neural crest Astrocytes Oligodendrocyte

neural crest schwann cell


1.

2. :

A, Spina bifida occulta. Observe the unfused vertebral arch. B, Spina bifida with meningocele.
C, Spina bifida with meningomyelocele. D, Spina bifida with myeloschisis.

3.
oral ectoderm(Rathke's pouch) Neuroectoderm

()

Branchial(Pharyngeal) apparatus

1.Branchial clefts(branchial groovings) ectoderm

2.Branchial arches mesoderm,neural crest
3.Branchial pouches endoderm

1.2.3.
1.Branchial cleft
2.Branchial arch
(epiglottis hypopharyngeal eminence pharyngeal arch)

3.Branchial pouches
First pouchMastoid air cells
Second puchEpithelial lining of palatine tonsil()
Third puch(dorsal wings)(inferior parathyroids)
Third pouch(ventral wings) Thymus
Forth pouch(dorsal wings)(superior parathyroids)


aortic arch derivatives
( pharyngeal arch)

(foregut) 90 ()
( 270 )
dorsal border
ventral border

(vagus nerves)


ventral pancreatic buds 90 ( dorsal side) dorsal pancreatic buds
ventral buds uncinate process,part of pancreatic head main prancreatic duct

1.Pseudogladndular period(6~16 ):
terminal bronchiole
2.Canalicular period(16~26 ):
respiratory bronchioles()primordial alveolar ductsterminal sacs(primordial
alveoli)
3.Terminal sac stage(26 ~):
blood-air barrier surfactant
4.Alveolar period(32 ~8 ):

Septum transversum + Pleuroperitoneal membrane + Dorsal mesentery of esophagus

Primordial diaphragm
Pleuroperitoneal membrane
Body wall mesoderm costodiaphragmatice recess(
X ~)

Placenta membrane
BC
B :
1.syncytiotrophoblast
2.cytotrophoblast
3.connective tissue core of villus
4.endothelium of fetal capillary
C (20 ):
1,3,4 (cytotrophoblast )
syncytiotrophoblast
syncytial knot(

HeparinIgSIgM


Pronephros
Mesonephros1.first trimester
2.
Metanephros1.ureteric bud,,,
2.Metanephric mesenchyme


Y SRY gene TDF(testicular determining factor)
sertoli cells Mllerian inhibiting factor (MIF) paramesonephric ducts
Leydig cells androgens mesonephric ducts
Mesonephric duct (=Woffian ducts)
Paramesonephric duct (=Mllerian duct )

Mesonephric ductParamesonephric duct()Urogenital sinus()

()

ureteric bud(metanephros) mesonephros (

)
sinus tubercle urogenital sinus sinus tubercle urogenital sinus

Genital tubercle ( Phallus )

The genital tubercle elongates into the glans penis,

urethral folds fuse to form the corpus of the penis.
genital swellings scrotum.

genital tubercleclitoris,
urethral foldslabia minora
genital swellinglabia majora