BS Maths PDF

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
(MONOVARIABLE FUNCTION)
!-niymny
TMnak;TMngeTVFatu f BIsMNMu E eTAsMNMu F CaGnuKmn_kalNaRKb;
Fatu x nsMNMu E manrUbPaB y y:ageRcInnsMNMu F .
eKkMnt;sresr f : E F
f : x y f x
EdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_ f
KWCasMNMunFatuedIm EdlmanrUbPaBtamGnuKmn_ f
eKkMnt;sresr D x E , y F / y f x .
]TahrN_ cUrrkEdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_ y f x 2x 3e ln x
GnuKmn_enHGackMnt;)anluHRtaEt x 0 . dUcenH D 0 , .
2-edrIevnGnuKmn_
k> niymny ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ f kMnt;elIcenaH I ehIy x CacMnYnBit
enAkgcenaH I nig h CacMnYnBitxusBIsUnEdl x h enAkgcenaH I .
cMnYnedrIevnGnuKmn_ f Rtg;cMnuc x ebIman CalImItnpleFobrvagGRta
kMeNIn y f x h f x CamYynwg x x h x h kalNa x
xiteTArksUn . eKkMnt;sresr f 'x lim xy lim f x hh f x .
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ y f (x) VU((xx)) .
eRbIniymnycUrbgajfa y' f ' (x ) U' (x )V(xV) (xV)' (x )U(x ) .
x2
2
x 0
h 0
-1-
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h) f (x 0 )
0
h 0
h
U( x 0 h ) U( x 0 )
V( x 0 h ) V( x 0 )
lim
h 0
h
U( x 0 h )V( x 0 ) U( x 0 )V( x 0 h )
lim
h 0
h V( x 0 h ) V( x 0 )
eK)an f ' (x ) lim f (x
lim
U(x
h 0
h )V( x 0 ) U( x 0 )V( x 0 ) U( x 0 )V( x 0 h ) U( x 0 )V( x 0 )

h V( x 0 h ) V( x 0 )
U( x 0 h ) U( x 0 )
V( x 0 h ) V( x 0 )
U( x 0 )
1

lim
.
.
x 0
V
(
x
h
)
h
V
(
x
h
)
V
(
x
)
h

0
0
0
U( x ) U' ( x 0 )V( x 0 ) V' ( x 0 ) U( x 0 )

1
U ' (x 0 ).
V' ( x 0 ). 2 0
V( x 0 )
V (x 0 )
V 2 (x 0 )
dUcenH y' f '(x ) U' (x )V(xV) (xV)' (x )U(x ) .

]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ y f (x) a Edl a 0 , a 1 .
edayeRbIniymnycUrbgajfa y' f ' (x ) a .ln a
eK)an f ' (x ) lim f (x hh) f (x )
0
x0
h 0
lim
h 0
ax
0 h
h
ax
ah 1
x a 1
x
lim a
a . lim
a x . ln a
h 0
h 0
h
h
h
0
ah 1
lim
ln a
h 0
h
BIeRBaH
.
dUcenH y' f '(x ) a .ln a .
x> rUbmnedrIevnGnuKmn_sMxan; nig rUbmnRKwH
!> y ax y' n a x Edl a IR
@> y x y' 2 1 x
Edl a IR
#> y xa y' xa
x0
n 1
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$> y e y' e
e 2.7182818... CaeKalelakarItenEB
%> y e y' a e
Edl a IR
^> y a y' a .ln a Edl a 0 .
&> y ln x y' 1x
*> y lnax b y' axa b
(> y log x y' x.ln1 a Edl a 0 , a 1 .
!0> y u v w y' u' v'w '
!!> y u y' n u' u
!@> y u y' 2u'u
!#> y u.v y' u' v v' u
!$> y uv y' u' vv v' u
!%> y 1v y' vv'
!^> y e y' u' e
!&> y a y' u' a ln a
!*> y u y' u' v u v' u ln u
]TahrN_ cUrKNnaedrIevnGnuKmn_ y e Edl x 0 .
tamrUbmn ( e ) ' U'.e eK)an
x
ax
ax
n 1
v 1
1 ln x
x
y' (
1 ln x 1 lnx x (1 ln x )' x ( x )' (1 ln x ) 1lnx x 1 1 ln x 1 lnx x
) 'e
.e
.e
x
x2
x2
ln x 1lnx x
y' 2 . e
x
dUcenH
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]TahrN_ cUrKNnaedrIevnGnuKmn_
eK)an
ln x
ln y ln
x 2 4 x
rUbmn
ln x
y f (x)
x 2 4 x
ln U V V ln U , ln
U
ln U ln V
V
ln y ( x 2 4 x )ln(ln x ) ln x
eFIVedrIevelIGgTaMgBIrnsmPaBenHeK)an
y'
1
1
(2 x 4)ln ln x ln x

y
x ln x x
1
1
y' (2 x 4)ln ln x ln x
.y
x ln x x
1 ln x ln x x
y' f ' ( x ) 2( x 2)(ln ln x ln x )

.(
)
x ln x x
dUcenH
K> edrIevbnbnab;
]bmafa f CaGnuKmn_manedrIevTI n elIcenaH I .
EdlehAfaGnuKmn_edrIevTI n nGnuKmn_ y f (x) KWCaGnuKmn_kMnt;tageday
d f
y
f x Edl n IN * .
dx
X> rUbmnedrIevTI n nGnuKmn_plKuN
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ y u.v Edl u nig v CaGnuKmn_BIr .
eKman y' u' v v' u
! - !
y' ' u ' ' v 2 u ' v ' uv' '
! - @ - !
y' ' ' u ' ' ' v 3u ' ' v' 3u ' v' ' u v' ' '
!- # - # - !
y u v 4u v'6u ' ' v' '4u ' v uv
! - $ - ^ - $ - !
---------------------------------------------------------dUcenHeK)anrUbmnTUeTA
2
4 x
(n)
(n)
( 4)
( 4)
( 3)
( 3)
(4)
y ( n ) u.v ( n ) C 0n u ( n ) v C1n u ( n 1) v'C 2n u ( n 2 ) v' '......... C nn 1u ' v ( n 1) C nn uv ( n )
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3-Gnuvtn_edrIevnGnuKmn_
k> GnuKmn_cMNayma:CINl ( Marginal Cost Function )
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrub ( Total Cost Function )mYykMnt;eday
TC TC ( x ) Edl x tag[brimaNplitplEdlRtUvplit .
EdlehAfa M arg inal Cost Function KWCaGnuKmn_edrIevn Total Cost Function
eKkMnt;tageday MC MC(x) dTCdx(x) TC ' (x) .
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubmYykMnt;eday
TC( x ) 4 x 12 x 15x 100 Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdlRtUvplit.
k> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal cost function
x> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal cost Rtg;cMnuc x 20 units .
dMeNaHRsay
k> rk Marginal cost function
eKman TC(x) 4x 12x 15x 100
eK)an MC(x) TC ' (x) (4x 12x 15x 100) ' 12x 24x 15
dUcenH MC(x) 3(4x 8x 5) .
x> kMnt;rk Marginal cost Rtg;cMnuc x 20 units
eK)an MC(20) 12.20 24.20 15 4 335 .
mannyfa ebIeKplitbEnm ! ktaTI @! enaHeKRtUvcMNaybEnm$##% ktarUbiyvt.
x> GnuKmn_cMNUlma:CINl ( Marginal Revenue Function )
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNUlsrub ( Total Revenue Function )mYykMnt;eday
TR TR ( x ) Edl x tag[brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk; .
EdlehAfa M arg inal Re venue Function KWCaGnuKmn_edrIevn
3
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eKkMnt;tageday MR MR (x) dTRdx(x) TR ' (x) .

]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrubmYykMnt;eday
TR ( x ) 40x 0.02 x Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk; .
k> cUrKNna TR (1000) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH ?
x> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal Revenue Function
K> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal Revenue Function Rtg; x 100 units .
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNna TR (1000) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH
eKman TR (x) 40x 0.02x
eK)an TR (1000) 40.1000 0,02 1000 40 000 20 000 20 000
dUcenH TR (1000) 20 000 ktarUbiyvt. lTplenHmannyfakalNaeKlk;
plitplcMnYn 1000 units enaHeKnwgTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlsrub 20 000 ktarUbiyvt.
x> kMnt;rk Marginal Revenue Function
eKman TR (x) 40x 0.02x
eK)an MR (x) TR ' (x) (40x 0.02x ) ' 40 0.04x
dUcenH MR (x) 40 0.04x
K> kMnt;rk Marginal Revenue Function Rtg; x 100 units
eK)an MR (100) 40 0.04(100) 40 4 36 .
mannyfaebIeKlk;bEnm !ktaeTot ktaTI!0!enaHR)ak;cMnUlnwgekIneLIg
cMnYn #^ ktarUbiyvt .
K> GnuKmn_R)ak;cMeNjma:CINl ( Marginal Profit Function )
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMeNjsrub ( Total Profit Function )mYykMnt;eday
Total Re venue Function
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Edl x tag[brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk; .
EdlehAfa M arg inal Pr ofit Function KWCaGnuKmn_edrIevn
dTP ( x )
Total Pr ofit Function eKkMnt;tageday MP MP( x )
TP ' ( x ) .
dx
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubmYykMnt;eday
x
TP ( x ) 50 x 225 750 Edl x CabrimaNplitplRtUvlk; .
2
k> cUrrk TP(8) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH .
x> cUrrk Marginal Profit Function.
K> cUrrk Marginal Profit Function Rtg;cMnuc x 20 units .
dMeNaHRsay
k> rk TP(8) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH
eK)an TP(8) 50 8 225 82 750 96
dUcenH TP(8) 96 ktarUbiyvt. lTplenHmannyfakalNaeKlk;plitpl
cMnYn * ktaeKnwgTTYl)anR)ak;cMenj (^ ktarUbiyvt.
x> rk Marginal Profit Function.
eKman TP(x) 50 x 225 x2 750
eK)an MP(x) TP ' (x) 50 2(x x 225225) ' 12 x 50 225 12
dUcenH MP(x) x 50 225 12 .
K> rk Marginal Profit Function Rtg;cMnuc x 20 units
eK)an MP(20) 20 50 225 12 50625 12 2 12 32 1.50 .
mannyfaebIeKlk;bEnm ! kta TI @! enaHeK)anR)ak;cMenj !>%0 ktarUbiyvt.
TP TP ( x )
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4-brmakmnGnuKmn_ ( Optimization )
enAkgRbtibtikarGaCIvkm eKeRcInCYbnUvbBaaenAcMeBaHmuxEdlRtUvedaHRsay
ehIyral;dMeNaHRsayTaMgenaHeKEtgcg;)anCanicnUvdMeNaHRsayEdlRbesIrbMput
Optimal solution dUcCa
- karkMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk;edIm,I[R)ak;cMnUlsrub (Total Revenue )b
R)ak;cMeNjsrub ( Total Profit ) Gtibrma .
-kMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvplitedIm,I[R)ak;cMnaymFmkg1ktaGb,brma
bBaaTaMgGs;enHeKGacbkRsay)antamKNitviTaedayeRbIbrmakmnGnuKmn_.
viFIkMnt;rkbrmanGnuKmn_manmYyGefr
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ y f (x) .
edIm,IkMnt;rkbrmanGnuKmn_enHeKRtUv
!-KNnaedrIevTImYy y' f ' (x)
@-rkbsrbs;smIkar f ' (x) 0 ]bmafavamanbs x x
#-KNnaedrIevTIBIr y' ' f ' '(x) rYcrktmelxn y' ' f ' '(x )
snidan
-ebI f ' '(x ) 0 enaHGnuKmn_ y f (x) mantmGtibrmaRtg; x x .
-ebI f ' '(x ) 0 minGacsnidan)an .
-ebI f ' '(x ) 0 enaHGnuKmn_ y f (x) mantmGb,brmaRtg; x x .
rMlwksmIkardWeRkTIBIr ax bx c 0 , a 0 , a, b, c IR
edIm,IrkcemIysmIkarenHeKRtUv
-KNnabrimaN b 4ac
0
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b
x1
2a
b
x 2
2a
b
x1 x 2
2a
-ebI 0 smIkarmanbsBIrepSgKaKW
.
-ebI 0 smIkarmanbsDbKW
-ebI 0 smIkarKanbskgsMNMucMnYnBit .
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR x 13500x 60x
Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdleKRtUvlk; .
etIeKRtUvlk;plitplenHb:unanktaedIm,I[)ancMnUlsrubGtibrma ?
cUrkMnt;R)ak;cMnUlGtibrmaenaH ?
dMeNaHRsay
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TR ' (x) 13500 120x 3x
-edaHRsaysmIkar TR ' (x) 0 naM[ 3x 120x 13500 0
x3
b 2 4ac 60 (3)(13500) 44100 210 2

60 210
60 210
x1
50 , x 2
90 0
3
3
2
eKTajbs
minyk
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TR ' ' (x) 120 6x
eday TR ' ' (50) 120 650 420 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGtibrmaRtg;
x 50 mannyfaedIm,I[R)ak;cMnUlsrubGtibrmaeKRtUvlk;plitplcMnYn 50 units
ehIyR)ak;cMnUlsrubGtibrmaenaHKW TR (50) 400,000 ktarUbiyvt.
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR (x) 12600x nigGnuKmn_
R)ak;cMnaysrub TC(x) 6000 15x x Edl x CabrimaNplitpl .
cUrkMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk;edIm,I[)anR)ak;cMeNjGtibrma ?
cUrkMnt;rkR)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaH ?
2
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dMeNaHRsay
eKman Total Pr ofit Total Re venue Total Cost
eK)an TP(x) 12600x 6000 15x x x 15x 12600x 6000
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TP' (x) 3x 30x 12600
-edaHRsaysmIkar TP'x 0 naM[ 3x 30x 12600 0
KNna ' 15 312600 225 37800 38025 195
15 195
eKTajbs x 15 195
60 , x
70 0 minyk
3
3
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TP' '(x) 6x 30 .
eday TP' '60 660 30 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGtibrmaRtg; x 60 .
dUcenHedIm,I[R)ak;cMenjGtibrmaluHRtaEteKlk;plitplcMnYn 60 units .
R)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaHKW TP60 480, 000 ktarUbiyvt.
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubkgkarplitmYykMnt;eday
x
TCx
2 x 2500 Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdl)anplit .
9
etIeKRtUvplitplitplenHb:unanktaedIm,I[cMnaymFmGb,brma ?
cUrrkR)ak;cMnayGb,brmaenaH ?
SOLUTION : -eKRtUvplitcMnYn 150 units
-cMnaymFmGb,brmakg!ktaKW 35.33 ktarUbiyvt.
5-GaMgetRkalminkMnt; ( Indefinite integrals )
k-niymny GaMgetRkalminkMnt;nGnuKmn_ f (x) KWCasMNMunRBImITIvTaMgGs;
nGnuKmn_ f (x) EdleKkMnt;sresr f (x).dx F(x) c .
Edl c CacMnYnefr ehIy F' (x) f (x) .
2
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x-rUbmnGaMgetRkalminkMnt;sMxan;
!> x .dx n 1 1 x c Edl n 1 , c IR
@> dxx ln x c
#> dxx 1x c
$> dxx 2 x c
%> e .dx e c
^> e .dx 1a e c Edl a 0 .
&> a .dx lna a c Edl a 0 , a 1 .
K-lkNHnGaMgetRkalminkMnt;
!> k f (x) dx k f (x) dx
@> f (x) g(x) h(x).dx f (x).dx g(x).dx h(x).dx
X-rUbmnGaMgetRkalbrGefr
!> ]bmafa I f (x).dx ebIeKtag x (t) dx ' (t).dt
eK)anrUbmn I f (x).dx f (t).' (t).dt .
@> ]bmafa I f (x).' (x).dx ebIeKtag u (x) du '(x).dx
eK)anrUbmn I f (x).' (x).dx f u .du .
g-rUbmnGaMgetRkaledayEpk
eKman d(u v) v du u dv
eKTaj u dv d (u v ) v du
n 1
ax
ax
udv d(u v)
vdu uv vdu
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dUcenH u dv uv v du .
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal I 4x 2x
eK)an I 4x 2x 3 1x x1 .dx
5
3x 2 x 1
.dx
x2
dx
dx
2
x
x
4
3
1
x x
4 2 ln | x | c
x
4 3
2
1
I x 4 x 3 ln | x | c
3
x
4 x 7 .dx
I 4
x 1
4 x 3 dx 2 x 2 dx
dUcenH
.
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal
tag t x 1 dt 4x .dx nig x t 1
eK)an I x .(x4x 1dx) (t t1)dt 1 1t .dt dt dtt t ln | t | c
dUcenH I x 1 lnx 1 c .
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal I xdxln x
4
eKman
eK)an
dUcenH
dx
dx
dx
I
x
u ln x du
x
x ln x
ln x
du
I
ln | u | c ln | ln x | c
u
tag
I ln | ln x | c
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal I (4x 1)e

tag
2x
.dx
du 4dx
u 4 x 1
1 2x
2x
dv e .dx
v 2 e
1
1
1
I 4 x 1e 2 x e 2 x .4dx (4 x 1)e 2 x 2e 2 x .dx
2
2
2
eK)an
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1
4x 1e 2 x e 2 x c 1 4x 1e 2 x c
2
2
1
I 4 x 1e 2 x c
2
dUcenH
]TahrN_ I x e .dx
tag dvu xe .dx naMeGay
2
du 2 x.dx
x
v e
x 2 e x 2 xe x .dx
tag dvu 2ex .dx naMeGay duv e 2.dx
x e 2 xe 2e .dx
x
x 2 e x 2 xe x 2e x c
x 2 2 x 2 e x c
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal
tag dvu lnxx.dx naMeGay
I x 3 ln x.dx
du x .dx
v 1 x 4
1 4
1
1
x ln x x 4 . .dx
4
4
x
1
1
x 4 ln x x 3 .dx
4
4
1
1
x 4 ln x x 4 c
4
16
6-Gnuvtn_GaMgetRkalminkMnt;
k> kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Cost edaysal;GnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost kMnt;eday MC MCx .
GnuKmn_ Total Cost kMnt;eday TCx MCx .dx .
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost kMnt;eday MCx x2 4 Kitkg1Ex
sRmab;karplit ehIycMNayefresInwg !00 ktarUbiyvt .
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cUrrkGnuKmn_ Total Cost sRmab;ExnImYy ?

-tag TCx Ca GnuKmn_ Total Cost
eK)an TCx MCx .dx ( x2 4).dx x4 4x k
-edaycMNayefresI !00 mannyfa TC0 100 naM[ K 100 .
dUcenH TCx x4 4x 100 .
x> kMnt;GnuKmn_ Total Pr ofit edaysal;GnuKmn_ M arg inal Pr ofit
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Pr ofit kMnt;eday MP MPx .
GnuKmn_ Total Pr ofit kMnt;eday TPx MPx .dx .
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Pr ofit kMnt;eday MPx 30 2x .
Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdl)anlk; . eKdwgfaebIeKlk;TMnij !% ktaenaH
eKnwg)anR)ak;cMenj @% ktarUbiyvt .
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Pr ofit ?
eK)an TPx MPx .dx 30 2x .dx 30x x k
eday TP15 25 naM[ K 200 . dUcenH TPx x 30x 200 .
K>kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Re venue edaysal;GnuKmn_ M arg inal Re venue
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Re venue kMnt;eday MR MR x .
GnuKmn_ Total Re venue kMnt;eday TR x MR x .dx
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Re venue mYykMnt;eday
MR x 8000 80 x 3x Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdl)anlk; .
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Re venue ebIeKdwgfa kalNaeKlk;plitpl $0 kta
eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlsrub !(@ 000 erol .
2
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.
K>kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ plitplsrubEdl)anplitkgryHeBl t edaysal;GnuKmn_
TinplBlkmenAxN t
ebIeKsal;TinplBlkmmanGnuKmn_ W Wt enAxN t enaHGnuKmn_
plitplsrubEdl)anplit)ankgryHeBl t kMnt;eday
TP t W t .dt .
7-GaMgetRkalkMnt; ( Definite integrals )
k-niymny GaMgetRkalkMnt;nGnuKmn_ f (x) kgcenaH a , b kMnt;eday
SOLUTION :
TR x 8000 x 40 x 2 x 3
f ( x ).dx lim [f ( k ).x k ]

a
k 0
Edl x a b n a k , x x x b n a , x , x .
x-RTwsIbT Newton Leibniz
ebI f (x) Cab;kgcenaH a , b nigmanRBImITIv F(x) kgcenaH a , b enaH
GaMgetRkalkMnt;nGnuKmn_ f (x) kgcenaH a , b kMnt;eday
f ( x ).dx F( x ) F(b) F(a ) Edl F' ( x ) f ( x ) ) .
K-lkNHnGaMgetRkalkMnt;
!> f (x) 0
@> k f (x).dx k f (x).dx
#> f (x) g(x) h(x).dx f (x)dx g(x).dx h(x).dx
$> f (x).dx f (x).dx f (x).dx
%> f (x).dx f (x).dx
k
k 1
k 1
a
b
a
b
a
c
a
b
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X-rUbmnGaMgetRkalkMnt;brGefr
!> ebIeKman I f (x).dx ebIeKtag x (t) dx '(t).dt
cMeBaH x a , b RtUvnwg t t , t eK)anrUbmn
b
t2
I f ( x ).dx f ( t ).' ( t ).dt

b
t1
@> ebIeKman I f (x).' (x).dx ebIeKtag u (x) du ' (x).dx

cMeBaH x a , b RtUvnwg u , eK)anrUbmn
b
I f ( x ).' ( x ).dx f (u ).du
g-rUbmnKNnaGaMgetRkaledayEpk
b
b
u dv u v a v du
7-Gnuvtn_GaMgetRkalkMnt;
k-tmmFm ( Average Value )
tmmFmnGnuKmn_ f (x) kgcenaH a, bkMnt;eday
1
f x .dx .
ba
x-GtnyFrNImaRt
b
y
(c) : y f ( x )
- 16 -

Tel : 017 768 246
RkLapxNedayExSekag C tagGnuKmn_ y f (x) nigGkSGab;sIus (x' ox)

kgcenaH a , b kMnt;eday S f (x).dx .
K-RkLapxNedayExSekagBIrkgcenaHmYy
b
y
( c) : y f ( x )
(c' ) : y g ( x )
x
rUbmnsRmab;KNna
S f ( x ) g( x ).dx
a
X-cMNaykgkarEfTaMeRKOgyn
ebIeKeRbIrfynkan;EtyUreTAenaHcMNaykgkarEfTaMkan;EtFMEdr .
]bmafa rt CaGnuKmn_cMnayeRKOgynmYy enAqaMTI t edayKiteFobBIeBlEdl
eKeTIbeRbIR)as; t KitCaqaM .
cMNaykgkarEfrTaMkgcenaHryHeBlBI t eTA t kMnt;eday
E r ( t ).dt R ( t ) R t R t Edl R ' ( t ) r ( t ) .
1
t2
t2
t1
t1
- 17 -

Tel : 017 768 246
g-PaBelIsrbs;GkeRbIR)as;
P
D f (q )
C-S
E(p 0 , q 0 )
TR 0
Q
sntfa D f q CGnuKmn_rMrUvkar ehIy Eq , p CacMnucsmta .

cMnUlsrubRtg;cMnucsmta TR p q Edl p Cafsmta .
PaBelIsrbs;GkeRbIR)as;kMnt;eday
CONSUMER 'S SURPLUS f (q ).dq q p
.
]TahrN_ ]bmafaGnuKmn_tRmUvkar f (q) (q400
nigfsmta $25 .
2)
cUrrkPaBelIsnGkeRbIR)as; ?
c-PaBelIsrbs;Gkplit
0
q0
P
D f (q )
S g (q )
E
- 18 -

Tel : 017 768 246
sntfa S gq CaGnuKmn_pt;pg; ehIy Eq , p CacMnucsmta .

cMnUlsrubRtg;cMnucsmta TR p q Edl p Cafsmta .
PaBelIsrbs;GkplitkMnt;eday
PRODUCER 'S SURPLUS q p f (q ) .dq
.
nigGnuKmn_
]TahrN_! GnuKmn_tRmUvkarrbs;plitkmmYyKW f (q) q200
2
pt;pg; g(q) q 12 . cUrrkPaBelIsnGkplit ?
]TahrN_@ GnuKmn_pt;pg;plitplmYyKW g(q) 100 400 ln(q 4) .
cUrrkPaBelIsnGkplitRtg; q 6 units ?
0
q0
rrr0sss
- 19 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;mandMeNaHRsay
lMhat;TI1
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubmYykMnt;eday TC(x) x3 4x 2700
etIeKRtUvplitb:unanktaedIm,I[cMnaymFmkg !kta Gb,brma ?
dMeNaHRsay
tag TCx CaGnuKmn_cMNaymFm .
eK)an TCx TCxx x3 4 2700
x
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TC ' (x) 13 2700
x
-ebI TC ' 0 naMeGay 13 2700
0 naMeGay x 3 2700 90
x
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TC ' '(x) 5400
x
0 naM[GnuKmn_ TC( x ) mantmGb,rmaRtg; x 90
edayeKman TC ' '(90) 5400
90
dUcenHedIm,I[cMNaymFmkgmYyktaGb,brmaeKRtUvplitcMnYn 90 Units .
lMhat;TI2
eK[ Total Re venue Function kMnt;eday TR (x) 880xx2x
etIeKRtUvlk;plitplenHb:unanktaedIm,I[cMnUlsrubGtibrma ?
cUrkMnt;rkcMnUlGtibrmaenaH ?
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaedrIev
2
(880 2 x )( x 2) (880 x x 2 ) 1760 4 x x 2

TR ' x
( x 2) 2
( x 2) 2
- 20 -

Tel : 017 768 246
ebI TR '(x) 0 naM[ 1760 4x x
' 4 1760 1764 42 2

2 42
2 42
x1
40 , x 2
44 0
1
1
minyk
eKTajbs
kenSam TR ' (x) mansBaadUc 1760 4x x eRBaH (x 2) 0 , x 0 .
2
44
40
TR ' ( x )
edayRtg;cMnuc x 40 GnuKmn_ TR ' (x) brsBaaBI eTA naM[GnuKmn_

TR ( x ) mantmGtibrmaRtg;cMnuc x 40 .
dUcenHeKRtUvlk;plitpl 40 units eTIbTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlGtibrma .
R)ak;cMnUlGtibrmaenaHKW TR (40) 880(4040)2(40) 800 ktarUbiyvt.
lMhat;TI3
eK[GnuKmn_ M arg inal Re venue MR (x) 2000 40x 3x
Edl x CabrimaNplitpl .
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Re venue ebIeKdwgfaebIeKlk;plitpl 100 units
eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlsrub !& 000 ktarUbiyvt.
dMeNaHRsay
tag TR (x) CaGnuKmn_ Total Re venue .
eK)an TR (x) MR (x).dx (2000 40x 3x ).dx
2
2000 x 20 x 2 x 3 k
eday TR (10) 2000(10) 20(10) (10)

dUcenH TR (x) 200x 20x x .
2
k 17 000
naM[ k 0
- 21 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;TI4
eK[GnuKmn_cMNaykgkarEfTaMeRKOgynmYykMnt;eday
r ( t ) 400 10 t 3t Edl t CaryHeBlKitCaqaM nig $00CacMNayefr .
cUrrkcMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI $ eTAqaMTI^.
dMeNaHRsay
tag E CacMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI $ eTAqaMTI^
eK)an E (400 10t 3t ).dt 400t 5t t 852 ktarUbiyvt.
lMhat;TI5
GnuKmn_tRmUvkarrbs;karplitmYyKW f (q) 1000
nigfsmtaesInwg $100 .
q5
cUrrkPaBelIsrbs;GkeRbIR)as; ?
dMeNaHRsay
eday p $100 eK)an 1000
100 q 5 units
q5
dUcenH p $100 , q 5units CacMnucsmta ehIycMnUlRtg;cMnucsmtaKW
TR 100 5 $ 500 .
eK)an C.S 1000
.dq 500 1000 ln | q 5 | 500 1000 ln 2 500
q5
dUcenHPaBelIsnGkeRbIR)as;KW C.S $ 193 .
lMhat;TI6
GnuKmn_tRmUvkarrbs;plitkmmYyKW f (q) 100 q nigGnuKmn_pt;pg;
g (q ) q 2 .
cUrrkPaBelIsnGkplit ?
2
6
4
- 22 -

Tel : 017 768 246
dMeNaHRsay
-rkcMnucsmta
100 q 2 q 2
100 q 2 q 2 4q 4
2q 2 4q 96 0
q 2 2q 48 0
, ' 1 48 49 7 2
eKTajbs q 1 7 6 , q 1 7 8 0 minyk
eK)an q 6 units naM[ p 6 2 $8
PaBelIsnGkplitKW P.S 6 8 (q 2).dq
1
q2
48 2q 48 18 12 0 $18
2
0
lMhat;TI7
eK[ M arg inal Pr ofit Function mYykMnt;eday MP(x) x10 1 2
cUrrk Total Pr ofit Function ebIeKdwgfa ebIeKlk; !% ktaeK)anR)ak;cMenj $50 ?
dMeNaHRsay
eK)an TP(x) x10 1 2 .dx 20 x 1 2x k
eday TP(15) 20 15 1 2(15) k 50 k 0
dUcenH Total Pr ofit Function KW TP(x) 20 x 1 2x .
lMhat;TI8
KNnatmmFmrbs;GnuKmn_ f (x) 2x 1 kgcenaH 0 , 4 .
eK)an 4 1 0 . 2x 1.dx 14 13 (2x 1) 136 2.166 .
3
2
- 23 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!- ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubmYykMnt;eday
TC( x ) 2 x 12 x 27 x 250 Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdlRtUvplit.
k> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal cost function
x> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal cost Rtg;cMnuc x 10 units .
@- ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrubmYykMnt;eday
TR ( x ) 60 x 0.05x Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk; .
k> cUrKNna TR (600) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH ?
x> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal Revenue Function
K> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal Revenue Function Rtg; x 100 units .
#-]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubmYykMnt;eday
x
TP ( x ) 50 x 49 350 Edl x CabrimaNplitplRtUvlk; .
2
k> cUrrk TP(24) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH .
x> cUrrk Marginal Profit Function.
K> cUrrk Marginal Profit Function Rtg;cMnuc x 24 units .
$-]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR x 9000x 5x 13 x
%-]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR (x) 12000x nigGnuKmn_
R)ak;cMnaysrub TC(x) 6000 600x 15x x Edl x CabrimaNplitpl .
3
- 24 -

Tel : 017 768 246
^-GnuKmn_cMNaysrubkgkarplitmYyKW TC(x) x4 2x 400 .
etIeKRtUvplitb:unanktaedIm,I[cMNaymFmkg!ktaGb,brma ?
cUrcMNayGb,brmaenaH ?
x 1764
&-eKman Total Re venue Function kMnt;eday TR (x) x 884
0.2 x
k> cUrrk M arg inal Re venue Function
x> etIeKRtUvlk;plitplb:unanktaedIm,I[eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlGtibrma ?
cUrrkR)ak;cMnUlGtibrmaenaH ?
*-eK[GnuKmn_ M arg inal Re venue : MR (x) 2000 40x 3x .
cUrrk Total Re venue Function ?
(-eK[GnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost sRmab;plitkmmYykMnt;eday
MC( x ) 2 3x ln(x 4) nigcMnayefresInwg * 000 000 erol .
cUrkMnt;rk Total cos t function ?
!0-eK[GnuKmn_ M arg inal Re venue : MR (x) 8000 80x 3x
nigGnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost MC(x) 2 (x 1) ln(x 1) ehIycMnayefresI
nwg %00 000 erol .
cUrrk Total profit function ?
!!-GnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost sRmab;plitkmmYyKW MC(x) 10 4(x 1) ln x
ehIycMNayefrKW $1500 .
cUrrk Total cos t function ?
!@-eKmanGnuKmn_tRmUvkar f (q) 10qq 150
5
2
- 25 -

Tel : 017 768 246
!#-GnuKmn_tRmUvkar f (q) (q750

nigfsmtaesInwg $6 .
3)
!$-]bmafaGnuKmn_pt;pg;plitpl g(q) 40 25.ln(q 1) .
cUrkPaBelIsnGkplitRtg; q 99 units .
!%-eKmanGnuKmn_tRmUvkarplitkm f (q) 56 4q nigGnuKmn_pt;pg;
g (q ) 1 q . cUrrkPaBelIsnGkplit ?
!^-]bmafaGnuKmn_cMnaykgkarEfTaMeRKOgynmYykMnt;eday
r ( t ) 100 2 t 6 t Edl !00 CacMNayefr nig t CaryHeBlKitCaqaM.
cUrrkcMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI@ dl;qaMTI$ ?
!&- eKmanGnuKmn_cMnaykgkarEfTaMeRKOgynmYykMnt;eday
r ( t ) 150 2 t 0.3t 0.4 t .
Edl !%0 CacMNayefr nig t CaryHeBlKitCaqaM.
cUrrkcMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI# dl;qaMTI% ?
!*-eKmanGnuKmn_cMnaysrubelIkarplit q ktanplitplmYyRbePT Edl
kMnt;eday TC(q) q2 3q 800 .
k-rkcMnaymFmkgmYykta ebIplitpl 100 units .
x-rkcMNaymFmn TC(q) kgcenaHBI 0 dl; !00 .
K-kMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvplitedIm,I[cMnaymFmkgmYyktaGb,brma
3
- 26 -

Tel : 017 768 246
(FUNCTION OF TWO OR MORE VARIABLES)
!-sBaaNnGnuKmn_eRcInGefr
k> GnuKmn_manBIrGefr
RbsinebIcMeBaHRKb; x , y D manrUbPaBmYytam f enaH Z ehAfaGnuKmn_esrI
x , y EdleKkMnt;sresr Z f ( x, y) .
]TahrN_ eK[ Z f (x, y) 2x 7xy 3y CaGnuKmn_manBIrGefr .
]TahrN_ ekanbrivtn_mYyEdlmankBs; h nigkaMfas)at R manmaD
V f ( h , R ) R h CaGnuKmn_manBIrGefr .
3
]TahrN_ GnuKmn_manBIrGefr Z f (x, y) a 2006
, a 0 , a efr
x y
2
GnuKmn_enHGackMnt;)ankalNa a x y 0 or x y a
tamFrNImaRt EdnkMnt; D nGnuKmn_KWCapRkLargVg;pit 0 kaM a .
]TahrN_ ]bmafaGnuKmn_cMNayfedImkgkarplitrbs;RkumhunmYYyKW
TC ( x , y) 2 x 3y 4 .
Edl x CafvtFatuedIm 1kg nig y CafQlBlkmkg !em:ag KitCadula.
rkcMNayfedImkgkarplit 1 unit ebIvtFatuedImf 0.25$ / kg nigfQlBlkm
man $2.5 / h .
eyIg)an TC (0.25 ; 2.50 ) 2(0.25) 3(2.50) 4 $12 .
2
- 27 -

Tel : 017 768 246
k> GnuKmn_manBIrGefr
RbsinebIcMeBaHRKb; x , y, z D manrUbPaBmYytam f enaH Z ehAfaGnuKmn_esrI
x , y, z EdleKkMnt;sresr Z f ( x , y, z) .
]TahrN_ Z f (x, y, z) 1 x 1 y z CaGnuKmn_manbIGefr .
2
GnuKmn_enHmannyebI 1 x y z 0 or x y z 1
tamnyFrNImaRt EdnkMnt; D KWCamaDEsVEdlmanpit 0 kaM R 1 .
]TahrN_ Ggt;RTUgrbs;RbeLBIEb:tEkgmYyEdlmanvimaRt x, y, z CaGnuKmn_
manbIGefrEdlkMnt;eday d f (x, y, z) x y z
RbsinebIvimaRt x 10cm , y 15cm , z 30cm eK)an
d f 10 , 15 , 30 10 15 30 35cm .
@-edrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_eRcInGefr
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_manBIrGefrmYykMnt;Cab;kgEdn D eday Z f (x, y, z)
-ebI y minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr x .
-ebI x minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr y .
k> niymny
cMeBaH y minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr x ehIyebI Z man
edrIeveFobnwg x enaHedrIevenHeKehAfaedrIevedayEpkrbs;GnuKmn_ Z f (x, y)
eFobnwg x EdleKkMnt;sresr
2
Z
f ( x x , y) f ( x , y)
lim
x x 0
x
Z
f ( x , y y) f ( x , y)
lim
Z' y f ' y x , y
y y0
y
Z' x f ' x x , y
dUcKaEdreKman
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) 2x
- 28 -
7 xy 3y 2
.
Tel : 017 768 246
cUrKNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_enH ?
eK)an Z' 4x 7 y nig Z' 7x 6y .
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ z f (x, y) x y , x 0 , y 0
eK)an Z' y x y ln y nig Z' x ln x xy .
]TahrN_KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y, z) x y z 3xyz
eK)an Z' 3x 3yz , Z' 3y 3xz , Z' 3z 3xyz .
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) ln(x y )
cUrKNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_enH ?
eK)an Z' (xx yy )' x 2xy , Z' (xx yy )' x 2yy .
]TahrN_ KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) e
eK)an Z' (x y )'e 3x e , Z' (x y )'e 3y e .
]TahrN_ KNnaedrIevtamEpknGnuKmn_
Z f ( x , y, z ) x y z x y z
, x 0, y 0, z 0 .
eK)an Z' y x z ln z x y z (1 ln x)
x
y 1
x 1
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
y 1
Z' y x y ln x zy z 1 x x y y z z (1 ln y)
Z' z y z ln y xz x 1 x x y y z z (1 ln z)
]TahrN_ KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_
Z f ( x , y, z) ln(2 x 3 y 3 5z 3 4 x 2 y 2 z 2 )
6 x 2 8xy 2 z 2
Z' x 3
2 x y 3 5z 2 4 x 2 y 2 z 2
3y 2 8x 2 yz 2
Z' y 3
2 x y 3 5z 3 4 x 2 y 2 z 2
eK)an
Z' z
15z 2 8x 2 y 2 z
2 x 3 y 3 5z 3 4 x 2 y 2 z 2
- 29 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_ KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_
?
3-PaByWt ELASTICITY
k> cMeBaHGnuKmn_manmYyGefr
-kMeNIn x x x ehAfakMeNIndac;xat .
-pleFob xx ehAfakMeNIneFob eFobnwg x .
-edIm,IeRbobeFobkMeNIneFob eFobnwg y KW yy CamYynwgkMeNIneFob eFobnwg x
Z f ( x , y, z ) x y
KW xx eyIgbegItpleFob
0
y
y
x
y
E 0 0
x y 0 x
x0
pleFobenHmannyfa ebI x ekIn 1% enaH y ekInbfy xy . xy % .

0
-emKuNPaByWtnGnuKmn_enARtg; cMnuc x KW E xy .f ' (x ) xy .dfdx(x) .

]TahrN_ ebIeKbegInkmkr BI !00nak; eTA !!0nak; enaHplitplnwgekIneLIg
BI @000kta eTA @@00 kta .
100 2200 2000
eK)an E 2000
.
1% mannyfa ebIeKbegIncMnYnkmkr 1% enaH
110 100
plitplnwgekIneLIg 1% Edr .
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_tRmUvkar f (q) 100 q .
cUrrkPaByWtenARtg;cMnuc q 8 units .
eKman f (q) 100 q naM[ dfdq(q) 100q q
0
x x 0
ebI q 8 p f (8) 100 64 6

dUcenH PaByWtenARtg;cMnuc q 8 units KW E 86 .
- 30 -
1%
100 8 2
8

Tel : 017 768 246
x> PaByWtedayEpk
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_BIrGefr Z f (x, y) . PaByWtnGnuKmn_enH dUcKaeTAnwg
PaByWtnGnuKmn_manmYyGefrEdr .
-PaByWt eFobnwg x KW EZ f (xx, y) Zx .
x
-PaByWt eFobnwg y KW EZ f (xy, y) Zy .

4-cMNaysrub nig cMNaym:aCINl
]bmafaRkumhunmYyplitTMnij BIr RbePTedayeRbIvtFatuedImDUcKa Etman
smamaRtxusKa .
dUcenHGnuKmn_cMNaysrubKW TC(x, y) Q(x, y)
Edl x nig y CabrimaNplitplnImYy .
- M arg inal Cost eFobnwg x KW TCx Q' (x, y) .
- M arg inal Cost eFobnwg y KW TCy Q' (x, y) .
]TahrN_ GnuKmn_cMNayplitplBIrRbePTKW
TC( x , y) 100 ln(x xy y 1) .
cUrrk M arg inal Cost eFobnwg x nig M arg inal Cost eFobnwg y .
- M arg inal Cost eFobnwg x KW TCx x 2xyx yy 1
- M arg inal Cost eFobnwg y KW TCx x xxy 2yy 1 .
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlBIrkalk;pliplBIrRbePT
TR ( x ) 100 ln(2 x 5 y 1) .
cUrrk M arg inal Re venue eFobnwg x rYc eFobnwg y .
y
- 31 -

Tel : 017 768 246
5-DIepr:g;Eslsrub
k> ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) , x, y D manedrIevTImYy .
DIepr:g;EslsrubRtg;cMnuc (x, y) kMnt;eday dZ Zx .dx Zy .dy .
]TahrN_ rkDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_ z x 4xy 3y
eK)an dZ (2x 4y).dx (4x 6y).dy .
x> ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y, z) , x, y, z D manedrIevTImYy .
DIepr:g;EslsrubRtg;cMnuc (x, y, z) kMnt;eday dZ Zx .dx Zy .dy Zz .dz
]TahrN_ rkDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y, z) ln(2x 5y 4z )
eK)an dZ 2x 54yx 4z .dx 2x 105yy 4z .dy 2x 58yz 4z .
6-edrIevedayEpklMdab;x<s;
edrIevedayEpklMdab;BIrrbs;GnuKmn_ Z f x, y KWCaedrIevedayEpkrbs;edrIev
edayEpklMdab;mYy. eKtagedrIevlMdab;TIBIreday
!> f ' ' x, y x Zx xZ
@> f ' ' x, y y Zy yZ

#> f ' ' x, y y Zx y.Zx
$> f ' ' x, y x Zy x.Zy

]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) x y 2x y 5xy 3
cUrKNna f ' ' , f ' ' , f ' ' nig f ' ' ?
2
xx
yy
xy
yx
xx
yy
xy
yx
- 32 -

Tel : 017 768 246
7-brmanGnuKmn_eRcInGefr
k> niymny
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y)
-eKfaGnKmn_manGtibrimaRtg;cMnuc M(x , y ) luHRtaEtRKb;cMnuc Mx, y
kgvNsIuNancMnuc M eK)an f x y f x, y .
- eKfaGnKmn_manGtibrimaRtg;cMnuc M(x , y ) luHRtaEtRKb;cMnuc Mx, y
kgvNsIuNancMnuc M eK)an f x y f x, y.
x>rebobkMnt;brmanGnuKmnmanBIrefr
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn Z f x, yEdlmanedrIev.
edIm,IkMNt;rkbrimanGnuKmneKRtUv
1-KNnaedrIevedayEpkKW f ' x, y, f ' x, y
2-edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar ff '' xx,, yy 00
]bmafaRbBnmanKUcemIy x , y
3-KNnabrimaN a f ' ' x, y , b f ' ' x, y , c f ' ' x, yRtg; x , y
4-KNnabrimaN ac b
ebI 0 , a 0 enaHGnuKmn_ Z f (x , y ) manGb,brma .
ebI 0 , a 0 enaHGnuKmn_ Z f ( x , y ) manGtibrma .
ebI 0 enaHGnuKmn_ Z f (x , y ) Kanbrma .
ebI 0 minGacsnidan)an .
]TahrN eKeGayGnuKmn Z f x, y 2x 5y 2xy 6x 6y 34
rkbrimanGnuKmnenH.
-KNnaedrIev Z' 4x 2y 6 and Z' 10y 2x 6
0
0,
0,
xx
xy
yy
- 33 -

Tel : 017 768 246
-edaHRsayRbBn 104xy22yx6600
bnab;BIedaHRsayRbBnmanKUcemIy x 2 , y 1
-KNnabrimaN ac b
edayeKman a Z'' 4 , b Z'' 2 , C Z'' 10
eK)an 40 4 36 0 naM[GnuKmn_manGb,rmaRtg; M 2 ,1
tmGb,brmaenaHKW Z f (2 ,1) 25 .
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubBIkarlk;plitplBIrRbePTkMnt;eday
2
xx
xy
yy
min
TP ( x , y) 1980 17 x 2 10 y 2 26 xy 10 x 10 y
Edl x CabrimaNplitplRbePTTImYy nig y CabrimaNplitplRbePTTIBIr.

etIeKRtUvlk;plitplnImYyb:unanktaedIm,I[)anR)ak;cMenjGtibrma ?
-KNnaedrIev TP' 34x 26y 10 and TP' 20y 26x 10
x 26 y 10 0
-edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar 34
20 y 26x 10 0
bnab;BIedaHRsayeK)ancemIy x 15 , y 20
-KNna ac b eday a TP' ' 34 , b TP'' 26 , c TP' ' 20
eK)an (34)(20) (26) 4 0 .
eday a 34 0 naM[ TP(x, y) mantmGtibrmaRtg; x 15 , y 20
dUcenHedIm,I[eKcMenjGtibrmaeKRtUvlk;plitplTImYycMnYn 15 units nigRtUvlk;
plitplTIBIrcMnYn 20 units ehIyR)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaHKW TP(15 , 20) $2005 .
K-rebobkMnt;rkbrmanGnuKmn_manbIGefr
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y, z) EdlmanedrIev .
edIm,IkMnt;rkbrmanGnuKmn_enHeKRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
x
xx
xy
yy
- 34 -

Tel : 017 768 246
1>KNnaedrIev f ' x, y, z , f ' x, y, z , f ' x, y, z

x
f ' x ( x , y, z) 0
f ' y ( x , y, z) 0
f ' ( x , y, z) 0
z
2>edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
3> KNnaedETmINg; HESSE Rtg;cMnucEdlCacemIynRbBnxagelIKW

nig
D1 f ' ' xx x , y, z f ' ' xx
, D2
f ' ' xx
D 3 f ' ' yx
f ' ' xy
f ' ' yy
f ' ' yy
f ' ' yz
f ' ' zx
f ' 'zy
f ' 'zz
f ' ' xx
f ' ' yx
f ' ' xy
f ' ' yy
snidan
-ebI D 0 , D 0 , D 0 naM[GnuKmn_ Z f x, y, zmantmGb,brma.
- ebI D 0 , D 0 , D 0 naM[GnuKmn_ Z f x, y, zmantmGtibrma.
]TahrN_ rktmbrmanGnuKmn_ Z x y z 4x 6y 12z 490
-KNnaedrIev Z' 2x 4 , Z' 2y 6 , Z' 2z 12
1
2 x 4 0
x 2
2 y 6 0 y 3
2z 12 0
z 6
Z' ' xx Z' ' xy 2 0

D1 Z' ' xx 2 , D 2
4
Z' ' yx Z' ' yy 0 2
-edaHRsayRbBn
-KNna
nig
Z' ' xx
D 3 Z' ' yx
Z' ' zx
Z' ' xy
Z' ' yy
Z' ' zy
Z' ' xz 2 0 0
Z' ' yz 0 2 0 8
Z' ' zz 0 0 2
eday D 2 0 , D 4 0 , D 8 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGb,brmaRtg;
cMnuc x 2 , y 3 , z 6 ehIytmGb,brmaenaHKW Z(2 , 3 , 6) 441 .
Gnuvtn_ cUrrktmbrmanGnuKmn_xageRkam
!> Z f (x, y, z) 13x 2y 4z 4xy 12xz 8y 25
1
- 35 -

Tel : 017 768 246
@> Z f x, y, z 4x 2y z 4xy 4y 6z 2005

#> Z f (x, y, z) 3x 2y z 2xz 2yz 2x 2y 2004
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_cMNaysrubkgkarplitTMnijbIRbePTkMnt;eday
2
TC f ( x , y, z) 4 x 2 18y 2 z 2 320 x 360 y 6 yz 50000
Edl x , y , z CabrimaNplitplRbePTnImYy .
etIeKRtUvplitTMnijRbePTnImYyb:unanedIm,I[cMnayGs;ticbMput ?
cUrrkcMNayGb,brmaenaH ?
-KNnaedrIev Z' 8x 320 , Z' 36y 360 6z , Z' 2z 6y
x
8x 320 0
x 40
36 y 6z 360 0 y 20
2 z 6 y 0
z 60
Z' ' xx Z' ' xy 8 0

D1 Z' ' xx 8 , D 2
288
Z' ' yx Z' ' yy 0 36
-edaHRsayRbBn
-KNna
nig
Z' ' xx
D 3 Z' ' yx
Z' 'zx
Z' ' xy
Z' ' yy
Z' 'zy
0
Z' ' xz 8 0
Z' ' yz 0 36 6 576
Z' 'zz 0 6 2
eday D 8 0 , D 288 0 , D 576 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGb,brma

Rtg; x 40 , y 20 , z 60 ehIyR)ak;cMNayGb,brmakgkarplitenaHKW
1
TC min 4(40) 2 18(20) 2 (60) 2 320(40) 360(20) 6(20)(60) 50000

6400 7200 3600 12800 7200 7200 50000 $40 000
X-rebobkMnt;rkbrmanGnuKmn_manlkxN
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Edl x and y epgpat;lkxN g(x, y) c .
edIm,IrkbrmanGnuKmn_enHeKGacedaHRsay)antamBIrrebob
!> rebobTImYy
eKRtUvTaj y BIsmIkar g(x, y) c ]bmafa y (x, c) rYcykeTACYskgGnuKmn_
- 36 -

Tel : 017 768 246
eK)an Z f x, (x, c) CaGnuKmn_manmYyGefrEdleKGacrk)antamrebobEdl

eyIg)ansikSarYcmkehIy .
@> rebobTIBIr
edayeRbIemKuNrbs; LaRkg; Lagrange Multipliers EdGnuvtn_dUcteTA
-begItGnuKmn_ Fx, y, f x, y c gx, y
-KNnaedrIev F' x, y, , F' x, y, , F' x, y,
x
-edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
-KNnaEdETrmINg;
F' x x , y, 0
F' y x, y, 0
F' x , y, 0

0
HESSE : D g ' x
g' y
g'x
F' ' xx
F' ' yx
g' y
F' ' xy
F' ' yy
snidan -ebI D 0 enaHGnuKmn_manGtibrma.

-ebI D 0 enaHGnuKmn_manGb,brma.
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_cMnUlsrubBIkarlk;plitplBIrRbePTkMnt;eday
TR ( x , y) 8000x x y Edl x & y CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy
ehIyeKdwgfa x y 40 0 etIeKlk;plitplRbePTnImYyb:unanedIm,I[eK)an
R)ak;cMnUlGtibrma ?rkR)ak;cMnUlenaH ?
eKman TR (x, y) 8000x x y eday x y 40 0 enaH y 40 x
eK)an TR (x) 8000x x (40 x) 8000x 40x x
-rkedrIevTImYy TR ' (x) 8000 80x 3x
-edaHRsaysmIkar TR ' (x) 8000 80x 3x 0 ' 1600 2400 160
eKTajbs x 40 3160 40 , x 40 3160 200
0 minyk
3
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TR ' ' (x) 80 6x naM[ TR ' ' (40) 80 6(40) 320 0
2
- 37 -

Tel : 017 768 246
mannyfaGnuKmn_enHmantmGb,rmaRtg; x 40 .
dUcenHedIm,I[eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlGtibrmaeKRtUvlk;plitplRbePTTImYy
cMnYn 40 units nig plitplRbePTTIBIrcMnYn 80 units .
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubBIkalk;plitplBIrRbePTkMnt;eday
TP f ( x , y) 200 xy Edl x & y CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy
ehIyeKdwgfa x y 30 etIeKlk;plitplRbePTnImYyb:unanedIm,I[eK)an
R)ak;cMenjGtibrma ?rkR)ak;cMenjenaH ?
-begItGnuKmn_ F(x, y, ) 200 xy 30 x y
-KNnaedrIev F' y , F' x , F' 30 x y
x
-edaHRsayRbBn
y 0
x y 15
x 0
30 x y 0
-KNnaedETmINg;
0
HESSE : D g ' x
g' y
g'x
F' ' xx
F' ' yx
0 1 1
g' y
F' ' xy 1 0 1 2 0
F' ' yy 1 1 0
mannyfaedIm,I[eK)anR)ak;cMenjGtibrma eKRtUvlk;plitplTImYycMnYn
15 units nigplitplTIBIrcMnYn 15 units ehIyR)ak;cMenjenaHKW TP $25 .
max
- 38 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;mandMeNaHRsay
lMhat;TI1
eKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubnkarplit plitplBIrRbePT A nig B kMnt;eday
TC f ( x , y) 17 x 2 10 y 2 26 xy 10 x 10 y 65
Edl x & y CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy .

k-KNnacMNaym:aCINleFobnwg x .
x-KNnacMNaym:aCINleFobnwg y .
K-etIeKRtUvplitnUvplitplnImYyb:unanedIm,I[cMNayGs;ticbMput ?
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnacMNaym:aCINleFobnwg x
eK)an TC ' TCx 34x 26y 10
x-KNnacMNaym:aCINleFobnwg y
eK)an TC ' TCy 20y 26x 10
K-rkbrimaNplitplEdlEtUvplitedIm,I[cMNayGs;ticbMput
eKman TC ' 34x 26y 10 , TC ' 20y 26x 10
x 26 y 10 0
x 15 , y 20
-edaHRsayRbBn 34
20
y
26
x
10
0
-KNna ac b eday a TC ' ' 34 , b TC' ' 26 , TC' ' 20

eK)an 680 676 4 0 , a 34 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGb,brma .
dUcenHedIm,I[cMNayGs;ticbMputeKRtUvplit plitplRbePTTImYycMnYn !%
nigplitplTIBIrcMnYn @0 .
x
xx
- 39 -
xy
yy

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;TI2
]bmafa TC(x, y) CaGnuKmn_cMNaysrubnkarplitnUvplitplBIrRbePT .
eKdwgfa M arg inal cos t eFobnwg x KW TCx 2x 8y nig M arg inal cos t
eFobnwg y KW TCy 8x 2y ehIycMNayefresInwg $50 .
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC TC(x, y) ?
dMeNaHRsay
rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC TC(x, y)
eKman TCx 2x 8y
eK)an TC (2x 8y).dx x 8xy K(y) naM[ TC ' 8x k' (y)
eday TCy TC ' 8x 2y eKTaj)an 8x k' (y) 8x 2y
naM[ k' (y) 2y naM[ k(y) 2y.dy y c
eK)an TC TC(x, y) x 8xy y c cMNayefresInwg $50 enaH c $50
dUcenH TC(x, y) x 8xy y 50 .
lMhat;TI3
]bmafa TC TC(x, y) CaGnuKmn_cMNaysrubnkarplitnUvplitplBIrRbePT
eKdwgfaDIepr:g;EslnGnuKmn_cMNaysrubenHkMnt;eday
dTC (4 x 4 y 6).dx (4 x 8 y 6) ehIycMNayefresInwg $100 .
k-cUrrk M arg inal cos t eFobnwg x nig M arg inal cos t eFobnwg y .
x-cUrkMnt; rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC TC(x, y) .
2
- 40 -

Tel : 017 768 246
dMeNaHRsay
k-rk M arg inal cos t eFobnwg x nig M arg inal cos t eFobnwg y
tamTMnak;TMng dTC (4x 4y 6).dx (4x 8y 6)
eKTaj)an TC ' TCx 4x 4y 6 Ca M arg inal cos t eFobnwg x
TC
nig
TC '
4 x 8 y 6 Ca M arg inal cos t eFobnwg y .
y
x-kMnt; rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC TC(x, y)
eday TCx 4x 4y 6 TC (4x 4y 6).dx 2x 4xy 6x k( y)
eK)an TC ' 4x k' (y) eday TC ' TCy 4x 8y 6
eKTaj 4x k'y 4x 8y 6
x
k ' ( y) 8 y 6 k ( y) (8 y 6).dy 4 y 2 6 y c
eKTaj TC TC(x, y) 2x 4xy 6x 4y 6y c

eday cMNayefresInwg $100 naM[ c $100 .
dUcenH TC(x, y) 2x 4xy 4y 6x 6y 100 .
lMhat;TI4
eK[GnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjBIkarlk;plitplBIrRbePTkMnt;eday
2
TP f ( x , y) 5x 2 y 2 4 xy 280x 100 y

k-Find Maginal Profit eFobnwg x Rtg;cMnuc 20 , 25 .
x- Find Maginal Profit eFobnwg y Rtg;cMnuc 20 , 25 .
K-kMnt;brimaNplitplRbePTnImYyedIm,I[eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMenjGtibrma?
cUrrkR)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaH ?
- 41 -

Tel : 017 768 246
dMeNaHRsay
k- Maginal Profit eFobnwg x Rtg;cMnuc 25 , 30
eK)an TC ' f (xx, y) f ' (x, y) 10x 4y 280
Rtg;cMnuc 25 , 30 eK)an TC ' f ' 25, 30 10(25) 4(30) 280 150
x- Maginal Profit eFobnwg y Rtg;cMnuc 25 , 30
eK)an TC ' f (xy, y) f ' (x, y) 2y 4x 100
Rtg;cMnuc 25 , 30 eK)an TC ' f ' 25, 30 2(30) 4(25) 100 60
K-kMnt;brimaNplitplRbePTnImYy
eKman TC ' 10x 4y 280 , TC ' 2y 4x 100
280 0
-edaHRsayRbBn 102yx44xy100
x 40 , y 30
0
-KNna ac b eday a TC ' ' 10 , b TC '' 4 , c TC ' ' 2

eK)an 20 16 4 0 , a 10 0 naM[GnuKmn_manGtibrma.
dUcenHedIm,I[eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMenjGtibrmaluHRtaEteKlk;plitplRbePTTI1
cMnYn 40 units nig RbePTTI2cMnYn 30 units .
lMhat;TI5
GnuKmn_tRmUvkarnplitplBIrRbePT X and Y kMnt;erogKaeday
p 60 x and p 80 2 y ehIyGnuKmn_cMNaysrubplitplTaMgBIrKW
TC( x , y) 20 2 xy Edl x & y CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy .
kMnt;brimaNplitplRbePTnImYyedIm,I[eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMenjGtibrma?
x
xx
xy
yy
- 42 -

Tel : 017 768 246
dMeNaHRsay
tag TP (x, y) Ca Total Pr ofit Function
eK)an TP TP(x, y) TR (x, y) TC(x, y)
p1 x p 2 y TC( x , y)
(60 x ) x (80 2 y) y (20 2 xy)

60 x x 2 80 y 2 y 2 20 2 xy
x 2 2 y 2 2 xy 60x 80 y 20
-KNnaedrIev TP' 2x 2y 60 , TC' 4y 2x 80

60 0
-edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar 22xx 24yy 80
x 20 , y 10
-KNna ac b eday a TP '' 2 , b TC '' 2 , c TC ' ' 4

eK)an 8 4 4 0 , a 2 0 naM[GnuKmn_manGb,brma .
dUcenHedIm,I[eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMenjGtibrmaluHRtaEteKlk;plitplRbePTTI1
cMnYn 20 units nig RbePTTI2cMnYn 10 units .
x
xx
xy
yy
- 43 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!> GnuKmn_cMNaynkarplitnUvplitplBIrRbePT A and B kMnt;eday
TC f ( x, y) x y 4000 x 6000 y 15000 000 .
cUrkMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvplitedIm,I[R)ak;cMNayGb,brma ?
kMnt;rkR)ak;cMNaysrubGb,brmaenaH ?
@> GnuKmn_cMNaynkarplitnUvplitplbIRbePT A , B and C kMnt;eday
2
TC f ( x , y, z) 4 x 2 18 y 2 z 2 320 x 360 y 6 yz 60 000
Edl x , y and z CabrimaNnplitplRbePTnImYy .

cUrkMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvplitedIm,I[R)ak;cMNayGb,brma ?
kMnt;rkR)ak;cMNaysrubGb,brmaenaH ?
#> GnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjBIkalk;nUvplitplbIRbePT A , B and C kMnt;eday
TP f ( x, y, z) 5x 2 4 y 2 z 2 4 xz 80 x 160 y
Edl x , y and z CabrimaNnplitplRbePTnImYy .

$> GnuKmn_tRmUvkarnplitplbIRbePT A , B , C kMnt;erogKaeday
p1 50 x , p 2 40 y and p 3 80 z
ehIyGnuKmn_cMNaysrubplitplTaMgBIrKW TC(x, y) 20 2x 4y 6z
Edl x , y & z CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy .
- 44 -

Tel : 017 768 246
%> ]bmafa TC f (x, y) CaGnuKmn_cMNaysrubrbs;plitplBIrRbePT .

Edl x & y CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy ehIycMNayefresI $60 .
eKdwgfa Maginal Cost eFobnwg x KW TCx 10x 6y 40
Maginal Cost eFobnwg y KW TC 6x 4 y 40
y
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrubenH ? rYcrkR)ak;cMNayGb,brmankarplit .
- 45 -

Tel : 017 768 246
karR)ak;eTal nig karR)ak;pb

1-sBaaN nig RbePTkarR)ak;
k>karR)ak; ( Interest )
karR)ak;KWCaR)ak;EdlGkeRbITun RtUvbg;eTA[mas;Tun edIm,IeRbIR)as;TunenH
kgryHeBlmYykMnt; eBalKWCaR)ak;cMeNjEdl)anmkBItwkR)ak;Edldak;[xIkg
ryHeBlmYykMnt;.
x>GRtakarR)ak; ( Interest rate )
pleFobrvagkarR)ak;Edl)anbg;kgmYyqaM CamYynwgTunEdl)anxIehAfa
GRtakarR)ak; .
GRtakarR)ak;KitCaPaKry b TsPaK .
]TahrN_ GRtakarR)ak; i 9% 0,09 .
K>RbePTnkarR)ak;
karR)ak;manBIrRbePTKW
karR)ak;eTal (Simple interest) nig karR)ak;smas ( Compound Interest ) .
2-karR)ak;eTal ( Simple Interest )
k>niymny
karR)ak;eTalKWCakarR)ak;EdlKitelIR)ak;edImEdl)anxI kgRKb;ryHeBl .
karR)ak;rbs;ryHeBlnImYy min)anbUkbBalCamYyR)ak;edIm edIm,IykkarR)ak;
enARKaeRkayeToteLIy .
- 46 -

Tel : 017 768 246
x>rUbmnKNnakarR)ak;eTal
ebIeKyksac;R)ak;cMnYn PV R)ak;edIm eTAeFIVvinieyaKkgryHeBl n xYb b RKa
edayTTYl)anGRtakarR)ak; i enaHkarR)ak;EdlTTYl)anGacKNnatamrUbmnRKwH
I PV n i .
]TahrN_ 1 elaksarI )anykR)ak;edImcMnYn $75,000 eTAeFIVvinieyaKkgryHeBl
#qaMedayTTYl)ankarR)ak; 20% kgmYyqaM .
KNnakarR)ak;EdlelaksarITTYl)an ?
n
tamrUbmn I
PV.n.i
eday
PV $75,000
n 3
i 20% 0.2
eK)an I 75,000 3 0.2 $45,000 .

]TahrN_ 2 elak sava:t)anykR)ak;edImcMnYn 450,000,000 erol
eTAeFIVvinieyaKedayTTYl)anGRtakarR)ak; i 25% kgmYyqaM .
cUrKNnakarR)ak;Edlelaksava:tTTYl)ankgryHeBl
k> &% f .
x> % Ex .
K> @ qaM & Ex . sisSedaHRsayxng .
K>rUbmnKNnafGnaKt; ( Future Value )
ebIeKykR)ak;edImcMnYn PV eTAeFIVvinieyaKedayTTYl)anGRtakarR)ak;RbcaMqaM i
kgryHeBl n qaM enaHenAcugqaMTI n R)ak;EdleKTTYl)an bfGnaKtGac
KNnatamrUbmn FV PV I PV(1 n.i) .
3
- 47 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_ 1 elak suKn )anykR)ak;eTAvinieyaKcMnYn 240,000,000 erol

kgryHeBl @ qaM % Ex CamYynwgGRtakarR)ak; RbcaMqaM i 12% .
cUrKNnafGnaKttamkarR)ak;eTal ?
tamrUbmn FV PV(1 n.i)
eday n 2 qaM % Ex (2 125 ) qaM eRBaH %Ex= 125 qaM .
eK)an PV 240,000,0001 (2 125 ) 12% ....
]TahrN_2 elak supl )anxIR)ak;eKcMnYn $00 000 000 erol kgryHeBl
@ qaMCamYyGRtakarR)ak;RbcaMEx i 2% . cUrKNnafGnaKttamkarR)ak;eTal
sisSedaHRsayxng .
3-karR)ak;pb ( Compound Interest )
k>niymny
karR)ak;pb KWCaRbePTkarR)ak;EdleRbIkgParkichirBavtryHeBlEvg .
karR)ak;pbmannyfakarR)ak;rbs;RKamunRtUvbEnmCamYyR)ak;edImEdl)anyk
eFIVvinieyaKedIm,IykkarR)ak;enARKabnab; . kgkarR)ak;pb karR)ak;begItkarR)ak;
x>rUbmnKNnafGnaKttamkarR)ak;pb
ebIeKykR)ak;edIm PV eTAeFIVvinieyaKedayTTYl)anGRtakarR)ak;RbcaMqaM i
tamkarR)ak;pbkgryHeBl n qaM enaHenAcugqaMTI n R)ak;EdleKTTYl)an
bfGnaKtGacKNna)antamrUbmn FV PV.(1 i) .
]TahrN_ 1 elaksarI)anykR)ak;edImcMnYn 75,000,000 erol eTAeFIVvinieyaK
kgryHeBl$ qaM tamkarR)ak;pbCamYyGRtakarR)ak; 8% kgmYyqaM .
KNnafGnaKt ?
n
- 48 -

Tel : 017 768 246
tamrUbmn FV PV(1 i) eday

n
PV 75,000,000
n 4
i 8% 0.08
eK)an FV 750,000,000(1 0.08) ...

]TahrN_ 2 elak sava:t)anykR)ak;cMnYn $250,000 eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYykg
ryHeBl$qaM (Ex CamYyGRtakarR)ak; i 5% kgmYy .
KNnafGnaKt;tamkarR)ak;pb ?
sisSedaHRsayxng .
]TahrN_ 3 eKykR)ak;edImcMnYn $450,000 eTAeFIVvinieyaKkgryHeBl
$ qaM # Ex .
eKdwgfaGRtakarRbcaMqaMKW i 12% .
k-cUKNnafGnaKttamkarR)ak;eTal .
x-cUrKNnafGnaKttamkarR)ak;pb .
sisSedaHRsayxng .
K-rUbmnKNnafbcb,n
FV.(1 i)
tamrUbmn FV PV(1 i) eKTaj)an PV (1FV
i)
dUcenH PV FV(1 i) .
]TahrN_ 1 eK)anykR)ak;edIm PV eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYykgryHeBl #
qaMtamkarR)ak;pb CamYyGRtakarR)ak; 9% .
eKdwgfafGnaKtman !@ (%0 @(0 erol .
cUrKNnalbcb,n PV ?
cemIy PV 10,000,000 erol .
4
- 49 -

Tel : 017 768 246
X-rUbmnKNnaryHeBlvinieyaKtamkarR)ak;pb
tamrUbmn FV PV.(1 i) eKTaj)an
n
FV
PV
FV
ln(1 i) n ln
PV
n. ln(1 i) ln FV ln PV
ln FV ln PV
n
ln(1 i)
(1 i) n
.
dUcenH
]TahrN_ eKykR)ak;edIm PV $15,000,000 eTAeFIVvinieyaKtamGRtakarR)ak;
pbRbcaMqaM i 12% .
KNnaryHeBlvinieyaKedIm,I[fGnaKtesI FV $23,602,790
tamrUbmn
ln FV ln PV
n
ln(1 i)
eday
FV $23,602,790
PV $15,000,000
i 12% 0.12
ln 15000000
dUcenH n ln 23602790
4 qaM .
ln(1 0.12)
g-rUbmnKNnaGRtakarR)ak;tamkarR)ak;pb
tamrUbmn FV PV(1 i) eKTaj)an
n
FV
PV
FV
1 i n
PV
FV
in
1
PV
1 i
dUcenH
.
4-karR)ak;pbbnbnab;
RbsinebIeKGnuvtn_ GRtakarR)ak;pbCaeRcIndgkgmYyqaM sntfa m dgkg1qaM
kgkrNIenH GRtakarR)ak;kgmYyelIkKW mi .
- 50 -

Tel : 017 768 246
mn
dUcenHtmGnaKtkMnt;eday
kalNa
FV PV.1
m
mn

i
FV lim PV1
m
m
eK)an
ebIeyIgtag mi 1x b x mi kalNa m enaH

eK)an
FV PV. lim 1
x
x
i.x .n
1
PV. lim 1
x
x
i.n
PV.e i.n
BIeRBaHtamrUbmnlImIt lim(1 1x ) e 2.718281828.... .

dUcenHeK)anrUbmnfGnaKttamGRtakarR)ak;pbbnbnab;eRcIndgkgmYyqaM
minkMnt; FV PV e Edl e 2.71828.... CaeKalelakarItenEBr .
]TahrN_ eKykR)ak; $50,000 eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYyedayTTYl)anGRtakarR)ak;
pbbnbnab;eRcIndg minkMnt; kgmYyqaM i 6% 0.06 .
etIkgryHeBl #0 qaMeRkaymk eK)anfGnaKtb:unan ?
eRkayBIepJIryHeBl #0 qaMeRkaymk eKnwgTTYl)anfGnaKt
FV $50000 2.71828
$.....
.
x
i.n
0.06 30
- 51 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
1-elaksarI ykR)ak;cMnYn $10,000,000 eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYyCamYy
GRtakarR)ak;RbcaMqaMKW i 25% .
k> cUrKNnafGnaKt;tamkarR)ak;eTal .
x> cUrKNnafGnaKt;tamkarR)ak;pb .
2-elaksarI ykR)ak; $40,000,000 eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYyryHeBl ^ qaM ( Ex
CamYyGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM i 5% 0.05 . cUrKNnafGnaKt ?
3-eKykR)ak;edIm fbcb,n cMnYn C eTAeFVIvinieyaKkgryHeBl # qaM
CamYyGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM i 9% . eKdwgfafGnaKtKW $12,950,290 .
cUrKNnafbcb,n R)ak;edIm ?
4-elaksarI )an[elaksava:txIR)ak;cMnYn $60,000 tamGRtakarR)ak;eTal
RbcaMqaM 8% .# qaMeRkaymkelaksarI)anRbmUlTaMgedIm TaMgkarBIelaksava:t
ehIyKat;)anykeTAepJIkgFnaKarmYyCamYyGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM 6% .
cUrKNnatmGnaKtbnab;BIelaksarIepJIkgFnaKar $ qaM ?
5-elaksava:t)anykR)ak;cMnYn $200,000 eTAcgkar tamGRtakarR)ak;pb
dUcteTA
+ i 6% kg 1qaM kgryHeBl # qaMdMbUg
+ i 8% kg 1qaM kgryHeBl $ qaMbnab;
+ i 10% kg 1qaM kgryHeBl @ qaMcugeRkay .
KNnafGnaKtenAcugqaMTI ( ?
0
- 52 -

Tel : 017 768 246
6-elak sarI )anykR)ak;cMnYn $40,000 eTAepJIkgFnaKamYyCamYy

GRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM i 12% .
etIelaksarI RtUvepJIFnaKar ryHeBlb:unanedIm,I[)anfGnaKtesInwg $dg
nR)ak;edIm .
7-elaksarI ykR)ak; $100,000 eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYytamGRtakarR)ak;pb .
eKdwgfa ebIKat;epIJkgryHeBl *qaMKat;nwgTTYl)anfGnaKtesInwg$dgn
fbcb,n. cUrKNnafGnaKtkgryHeBl % qaMeRkaymk ?
8-elaksarI )an[elak A xIR)ak;cMnYn $20,000 tamGRtakarR)ak;eTal
RbcaMqaM t% .# qaMeRkaymk elaksarI)anRbmUlTaMgedIm TaMgkarBIelak A
ehIyykeTA[elak B xIbnCamYyGRtakarR)ak;eTalRbcaMqaM (t 4)% .
@ qaMbnab;BIdak;[elak B xI elaksarIRbmUlR)ak;TaMgGs; TaMgedIm TaMgkar
)ancMnYn $85,540 . cUrkMnt;rkGRtakarR)ak; t ?
9-eKykR)ak;cMnYn $800,000,000 eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYyCamYyGRtakarR)ak; 6%
kgryHeBl 12 qaM tamGRtakarR)ak;pbbnbnab; .
cUrKNnafGnaKt ?
10-eKepJIR)ak;kgFnaKarmYy CamYyGRtakarR)ak; 8% kgryHeBl 25 qaM
tameKalneya)aypbkarR)ak;bnbnab; . eKdwgfafGnaKtesI $7,389,000
cUrKNnafbcb,n ?
11-eKykR)ak;cMnYn $600,000 eTAeFIVvinieyaKryHeBl ^qaM CamYYyGRtakarR)ak;
RbcaMqaM i 8% . cUrKNnafGnaKt;tamkarR)ak;eTal ? tamkarR)ak;pb ?
tamkarR)ak;pbbnbnab; ?
- 53 -

Tel : 017 768 246
12-elak A )an[R)ak;elak B xIcMnYn $20,000 tamGRtakarR)ak;eTal

RbcaMqaM t% .! qaMeRkaymk elak A )anRbmUlR)ak;TaMgedIm TaMgkarBIelak B
ehIy)andak;[elak C xIbneTottamGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM t% .
# qaMbnab;BIdak;[elak C xI elak A RbmUlR)ak;TaMgedIm TaMgkarsrubTaMgGs;)an
cMnYn $29,282 . cUrKNnaGRtakarR)ak; t ?
13-eKykR)ak;cMnYn ! 000 000 erol eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYy CamYYyGRtakarR)ak;
8% kgmYyqaM .eKdwgfa FnaKar)anelIkTwkcitdl;GkepJIrbs;xn edayGnuvtn_
eKalneya)ay karR)ak;pbCaeRcIndgkgmYyqaM minkMnt; .
cUrkMnt;ryHeBlvinieyaKedIm,I [)anfGnaKtesI & #*( 000 erol .
14-elak pln )anykR)ak; $80,000 eTAdak;epJIkgFnaKar A
edayTTYl)anGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM 6% . @qaMeRkaymkelak pln
)anRbmUlR)ak;TaMgedImTaMgkarBIkgFnaKar A ehIyykeTAdak;epJIkgFnaKar B
tamGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM 8% .
eKdwgfa FnaKar)anelIkTwkcitdl;GkepJIrbs;xn edayGnuvtn_ eKalneya)ay
karR)ak;pbCaeRcIndgkgmYyqaM minkMnt; .
cUrKNnafGnaKtbnab;BIdak;epJIkgFnaKar B ryHeBl#qaMmk .
15-elakeBRC )anykR)ak;cMnYn $40,000 eTAvinieyaKtamGRtakarR)ak; 12%
kgmYyqaMpbbnbnab; .
k> cUrKNnafGnaKt EdlelakeBRC TTYl)anebIKat;vinieyaKryHeBl # qaM .
x> etIelakeBRCRtUvvinieyaKkgryHeBlb:unaneTIbTTYl)anfGnaKtesInwg @
dgnR)ak;edIm fbcb,n .
- 54 -

Tel : 017 768 246
FnlaP b sMNgRbcaMRKa
( ANNUITY )
1-niymny
k> Annuities : KWCa esrI nkarcMNay sg b bg;R)ak;snSMCaRbcaM
elIcenaHeBlmYyeTogTat;esIKa .
cenaHryHeBlesIKanImYy ehAfa RKa bkal behAfaxYb EdlCaTUeTAKW
mYyqa.M
FnlaPmYyGackMnt;)anluHRtaEteKsal;GMBI
-f Ex qaM bg;elIkdMbUg
-cMnYnTwkR)ak;Edl)anbg;kgmYyelIk
-cMnYndgEdl)anbg;
-cenaHryHeBlbg;mg CaTUeTA KitCaqaM qmas b RtImas b Ex .
-GRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMRKa b kal .
eKalbMNgnFnlaP
-edIm,IsnSMR)ak;mYycMnYnkgxg;R)ak; b begInTunmYycMnYn
-edIm,IsgrMelaHCabeNIrnUvTwkR)ak;mYycMnYnEdl)anxI .
RbePTnFnlaPmanBIrRbePT
-FnlaPFmta bFnlaPbg;edImRKa KWCakarbUksrubTwkR)ak; Edl)anbg;
TaMgGs;enAeBl)anbg;rYcPam .
-FnlaPbg;edImRKa KWCakarbUksrubTwkR)ak;Edl)anbg;TaMgGs; enA
eRkaymYyRKabnab;BIkarbg;cugeRkay .
- 55 -

Tel : 017 768 246
2-fGnaKt ( Future Value )

1> FnlaPbg;cugRKa ( Ordinary Annuity )
fGnaKtrbs;sIVtFnlaPmYy KWCaplbUksrubnfGnaKtrbs;
FnlaPTaMgLayKitRtwmeBlbg;bBab;cugeRkaybgs; .
]bmafa A CaR)ak;EdlRtUvbg;enAelIkTI k Edl k 1,2,3,...., n
i CaGRtakarR)ak;
n CaryHeBl
FV CafGnaKt
eK)an FV FV FV FV ...... FV FV
edayeKman FV A .1 i fGnaKtRKaTI1 manryHeBl (n 1)
FV A .1 i
fGnaKtRKaTI2manryHeBl (n 2)
FV A .1 i
--------------------------------------------------------FV A .1 i
fGnaKtRKaTI n 1 manryHeBl !
FV A .1 i A fGnaKtRKaTI n manryHeBl 0
dUcenH FV A 1 i A 1 i A 1 i ..... A 1 i A
FV A .1 i !
-ebIeKman A A A ...... A A enaHrUbmn ! Gacsresr Ca
(1 i) 1
FV A1 i A
i
ehAfafGnaKtnFnlaPefrbg;cugRKa Constant annuities ) .
k
k 1
n 1
n 2
n 3
n ( n 1)
n 1
n 1
n n
n 1
n 2
n k
n 1
k 1
n 3
n k
k 1
- 56 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_ eK)andak;R)ak;snSMkgKNnImYyerogral;cugqaMnUvsac;R)ak;efrcMnYn
$400 .cUrkMnt;rkcMnYnsac;R)ak;srubkgKNnIenHenAeBlKat;)andak;R)ak;elIkTI %
ebIeKdwgfaGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaMKW i 12% .
tamrUbmn FV
1 i
A.
eday
1 0.12
400
A $400
i 12% 0.12
n 5
$.......
.
dUcenH FV
0.12
2> FnlaPbg;edImRKa ( Annuity Due )
]bmafa A CaR)ak;EdlRtUvbg;enAelIkTI k Edl k 1,2,3,...., n
i CaGRtakarR)ak;
n CaryHeBl
V CafGnaKt
eK)an FV FV FV FV ...... FV FV
edayeKman FV A .1 i fGnaKtRKaTI1 manryHeBl n
FV A .1 i
FV A .1 i
--------------------------------------------------------FV A .1 i
fGnaKtRKaTI n 1 manryHeBl @
FV A .1 i A 1 i fGnaKtRKaTI n manryHeBl !
5
k 1
n 1
n 2
n 1
n 1
FVA A1 1 i A 2 1 i
n 1
FVA A k .1 i
n
k 1
n k 1
A 3 1 i
n 2
..... A n 1 1 i A n (1 i)
2
@
- 57 -

Tel : 017 768 246
-ebIeKman A A
1
A 3 ...... A n A
enaHrUbmn @ Gacsresr Ca
ehAfafGnaKtnFnlaPefrbg;edImRKa Constant annuities ) .

]TahrN_ elaksarI)andak;R)ak; $300 eTAkgKNnIsnSMenAf ! Ex ! erogral;qaM
cab;BIqaM @000 . cUrkR)ak;srubEdlelaksarITTYl)anenAf #! Ex !@ qaM @00% ?
eKdwgfaGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaMesInwg i 12% .
FVA A1 i
n
n k 1
k 1
tamrUbmneK)an
(1 i) n 1
A(1 i)
i
(1 i) n 1
FVA A(1 i).
i
eday
A $300
i 12% 0.12
n 6
(1 0.12) 6 1
FVA 300.(1 0.12).
$......
0.12
dUcenH
.
3> fGnaKtrbs;FnlaPefrbg;cugRKa KitRtwm d kal
eRkayeBlbg;elIkeRkaybgs;
]bmafa V CafGnaKtnFnlaPbg;cugRKacMnYn n elIkEdlsac;R)ak;
bg;mYyelIkmancMnYnefr A CamYyGRtakarR)ak;pb i enaHeK)an
1 i 1 .
FV A.
i
eRkayBIkarbg;elIkTI n ebIGkBMu)anbg;R)ak;bEnm b dkR)ak;enaHeT KWTuk
sRmab;ykkarR)ak;kgryHeBl d kaleTot CamYyGRtakarR)ak; i dEdl .
ebI FV CafGnaKtrbs;FnlaPEdlRtUvrkenaHeK)an
n
d
A
(1 i) n 1
FV FVA .1 i A.
.(1 i)d
i
d
A
- 58 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_ elaksarI)andak;R)ak;snSMkgKNnIrbs;Kat;cMnYn$00 000 000 erol

erogral;cugqaM CamYyGRtakarR)ak;pb i 12% .
bnab;BIKat;)anbg;R)ak;elIkTI^rYc Kat;BMu)anbg;R)ak;bEnm bkdkR)ak;enaHeT
KWelaksarI)anTukR)ak;enaHsRmab;ykkarR)ak;kgryHeBl $qaMeTot CamYy
GRtakarR)ak;dEdl.
cUrKNnafGnaKtEdlelaksarITTYl)anbnab;BITukykkarR)ak; $ qaMeRkaymk ?
tamrUbmn FV
A.
d
A
(1 i) n 1
.(1 i) d
i
A 400,000,000
i 12% 0.12
n 6
d 4
eday
(1 0.12) 6 1
FV 400,000,000.
.(1 0.12) 4 ....
0.12
dUcen H
3-fbcb,n ( Present Value )
1> fbcb,nnFnlaPbg;cugRKa
-KWCacMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRtUvdak;vinieyaKenAeBlenH CamYyGRtakarR)ak;mYykMnt;
edIm,I sRmab;dkcMNay CabeNIrenAfeRkay .
-KWCacMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlkMNt;sgCaRbcaM elI ryHeBlesIKacMnYn n dg
edIm,IrMelaHbMNulEdl)anxIkgeBlbcb,ncMnYn V ehAfasMNgRbcaMRKa .
-ebIeyIgtag V Cafbcb,nenaHeK)an
A
A
A
A
A
.....

PV
!
1 i (1 i)
(1 i)
(1 i)
(
1
i
)
-ebI A A A .... A A enaHtamrUbmn ! eKTaj)an

A
1 (1 i)
PV
A.
.
(
1
k
)
i
4
A
k 1
k 1
- 59 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_ 1 etIeyIgRtUvdak;R)ak;epJIkgFnaKarcMnYnb:unanenAf 01 / 01 / 2004

edIm,I[eyIg
Gacdkvij)ancab;taMgBIf 01 / 01 / 2005 mYyqaMcMnYn $1000 cMnYn $ dg ?
eKdwgfaGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaMKW i 18% .
tamrUbmn
1 (1 i) n
PV A.
i
eday
A $1000
i 18% 0.18
n 4
dUcenH PV 1000.1 (10.180.18) $....

]TahrN_2 elak A )an[elak B xIR)ak;cMnYn $20,000 kgryHeBl 5 qaM
edayeFIVkicsnamYytRmUv[elak B sgbMNulenHerogral;cugqaM nUvsac;R)ak;efr
CamYyGRtakarR)ak; i 20% kgmYyqaM .
etIelak B RtUvsgbMNulenHkgmYyqaMb:unan ?
tamrUbmn PV A.1 (1i i)
4
eKTaj)an
dUcenH
PV $20,000
PV
i 20% 0.20
n
1 (1 i)
n 5
i
20,000
A
$.....
1 (1 0.20) 5
0.20
eday
]TahrN_3 elak A )anxIR)ak;BIelak B cMnYn $800,000 CamYy

GRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM i 6% edaysna sgbMNulenH eTAelak B
vijerogral;cugqaMnUvcMnYnsac;R)ak; $230,873 efr .
etIryHeBlb:unanqaMeTIbelak A sgbMNuleTAelak B rYcral; ?
sisSedaHRsayxng .
- 60 -

Tel : 017 768 246
4-mUlniFiTUTat;bMNul ( SINKING FUND )

KWCamUlniFisnSMTukedayELk edayrdaPi)al-Rkumhun>>>>>>. l >.
EdlRtUv)aneKeRbI sRmab;TUTat; bMNul tamkMritmYykMnt; .
]TahrN_ enAcugqaM @00% elak A RtUvkarR)ak;cMnYn $200,000 edIm,I
ebIkhagTMnijmYy.etIelak A RtUvsnSMR)ak;tam Annuities efrkgmYyqaM
cMnYnb:unan ? GRtakarR)ak; 20% fEdlbg;R)ak;snSMelIkdMbUgenAedImqaM @00@ .
tamrUbmnFnlaPbg;edImRKa FV A(1 i). (1 ii) 1
n
eKTaj)an
dUcenH
FVA
i
A
.
(1 i) (1 i) n 1
eday
FVA $200,000
i 20% 0.20
n 4
200,000
0.20
.
$.....
1 0.20 (1 0.20) 4 1
- 61 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!-edIm,IbegInTun GaCIvkrmak;)andak;R)ak;snSMkgKNnIrbs;Kat;erogral;cugqaM
nUvcMnYnsac;R)ak;efr $5000 CamYyGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM 20% .
cUrKNnacMnYnsac;R)ak;kgKNnIrbs;GaCIvkrenAeBlEdlKat;dak;R)ak;elIkTI % .
@-elak A )andak;R)ak;snSMerogral;qaMcMnYn $2500 cab;BIf 01 / 01 / 2000 .
eKdwgfaGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM i 20% . cUrkMnt;R)ak;Edlelak A TTYl)an
enA f 01 / 01 / 2005 .
#-elaksarI)ansnSMR)ak;kgFnaKaredaybg;CaRbcaMkgmYyqaM $1500
cab;BIf 01 / 01 / 2000 .
fbg;cugeRkay 31 / 12 / 2005 ehIyGRtakarR)ak; 18% .
cUrKNnafGnaKtnFnlaPrbs;elaksarI
k> Kitdl;f 31 / 12 / 2005 .
x> Kitdl;f 01 / 01 / 2007 .
$-GaCIvkrmak;RtUvkarR)ak;cMnYn $50,000 edIm,IBRgIkGaCIvkmrbs;Kat;enAcug
qaM @00^ .
etIGaCIvkrenaHRtUvsnSMR)ak;tam Annuities efrkgmYyqaMb:unan ?
eKdwgfaGRtakarR)ak;RbcaMqaM 24% ehIyKat;cab;epImsnSMBIedImqaM @00# .
%-ela A )anxIR)ak;FnaKarcMnYn $20,000 CamYyGRtakarR)ak; 22%
ehIyRtUvsgvijmYyqaMmgcMnYn %qaMtam Annuities efr .
etIR)ak;EdlRtUvsgenAcugqaMnImYyb:unan ?
^-If you invest $8,000 per period for the following number of
- 62 -

Tel : 017 768 246
period ,how much would you have ?

a / 7 years at 9 percent
b / 40 years at 11 percent
7-You invest a single amount of $12,000 for 5years at 10 percent.
At the end of 5years you take the proceeds and invest them for 12
years at 15 percent. How much will you have after 17 years ?
8-Mrs.Crawford will receive $6,500 a year for the nex 14 years
from her trust. If an 8 percent interest rate is applied, what is the
current value of the future payments ?
9-At a growth (interest) rate of 8 percent annually, how long will
it take a sum to double ? To triple ? Select the year that is closest
to the correct answer .
10-How much would you have to invest to day to receive:
a / $12,000 in 6 years at 12 percent ?
b / $15,000 in 15 years at 8 percent ?
c / $5,000 each year for 10 years at 8 percent ?
d / $40,000 each year for 40 years at 5 percent ?
11-Your grandfather has offered you choice of one of the three
following alternatives:$5,000 now , $1,000 a year for eight , or
$12,000 at the end of eight years. Assuming you could earn 11 percent
annually, which alternative should you choose ? If you could earn 12
percent annually, would you still choose the same alternative ?
elak A RtUv)anelak B bwgehIytulakar)antRmUv[elak A sgfCMgWcit

eTA[elak B tamlkxNdUcxageRkam
-ebIbg;kgfenHKWRtUsgcMnYn $10 , 000 .
-ebIbg;sgCaerogral;qaMsRmab; %qaM KWkgmYyqaMRtUvbg; $2,500 .
-ebIbg;sgkgfenH $6,000 rg;caM @qaMeTotKWRtUvbg;sg $5,600 .
]bmafaGRtakarR)ak; 8% RtUv)aneKGnuvtn_ . etIelak A KYeRCIserIsyklkxN
mYyNa sRmab;bg;sgeTA[elak B ?
12-
- 63 -

Tel : 017 768 246
viPaKelIbnSM
1>hVak;tUErl Factorial
EdlehAfahVak;tUErlncMnYn n CaplKuNn n cMnYnKt;viCmandMbUg b
CaplKuNcMnYnKt;viCmantKa BI 1 rhUtdl; n EdleKkMnt;sresr
n! 1 2 3 ....... n .
]TahrN_ 1! 1
2! 1.2 2
3! 1.2.3 6
4! 1.2.3.4 24
5! 1.2.3.4.5 120
6! 1.2.3.4.5.6 720
7! 1.2.3.4.5.6.7 5040
8! 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8 40320
9! 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 362880
10! 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10 3628800
eKBiniteXIjfa
10! 9!.10 8!.9.10 7!.8.9.10 6!.7.8.9.10 5!.6.7.8.9.10 ...
CaTUeTAeKTaj)an
n! (n 1)! n (n 2)!(n 1)n ( n 3)! (n 2)(n 1)n .....
sMKal;
0! 1! 1
.
- 64 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_ eKeGay S
1 2 3
n
......
2! 3! 4!
(n 1)!
bgajfa S 1 (n 1 1)! rYcTajrk lim S ?

eKman k k 1 1 k 1 1
n
k 1 !
k 1 !
eK)an
k 1 ! k 1 !
1
1
k! k 1 !
n
n
k
1 2 3
Sn ......

2! 3! 4!
(n 1)! k 1 (n 1)!
1
1 1
1

Sn
k 1 k!
k 1! 1! n 1!
dUcenH
Sn 1
1
n 1!
nig
1
lim Sn lim 1
1
n
n
n 1 !
2>tMerobminsareLIgvij Arrangement
tMerob p FatukgcMeNam n FatunsMnMu E KWCasMnuMrgn E Edlman p FatuxusKa
erobtamlMdab;mYykMnt; . eKkMnt;tagcMnYntMerob p FatukgcMenam n Fatueday
n!
A
n n 1n 2 .....n p 1 .
n p !
p
n
]TahrN_ etIeKGaccMlas;GkSr A, B, C ykmgBIrtY)anb:unanrebobxusKa ?

eK)an
AB, BA
A, B, C AC, CA
BC, CB
man ^ rebobxusKa .
eKsegteXIjfa A (3 3!2)! 1.21.3 6 rebob .

dUcenHcMnYncMlas;ntYGkSrbItY A, B, C xusKa ykmgBIrtY CatMerobminsareLIgvij
CaTUeTAcMnYncMlas; n Fatu cab;ykmg p Fatu CatMerobminsareLIgvijEdlkMnt;eday
n!
A
, n p
.
(n p)!
sMKal; tMerobminsareLIgvijKitBIrlMdab; BIeRBaH AB nig BA CacMlas;xusKa .
2
3
p
n
- 65 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_
etIeKGactMerobtYGkSrEdlmanBIrBakxusKaecjBItYGkSrEdlmanbYnBak
LOVE xusKa)anb:unanrebob ?
rebobnkarerobtYGkSrenHCatMerobminsareLIgvijEdlkMnt;eday
4!
1.2.3.4
A
12 rebob .
(4 2)!
1.2
eKGacepgpat;cMelIytamkarKUsbMRBYj
2
4
LO, OL
LV, VL
LE, EL
LOVE
OV, VO
OE, EO
VE, EV
man !@ rebob .
3>cMlas;minsaeLIgvij Permultation
cMlas; n FatuxusKa KWCatMerob n Fatu kgcMeNam n Fatu .
eKkMnt;cMnYncMlas; n Fatueday
P A n! 1 2 3 ..... n .
]TahrN_ etIeKGaccMlas;tYGkSrEdlmanbIBak ABC )anb:unanrebobxusKa
eK)an P 3! 1.2.3 6 rebob .
n
eKGacKUsbMRBYj
ABC, ACB
ABC BAC, BCA
CAB, CBA
man ^ rebob .
]TahrN_ etIeKGacbegItBakEdlmanbYntYGkSredayeRbItYGkSrnBak
MATH )anb:unanBak ?
BakEdlGacbegIt)anmancMnYn P 4! 1.2.3.4 24 Bak .
4
- 66 -

Tel : 017 768 246
4>bnSMminsareLIgvij Combination
bnSM p FatukgcMeNam n Fatu CatMerobminKitlMdab;EdlkMnt;eday
A pn
n!
C
p! p!.(n p)!
n p
p
n
]TahrN_
kgfg;mYymanXIbYnRKab;cuHelxxusKa A, B, C, D .
eKcab;ykXI bIRKab;BIkgfg; . etImanb:unanrebobxusKankarcab;ykRKab;XI ?
karcab;ykXIbIkgcMeNamXIbYnKICabnSM # kgcMeNam $ .
eK)an C 3!.44! 3! 11..22..33..41 4 rebob .
3
eKGacKUsbMRBYj
ABC
ABD
ABCD
ACD
BCD
man $ rebob .
]TahrN_
eKhUtykebor # bIsnwkBIkghUEdlmanebor %@ snwk .
etImanb:unanrebobxusKankarhUtcab;ykeborCabnSM # kgcMeNam %@.
.51.52
22100 rebob .
eK)an C 3!.(5252! 3)! 491!..50
2.3.49!
5>tMerobsareLIgvij Arrangement with Re petition
tMerobsareLIgvij p Fatu kgcMeNam n FatuKWCatMerobEdlFatunImYy
Gacmanvtman 1,2,3,..., n dg .
eKkMnt;sresr A n .
3
52
p
n
- 67 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_ etImanb:unancMnYnEdlmanelxBIrxg; EdlbegIteLIg BIelx 1,2,3,4

cMnYntMerobnelxKWCatMerobsareLIgvijkMnt;eday A 4 16 rebob .
2
elxTaMgenaHKW
11
22
31
41
, 12, 13 , 14
man !^ cMnYn .
,21 , 23 , 24
, 32 , 33 , 34
, 42 , 43 , 44
6>cMlas;sareLIgvij Permultation with Re petition

eKeGaysMnMu E man n Fatu EdlkgenaH n CaFatuRbePTTI1 , n CaFatuRbePTTI2
, n CaFatuRbePTTI3 ,........., n CaFatuRbePTTI p eday n n n .... n n
cMnYncMlas;sareLIgvijn n Fatu KWCacMlas;GacEbgEck)anEdlkMnt;tageday
n!
P
.
n !.n !.n !.....n !
1
]TahrN_ etIeKGacbegItBakEdlman # GkSr)anb:unanedayeRbIGkSrnBak

BBU ?
kgBak BBU manGkSr B cMnYn @ GkSr nig U cMnYn !
dUcenHcMnYnBakEdlman#GkSrKW P 2!.3!1! 62 3 Bak .
7>bnSMsareLIgvij Combiation with Re petition
bnSMsareLIgvijn p Fatu kgcMenam n FatuKWCabnSM EdlFatunImYyGacman
vtmaneRcIndg.
eKtagbnSMsareLIgvijn p Fatu kgcMenam n Fatueday
3
Cn
n p 1!
p!.n 1!
- 68 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_
cUrrkbnSMnBItYrGkSrecjBItYrGkSrbYn A, B, C, D EdlGkSrnImYyGacmaneRcIndg
tambMrab;bnSMntYGkSrCabnSMsareLIgvij .
eK)an C (24!.(4211)!)! 2!.5!3! 120
10 .
12
8>eTVFajtun Binom de Newton
a b C a C a .b C a .b ....... C b .
sMKal; eTVFasMxan;KYrkt;sMKal;
!> (1 x) C C x C x C x ........... C x
@> (x 1) C x C x C x .......... C
2
4
0
n
2
n
0
n
0
n
n 1
1
n
2
n
2
n
1
n
n 1
n 2
3
n
2
n
n
n
n 2
n
n
0
n
- 69 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!> KNnaplbUk S 1.1!2.2!3.3!...... n.n! .
@> etIcMnYn 2005! manelxsUnb:unan ?
#> KNnatMl A , A A .
$> KNnatMln C , C , C .
%> cUrbgajfa
k> 1 2 3 ............ n A 6 A
x> 1 2 3 ............. n A 6 A
^> cUrbgajfa A A 2(n p)
&> cUrkMnt;tmrbs; n edIm,I[ A A 2n 7n 150 .
*> cUrKNnaplbUk S A1 A1 A1 .......... A1 rYcTajrklImIt lim S .
(> cUrbgajfa (p n!1)! (n p!1)! n(p!) n!.pp!(n!) np1 .
!0> cUrbgajfa pC nC
!!> cUrbgajfa C C 2C C
!@> cUrbgajfa C C 3C 3C C
!#> eKmansIVt u 1 nig u C1 . cUrbgajfa u 2 n2 C1 ?
!$> edaHRsaysmIkar C C 176 n 236 n .
!%> bgajfa C C C . rYcKNnaplbUk S (1) .C
!^> eK[ N 1!2!3!4!.......... 1998! . cUrrkbIelxcugeRkayncMnYn N .
n
3
n2
3
n 1
3
n 2
2
np
2
n p 1
3
n 1
3
n 3
3
3
3
n4
3
4
3
5
3
n 1
p
n
p 1
n 2
p
n 2
p 2
n 2
p 1
n 3
p
n 3
p 2
n 3
p 3
n 3
n 2
3
n 1
p
n
p 1
n 1
p
n
p
n
p
n 1
k 0
3
n 2
k
n
k 2
k
n
p 1
n 1
- 70 -
p 0
p
n

Tel : 017 768 246
!&> eK[cMnYn N 2000!2001!2002!..... 2006! .

etIcMnYn N manelxsUncugeRkaybgs;b:unan?
!*> cUrbgajfa C 12 C 13 C ... n 1 1 C 2n 11
rYcTaj[)anfa C .C .C .........C (n 1)!. (2n 1)1 .
!(> k-edayeRbIeTVFajtuncUrBnat 1 x .
x-TajrktMln S C C C ...... C .
@0 > bgajfa C C C ..... C 2 .
@!> bgajfa C 2C 3C ...... nC n.2 .
@@> k-KNna I 1 x .dx .
x-bgajfa C 12 C 13 C ..... n 1 1 C 2n 11
@#> k-KNna I 1 x .dx
x-KNna S C 13 C 15 C ....... 1 . 2n1 1.C .
@$> eKhUteborbYnsnwkBIkghUedaycdn .
etImanrebobnkarhUtxusKab:unanrebob ?
@%> kgBak BANANA etIeKGacsresr)anb:unanrebobGacEbgEck)anxusKa
@^> sisS !0 nak; cUlrYmRblgRbECgsisSBUEkKNitviTa .
etImanb:unanrebobEdlsisS Cab;cMnat;fak;elx1 elx2 nigelx3 ?
@&> mnusSmYyRkummanKa !0 nak; etIeKGacbegIt)anb:unanKNHkmkarxusKa
@*> kak;mYymanmux A nig B RtUv)aneKe)aHbIdg .
etImanb:unanrebobEdlmuxkak;ecj ?
n 1
0
n
1
n
2
n
n
n
n 1
n 1
0
n
1
n
2
n
n
n
10
10
10
10
10
10
n 1
n 1
- 71 -
n
n

Tel : 017 768 246
@(> eKmansIVt (I ) kMnt;cMeBaHRKb; n 1 eday

k-cUrKNnatY I .
x-cUrbBaak; I CaGnuKmn_n I rYcTaj[)anfa I e P1!
RKb; n 1.
K-cUrrklImIt lim I rYcTajfa lim 1 11! 21! 31! .... n1! e 2.71828 .
#0> cMeBaHRKb; n 1 eK[ I 2 2.n! (1 t) .e .dt .
k-edayeRbIGaMgetRkaltamEpkcUrKNnatY I .
x-cUrRsaybBaak;facMeBaHRKb; n 1: I I 2 .(1n 1)! .
K-Taj[)anfacMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt; n 1 eKmansmPaB
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
e 1 . . . ...... . I .
2 1! 2 2! 2 3!
2 n!
X-cUrTajbgajfa e lim 1 12 .11! 21 . 21! 21 . 31! ...... 21 . n1! .
#!> k>cUrKNnaGaMgetRkal I (x 2) .dx
x>Taj[)anfa n 1 1 C n2 C n2 1 C ....... 2 C 3 n 21
#@> k>KNnaGaMgetRkal I (1 x) .dx
x>Taj[)anfa C 12 C 13 C 14 C ....... (1) n 1 1 C n 1 1
#@> k>KNnaGaMgetRkal I (x 1) .dx
x>Taj[)anfa n 1 1 C n1 C n 1 1 C ...... C 2n 11
##> k>KNnaGaMgetRkal I x(1 x ) .dx
x>Taj[)anfa 12 C 14 C 16 C ...... 2n1 2 C 22n 21
1 1
I n . (1 x ) n .e x .dx
n! 0
n 1
p 0
t
2
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
0
n
1
n
2
n
n 1
n
n
0
n
1
n
2
n
3
n
n
n
n 1
0
n
1
n
2
n
n
n
n 1
0
n
1
n
2
n
- 72 -
n
n

Tel : 017 768 246
#$> k>KNnaGaMgetRkal I
x>Taj[)anfa
(1 x 2 ) n .dx
0
1
1 3 5 ..... (2n 1)
1
1
1
C 0n C1n C 2n C 3n ..... (1) n
C nn
3
5
7
2n 1
2 4 6 ....... 2n
#%> k>KNnaGaMgetRkal I
x>TajrkplbUk
(1 x 2 ) 2 n .dx
0
1
1
1
1
1
Sn C 02 n C12 n C 22 n C 32 n .... (1) n
C 2n n ....
C 22 nn
2n 1
4n 1
3
5
7
- 73 -

Tel : 017 768 246
RbU)ablIet
RbU)ablIet mansarHsMxan;kgCIvPaBRbcaMfrbs;eyIg EdleyIgeRbIR)as;vasMrab;

vas;kMritnPaBmineTogTat; . kalNaeyIgeRKageFVIGIVmYykalNaGk]tuniym
TsSn_TayGakasFatub RkumhunFanara:b;rgeFIVeKalneya)ayrbs;Rkumhun caM)ac;
RtUveRbI RbU)ablIet edIm,IeFVIesckIsMerccit beFVI kareRCIserIs .
1-RBwtikarN_-lMhsMNak
k>viBaasa
viBaasa KWCakarBiesaFn_mYyEdl
-GaceGayeKdwg nUvsMNMulTplEdl)anekIteLIg
-BMuGacdwgR)akdfa lTplNaEdlnwgekItmaneLIg
-karBiesaFn_ GacsareLIgvij CaeRcIndg kglkxNdUcKa .
x>skl blMhsMNak
sMnMunlTplTaMgGs;EdlGacman rbs;viBasamYy ehAfa skl
EdleKtageday S or or U .
K>RBwtikarN_ CasMNMurg rbs;skl blMhsMNak .
]TahrN_
ebIeyIge)aHkak;Edlmanmux H nigxg T cMnYnmYydgenaHeKGac)anlTpl
H b T .
-sMnMu H, T ehAfa lMhsMNak tageday S H, T .
-ebIeKR)afae)aH)anmux H enaHsMNMu H ehAfaRBwtikarN_ tageday A H .
-cMnYnFatunlMhsMNak ehAfacMnYnkrNIGac eKtageday nS 2 .
- 74 -

Tel : 017 768 246
-cMnYnFatunRBwtikarN_ ehAfacMnYnkrNIRsb eKtageday nA 1 .

2>rUbmneKalnRbU)ab
enAkgBiesaFn_mYy EdlmanlMhsMNak S RbU)ablIetnRBwtikarN_ A
ekIteLIgkMnt;eday
cMnYnkrNIR sb nA .
PA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
sMKal; eday A S naMeGay 0 PA 1 .
]TahrN_
kgfg;mYymanXI !0 RKab; XIRkhm $ nig XIexA ^ .
eKcab;ykXI # RKab;edaycdn .
rkRbU)ablIetedIm,IeGay)an XIEdlmanBNRkhmTaMgbI ?
dMeNaHRsay
rkRbU)ablIetedIm,IeGay)an XIEdlmanBNRkhmTaMgbI
tag A CaRBwtikarN_ cab;ykXI # )anBNRkhmTaMg # RKab;
tamrUbmn PA cMnYnkrNIR sb nnAS
cMnYnkrNIG ac
-cMnYnkrNIGac
cab;ykXI # kgcMeNamXI !0 vaCabnSM # kg !0
eK)an nS C 3!.1010! 3! 71!..28..39..10
120
7!
3
10
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
cab;XI # )anBNRkhmkgcMeNamXIRkhm $ vaCabnSM # kg $
- 75 -

Tel : 017 768 246
eK)an nA C
4!
3!.4 3!
3
1
PA
0.025 2.5%
120 40
4
dUcenH
.
3>rUbmnKNnaRbU)ablIet
k-rUbmn RbU)ablIetnRbCMuRBwtikarN_BIr
ebI A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrmincuHsMrugKaenaHeK)an
PA B PA PB
ebI A
nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrsamBaenaHeK)an
PA B PA PB PA B
x-rUbmn RbU)ablIetnRbCMuRBwtikarN_bI
ebI A , B
nig C CaRBwtikarN_bImincuHsMrugKaBIenaHeK)an
PA B C PA PB PC
ebI A
nig B CaRBwtikarN_bIsamBaenaHeK)an
PA B C PA PB PC PA B PA C PB C PA B C
K-CaTUeTA
ebI A , A , A ,......, A CaRBwtikarN_mincuHsMrugKaBIenaHeK)an
PA A ... A PA PA ... PA .
1
- 76 -

Tel : 017 768 246
X-rUbmnRbU)abnRBwtikarN_BIrpyKa
ebI A nig A CaRBwtikarN_BIrpyKaenaHeK)an
PA PA 1 PA 1 PA .
]TahrN_ RbU)ablIetEdlfEsknwgePgenApSarbwgQUkman 0.525 .
rkRbU)ablIetEdlfEskminePgenApSarbwgQUk ?
solution : PA 1 0.525 0.475 .
g-rUbmnRbU)ablIetmanlkxN
RbU)ablIetnRBwtikarN_ A edaydwgfa manRBwtikarN_ B )anekIt
eLIgrYcehIy ehAfa RbU)abmanlkxN EdleKtageday PA / B
GanfaRbU)abn A eday)andwg B .
dUcenH cMeBaHRBwtikarN_ A nig B eday PB 0 eKmanrUbmn
PA B
PA / B
beKGacTaj PA B PA / B PB .
PB
]TahrN_ eKhUtebor @ snwkBIkghUEdlmanebor %@ snwk .
rkRbU)ablIetedIm,IeGayeborsnwkTImYyCaGat; nig snwkTIBIrCaRkmMu ?
4 4
solution : PA B 0.006 .
52 51
c-rUbmnRbU)abnRBwtikarN_BIrminTak;TgKa
RBwtikarN_ A nig B EdlGaRsynwgKakgviFIEdlkarekIteLIgnRBwtikarN_mYy
minmanCab;Bak;BnnwgkarekIteLIgnRBwtikarN_mYyeTot eyIgehAfa
RBwtikarN_minTak;TgKa .
- 77 -

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ebI A
nig B minTak;TgKasmmUl PPAB // AB PPAB
ebI A
nig B CaRBwtikarN_ minTak;TgKaenaHeK)an

PA B PA PB .
]TahrN_ eKhUtebormYysnwkBIrdg hUtrYcdak;vij .
rkRbU)ablIetedIm,IeGayeborTaMgBIrsuTEtCasnwkGat; ?
C
C
0.307 .
solution : PA B
C
C
1
52
52
]TahrN_ eK[ A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrsamBa nigminTak;TgKaEdl

PA B 0.725 nig PA B 0.225 . cUrKNna P(A) nig P(B) ?
tamrUbmn PA B PA PB PA B
eK)an PA PB PA B PA B 0.725 0.225 0.950
eday A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrminTak;TgKaenaH PA B PA .PB 0.225
0.950
eK)anRbBn PPAA .PPBB 0.225
nig PB CabssmIkar X 0.95X 0.225 0 manbs XX 00..4550
dUcenH PA 0.45 , PB 0.50 b PA 0.50 , PB 0.45 .

CaTUeTAebI A , A ,..., A CaRBwtikarN_ minTak;TgKaeK)an
PA A ... A PA PA ... PA .
]TahrN_ eK[ A , B , C CaRBwtikarN_bIsamBa nigminTak;TgKaBIrEdl
PA 0.40 , PB 0.30 , PC 0.25 .
cUrrk PA B C ?
PA
- 78 -

Tel : 017 768 246
tamrUbmneK)an
PA B C PA PB PC PA B PA C PB C PA B C
eday A , B, C CaRBwtikarN_bIminTak;TgKaBIr enaHeK)an
P(A B C) 0.4 0.3 0.25 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.25 0.3 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.25
0.95 0.12 0.1 0.075 0.03 0.685
lMhat;mandMeNaHRsay
lMhat;TI1
enAkgfak;eronmYymansisSRbus !* nak; nigsisSRsI @@ nak; .
eKehAeQaHsisS $ nak;edaycdn.
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsITaMg $ nak; .
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsIEtmak;Kt;.
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsITaMg $ nak;
tag A CaRBwtikarN_ehAsisS $nak;)ansisSRsITaMgbYnnak;
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac
ehAsisS $ nak;kgcMenamsisS $0 nak; CabnSM $ kgcMeNam $0
naMeGay nS C
4
40
40 !
36 !.37.38.39.40
91390
4 !.40 4 !
24.36 !
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
ehA)ansisSRsITaMg $nak;kgcMeNamsisSRsITaMgGs; @@ nak; CabnSM $ kg @@
- 79 -

Tel : 017 768 246
naMeGay
n A C 422
22 !
18 !.19.20.21.22
7315
4 !.22 4 !
24.18 !
7315
0,08004 .
eK)an PA 91390
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsIEtmak;Kt;
tag A CaRBwtikarN_ehAsisS $nak;)ansisSRsIEtmak;Kt;
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac nS C 91390
-cMnYkrNIRsb
ehA)ansisSRsIEtmak;Kt;kgcMeNamsisSRsI @@nak; KICabnSM ! kg @@ KW
4
40
n 1 C122 22
enAsl; #nak;eTotCasisSRbus CabnSM # kgcMeNam !* KW

18! 16.17.18
816
3!.15!
6
n A n 1 n 2 22 816 17952
17952
PA
0,1964
91390
n 2 C183
naMeGaycMnYnkrNIRsbKW
.
dUcenH
lMhat;TI2
eKhUtebo # snwkedaycdnBIkghUEdlmanebo %@ snwk .
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anGat;TaMgbIsnwk .
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anGat;BIrsnwk nwgRkmMumYysnwk .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anGat;
tag A CaRBwtikarN_hUtebo #snwk)anGat;TaM # snwk
- 80 -

Tel : 017 768 246
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac
hUtebo # snwkkgcMeNamebo %@ snwk CabnSM # kgcMeNam %@
naMeGay nS C
3
52
52 !
49 !.50.51.52
22100
3 !.52 3!
6.49 !
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
hUtebo #snwk)anGat; # kgcMeNamGat; $snwk KWCabnSM # kg $ KW nA C
4
0,000180995
dUcenH PA 22100
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anGat;BIrsnwk nwgRkmMumYysnwk
tag A CaRBwtikarN_hUtebobIsnwk)anGat;BIrsnwk nwgRkmMumYysnwk
eK)an
PA
3
4
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac nS 22100
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
)anGat; @ snwkkgcMeNamGat; $ snwk KW n C
)anRkmMu ! snwkkgcMeNamRkmMu $snwk KW n C
naMeGaycMnYnkrNIRsb nA 6.4 24
24
dUcenH PA 22100
0,001085972 .
1
2
4
- 81 -
4!
6
2!.2!
4

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;TI3
kgfg;mYymanXIBNRkhm * RKab; nig XIBNexA !@ RKab; .
eKcab;ykXIBIkgfg; $ RKab;edaycdn.
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXIBNRkhm @RKab;.
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXIBNexAsuT .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXIBNRkhm @RKab;
tag A CaRBwtikarN_cab;ykXI $ RKab; )anXIBNRkhm @ RKab;
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac
cab;ykXI $ RKab;kgcMeNamXI @0 RKab; CabnSM $ kg @0 .
eK)an nS C 4!.2016! ! 4845
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
cab;XI $ RKab; )anXImanBNRkhm @ RKab;kgcMeNamXIBNRkhm * KW
4
20
C 82
8!
28
2!.6!
enAsl;XI @ RKab; CaXIBNexAkgcMeNamXIexA !@ KW C

naMeGaycMnYnkrNIRsb nA 28.66 1848
dUcenH PA 1848
0,381424 .
4845
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXIBNexAsuT
tag A CaRBwtikarN_cab;ykXI $ RKab; )anXIBNexAsuT
12
- 82 -
12!
66
2!.10!

Tel : 017 768 246
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac nS C 4845
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
cab;ykXI $ RKab; )anXIexAsuTkgcMeNamXIexA !@ RKab;KW
4
20
12!
495
4!.8!
495
PA
0,10216
4845
n A C124
dUcenH
- 83 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;RbU)ablIet
!> enAkgfak;eronmYymansisS @% nak; sisSRbusman !$ nak; nigsisSRsIman
!! nak;.eKehAeQaHsisSBIrnak;edaycdn .
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSCasisSRsITaMgBIrnak;.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsImak; nig sisSRbusmak;.
@> eKhUtykebo @ snwk BIkghUEdlmanebo %@ snwkedaycdn .
KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat;TaMgBIr .
#> kgfg;mYymanXIBNexov #RKab; XIBNRkhm %RKab; nig XIBNexA $ RKab;.
eKlUkcab;ykXI @ RKab;BIkgfg;edaycdn .
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXImanBNexovsuT.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXImanBNRkhmsuT .
K- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXImanBNexAsuT.
$> kgfg;mYymanbUl !0RKab; KWbUlBNexov ^ RKab; nigbUlBNRkhm $ RKab;.
eKcab;ykbUl #RKab;BIkgfg;edaycdn .
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anbUlmanBNexov @RKab;.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anbUlmanBNexovy:agtic @RKab;.
K- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anbUlmanBNexovy:ageRcIn @RKab;.
%> enAkgfak;eronmYymansisSBUEkKNitviTa !$nak; sisSBUEkrUbviTa * nak;
nigsisSBUEkExr !*nak; . eKehAsisS $nak;edaycdn.
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)ansisSBUEkKNitviTa @ nak; .
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)ansisSBUEkKNitviTa @nak;y:agtic .
- 84 -

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K-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)ansisSBUEkrUbviTa #nak;
nigsisSBUEkExr!nak;.
^> kgfg;mYymanXIBNs ^ RKab; nig XIBNexA * RKab; .
eKcab;ykXI @ RKab;edaycdn .
KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXImanBNxusKa .
&> eKhUtykebo # snwk BIkghUEdlmanebo %@ snwkedaycdn .
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat; @ snwk.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat; ! snwk nigsnwkRkmMu
@snwk.
*> eKhUtykebo % snwk BIkghUEdlmanebo %@ snwkedaycdn .
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat; @ snwk b # snwk.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat; @snwk y:ageRcIn.
(> kgTUmYymanGav * KWGavBNs $ GavBNexov # GavBNRkhm ! .
eKykGavmYyecjBIkgTUmkBak;edaycdn.
KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKyk)anGavBN exov b BN s .
!0> kak;mYyRtUv)aneKe)aHbIdgedaycdn .
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[kak;ecjmuxpa @ dg.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[kak;minecjmuxpa .
!!> eK[ A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrsamBa nigminTak;TgKaEdl
PA 0.65 nig PB 0.25 . cUrKNna P(A B) ?
!@> eK[ A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrsamBa nigminTak;TgKaEdl
PA B 0.68 nig PA B 0.12 . cUrKNna P(A) nig P(B) ?
- 85 -

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m:aRTIs
( MATRICES )
!> viucTr
niymny sMNMumYyman n cMnYnBiterobtamlMdab;mYykMnt; a , a ,....., a
ehAfaviucTr n DIm:g;sgEdleKkMnt;sresr
1
A a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ...., a n
a1

a2
AT a3

...

an
Edl a ehAfakMub:UhSg;TI i .
i
]TahrN_ eK[ A 25, 35, 45, 75,125, 225 CaviucTrman ^ DIm:g;sg .

@> niymnym:aRTIs
taragmYyEdlman m viucTr nig n DIm:g;sgkMnt;sresrkgvg;RkckCarag
A (a ij ) mn
m:
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33

a
m1 a m 2 a m 3
..... a 1n
..... a 2 n
..... a 3n

..... a mn
ehAfam:RTIslMdab; m.n .
ehAfacMnYnlIj , n :ehAfacMnYnkUeLan nig a CaFatuenAelIlIjTI i kUeLanTI j .
]TahrN_ eK[
ij
1
A 7
4
3
5
6
2
1
8
4
1
9
7
Cam:aRTIslMdab; 5 3 .
- 86 -

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#> RbePTnm:aRTIs
a / Zero matrix :
ma:RTIsTaMgGs;EdlmanFatuTaMgGs;esIsUn ehAfam:aRTIssUn tageday O .

mn
]TahrN_
0
A 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ehAfam:aRTIssUnlMdab; 5 4 .
b / Square matrix :
m:aRTIsmYyEdlmancMnYnlIjsInwgcMnYnkUeLanehAfa m:aRTIskaer
EdleKkMnt;sresr
]TahrN_
3
A
1
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 21 a 22 a 23
A (a ij ) nn a 31 a 32 a 33

a
n1 a n 2 a n 3
7 3 0
0 4 2
2 5 4
8 1 3
ehAfam:aRTIskaer .
c / Triangular matrix :
m:aRTIskarmYyEdlmanFatu a
EdleKkMnt;sresr
]TahrN_
0
A
0
..... a 1n
..... a 2 n
..... a 3n

..... a nn
ij
0 , i j or i j
a 11 a 12 a 13
0 a 22 a 23
A (a ij ) nn 0
0 a 33

0
0
0
5 3 9
7 1 6
0 4 8
0 0 5
ehAfa m:aRTIsRtIekaN
..... a 1n
..... a 2 n
..... a 3n

..... a nn
ehAfama:RTIsRtIekaN .
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Tel : 017 768 246
d / Diagonal matrix :
m:aRTIskaermYyEdlmanFatu a
EdleKkMnt;sresr A (a )
ij
]TahrN_
0
A 0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
nn
0
0
0
7
0
0 ,i j
ij
0
0
a 11
0
0 a 22
0
0 a 33

0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
I n (a ij ) nn 0
0

0
0
1 0
0 1
I
0 0
0 0
]TahrN_
a ii 0
ehAfa m:aRTIskta EdleKkMnt;sresr

0 ..... 1
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0
0
1
..... 0
..... 0
..... 0

..... a nn
ehAfam:aRTIsGgt;RTUg .
e / Indentity matrix :
m:aRTIsGgt;RTUgEdlmanFatu
ehAfa m:aRTIsGgt;RTUg
.....
.....
.....
0
0
0
ehAfam:aRTIskta .
f / Transpose of matrix :
m:aRTIsRtg;s,:nm:aRTIs A (a ) KWCam:aRTIsEdltageday
ij
]TahrN_ ebI
1 3
A 2 5
4 7
naM[
mn
1 2 4
A T
3
5
7
- 88 -
A T (a ji ) nm
.
Tel : 017 768 246
g / Equality of matrix :
m:aRTIs A (a ) nig B (b ) Cam:RTIsBIresIKakalNaFatu a

eK[m:aRTIsBIr A 23xa 13 4yb25 32zc 23 nig B 75 98 109
kMnt;cMnYnBit a , b , c , x , y nig z edIm,I[ A B

ij
mn
eK)an A B kalNa
ij
mn
3a 1 7
4b 5 9
2c 3 9
2x 3 5
y 28
3z 2 10
naM[
b ij
ij
a 2 , b 1, c 3 , x 4 , y 6 , z 4
$> RbmaNviFInm:aRTIs
a / Addition of matrices :
-ma:RTIsBIrGacbUk b dkKa)an kalNavaCam:aRTIsmanlMdab;dUcKa .

-sntfaeKmanma:RTIsBIr A ( a ) nig B ( b )
eK)anrUbmnplbUk A B a b nigpldk A B a b
ij
ij
mn
ij
ij
mn
nig
ij
23 10
17 11 95
A 34 25 57 , B 21 14
15 50
68 71 75
17 23 11 10 95 83 40 21

A B 34 21 25 14 57 35 55 36
68 15 71 50 75 46 83 121

]TahrN_ eK[m:aRTIs
eK)an
mn
ij
mn
83
35
46
188
92
121
17 23 11 10 95 83 6 1 12

A B 34 21 25 14 57 35 13 11 22
68 15 71 50 75 46 53 21 29

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b / Scalair multiplication;
plKuN ma:RTIs A a
nwgcMnYnefr KWCam:aRTIskMnt;eday .A .a
ij
mn
5 3 4
A 4 9 7
7 4 6
]TahrN_ ebI
eK)an
35 21 28
7 A 28 63 49
49 28 42
ij
c / Multiplication of matrices:
ma:RTIsBIrGacKuNKa)anluHRtaEtm:aRTITImYymancMnYnkUeLanesInwgcMnYnlIjn
m:aRTIsTIBIr . ]bmafaeKmanma:RTIsBIr A a nig B b
plKuNma:RTIs A nig B KWCam:aRTIs C kMnt;eday C A.B c
Edl c a .b a b a b a b ..... a b .
ij
ij
mn
ij
np
mp
ij
ik
k 1
kj
i1
1j
i2
2j
i3
3j
in
nj
1 3
4 2 9
A 1 5 4 , B 2 4
3 5
2 7 3
4 2 9 1 3 4.1 2.2 9.3 4.3 2.4 9.5

C A.B 1 5 4 . 2 4 1.1 5.2 4.3 1.3 5.4 4.5

2 7 3 3 5 2.1 7.2 3.3 2.3 7.4 3.5

35 65
C 23 43
25 49
]TahrN_ eK[m:aRTIs
eK)an
dUcenH
d / Powers of matrices:
ebI A a Cama:RTIskaerenaHeKkMnt;sVyKuNnm:aRTIseday
!> A A.A , A A .A , A A .A , ....., A A .A , p IN * , P 2
@> A .A A
#> A A
$> A I Edl I Cam:aRTIskta .
ij
nn
np
np
p 1
- 90 -

Tel : 017 768 246
]TahrN_ eK[m:aRTIs A 24
cUrKNna
nig A
A2
2 3 2 3 2.2 3.4 2.3 3.5 16 21

.

A.A
4
5
4
5
4
.
2
5
.
4
4
.
3
5
.
5
28
37
16 21 2 3 16.2 21.4 16.3 21.5 116 153

.
A 3 A 2 .A
28 37 4 5 28.2 37.4 28.3 37.5 204 269
116 153
16 21
, A 3
A 2
204 269
28 37
eK)an A
nig
dUcenH
e / Properties of matrix operations
ebI A , B , C ma:RTIs nig , , CabIcMnYnBitbsaElenaHeKman

!> A B B A
^> A.(B.C) (A.B).C
@> A (B C) (A B) C
&> A.(B C) A.B A.C
#> (A B C) A B C
*> (A B).C A.C B.C
$> ( ) A A A A
(> A.B B.A
%> O A A O A
!0> A . I I . A A
%> edETmINg;nm:aRTIskaer
n
a / Determinant of order 2 2
eK[ma:RTIslMdab; 2 2 kMnt;eday A aa
a 12
a 22
11
21
edETmINg;nm:aRTIs A kMnt;eday | A | det(A) aa

]TahrN_ KNnaedETmINg;nm:aRTIs A 73
eK)an | A | det(A) 73 85
dUcenH | A | det(A) 41 .
11
21
a 12
a 11 .a 22 a 12 .a 21
a 22
7.8 3.5 56 15 41
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b / Minors and Cofactors :
eK[ma:RTIskaer A ( a ) .
Minor nFatu a CaedETmINg;nm:aRTIsEdlbnab;BIlublIjTI i
nigkUeLanTI j ecj EdleKkMnt;tag Minor nFatu a eday M .
Cofactor nFatu a kMnt;tageday C (1) .M .
ij
nn
ij
ij
ij
i j
ij
]TahrN_ eK[ma:RTIs
eK)an
M 21
1 4
6 8
ij
2 1 4
A 5 3 7
9 6 8
8 24 16
ij
cUrKNnamINrnigkUhVak;TrnFatu a ?
21
nig C
21
(1) 21 .16 16
c / Determinant of order 3 3
eK[ma:RTIslMdab; 3 3 kMnt;eday
a 11
A a 21
a
31
a 12
a 22
a 32
a 13
a 23
a 33
edETmINg;nm:aRTIs A kMnt;eday
a 11
a 12
a 13
| A | det(A) a 21
a 22
a 23 a 11C11 a 12 C12 a 13 C13
a 31
a 32
a 33
d / Determinant of order n n
eK[ma:RTIskaer A a
ij
nn
. edETmINg;nm:aRTIsenHkMnt;tageday
| A | det(A) a i1C i1 a i 2 C i 2 a i 3 C i 3 ........ a in C in a ik .C ik

n
k 1
n
| A | det(A) a i1C i1 a i 2 C i 2 a i 3 C i 3 ........ a in C in a ik .C ik

k 1
^> smIkarnm:aRTIs
a / Matix Cofactors :
ma:RTIskUhVak;Trnm:aRTIskaer A a KWCam:aRTIskMnt;eday C C
Edl C (1) .M .
ij
nn
ij
nn
i j
ij
ij
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Tel : 017 768 246
b / Adjoint Matix :
ma:RTIs Adjo int nm:aRTIskaer A a KWCam:aRTIsRtg;s,:nm:aRTIskUhVak;Tr

nm:aRTIskaer A a EdleKkMnt;sresr Adj(A) C .
c / ma: RTIseTal
EdlehAfam:aRTIseTalKWCam:aRTIskaerEdlmanedETmINg;esIsUn .
ij
nn
ij
]TahrN_ cUrbgajfa
nn
1 2 3
A 4 5 6
7 8 9
Cam:aRTIseTal .
d / Invers of Matix :
ebI A minEmnCama:RTIseTalenaH cMras;nma:RTIskaer

tageday A nigepgpat; A . A A . A I .
1
A a ij
nn
Cam:aRTIsEdl
2
1 1
A 2 3
5
1 3 5
]TahrN_ eK[ma:RTIs
cUrepgpat;fama:RTIsRcas; ( Matrix inverses ) nm:aRTIs A kMnt;eday

0 1 1
A 5 3
1
3 2 1
e / rUbmnk Mntr; kma: RTIsRcas;

A 1
1
Adj(A)
|A|
f / rUbmnr kmaR: TIsRcas; nma: RTIskaerlMdab;
ebIeKman
a b
A
c d
2 2
d b
1
A 1
.
ad bc c a
]TahrN_ cUrrkm:aRTIsRcas;nm:aRTIs
7 8
A
5
6
- 93 -
?
Tel : 017 768 246
g / smIkarma: RTIs
]bmafaeKmanm:aRTIsbI A , B , X Edl det(A) 0 .

TMnak;TMng A .X B ehAfasmIkarm:aRTIs
ebIeyIgKuNGgTaMgBIrnsmIkarnwg A eK)an
A . A . X A . B eday A . A I nig I . X I Edl I Cam:aRTIskta .
dUcenH X A .B .
&> RbBnsmIkarlIenEG
k-niymny
RbBnman n smIkarlIenEGman n GBaatEdlmanTRmg;Ca
1
a 11 x 1 a 12 x 2 a 13 x 3 .......... a 1n x n b1
a x a x a x .......... a x b
22 2
23 3
2n n
2
21 1
(S) : a 31 x 1 a 32 x 2 a 33 x 3 .......... a 3 x x n b 3

a n1 x 1 a n 2 x 2 a n 3 x 3 ........... a nn x n b n
ehAfaRbBnsmIkarlIenEGman n GBaat nig n smIkar .

x-cemIyRbBns mIkarlIenEG
ebIsinCaeKtag
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 21 a 22 a 23
A a 31 a 32 a 33

a
n1 a n 2 a n 3
..... a 1n
x1
b1

x
..... a 2 n
2
b2
..... a 3 n , X x 3 and B b 3

....
.....
..... a nn
x4
bn
RbBnsmIkar (S) GacsresreRkamTRmg;smIkarm:aRTIs A .X B .

ebI det(A) 0 eKTaj)an X A . B .
1
- 94 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;mandMeNaHRsay
lMhat;TI1
eK[m:aRTIs
1
A (a ij ) 4
0
5
1
3
2
1
1
3
1
3
4
2
2
2
1
4
4
0
1
3
7
k-cUrbBaak;RbePT nig lMdab;nm:aRTIs A .

x-cUrkMnt;tmnFatu a , a , a , a .
K-cUrsresrFatuTaMgGs;EdlenAelIGgt;RTUgBiess .
dMeNaHRsay
k-ma:RTIs A Cam:aRTIskaerlMdab; 5 5 .
x-kMnt;tmnFatu
eK)an a 2 , a 1 , a 1 , a 4 .
K-FatuenAelIGgt;RTUgBiessman
a 2,a 3,a 3,a 3,a 4 .
lMhat;TI2
cUrkMnt;tm x , y , z , t edIm,I[ e2 logln yt 82 32
25
25
11
34
22
34
52
52
33
43
43
44
55
e 2
ln y 3
x ln 2 , y e 3 , z 3 , t 9
z
2 8
log 3 t 2
x
eK)an
lMhat;TI3
- 95 -

Tel : 017 768 246
kMnt;rkm:aRTIs X and Y Edlepgpat;

3 5
4 5
and 3X 2Y
X Y
7 9
6 7
dMeNaHRsay
eKman X Y 73
5
6 10
2X 2Y
(1)
9
14
18
4 5
2
3X 2Y
6 7
6 10 4 5 10 15
2 3

X
5X
14 18 6 7 20 25
4 5
3 5
3 5 2 3 1 2
X

Y
7
9
7
9
4
5
3
4
2 3
1 2
and Y
X
4
5
3
4
. bUksmIkar ! nig @ eK)an
nig
ehIy
.
dUcenH
lMhat;TI4
edaHRsayRbBntamm:aRTIs 32xx 43yy 107
148
dMeNaHRsay
tag A 23 34 , X xy , B 107
148
RbBnsmIkarGacsresr A.X B X A .B
tamrUbmn A ac db A ad 1 bc . dc ab
1
eK)an
eK)an
4 3
4 3 4 3
1

A 1
.
3
2
3
2
2.4 3.3 3 2
4 3 107 4(107) 3(148) 16

.

X
3 2 148 3(107) 2(148) 25
naM[ x 16 , y 25 .
lMhat;TI5
- 96 -

Tel : 017 768 246
edaHRsayRbBntamm:aRTIs
x 1 x 2 2 x 3 3
2 x 1 3x 2 5x 3 7
x 3x 5x 9
2
3
1
dMeNaHRsay
tag
x1
3
1 1 2

A 2 3 5 , X x2 , B 7
9
1 3
x
5

eK)an
A.X B X A 1 .B
bnab;BIKNnaeK)an
1
1
0
A 5 3 1
3 2
1
eKTaj
1
1 3 2
x1 0

x 2 5 3 1 . 7 3
x 3 2
1 9 4
3
dUcenH
x 1 2 , x 2 3 , x 4 4
- 97 -

Tel : 017 768 246
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!>eK[m:aRTIs
4
A
2
3
1
4
7
9
2
5
6
7
2 7
8
5 1
and
B
1 2
1
4
4 2
3
8
7
5
k-cUrKNna M A B and N A B .
x-cUrKNna P 2A 3B and Q 3A 2B .
@> eK[m:aRTIsBIr
4
1
1 4 3
2 5 7
and B 2 3 4
A
3 4 1
3 5 4
cUrKNnaplKuNm:aRTIs A.B .
#> eK[m:aRTIs
1 8 3
4 2 3
A 1 3 5 and B 2 5 1
3 2 4
2 3 4
cUrKNna A.B nig B.A .

$> eK[m:aRTIs A 23 75 .
cUrKNna A , A and A .
2
%> eK[m:aRTIs
0
3
2
A 1 4 2
1 3 5
14 9 12
B 3
7
1
1 6
8
cUrKNnaplKuN A.B .
^> eK[m:aRTIs
1
2
1 1 2
0
A 2 3 5 B 5 3 1
1 3
3 2
5
1
cUrKNnaplKuN A.B . etIeKGacsnidan)andUcemc?

- 98 -

Tel : 017 768 246
&> eK[m:aRTIs
2 1 3
A 3 2 1
1 2 3
k- kMNt;rkma:RTIsRtg;s,: A nma:RTIs A .
x-KNnaplKuN A.A nig A .A .
T
*> eK[m:aRTIs
1 4 3
A 3 2 0
2 1 4
k-kMNt;ma:RTIskUhVak;Tr nma:RTIs A .
x-Tajrkma:RTIs Adj A .
(>eK[m:aRTIs
1 0 2
A 0 3 4
2 7 0
rkma:RTIsRcas;rbs;va .
!0> eK[m:aRTIs
k-kMNt;
x-kMNt;
0 2 7
A 1 6 2
2 3 4
Adj A
A 1
.
2 0 1 3
2 0 3 1
A
0 2 2 1
1
3
4
2
a b
1 2
14 13
, B
and C
A
c
d
4
3
24
23
!!> kMnt;rkm:aRTIsRcas;nm:aRTIs
!@> eK[m:aRTIs
kMnt;cMnYnBit a , b , c , d edIm,I[ A.B C .
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!#> eK[m:aRTIs
1 2 3
A 4 5 6
7 8 9
cUrbgajfa A Cam:aRTIseTal rYcKNna A nig ( A ) .

2
!$> eK[m:aRTIs
k-cUrKNna
x-KNna
1 4
2 5
, B
A
2 9
1 3
A 2 , B 2 , A.B
rYcTajrk A
2A.B B 2
A B and (A B) 2
K-eRbobeFob
(A B) 2
!%> eK[m:aRTIs
cUreRbobeFob
nig
A 2 2A.B B 2
1 4
A
0 1
A 2 .A 3 , A 3 .A 2 , A 4 .A and A.A 4
sin
!^> eK[m:aRTIs A cos

sin cos
k-cUrKNna A , A , A .
x-Tajrk A , n IN * .
2
!&> eK[ma:RTIs
0
A
0
0
b
0
0
0
0
c
0
k-cUrKNna A , A , A .
x-Tajrk A , n IN * .
K-KNnaplbUk S A A A
2
0
0
, a , b, c, d IR 0 , 1 , 1
..... A n
- 100 -
.
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!*> eK[m:aRTIs
0
A
0
2
4
0
0
4
1
2
0
5
3
k-KNna A , ( A ) , A 2A.A (A )
x-eRbobeFob (A A ) and A 2A.A (A )
!(-eK[ A and B Cam:aRTIskaermanlMdab;dUcKa .
ebI A.B B.A cUrbgajfa A.B A .B .
@0> kgkasbuNcUlqaMxagmuxenH shRKasmYykEng)anlk;bBaHf 20%
nUvsemkbMBak;rbs;xnman GavdxI-GavdEvg nig exaeCIgEvg kgsaxabYn .
tmTMnijTaMgbIRbePTxagelIkgsaxaTaMgbYnmuneBllk;bBaHftagedayma:RTIs
2
7500 9000 30000
6000
12000
25000
M
8000 20000 27000
6500 85000 15000
cUrrkm:aRTIstagtmTMnijkgsaxaTaMgbYnkgkasbuNcUlqaM .
2
1 1
A 2 3
5
1 3 5
0 1 1
A 1 5 3
1
3 2 1
x 1 x 2 2 x 3 2
2 x 1 3x 2 5 x 3 7
x 3x 5x 9
2
3
1
@!> eKmanm:aRTIs
k-bgajfa
x-edaHRsaRbBntamm:aRTIs
@@> edaHRsayRbBntamm:aRTIs
x 1 2 x 2 3x 3 20
2 x 1 3x 2 4 x 3 11
3x 5x 2 x 13
2
3
1
- 101 -

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lMhat;sareLIgvij
lMhat;TI1
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR x 2x 3x 14700x
dMeNaHRsay
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TR ' (x) 6x 6x 14700
-edaHRsaysmIkar TR ' (x) 0 naM[ 6x 6x 14700 0
b x x 2450 0
3
b 2 4ac 1 4(1)(2450) 99 2
1 99
1 99
x1
50 , x 2
49 0
2
2
2
minyk
eKTajbs
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TR ' ' (x) 12x 6
eday TR ' ' (50) 12(50) 6 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGtibrmaRtg;
x 50 mannyfaedIm,I[R)ak;cMnUlsrubGtibrmaeKRtUvlk;plitplcMnYn 50 units
ehIyR)ak;cMnUlsrubGtibrmaenaHKW TR (50) 492, 500 ktarUbiyvt.
lMhat;TI2
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR (x) 1800x 80x nigGnuKmn_
R)ak;cMnaysrub TC(x) 1000 5x x Edl x CabrimaNplitpl .
2
- 102 -

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dMeNaHRsay
eKman Total Pr ofit Total Re venue Total Cost
eK)an TP(x) 1800x 80x 1000 5x x x 75x 1800x 1000
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TP' (x) 3x 150x 1800
-edaHRsaysmIkar TP'x 0 naM[ 3x 150x 1800 0
b x 50x 600 0
KNna ' 25 1600 35
eKTajbs x 25 1 35 60 , x 25 1 35 10 0 minyk
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TP' ' (x) 6x 150 .
eday TP' '60 660 150 210 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGtibrmaRtg; x 60 .
dUcenHedIm,I[R)ak;cMenjGtibrmaluHRtaEteKlk;plitplcMnYn 60 units .
R)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaHKW TP60 161, 000 ktarUbiyvt.
lMhat;TI3
eKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Pr ofit kMnt;eday MPx 3x 150x 1800 .
Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdl)anlk; . eKdwgfaebIeKlk;TMnij ^0 ktaenaH
eKnwg)anR)ak;cMenj !^! 000 ktarUbiyvt . cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Pr ofit ?
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Pr ofit ?
eK)an TPx MP.dx 3x 150x 1800.dx x 75x 1800x k
eday TP60 161000 naM[ K 1000 .
dUcenH TPx x 75x 1800x 1000
2
- 103 -

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lMhat;TI4 eKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Re venue mYykMnt;eday

MR x 6x 6x 14700 Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdl)anlk; .
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Re venue ebIeKdwgfa kalNaeKlk;plitpl %0 kta
eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlsrub $(@ %00 erol .
dMeNaHRsay
rkGnuKmn_ Total Re venue
eK)an TR (x) MR (x).dx (6x 6x 14700).dx
2
2 x 3 3x 2 14700 x k
eday TR (50) 492 500 k 0 .

dUcenH TR (x) 2x 3x 14700x
lMhat;TI5
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubmYykMnt;eday TC(x) x 3x 22500
etIeKRtUvplitb:unanktaedIm,I[cMnaymFmkg !kta Gb,brma ?
dMeNaHRsay
tag TCx CaGnuKmn_cMNaymFm .
eK)an TCx TCxx x 3 22500
x
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TC ' (x) 1 22500
x
0 naMeGay x 22500 150
-ebI TC ' 0 naMeGay 1 22500
x
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TC ' '(x) 5400
x
0 naM[GnuKmn_ TC( x ) mantmGb,rmaRtg; x 150
edayeKman TC ' '(90) 5400
150
dUcenHedIm,I[cMNaymFmkgmYyktaGb,brmaeKRtUvplitcMnYn 150 Units .
3
- 104 -

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lMhat;TI6
eK[GnuKmn_cMNaykgkarEfTaMeRKOgynmYykMnt;eday
r ( t ) 500 6 t 10 t t Edl t CaryHeBlKitCaqaM nig $00CacMNayefr .
cUrrkcMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI @ eTAqaMTI^.
dMeNaHRsay
tag E CacMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI $ eTAqaMTI^
eK)an E (500 6t 10t t ).dt
2
500t 3t 2 3t 3 t 4
4 2
1
1
500(6) 3(6) 2 3(6) 3 (6) 4 500(2) 3(2) 2 3(2) 3 (2) 4

4
4
3000 108 648 324 1000 12 24 4 2568 968 1, 600
lMhat;TI7
GnuKmn_tRmUvkarrbs;karplitmYyKW f (q) q2500
20
cUrrkPaBelIsrbs;GkeRbIR)as; ?Edl q CabrimaNplitpl.
dMeNaHRsay
eday p $100 eK)an q2500
100 q 5
20
dUcenH (p $100 , q 5) CacMnucsmta
ehIycMnUlRtg;cMnucsmtaKW TR 100(5) $500 .
0
2500
5
.dq 500 2500 ln | q 20 |0 500 2500(ln 25 ln 20) 500
0 q 20
C.S
dUcenHPaBelIsnGkeRbIR)as;KW C.S $ 57.86 .
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lMhat;TI8
GnuKmn_tRmUvkarrbs;plitkmmYyKW f (q)
g (q ) 2q .
cUrrkPaBelIsnGkplit ?
dMeNaHRsay
-rkcMnucsmta
50000 q 2
nigGnuKmn_pt;pg;
50000 q 2 2q
50000 q 2 4q 2
50000 5q 2 q
50000
100
5
eK)an q 100 units naM[ p 2(100) $ 200

PaBelIsnGkplitKW P.S 100 200 (2q).dq
100
20000 q 2 0 20000 10000 $10000

100
lMhat;TI9
RkumhnmYyplitTMnijBIrRbePTEdlmanGnuKmn_cMnUlsrub nig cMnaysrub
-GnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR f (x, y) 4xy 140y
-GnuKmn_R)ak;cMNaysrub TC g(x, y) x 5y 900
Edl x and y CabrimaNplitplnImYy .
cUrkMnt; brimaNpliplRbePTnImYyEdlRtUplitniglk;edIm,I[cMenjGtibrma.
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt; brimaNpliplRbePTnImYyEdlRtUplitniglk;edIm,I[cMenjGtibrma
tag TP F(x, y) CaGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrub
eK)an TP F(x, y) TR (x, y) TC(x, y)
2
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TP F( x , y) 4 xy 140 y x 2 5 y 2 900
-KNna TP' 4y 2x , TP' 4x 140 10y

2x 0
x 140 , y 70
-edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar 44xy 140
10 y 0
x
-KNna ac b eday
2
a TP ' ' xx 2
b TP ' ' xy 4
c TP ' ' 10
yy
eK)an 20 16 4 0 and a 2 0 naM[GnuKmn_manGtibrmaRtg;cMnuc

x 140 , y 70 .
dUcenHeKRtUvlk;plitplTImYycMnYn 140 unites nigplitplTIBIr 70 unites .
R)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaHKW TP F(140 , 70) $ 4000 .
lMhat;TI10
eKtag TC f (x, y) GnuKmn_cMnaysrubnBIrplitpl .
eKdwgfacMnaym:aCINleFobnwg x KW TCx 2x 8y
nig cMnaym:aCINleFobnwg y KW TCx 8x 3y ehIycMNayefr $50 .
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC f (x, y) ?
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC f (x, y)
eKman TCx 2x 8y naM[ TC (2x 8y).dx x 8xy (y)
eK)an TC ' TCy 8x '(y) 8x 3y eKTaj (y) 3y .dy y k
naM[ TC x 8xy y k edaycMNayefr $50 naM[ k 50 .
dUcenH TC f (x, y) x 8xy y 50
max
- 107 -

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lMhat;TI11
eKtag TP f (x, y) GnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubnBIrplitpl .
eKdwgfacMnaym:aCINleFobnwg x KW TPx 20 2x
nig cMnaym:aCINleFobnwg y KW TPx 70 2y .
ebIeKlk;plitplTImYycMnYn !0 kta nigplitplTIBIr #% ktaenaHeKTTYl)an
R)ak;cMenjGtibrma $1325 .
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrub TP f (x, y) ?
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrub TP f (x, y)
eKman TPx 20 2x TP (20 2x).dx 20x x y
eK)an TP ' TPy 'y 70 2y naM[ (y) (70 2y).dy 70y y k
eKTaj TP f (x, y) 20x x 70y y k 20x 70y x y k
eday TP f (10 , 35 ) 1325 k 0 .
dUcenH TP f (x, y) 20x 70y x y .
lMhat;TI12
eK]bmafa Z f (x, y) CaGnuKmn_ cMnYnstVlitEdlRtUvgab;edayfaMBIrRbePT
eday x CacMNuHfaMRbePTTImYy nig y CacMNuHfaMRbePTTIBIr x , y KitCalIt .
eKdwgfaDIepr:g;Eslsrub dZ 65 e .dx 70 e .dy nig Z f (0,0) 9998
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) ?
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y)
2
0.01x
- 108 -
0.02 y

Tel : 017 768 246
eKman dZ 65 e
0.01x
.dx 70 e 0.02 y .dy
tamTMnak;TMngenHeKTaj
Z
0.01 x
x 65 e
Z
70 e 0.02 y
y
eK)an Z 65e .dx 6500 e (y)

eK)an Z' Zy ' (y) 70 e naM[ (y) 70 e .dy 3500e k
eKTaj Z 6500 e 3500 e k eday Z f (0,0) 9998 k 10000
dUcenH Z 10000 6500 e 3500 e .
lMhat;TI13
eKman Output : P f (L , K) Edl L and K CabrimaN inputs .
eKdwgfa LP 2.16L 0.09L and KP 2.36K 0.24K .
]bmafakalNa L 0 , K 0 P 0 . cUrrkGnuKmn_ P ?
dMeNaHRsay
rkGnuKmn_ P
0.01x
0.01x
0.02 y
0.02 y
0.02 y
0.01 x
0.02 y
0.01x
0.02 y
P
2.16L 0.09L2 P 2.16L 0.09L2 .dL 1.08L2 0.03L3 (K )
L
P
P 'K
' K 2.36K 0.24K 2
K
eKman
eK)an (K) (2.36K 0.24K ).dK 1.68K 0.08K
eKTaj P f (K, L) 1.08L 0.03L 1.68K 0.08K
edaysmtikm P f (0,0) 0 0 .
dUcenH P 1.08L 0.03L 1.68K 0.08K .
2
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lMhat;TI14
eK[m:aRTIs
2 1 4
A 1 1 2
3 1 5
k-cUrrkm:aRTIskUhVak;Tr C nm:aRTIs A rYcTajrk Adjo int Matrix : Adj(A) .

x-KNnaedETmINg; det(A) | A | .
K-Tajrkm:aRTIsRcas; A nm:aRTIs A ( Inverse of Matrix )
1
X-cUrTajbeBajcemIyRbBn
2 x y 4z 23
(S) : x y 2z 13
3x y 5z 29
dMeNaHRsay
k-rkm:aRTIskUhVak;Tr C nigm:aRTIsGahSg; adj(A)
eKman
C11
C C 21
C
31
C13
C 23
C 33
C12
C 22
C 32
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
11
C11 (1)11 .M 11 M11
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
12
1 2
1 5
C12 (1)1 2 .M 12 M 12
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
13
21
1 1
1 3 2
3 1
C 21 (1) 21 .M 21 M 21
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
22
1 2
(5 6) 1
3 5
C13 (1)13 .M 13 M13
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
523
1 4
1 5
5 4 1
1
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C 22 (1) 2 2 .M 22 M 22
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
23
2 4
10 12 2
3 5
C 23 (1) 23 .M 23 M 23
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
31
32
33
1
2 4
440
1 2
C 33 (1) 33 .M 33 M 33
dUcenH
(2 3) 1
1 4
2 4 2
1 2
C 32 (1) 3 2 .M 32 M 32
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
3 1
C 31 (1) 31 .M 31 M 31
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
2 1
2 1
1 1
1 2
3
C 1 2 1
2 0
1
nig
x-KNnaedETmINg; det(A) | A |
tamrUbmn det(A) | A | a C a
11
11
2 11
3 1 2
adj(A) C 1 2 0
2 1
1
12
C12 a 13 C13
2(3) 1(1) 4(2) 6 1 8 1
dUcenH det(A) | A | 1 .
K-Tajrkm:aRTIsRcas; A nm:aRTIs A
1
tamrUbmneK)an
2
3 1
1
A
0
adj(A) 1 2
det(A)
2 1 1
- 111 -

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X-TajbeBajcemIyRbBn (S)
tag
2 1 4
x

A 1 1 2 , X y
3 1 5
z
RbBnsmIkarGacsresrCa
eday
eK)an
A 1 1
2
x 3

y 1
z 2

1
2
1
1
2
1
2 x y 4z 23
: x y 2z 13
3x y 5z 29
23

and B 13
29

A.X B X A 1 . B
0
1
2 23 69 13 58 2

0 . 13 23 26 0 3
1 29 46 13 29 4
tamsRmayxagelI
dUcenH x 2 , y 3 , z 4 .
lMhat;TI15
eK[m:aRTIs
3
1 2
A 4 x
6
7 8 x 4
Edl x CacMnYnBit .
cUrkMnt; x edIm,I[ A Kanm:aRTIsRcas; ?

dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;cMnYnBit x
edIm,I[ A Kanm:aRTIsRcas;luHRtaEtvaCam:aRTIseTal mannyfa det(A) 0
eK)an det(A) 1. x8 x 6 4 2. 74 x 6 4 3. 74 x8
x 2 4 x 48 8x 32 84 96 21x
x 2 25x 100 0 x 1 5 , x 2 20
dUcenH
x 5 , 20
.
- 112 -

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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

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eK)an f ' (x ) lim f (x

h )V( x 0 ) U( x 0 )V( x 0 ) U( x 0 )V( x 0 h ) U( x 0 )V( x 0 )

U( x ) U' ( x 0 )V( x 0 ) V' ( x 0 ) U( x 0 )

dUcenH y' f '(x ) U' (x )V(xV) (xV)' (x )U(x ) .

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1 ln x 1 lnx x (1 ln x )' x ( x )' (1 ln x ) 1lnx x 1 1 ln x 1 lnx x

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

y' f ' ( x ) 2( x 2)(ln ln x ln x )

y ( n ) u.v ( n ) C 0n u ( n ) v C1n u ( n 1) v'C 2n u ( n 2 ) v' '......... C nn 1u ' v ( n 1) C nn uv ( n )

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

eKkMnt;tageday MR MR (x) dTRdx(x) TR ' (x) .

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

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b 2 4ac 60 (3)(13500) 44100 210 2

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]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal I (4x 1)e

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tag dvu 2ex .dx naMeGay duv e 2.dx

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

cUrrkGnuKmn_ Total Cost sRmab;ExnImYy ?

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

f ( x ).dx lim [f ( k ).x k ]

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

I f ( x ).dx f ( t ).' ( t ).dt

@> ebIeKman I f (x).' (x).dx ebIeKtag u (x) du ' (x).dx

I f ( x ).' ( x ).dx f (u ).du

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

RkLapxNedayExSekag C tagGnuKmn_ y f (x) nigGkSGab;sIus (x' ox)

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

sntfa D f q CGnuKmn_rMrUvkar ehIy Eq , p CacMnucsmta .

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

sntfa S gq CaGnuKmn_pt;pg; ehIy Eq , p CacMnucsmta .

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

(880 2 x )( x 2) (880 x x 2 ) 1760 4 x x 2

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

ebI TR '(x) 0 naM[ 1760 4x x

' 4 1760 1764 42 2

edayRtg;cMnuc x 40 GnuKmn_ TR ' (x) brsBaaBI eTA naM[GnuKmn_

eday TR (10) 2000(10) 20(10) (10)

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

!#-GnuKmn_tRmUvkar f (q) (q750

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

(FUNCTION OF TWO OR MORE VARIABLES)

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

pleFobenHmannyfa ebI x ekIn 1% enaH y ekInbfy xy . xy % .

-emKuNPaByWtnGnuKmn_enARtg; cMnuc x KW E xy .f ' (x ) xy .dfdx(x) .

ebI q 8 p f (8) 100 64 6

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

-PaByWt eFobnwg y KW EZ f (xy, y) Zy .

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN