A. Bakshi V. Bakshi 16s M. ~ : Technical Publications Pune™Table of Contents 1.2 Functions of Protective Relaying .. 12 19 eminlogas ved Proce Relaying. on Current Transformers (C.T.).1.12.2 Bat Type Current Transformer... wh ab ae eseeees tata eseee 424 1.13 Why Secondary of C.T. Should nat be p Open ?. 2. — 1-24 1.14 Potential Transformers (P.T.). ee oon nea 1-25 dT Consinucion Le 4.45 Comparison of C.T. and P.T.... 1.16.2 Phase Angie Error . 8 1.16.3 Reduction of Ratio and Phase Angie Errors. . 1.34 1.17 Advantages and Disadvantages of Instrument Transformers.............1-33 Review Questions a - 4-33 21.1 Basic Trip Circuit Operation 2.1.2 Auviliary Switch . 22 Tapping ‘Schemes in Circuit Breaker .. fays with Make Type Contact 2.2.2 Relay with Break Type Contact 2.3 Electromagnetic Attraction Relay EST ANTaee Nimatre Type Say 2.3.2 Solenoid and Plunger Type Relay 2.3.3 Operating Principle of Electromagnetic ‘tection Relays. 2.3.4 Advantages of Electromagnetic Relays. . . ‘ 2.3.5 Disadvantages of Electromagnetic Relays 236 Lonitrect cine fue. 2.4.2 Shaded Pole Type Induction Relay 2.4.3 Watthour Meter Type induction Relay. 2.44 Induction Cup Type Relay... a 2.5 Nondirectionat Induction Type Overcurrent Relay o 2.5.2 Operation 2.6 Directional Power Relay 2.7 Directional induction Type Overurent Relay .. TT Operation. oe 1 ir ni 2.8 Thermal Relays. = - st tetearserseeroee 2-262.9 Universal Relay Torque Equation 34 Frame Leakage Pr Example 1.1: 4 250 : 5, current transformer is use? along with an ammeter. If ammeter reading is 2.7 A, estimate the line current. Solution : 1 = 135A So line current is 135 A. 1.42 Construction of Current Transformers There are two types of constructions used for the current transformers which are, 1. Wound type 2. Bar type 1.12.1 Wound Type Current Transformer In wound type construction, the primary is wound for more than ene full tum, on the core. The construction is shown in the Fig. 1.13Fig. 1.13 Wound type current transformer tn a low voltage wound type current transformer, the secondary winding is wound on a bakelite former. The heavy primary winding is directly wound on the top of the secondary winding with a suitable insulation in between the two. Otherwise the primary is wound completely separately and then taped with suitable insulating material and assembled with the secondary on the core, The current transformers can be ring type er window type. Some commonly used shapes for the stampings of window type current transformers are shown in the Fig. 1.14. TO 0 (a) Rectanguiar (b) Ring (¢) Stadium Fig. 1.14 Stampings for current transformers The core material for wound type is nickel-iron alloy or an oriented electrical steel. Before installing the secondary winding on core it is insulated with the help of end collars and circumferential wraps of pressboards. Such pressboards provide additional insulation and protection to the winding from damage due to the sharp cornersProtection and Switchgear 1628 Protective Relaying 4.12.2 Bar Type Current Transformer In this type of current transformer, the primary winding is nothing but a bar of suitable size. The constriction is shown in the Fig. 1.15. Seconds Bartype a primary Core Seconcary 4.15 Bar type current transformer The insulation om the bar type primary is bakelized paper tube or a resin directly moulded on the bar. Such bar type primary is the integral part of the current transformer. The core and the secondary windings are same in bar type transformer. The stampings used for the laminations in current transformers must have high cross-sectional area than the ordinary transformers. Due to this, the reluctance of the interleaved corners remains as low as possible. Hence the corresponding, magnetizing current is also small. The windings are placed very close to each other so as to reduce the leakage reactance. To avoid the corona effect, in bar type transformer, the extemal diameter of the tube is kept large. The windings are so designed that without damage, they can withstand short circuit forces which may be caused due to short circuit in the circuit in which the current transformer is inserted. For small line voltages, the tape and varnish are used for insulation. For line voltages above 7 kV the oil immersed or compound filled current transformers are used. 1.13 Why Secondary of C.T. Should not be Open 7 It is very important that the secandary of CT. should not be kept open. Either it should be shorted or must be connected in series with a low resistance coil such as current coils of wattmeter, coil of ammeter etc. If it is left open, then current through secondary becomes zero hence the ampere tums produced by secondary which