Пшеворский А. Демократия и Рынок

.
Przeworski
and Market:
Political and Economic Reforms

in Eastern and Latin America
Cambidge Univesity Pess
1992
..
2000
66.2(0)17
65.7
93
:
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University Library Editoria1 :

Natalia , Tatiana Alekseeva, Mikhail Andreev,
Vyaches1av khmin, Vedeniapina, Ekaterina Genieva,
, Alexander Livergant, Boris apustin, Frances Pinter,
Andrei 1t, Irina Savelieva, Lorina Repina, A1exei Rutkevich,
A1exander Fi1ippov

- ( )

his edition is published with the support of the Society
Institute within the framework of hkin Library megaproject
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Cambridge, University Press, 1992.

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and Lomasky, 1989: 3)
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27
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31 , ,
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, ,
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.
,
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.
,
.
,

. -, -
2.
143
, , ,

ancien regime,
, . ,
,
.

,
, ,
.
. ,

, ,
. .

.
. ,
.
,
;
, ,
.
, ,
. Ancien regime

.
.
.u.
144
I , .
;
,
,
. ;
,
, .

2
, .

,
,
.
,
(Lamounier, 1979: 13)

,
, .

,
40 . ,

- .
1966 35%, 1974- - 60%, 1976- - 78%

. 1971 12% ,
, 1973- 37% ,
, 1975-
56%; , 1976-
41%, 67% (LopezPintor, 1980). 1985 88%
(57,3% ), 81% - , 66% -
62% - (Bruszt, 1988).
,
1976 1981-,
()
1985- 53,I% 1987-

1988 ,
38,6% 1988-
26%
26,6%
66,2%
2.
145
1989-.
20,5/0 1985 26,2% 1988-
45,9%
1989-
(Ostrowski, 1989).
3 ,

,
. ,
,
,
, .
4
. ,
.
.
. .
: ? , - , -
. , :
,
.
. , ,
, , .
,
, - ,
-
5 -
(16,
1987 )

17
, ,
-
...
-
,

.

.
,
.
."u.
146
. ,
, ,
.
6 '
(O'DonneIl,

, ,
( ,

,
),
,
1979: 8),
7 . ,
Przeglad Tygodniowy, 51(403),
Warsaw, 22 December, 1989, .15.
(Szelenyi, 1989)
(Comisso, 1989) ,
.
(Walicki, 1990)
, ,
.
. -,
. ,
,
.
10 (,
Fusi, 1979: 179),

aperturistas,
, ,
,
, , , - immobi-
listas. .
(Rolicki, 1990: 146), 70-
, 25%
.
.
11
, ,
(MaravaIl, 1981). ,
, . 13
1989 - ,
2.
147
; 28 ,
- 5 . . 16
1990 ,
100 . .
12
. ,

1984 . , distensao 1974

. ,
,
-

. ,

. .
,
,
-
. (.
-.) -,
,
. ,
-
, -.
13
1955-1957 -
.
,
.
1974 1975-1977
,
(Andrade,
1980). -
, ,
,
(Diniz, 1986).
:
- .
14 :
.
: " ,
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15 ,
, -
.u.
148
-,
1980
(Go1bey,
1981).
: :
- , ,
... , ,
,
(. . 7).
16
?
<Czy
boimy sie demokrcji? / / Zycie Warszawy, 291, Warsaw,
12-13 December, 1987, . 3).
17 , -
:
.
>>> >
18 ,
(1971-1973) (1975-1979),
' ,
, ,
.
;
"blandos" ("">.
19 , ,
, , ,

.

,
. (
.: Jean-Pau1 Mari, La derniere
colere de Cheausescu / / Le Nouve1 Obsevateur, 11 Janu, 1990, , 42-45.)
20
(Przeworski, 1986).

. (01son, 1965)
-.
,
, . ,
(Satre, 1960),
,
.
,
, , ,
, .
2.
149
Z generaiem Jaruzelskim stanie wojennym,) / / GazeWarsaw, 18 December, 1989, . 5-6.
21
,
, .
,
<Przewrot niewykonywalny,), //
Gazeta, Warsaw, 11 September, 1989, . 4).
22 . ,

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23
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. 1)
. 2)

3)
(

). , ,
(Przeworski, Wallerstein, 1988),

.

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1978
. ,
,
. (
. Bresser, Pereira, 1978.) ,

.u.
150
. -, ,

-
, (Conaghan,
1983), -

(Hankiss, 1989)
24
1981 ,
;
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25 ;
3 ..). ;
.

(4
26

, 1981).
<Polityka,>, Warsaw, Septem-
27
-
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, :
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, , ' (,
: Toranska, 1985: 290).
28
1989
. -
, -
2.
151

, ,
.
29
.
30
, , ,
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31 ,
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(perfect)
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. ( ,
.
(Rasmusen, 1989).)
32 ,
1974
33 , ,
(Schotter, 1981, 1986)

.
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,
; . ,
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- , ,
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;

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34 (.
2.2)
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35 , ,
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.u.
152
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36
1987
100%
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.
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.
37 .
38
, (>
-.
q -
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-.

(l-p)t,
39
q + (l-q)c.
1987
1983

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40
.
41 ,
(Delich, 1984: 135)
,
, .
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2.
153
, .
42
1987
(Murilo de Carvalho, 1987: 18)

:
,
. ,
,
, .. .
,
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,
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,
,
- <Latin American Weekly Report, 15

1988 :
,
,
()
.
43 ( )

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, (
), , ,
.
,
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44 ,
1989 -
."u.
154
, .
(
), (
)
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.
45
, ,
,
.
(Cumings, 1989).
46 ,
,
. , ,
1989
,

;
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, ,
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, ,
1989 .
.
15,8%. (. Ostrowski, 1989).
.
, ,
, : ,
. ,
.
, (<<Le Figaro, Paris,
26 September, 1989, . 4)
47 ,
, .
Casper, 1989.
1977
,
(
),
1988
2.
155
48 . :
Elster, Slagstad, 1988.
49 . : Rustow, 1955 m, 1959.

50

: 1) versus
, 2) versus
, 3) versus
, (4) versus, ,
5) versus , 6)
versus , 7)
versus
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, 9)
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21)
. . (.:
Hardin,
mes, Przeworski, 1988).

51
418
, 71%
. 80%
, 60% 45%
(<<Latin American Weekly Report, 12 July, 1990, . 5).
52 (Kavka, 1986: 185)

(impure) .
,
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,
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. , .
S3 1854 1983
52%
: 72% - 1930 37% -
(.: de 10, 1990: 113). 1853
. -
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156
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54
(<Yeja, 9 Sep-
tember, 1987.
55 ,

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57
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(Kavka, 1986) .
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1987)
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157
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60

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1789 .
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62 ,
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63 ,
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(.: , Fusi, 1979).
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64
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.lluii.
158
, ,
(. Tygodnik SlidalOS,
,
Warsaw, 22 December, 1989).
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1989 .
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1939
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Mysli
1903 ,
1989 .
nowoczesnego polaka,
71
.
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1988 : - ,
(<<Pagina 12,
nos Ayres, September, 1988).
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1990, . 19).
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72
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(<<New York , 21 November, 1989).
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1989).
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203
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205
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.u.
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New Left Re-
view (Mandel, 1988; Elson, 1988).

,

.
1970-
.

. .
,
, , ,
,
. ,

, .
, -,
.
,
. ,
28 ,

. :
.
,

.
.
, ,
.
,

29 --
,
,
. ,

, ,
. ,

. -
207
, .
,
, ,
. (.: Lavoie, 1985, irzner, 1988, Shapiro, 1989 -
.)
30 , ,
, ,

. ', , ,

(Nove, 1983: 105).
,

. :
,
31
. ,
,

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,

(.:
Col1ard, 1978).
.
:
,
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, ,
, ? -
.
,
, ,
, , -
.u.
208
32
(30
1928 ),
,

(Wilk, 1988: 78-9).
,

. 1960-

, .
.
,
,
.
:
,
.

,
.
, (.:
Ostrowski, Przeworski, 1965).

33 .
(Roemer, 1989 ).
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,
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,
,
34
. -,
,
, ,
. -,
, .
35 ,
,
(Cas-
209
,
(
troriadis, 1979).
); ,
,
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, :

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. (Nove, 1983: 179)
, ,
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10
, 1000 .
(Beck, 1978) ,

,
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36
. ,

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,
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37 ,
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;
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m
,

. (. ,
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R,
1989 .)
21
.u.
38
(Asselain, 1984: 35),

:
,
39
(Zaleski, 1984: 615) ,
,
, .

, ,
40 .
Roland, 1989 -
41 .
Bideleux, 1985 -
42
, , , .
( .: Bergson, 1984;
- Komai, 1986; - Wnuk-Lipinski, 1989.)
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( )
37%: ,
,
.
(, 1987-1988: 35),

3 % . (1521 1989 , . 99) ,

111 , - 24 .
,
43 .
88:
44
, .
, 8% ,
. -
.
45 .:
Zalyguine, 1987 - .
211
46
1977 198
16%, - 12%, 11%, - 9% ( CEPAL,

Weffort, 1989). 1978 1985
8%.
1985
1960 ,
1978 .
6,7
1960- 10,6 1985-,
70 68 ,
(, 1988). 1973 1984
1,58 , 1,97 ,
, 0,64 1,40
0,92
(Mad-
dison, 1989: 91).

47 ,

.
, .
(Comisso, 1989),
,
, -
. ,
, .

,
.
.
48
(Staniszkis, 1984),
(Wiatr, 1989), (, 1988).
49 ,
,
(Asselain, 1984).
1986.)
(. :
Nove, 1983:
4; Kornai,
50
, , ,
, ? (Roger Thurow,
,
, , 27 1986 ).
51 ,
.u.
212
, ,
,
, .

,
,
.
52 .
Hansmann, 1988 -
53

(Leijonhufvud, 1986: 219), - ,
, ,
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.

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,
.
-,
.
,
,
,
.

.

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:
, ,
,
.
;
, , (Cui, 1990).

.
54
72,2%
213
, 52,3%
(<<
, 25 1990 , . 4).
55 (,
1989),
, ,
.
:
(Baka, 1986: 130)
, ,
,
(.. ).
56
.
.
57 , ,
, .

, ,
. ,
.
58 ,
(Holmstrom, 1982)
. ,

. ,
.
59
. ;
100%
,
50%
60 ,

. 17,3% (
35,9% ), 7,5%
(31,9%), 4,8% (27,1%), 16,3%
(33,2% ) 22,4% -
- (30,3%).
(Rainwater, , Smeeding, 1989).
61
."uii.
214
(Comisso, 1989),
,
,
62 , '
,
(O'Neill, 1989: 209-210)
.
, ,

.

.
63

(Dahl, 1985),
(Bowles, Gin-
tis, 1986).
64 ,
(Przeworski, 1985).
65 ,
.
,
.
66

(1987
. ).
1985
67 ,
,
( ,
) 5,6% , 5,8%
, 7,4% , 8,3% ,
11,8% , 12,7% 13,2%
(Rainwater et al, 1989).
. (Matthews, 1986)
, , ,
,
.
68 ,
,

.
,
215
,
, - ;
,
;
, , .
(Lucas, 1988), ,
,
:
,
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,
.
69 ,
Przeworcki, 1990, . 1.
70
u, 1985: 166, 174, 177, 185)
(Saunders,
,
. ,

, ;

;
, ;

.
71 .
Przeworski, WaIIerstein, 1988 - ,
72
(van der Yeen, van Parijs, 1986).
,
(Przeworski, 1986 ),
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.
.
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.

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, :
, ,
(Baka 1986: 46).

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4.
217

, .
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4.1
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218
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219

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220

,
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(Bruszt, 1989: 716):
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4.
221
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, 5)
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: 1)

1984
1989
1983
1983
1989
1989
/.]
. . ,
3 . .
. %
I/.
($)2
[/,
. . / %
. . / %
I %
W/ %
2710
-39
2370
10 5
1 590
-1 3
1650
26
1 520
05
2210
08
-24,8
66 1
1 128
520
65
188
21
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14,3
26,4
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1792
750
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4337
1 556
485
245
268
192
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4,0
11,1
180
1 112
540
76
404
234
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0,0
4,8
17
1656
293
32
583
349
272
334
154
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11,0
288
232
19
-
6,7
:
3 . . ,

] 1980 -
1989
30
8,0
02
87
16
(Wor/d Bank, 1989).
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4.
223

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224
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(.: Cardoso, Dantas,1990 -
).

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, 1988
4%. ,

.
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. ,
, -
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1960-

4.
225
, .
.
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, ''.
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, 1968
.
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, ,
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-
. 4.2
,
, -
, .
, ,
8 - 550
20%
1970
1983
1977
1972
1987
1987
1972
1978
1976
1979
1973
1973
1980
1980
vo
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
11,4
26,1
19,9
32,1
3,0
3,6
4,4
WB
WB
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WB
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5,9
7,9
4,3
16,1
9,4
5,8
4,6
1975
1977
1981
1978
1980
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1984
1988
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
7,7
7,1
5,6
5,0
7,5
WB
WB
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19
19
25
15
32
24
37
WB
WB
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WB
WB
WB
WB
29
27
35
23
44
41
50
4.2
1984
1985
1985
1985
WB
w
w
w
38
35
47
40
, .
.
: w
York Times, 17
World Bank Development Report(l987); - Bergson, 1984; - . (New

1989).
Octoer,
."u.
228

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(Williamson, 1990),

1)
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232
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1990 , ,
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240
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1989 ,
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244
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1989: 12), 20-30-
4.
247
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(Bruszt 1988, Kolarska-Bo1988)27.
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252
.u.
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Porozumienia Okraglego Stolu, 1989).

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1990 ).
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1 -
- .. (Veja, 1989, . 5).
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(Buchanan, Tullock, 1962),

(Schumpeter, 1950: 263),

Joshua Cohen, 1989) ,

ski, Sprague, 1986).

(Hardin, 1987: 2),

le peuple... est certains egards le monarque; certains

W > S > L35.

L < S, ) + (1) >

l/N, l/N, ..., l/N.

post. (Habermas, 1975)

Przeworski and Wallerstein,

(Schmitt, 1988: 4-5),

L'esprit des 10is (1905)

Novos Estudos, 1985.

. ' (O'Donnell, 1979), ' (O'Donnell, Scmitter, 1986),

(ancien regime). post

(Dmowski, 1989: 71)70.

(Lamounier, 1979: 13)

1966 35%, 1974- - 60%, 1976- - 78%

1985- 53,I% 1987-

Fusi, 1979: 179),

Z generaiem Jaruzelskim stanie wojennym,) / / GazeWarsaw, 18 December, 1989, . 5-6.

(Przeworski, Wallerstein, 1988),

<Polityka,>, Warsaw, Septem-

(Schotter, 1981, 1986)

(Delich, 1984: 135)

(Murilo de Carvalho, 1987: 18)

- <Latin American Weekly Report, 15

Elster, Slagstad, 1988.

49 . : Rustow, 1955 m, 1959.

mes, Przeworski, 1988).

52 (Kavka, 1986: 185)

(Hardin, 1987: 17,23),

Schmitter, 1986: IV, 73),

Warsaw, 22 December, 1989).

(Fischer, 1989: 36),

(w, 1971: 137),

(EIson, 1988: 18),

(.: Lange, Gt, 1985; Hicks,

(Buchanan, 1985: 44-45)

(Buchanan, 1985: ch. 2)

(O'Neill, 1989: 209):

(Newbery, Stiglitz, 1981: 209).

(Lancaster, 1973); . (Levhari, Mirman, 1980),

New Left Re-

view (Mandel, 1988; Elson, 1988).

Ostrowski, Przeworski, 1965).

(Asselain, 1984: 35),

(Zaleski, 1984: 615) ,

16%, - 12%, 11%, - 9% ( CEPAL,

dison, 1989: 91).