return

Overhead Impedances IEEE Comp Test

Feeder
2.5'

4.5'
a

c
3.0'
4.0'
Phase Conductor 1/0
ACSR:
Neutral Conductor 1/0
ACSR:

n
25.0'

Configuration
400:
Phase Conductor 1/0
ACSR:
Neutral Conductor 1/0
ACSR:

rp := 1.12

GMRp := .0045

Diap := .398

rn := 1.12

GMRn := .0045

Dian := .398

Positions for bac phasing:

d := 2.5 + j 29
1

d := 0 + j 29

d := 7 + j 29

d := 4 + j 25
4

Compute distance matrix:

n := 1 .. 4
D

n, n

m := 1 .. 4

:= GMRp

n, m

4, 4

:= d d

:= GMRn

r := rp
n

r := rn
4

4.5
4.272
0.0045 2.5

2.5 0.0045
7
5.6569

D=
4.5
7
0.0045
5
4.272 5.6569 5

0.0045

Carson's Equation:

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

zpmod
:= 0.0953 + j 0.12134 ln
n, m
D

+ 7.93402

n, m

1.2153 +
0.0953 +
zpmod =
0.0953 +
0.0953 +

zpmod
:= r + zpmod
n
n, n
n, n

1.6184j 0.0953 + 0.8515j 0.0953 + 0.7802j 0.0953 + 0.7865j

0.8515j 1.2153 + 1.6184j 0.0953 + 0.7266j 0.0953 + 0.7524j

0.7802j 0.0953 + 0.7266j 1.2153 + 1.6184j 0.0953 + 0.7674j

0.7865j 0.0953 + 0.7524j 0.0953 + 0.7674j 1.2153 + 1.6184j

Kron Reduction:

1.2153 + 1.6184j 0.0953 + 0.8515j 0.0953 + 0.7802j

zij := submatrix( zpmod , 1 , 3 , 1 , 3 )zij = 0.0953 + 0.8515j 1.2153 + 1.6184j 0.0953 + 0.7266j

0.0953 + 0.7802j 0.0953 + 0.7266j 1.2153 + 1.6184j

0.0953 + 0.7865j
zin := submatrix( zpmod , 1 , 3 , 4 , 4zin
) = 0.0953 + 0.7524j
0.0953 + 0.7674j

znj := submatrix zpmod , 4 , 4 , 1 , 3znj = ( 0.0953 + 0.7865j 0.0953 + 0.7524j 0.0953 + 0.7674j )

znn := submatrix zpmod , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4znn = ( 1.2153 + 1.6184j )

zmod := zij zin znn

znj

1.3369 + 1.3331j 0.2102 + 0.5778j 0.2132 + 0.5014j

zmod = 0.2102 + 0.5778j 1.3239 + 1.3557j 0.2067 + 0.4591j

0.2132 + 0.5014j 0.2067 + 0.4591j 1.3295 + 1.3459j

/mil
e

Full Carson's Equations

n, m

:= d d
n

58 58.0539 58.1743 54.0208

58.0539
58
58.4209 54.1479
S=
58.1743 58.4209
58
54.0833
54.0208 54.1479 54.0833

50

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

General configuration for images:

n
D nm

0- nm
Snm

S nn

m'
n'
Define image coordinates:

2.5 29j
29j
s =
n 7 29j
4 25j

s := d
n

Compute distance between

images:
Sx
:= s s
n, m

Apply law of cosines to compute the angles:

(Sn , n) + (Sn , m) (Sxn , m)

2

cosA

n, m

:=

2 S

n, n n, m

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

0.9991 0.997 0.9996

1

0.9991
1
0.9928 0.9973

cosA =
0.997 0.9928 1
0.9985
0.9996 0.9973 0.9985 1

Compute angles in radians and display in degrees:

n, m

:= acos cosA

2.4681 4.4365 1.5911

0

2.4681
0
6.8817 4.2364

=
0
3.1798
deg 4.4365 6.8817
1.5911 4.2364 3.1798 0

n, m

Plug into full Carson as defined on page 85 in my book:

G := .1609347 10
:= 100

RD :=
n

f := 60

:= 2 f

= 376.9911

0.0166
0.0166
RD =
0.0166
0.0166

Dian
24

0.0045
0.0045
GMR := GMRp GMR =
n
0.0045
0.0045

n, m

n, m

:= 8.565 10

:= 0.0386 +

1.9458563489
1.945392303
Q=
1.9443559554
1.9807675049

n, m

1
2

ln

0.0384796387
0.038515368
k=
0.0385952814
0.0358396896

0.038515368 0.0385952814 0.0358396896

0.0384796387 0.0387588727 0.0359240238

0.0387588727 0.0384796387 0.0358811148

0.0359240238 0.0358811148 0.0331721024

+ 1 k cos
( n , m)

n, m
k
n , m 3 2
2

1.945392303 1.9443559554 1.9807675049

1.9458563489 1.9422411169 1.9795923392

1.9422411169 1.9458563489 1.9801899151

1.9795923392 1.9801899151 2.0188153531

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

k
Q1

n, m

:=

) cos(2n , m)

(kn , m) cos(3 n , m)
:=

n, m

Q2

64

n, m

45 2

(kn , m) cos(4 n , m) ln
:=
4

Q3

n, m

n, m

:= k

:= Q

n, m

) n , msin(4n , m)
4

Q1

+ Q2

n, m

1.9457845326
1.9453206008
Q=
1.9442845091
1.9807052441

n, m

:=

3 2

0.3840572216
0.384056341
P=
0.38405437
0.3846311491

P1

n, m

(kn , m)
:=
16

k
P3

n, m

n, m

:=

Q4

n, m

n, m

Q3

n, m

Q4

n, m

k + 1.0895
n, m

384

n, m

1.9453206008 1.9442845091 1.9807052441

1.9457845326 1.9421701975 1.9795303352

1.9421701975 1.9457845326 1.9801277803

1.9795303352 1.9801277803 2.0187618951

cos

n, m

n, m

0.384056341

(kn , m)
+

16

cos 2

0.38405437

) .6728 + ln k

n, m

n, m

0.3846311491

0.3840572216 0.3840503298 0.3846291858

0.3840503298 0.3840572216 0.3846301849

0.3846291858 0.3846301849 0.3852085326

sin

n, m

P2

n, m

n, m

(kn , m)
:=
45

cos 3

n, m

) cos(4n , m)
4

n, m

1536

:= P

n, m

+ P1

n, m

0.3840581125
0.3840573988
P=
0.3840558024
0.3846319285

+ P2

n, m

P3

n, m

0.3840573988 0.3840558024 0.3846319285

0.3840581125 0.3840525331 0.3846303337

0.3840525331 0.3840581125 0.3846311452

0.3846303337 0.3846311452 0.3852091037

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

 0.1583
0.1583
X=
0.1583
0.1583

RDn
X := 2 G ln
n
GMRn

2 G = 0.1213

Using the above computed general variables, plug into Carson's equations 4.20 and 4.21:

Sn , m

zpfull
:= 4 P
G + j 2 G ln
+ 4 Q
G
n, m
n, m
n, m

n, m

Sn , n

zpfull
:= r + 4 P G + j X + 2 G ln
+ 4 Q G
n
n, n
n, n
n, n
n
RD

Display primitive impedance matrix:

1.2132 +
0.0932 +
zpfull =
0.0932 +
0.0933 +

1.6206i 0.0932 + 0.8537i 0.0932 + 0.7824i 0.0933 + 0.7886i

0.8537i 1.2132 + 1.6206i 0.0932 + 0.7288i 0.0933 + 0.7545i

0.7824i 0.0932 + 0.7288i 1.2132 + 1.6206i 0.0933 + 0.7695i

0.7886i 0.0933 + 0.7545i 0.0933 + 0.7695i 1.2135 + 1.6203i

Display primitve impedance matrix from the modified Carson's equations:

1.2153 +
0.0953 +
zpmod =
0.0953 +
0.0953 +

1.6184i 0.0953 + 0.8515i 0.0953 + 0.7802i 0.0953 + 0.7865i

0.8515i 1.2153 + 1.6184i 0.0953 + 0.7266i 0.0953 + 0.7524i

0.7802i 0.0953 + 0.7266i 1.2153 + 1.6184i 0.0953 + 0.7674i

0.7865i 0.0953 + 0.7524i 0.0953 + 0.7674i 1.2153 + 1.6184i

Display primitive impedance matrix from Roger Dugan:

1.21394 +
.0936704 +
zprd :=
.0936703 +
.0937814 +

j 1.6294

.0936704 + j .862542 .0936703 + j .791221

.0937814 + j .797416

j .791221 .0936702 + j .73761

1.21394 + j 1.6294 0.0937813 + j .778323

j .797416 .0937813 + j .763346 0.0937813 + j .778323 1.21417 + j 1.62917

j .862542

1.21394 + j 1.6294

.009367 + j .73761

.0937813 + j .763346

Compute error between full Carson and modified Carson:

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

Rerror

n, m

Xerror

n, m

:=

:=

Re zpfull

Re zpmodn , m

100
Re zpfull

n , m

n , m

Im zpfull

Im zpmodn , m

100
Im zpfull

n , m

n , m

0.1727
2.2483
Rerror =
2.2487
2.0955

2.2483 2.2487 2.0955

0.1363
0.2573
Xerror =
0.2806
0.2595

0.2573 0.2806 0.2595

2.2496 0.1727 2.0957

2.096 2.0957 0.1497

0.1727 2.2496 2.096

0.1363 0.3012 0.2711

0.3012 0.1363 0.2659

0.2711 0.2659 0.1178

Compute error between modified Carson and Roger

Dugan:

Rkerror

n, m

Xkerror

n, m

:=

:=

Re zpmod

Re zprdn , m
n , m

100
Re zpmod

n , m

Im zpmod

Im zprdn , m
n , m

100
Im zpmod

n , m

0.1119
1.71
Rkerror =
1.7101
1.5935

0.6799
1.2931
Xkerror =
1.4114
1.3856

1.71

1.7101 1.5935

0.1119 90.171 1.5936

1.7102 0.1119 1.5936
1.5936 1.5936 0.093

1.2931 1.4114 1.3856

0.6799 1.5157 1.4484

1.5157 0.6799 1.4201

1.4484 1.4201 0.6657

Compute error between full Carson and Roger Dugan:

Rderror

Xderror

n, m

n, m

:=

:=

Re zpfull

Re zprdn , m
n , m

100
Re zpfull

n , m

Im zpfull

Im zprdn , m
n , m

100
Im zpfull

n , m

0.4687

0.0606
0.4999
Rderror =
0.5002
0.4687

0.4999 0.5002

0.5427
1.0324
Xderror =
1.1268
1.1225

1.0324 1.1268 1.1225

0.5009 0.0606 0.4687

0.469 0.4687 0.0565

0.0606 89.9499 0.469

0.5427 1.2099 1.1733

1.2099 0.5427 1.1505

1.1733 1.1505 0.5471

Kron reduction of full Carson

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

 1.2132 + 1.6206j 0.0932 + 0.8537j 0.0932 + 0.7824j

zij := submatrix( zpfull , 1 , 3 , 1 , 3 ) zij = 0.0932 + 0.8537j 1.2132 + 1.6206j 0.0932 + 0.7288j

0.0932 + 0.7824j 0.0932 + 0.7288j 1.2132 + 1.6206j

0.0933 + 0.7886j
zin := submatrix( zpfull , 1 , 3 , 4 , 4 )zin = 0.0933 + 0.7545j

0.0933 + 0.7695j

znj := submatrix zpfull , 4 , 4 , 1 , 3 znj = ( 0.0933 + 0.7886j 0.0933 + 0.7545j 0.0933 + 0.7695j )

znn := submatrix zpfull , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4znn = ( 1.2135 + 1.6203j )

Display phase impedance matrix using full Carson:

zfull := zij zin znn

1.33655419 + 1.334586j 0.2098557 + 0.57927399j 0.21279981 + 0.50286706j

znjzfull = 0.2098557 + 0.57927399j 1.3235013 + 1.35725699j 0.20629334 + 0.46056213j

0.21279981 + 0.50286706j 0.20629334 + 0.46056213j 1.3291545 + 1.34740415j

Display phase impedance matrix using modified Carson:

1.33691293 + 1.33309362i 0.2102453 + 0.57777951i 0.21317632 + 0.50137984i

zmod = 0.2102453 + 0.57777951i 1.32392208 + 1.35573675i 0.20670169 + 0.45906171i

0.21317632 + 0.50137984i 0.20670169 + 0.45906171i 1.32954786 + 1.34589607i

Define and display Roger Dugan phase Impedance
matrix:

1.33935 + j 1.33795 .212343 + j .582755 .215301 + j .506308

zrd := .212343 + j .582755 1.32623 + j 1.36081 .208763 + j .4641

.215301 + j .506308 .208763 + j .4641 1.33191 + j 1.35087

Compute errors on real and imaginary parts of full vs. modified:

i := 1 .. 3 j := 1 .. 3

Rcerror

i, j

:=

Re zmodi , j

100
Re zfull
i , j

Re zfull

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

i , j

0.0268 0.1857 0.1769

Rcerror = 0.1857 0.0318 0.1979

0.1769 0.1979 0.0296

Realerror := mean( Rcerror)

i, j

i , j

Imerror := mean( Xcerror)

Imerror = 0.2328

0.1118 0.258 0.2957

Xcerror = 0.258 0.112 0.3258

0.2957 0.3258 0.1119

Im zmodi , j

100
Im zfull
i , j

Im zfull

:=

Xcerror

Realerror = 0.1344

Compute errors on real and imaginary parts of full vs. Roger

Dugan:

Rcderror

i, j

:=

Re zrdi , j

100
Re zfull
i , j

Re zfull

i , j

Realerror := mean( Rcderror)

Xcderror

i, j

:=

Realerror = 0.8598

Im zrdi , j

100
Im zfull
i , j

Im zfull

i , j

Imerror := mean( Xcderror)

0.2092 1.1852 1.1754

Rcderror = 1.1852 0.2062 1.1972

1.1754 1.1972 0.2073

%

0.2521 0.6009 0.6843

Xcderror = 0.6009 0.2618 0.7682

0.6843 0.7682 0.2572

Imerror = 0.542

Compute errors on real and imaginary parts of modified vs. Roger

Dugan:

Rmderror

i, j

:=

Re zrdi , j

100
Re zmod
i , j

Re zmod

i , j

Realerror := mean( Rmderror)

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

0.1823 0.9977 0.9967

Rmderror = 0.9977 0.1743 0.9972

0.9967 0.9972 0.1777

Realerror = 0.7242

Xmderror

i, j

Im zrdi , j

100
Im zmod
i , j

Im zmod

:=

i , j

Imerror := mean( Xmderror)

0.3643 0.8611 0.9829

Xmderror = 0.8611 0.3742 1.0975

0.9829 1.0975 0.3696

Imerror = 0.7768

It appers to me that the major cause or error between the full Carson and the modified Carson is the value of
the dirt resitance. My modified method in the book comes up with 0.0953 ohms/mile using the assumptions
as stated in the book. The dirt resistance in Carson' full equations is given by:

rd

n, m

:= 4 P

0.0932
0.0932
rd =
0.0932
0.0933

n, m

0.0932 0.0932 0.0933

0.0932 0.0932 0.0933

0.0932 0.0932 0.0933

0.0933 0.0933 0.0935

Note that there is not a big difference between the various terms. With that in mind in order to come up with
"new"modified Carson equation define the dirt resistance as the mean of the resistance array shown above:
rd := mean( rd)

rd = 0.0933

In the modified Carson's equation the imaginary part of both the self and mutual terms has a constant of
7.93402 inside the brackets. That term in full Carson is:
Constant

n, m

) + 2 Qn , m

:= ln S

7.952
7.952
Constant =
7.952
7.9508

n, m

7.952

7.952 7.9508

7.952

7.952 7.9508

7.952

7.952 7.9508

7.9508 7.9508 7.9495

Again, take the mean value of the array:

Cmean := mean( Constant)

New modified Carson's Equations:

Cmean = 7.951396

n := 1 .. 4

m := 1 .. 4

+C

mean

n, m

zpnew
:= rd + j 0.12134 ln
n, m
D

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

zpnew
:= r + zpnew
n
n, n
n, n

10

 1.2133 +
0.0933 +
zpnew =
0.0933 +
0.0933 +

1.6205j 0.0933 + 0.8536j 0.0933 + 0.7823j 0.0933 + 0.7886j

0.8536j 1.2133 + 1.6205j 0.0933 + 0.7287j 0.0933 + 0.7546j

0.7823j 0.0933 + 0.7287j 1.2133 + 1.6205j 0.0933 + 0.7695j

0.7886j 0.0933 + 0.7546j 0.0933 + 0.7695j 1.2133 + 1.6205j

Kron
1.2133 + 1.6205j 0.0933 + 0.8536j 0.0933 + 0.7823j
Reduction:
zij := submatrix zpnew , 1 , 3 , 1 , 3 zij = 0.0933 + 0.8536j 1.2133 + 1.6205j 0.0933 + 0.7287j

0.0933 + 0.7823j 0.0933 + 0.7287j 1.2133 + 1.6205j

0.0933 + 0.7886j
zin := submatrix( zpnew , 1 , 3 , 4 , 4zin
) = 0.0933 + 0.7546j
0.0933 + 0.7695j

znj := submatrix zpnew , 4 , 4 , 1 , 3znj = ( 0.0933 + 0.7886j 0.0933 + 0.7546j 0.0933 + 0.7695j )

znn := submatrix zpnew , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4znn = ( 1.2133 + 1.6205j )

znew := zij zin znn

znj

Display new modified Carson impedance matrix:

1.3367 + 1.3345j 0.21 + 0.5792j 0.2129 + 0.5028j

znew = 0.21 + 0.5792j 1.3236 + 1.3571j 0.2064 + 0.4604j

0.2129 + 0.5028j 0.2064 + 0.4604j 1.3293 + 1.3473j

Display full Carson impedance
matrix:

1.33655419 + 1.334586i 0.2098557 + 0.57927399i 0.21279981 + 0.50286706i

zfull = 0.2098557 + 0.57927399i 1.3235013 + 1.35725699i 0.20629334 + 0.46056213i

0.21279981 + 0.50286706i 0.20629334 + 0.46056213i 1.3291545 + 1.34740415i

Compute errors on real and imaginary parts of full vs. new
modified:
C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

11

i := 1 .. 3 j := 1 .. 3

Rcerror

i, j

Re znewi , j

100
Re zfull
i , j

Re zfull

:=

i , j

Realerror := mean( Rcerror)

Xcerror

i, j

Realerror = 0.0341

Im znewi , j

100
Im zfull
i , j

Im zfull

:=

0.0074 0.0472 0.0467

Rcerror = 0.0472 0.0075 0.0486

0.0467 0.0486 0.0074

i , j

Imerror := mean( Xcerror)

0.0096 0.0199 0.0227

Xcerror = 0.0199 0.0093 0.0245

0.0227 0.0245 0.0094

Imerror = 0.0181

It is very important to note that the error between the full and new equatiions yields a very small error. With
that in mind, the dirt resistance and the constant in the imaginary term will be redefined as shown above.

Compute errors on real and imaginary parts of new modified vs. Roger
Dugan:

Rmderror

i, j

Xmderror

i, j

:=

:=

Re zrdi , j

100
Re znew
i , j

0.2018 1.1375 1.1282

Rmderror = 1.1375 0.1987 1.148

1.1282 1.148 0.1999

Im zrd
i , j 100
Im znew
i , j

0.2617 0.6209 0.7072

Xmderror = 0.6209 0.2711 0.7929

0.7072 0.7929 0.2667

Re znew

i , j

Im znew

i , j

Note the much larger error. It would appear that Roger and I have different definitions for the full Carson.
We need to check that out.

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

12

constant := 7.6786 +

constant := 7.6786 +

1
2

constant := 7.6786 +

1
2

ln

100

60

ln

1000

60

1
2

ln

10

60

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

constant = 7.93401

constant = 9.08531

constant = 6.78272

13

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

14

C:\Users\Bill\Documents\IEEE\papers
\PSCE 2011\Full Carson config 400.xmcd

15