltan jAnechhu" (Ram said, "I shall 10 to Patan tomorrow") which is in the direct narration.

The rule is:

tither (a) to use 'ki' in the place of 'that' as in English and the Personal pronoun'! in the reported speech will be changed in the same number and person of the speaker. So . the above sentence in the indirect narration becolDCl • RAmal! bIul"y(, kl tyo blroli Pitana jinecltha'; In this sentence 'M" (I) the reported speech is chanaed

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into tyo (he) and the verb is accordingly changed into the form which is in accordance with the third person singular i.e. janechha. (Please consult the forms already given);

Or (b) the indirect narration is expressed by removing 'ki' and- adding 'bhanera bhanyo' at the end of the reported speech. For example. the above sentence in this way can be put into the indirect narration by saying 'Ramale tyo bholi Paton janechha bhanera bhanyo'.

This very rule can be applied in all cases whether the' reported speech is an assertive sentence or imperative or an interrogative one. Study the following examples.

Direct narration: Chandraie bhanyo. .. M a timro kiteba heruii/a ".

Indirect narration: (a) Chandrale bhanyo kl tyasale timro k ftaba hernSchha.

(b) Chandral! tapalko kitiba hcruiila bhanSra bhany6.

Direct narration: Mero sAthJ/e bhanyt,. "Tapilko minisa pathai dinuMs".

Indirect narration; (a) Mero sithIIC bhany6 ki tipalko manisa pathai dinu.hOs.

(b) MarO sathIle tapalkO minisa pathal dinuhOs bhanera bhanyO.

Direct: Usale bhanyO, "PAtona jAne kuna bitO hO 1"

Indirect: (a) u.'IIn bhany6 ki Pitana jine kuna

bato M.

(b) Usa/e Pi tanajW kuna bAto hO bhanera bhany6.

Direct:

Indirect:

Goriba minisale bhDnyfJ, "hhwar tapiiko bh,l/o gar&".

(a) Gariba nciini&ale blumy~'ki IJhwarle tapaiko bhalo garos.

(b) Gariba manisa/e Ishwarle tapP-iko Malo garos b/atmera blumyo.

LESSON 15

I'rauIate lato Eaglisb:

1. Ram said that he would return very soon. 2. Govinela said that the bili was not correct. 3. My friend requested the shopkeeper to give him the balance 4. He said to the shopkeeper that he wanted some good articles. S. My friend said that he had a very nice apartment. 6. Hari said to his friend that he would be late. 7. My friend asked me whether I would go to the picture. S. Hal i said that he was going to the shop. 9. The servant said that he would give ten rupees. 10. My friend asked the station-master which the way-out was.

Truslate the folio .... passages lato Nepali:

J

It was mornipg. I am in my room. I am in bed. I get up frcull my bed, wash my hands, and face. I then call for tea. Tbere are some Nepalese pictures on the wall. There is a small radio also on the table. I just sit near the window and look at the Himalayas. The Himalayas are grand and beautiful to look at.

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