TC 31-25 Special Forces Waterborne Operations

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TC 31-25
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TC 31-25
Emergency Procedures
Personnel taking part in diving operations should know the following

procedures:
Surface Personnel Falling into the Water. Water temperature in icecovered regions may vary from 280 to 29F. In such water, consciousness
lasts 5 to 7 minutes, and death occurs in 10 to 20 minutes. Personnel who
are not required to assist a diver should stay clear of entry holes. Surface
personnel should never work alone in the vicinity of an entry hole. A fully
clothed individual without a flotation device will have difficulty puffing
himself out of an entry hole. Crampons may be useful in bad cases of ice
buildup around an entry hole.
Stricken Diver. If a diver is stricken, his partner should get him to the
surface as quickly as possible. The time lost in attracting the attention of
another diver is often not worth the extra support he can provide. As soon as
the dive supervisor is aware of a problem, he should prepare to receive the
diver on the surface and to provide assistance.
Breathing System Failure. If a divers breathing system fails, he should Switch to his backup system, if available.
Notify his partner.
Exit to the surface with partner.
Exit to the surface without partner if necessary and have him recalled
by surface personnel.
Suit Failure. If a divers suit tears or is flooded, he should surface
immediately. The time available to him will depend on the extent of
flooding. Regardless of the degree of flooding, the extreme chilling effect of
the water will cause thermal shock in the diver within minutes.
Uncontrolled Ascent. If a divers suit blows up, resulting in an
uncontrolled inflation, or if a diver loses his weight belt, he should Exhale continuously during ascent.
Relax against the ice.
If his suit inflates, relieve the excess pressure with the exhaust valve.
Either pull the air intake out or cut the supply hose if air is still
entering the suit. This may allow a slight amount of water to enter the
suit.
If on tether, signal the tender to haul him in.

17-14
TC 31-25
Bow towline, green, 5/8 inch diameter by 28 feet long, 2 each
Equipment transfer line, yellow, 3/4 inch diameter by 28 feet long, 2
each
Sail tangent line, blue and white, 7/8 inch diameter by 30 feet long,
2 each
STINKEE hose regulators, 4 each
One 8-cubic-foot safety bottle with J-valve
On octopus ring with sea view gauge and three second stages
Screwdrivers Phillips and flathead, assorted sizes,
Crescent wrenches, assorted sizes
Small CO2 bottles for buoy, 12 each
Firing lanyards for small CO2 bottles, 5 each
Storage pouch for small CO2 bottles, 2 each
Air line from CO2 bottle to pumpkin, 2 each
Safety line, with aircraft seat belt-type quick release, to open equipment
storage area, 18 inches, 2 each
NOTE: Inspect equipment for maintenance and serviceability prior to packing.
A-11
TC 31-25
APPENDIX
BEYOND THE HORIZON

COMPUTATIONS
Waterborne operations will include the airdrop of one or more inflatable
rubber boats used to reach the BLS. This airdrop must be completed beyond
the horizon so as to prevent detection by coastal radar or visual observation.
This appendix provides you with the formulas needed to calculate the distance
beyond the horizon where you will airdrop the personnel and equipment.
It is a fairly simple matter, using geometry and algebra, to calculate the critical
distances. The first necessary calculation is that of the radar-horizon tangent
distance. In diagram #1 there is a radar located (d) feet above sea level and the
radar-horizon tangent distance (e) is unknown. The radius of the earth (R) is
2.09 x 107 feet or 3441.15 nautical miles.
B-1
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EMERGENCY PLANS:
(1) CAPSIZED/SINKING BOAT:
(2) LOST DIVER:
(3) DIVING INJURY/ILLNESS:
(4) EVACUATION PLANS:
(5) CONTACT PLANS FOR EMERGENCY FACILITIES:
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS:
ANNEXES: As Required.
E-3

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Personnel taking part in diving operations should know the following

If on tether, signal the tender to haul him in.

BEYOND THE HORIZON

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