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FOREWORD Tube Tums is pleased to provide this Pipe Fit- ters Manual as an expression of our mutual interest. in improving the performance, dependability and quality of American indus: trial piping, For more than 50 years Tube Turns has worked earnestly to merit your trust by maintaining the highest quality standards and by continually developing new and better piping products that make your work easier and more satisfying, Today, the Tube Turns line of Engineered Prod- ucts is the broadest in the world ... all popular sizes and materials ... stocked and sold in all principal cities. We welcome your continued support of our efforts to promote the use of only high-quality Tube Turns products ... made in America ... by American Craftsmen. Tube Turns, Inc, PIPE FITTERS MANUAL Tube Turns, Inc. P.0. BOX 32160 LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY 40232 TELEPHONE: (800) 626-5655 TELEFAX: (502) 774-6300 9801 Westheimer Suite 302 tt Houston, Texas 77042 Telephone: (713) 917-6878 Fax: (793) 917-6806 TUBE TURNS TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Une rupns era ate vache Tube tums? ‘g Piping Compenants auger sama mo trust” Boneeee Somawaae Engineered Products anc feo moms ‘ede ta {Bt ae B00 Tube Turns” Sate Ket bas Farsi afar texas nes Sra anaeale Feaeave Si Sd sre fal ‘bean etre ecesnng oeroe Sapecrgene fetrunetties t cure re ewe sce 5 eesanope ie Sere a eghogsas eroeng snipe, Rent fire esta Seat Ea ain Bt webu i asases cor Fans fesian apenas {het co den ont sos vata Sait a eee sven or ot So ‘mit eae 2* atin ite Eater rt ton ‘ttn sis ‘urement ite hu estinseness Fomine es 12 aaa Ban TE wae eae res Sota grec Seat potaeBe ies enue Stupren Gan tt seit de eve (ese OD Ampeston Pising Components Sweets Estat fame a Stroke ees Emer tae. Swe Rag ‘iirc fearivomaees theta ‘Reale pe rir Sint are set 30 ad Eb aera Smears Po ae ee eres Buea ae Sener" ma ce = ae © vest apse esta en pi ange ‘Ear pt Frage soehecees Pee ae cea Ene ‘ap ans as bene als SINAC ce ‘ee etn magn Crea Sen petsxness ven borg ‘ere neater SSMeeator eae fect moa E ntars sechasieu ne TABLE OF CONTENTS Useful Formulas Cannes Conversion Pactors of Pressure, Temperature, etc Weight of Water Minutes Converted to Decimals of a Degree Decimal Equivalents of Fractions Water Pressure to Feet Head, Feet Head of Water to Pai Conversion Constants Hardness Conversion Numbers Flow Conversion Chart. English Metric Conversion Factors. 10 un 2 2 13 8 “ 15 16 19 Ene eae reed Welding Fitting Dimensions Flange Dimensions Bolting Dimensions for Flanges Standard Cast Sree Cast Tron Companion Fhariges smpanion Flanges Extra Heavy Bolt Torque Procedure on Flanged Joints. Pipe Alignment. ‘Jig for Small Diameter Piping Pipe Hangers How to Cut Odd-Angle Elbows 20 ey 28 31 3 a4 at Ea Basie Welding Symbols 48 Symbols for Pipe Fittings 48 CeCe) . ae Welding Bloctrodes— Types or Styles. 54 ion Codes. 35 Phogical Properties of and E70 Series Electrodes 81 elding and Brazing Temperatures 61 ‘Troublé Shooting ps tor ase Weng 82 Ga Ra Standard Pipe Data 65 Barlow's Formula 85 Commercial Pipe Sizes and’ Wali Thicknesses,. "| 66 Pipe and Water Wat per Live Foot 68 Weigh yer Foot of Semele Brass and Copper Pipe. 88 Astin Cirbon Steel Tipe and Mange Syetheations, £9 leat Lowes from Horizontal Bare Steel Pi ‘Toial Thermal Expansion of Piping Matera. 70 a Metal Weights n Color and ‘Approximate Temperature for “Carbon Steel 2 Temperature Dai 2B Gua ‘Tap and Drill Sizes 78 Pipe Fitters Definitions. ud ® USEFUL FORMULAS ese _ Re aaae wax en A= Sur arn fh cn eae x [PER gu 620s x fF Circumference Rectangle Rectangular sotld : wx Ae ZW KLE LH HM V=Wx tH Parailetogram K cone . Ape 3.142 x RXS 43142 KR XR v =10e7 xR xa xH om © Ay = 6.283 x RXH 46.283 x RXR Vi n3142 x RXR XH crete om Enuptieat Tanks Ree 3142 xR XR Vom 3K? XA XB XH c= ade x0 ae 7 A= 6263 x [PER cn 462839 x a8 rao 2 Da2xe ‘Sehere Sector of circle A= 1256x RXR Aa 312 XRXR Xe e LVR Atee x RXRKR 360 Le o17s xR xa 8° IAS KR é u 1785 Xa a For above containers: 7 sty in gallons = 5¥ when Vs in cubic inches, Capacity in gallons = 7.48 X V when Vis in cube fet CONVERSION FACTORS PRESSURE = 2.31 ft. water at 60°F (0 in, hg at 60°F = 9.433 tb. per sq. in = 6.884 in. hg at 60°F 1 1b, per 8a. in 1 ft, water at 60°F 1 in, He at 60°F = 0.491. per sain 1.13 ft, water at 60°F tv. per sain. = tb. persq.in. gauge (psig) +14.7 Absolute (psia) ‘TEMPERATURE c = CF 32) x5/9 WEIGHT oF LiquiD 1 ga. (US) = 8.34 1b. x sp. gr Leu. ft. = 62.4 1b.x sp. gr. 1. = 0.12 U.S. gal. + spar. = 0016 cu. tt. + sp. gr Flow 1 gpm 0.134 cu.ft. per min. 500 Ib. per hr. x's. BF 500 Ib. per br. = gpm sp. gr Leu. ft. per min. (¢fm) = 448.8 gol. per hr (gph) worK 78 tt 1 0.298 watt he = 1/180 of heat required tochange temp of IIb. water from 32°F to 2i2F 1 npne = 2545 Btu (mean) = 0.746 whe 1413 Btu (mean) 1.34 np-he 1 Btu (mean) 1 kowhe an) ~ 0.299 watt 12.96 ft Io. per min, = 0.00039 hp 1 ton refrigeration (U.S.) = 288,000 Btu yer 24 hr. = 12,000 Btu per hr. = 200 Btu per mir, = 83.35 Ib. ice melted per hr. from and at 32°F = 2000 Ib. ice melted per 24 hr. from and at 32°F. 1hp = 550 ft Ib. per sec. = 746 watt 2545 Btu per hr. 1 boiler hp = 33,480 Btu per hr 34.5 Ib. water evap. per hr. trom ‘and at 212°, = 98 kw, Lew = 3413 Btu per hr. 1 Btu per hr. 8 Fa FI 2 3 mass, 1b. (avoir) = 16 oz. (avoir) = 7000 grain 1 ton (short) = 2000 ib. 1 ton (lone) = 224010 ~ 128 41.02.59 = 231 cu. in = 0.833 gal. (Brit) Leu. ft. = 7.48 gal. (US) 1 gal. US.) WEIGHT OF WATER 1 cu.ft, at 50°F. weighs 62.61 Ib 1 gol. at 50°F. weighs 8.34 i, 1 cu. tof ice weighs 57.2 Ib ater is at its greatest density at 39.2°F 1 eu, ft at 39.2°F, weighs 62.43 Ib WATER PRI FEET HEAD MINUTES CONVERTED To DECIMALS OF A DEGREE HESSURE TO © $39) | S|] || eee se) sess | 5 Re 18 Ss 5/83] 5 ine || ec] | a || te] | es 3 BH i ee : 15 34.63 250 s77.24 2 ee ce see DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS. 8 ba $90, 132258 a a i B ) ie se | Hes ee S| we | gs | ies us aero ee | aS wie ra a6 ‘0625 12 5 (eesnure pound soy 2 de us ages | ee | Sa vit oes ae | sae FEET HEAD OF WATER TO Pst V8 Bs Ghee | Sees a“ = = ojee 140625 2i/3e se5e28, ; ry 199 ay ta fea Siar 2 3 ng Hie | Mee || 358 | aia : A i aie 878 ope 387s $ 360 130 Mice | femes |] lee | Sees : as v3 17a 8. ine ies. B £30 250 ye | Besees | sek | gates 2 3a 328 1ojea S087 S3/ea 39375 al ies as BUS, | Bigs | ee | Bases 8 Ae ite a) Ea Bie | seese a £2 ed gat | eae Lae | asta EW ars |_ co is | Bie | Be | sh Seu i ne ere 12 CONVERSION CONSTANTS Inches, Feet Yards Square inches Square feet Square feet ‘Square yards Cubic feet Cubic yaras Cubic inches. Cube feet Gallons Galons Pounds of water Ounces Pounds Inches of water Inches of water Inches ef water Inches of water Inches of mercury Inches of mereury ‘Qunces per square inch ‘Ounces per square inch Pounds per square neh Pounds per square inch Pounds per square inch, Pounds per square inch Feet of water Feet of water. ‘Atmospheres Long tons Short tone Miimetore Inches. Yards Feet Square feet Square inches Square yards ‘square fect (Cubic foot (Cubic inches. (Cubic yards. Cubic feet Gallons Galons Cubic inches Cubic tet Pounds of water Gailone Pounds ‘Ounces Pounds per squareinch Inches of mercury (Ounces per square inch. Pounds per quae foot aches of water Feet of water Pounds per square inch Inches of mercury Inches of water Inches of water Foet of water Inches of mercury ‘Mmospheres ‘Pounds per square inch Inches of mercury Pounds per square inch Inches of mercury Pounds Pounds ong tons, 0.0833 0.00698 144 oan ° 0.00088 1728 0103709 27 0.00883 748 za 337 8.33 0.0625 16 0.0361 0.0735 087 52. 16 1igaa oasis oar 1733 2310 204 0.0681 434 osa26 14.696 2as2 2240 2000 089285 Cee a mats Fis, | mame 3 seh] 22 5 Ele za] ef a Bl: 22) Ee #8 | ve | 22 Jae | ELE Ege] Be ee eee ee cea] AN] 5 | |e | at |e | 490 [475 [4a 425 |a28| ess [aaa] $9 1310 EEE Velagial 42 (Ee Ba/B 4 NE Ea FD [Ra ue] at [Fea] a] 333 [38 [ser] HB 8 363 | 983 [343 [sea] 8 |e 358 [308 [3a] a8] 398 [744 | 283/383) 23 [135 Ue S| As esa al se lal ge] a8 [a] sala erie RA AER hed eae ee £8 [ss] 8 fe =/=/=/ 8/8 fe) ieT Bayes ale ‘tes fiefs} aca ea] — $90 |143]is6] 808 8 = PAV) Ga) = | PENAL G81 = 1: FLOW CONVERSION CHART Have you ever wanted to know the cubic feet per minute of liquid or gas flowing through pipe? Or the gallons per minute, pounds of water per min- ute, velocity of flow or exact internal diameter of the pipe regardless of its standard size? The accom- panying nomogram takes care of most of these problems in a very simple way. First, it will be noted that there are three sots of figures given in connection with the extreme left-hand column A. The first. column of figures at the left, marked “I Standard,” gives the internal diameter of standard pipe (somewhat greater than 1 for a L-in, standard pipe); the column of figures marked “2 Exact” gives the exact diameter. The column of figures marked "3 Extra Heavy” gives the internal diameter of extra-heavy pipe. How much water is passing through a pipe hav- ing an ID of exactly 2 in., the velocity of the water being 2 fps? To apply the chart to this problem, locate 2 in column A over the word “Exact” and run a straight line from this point through the 2 in column C (as shown by slanted dotted line). At intersection of this line with column B, run a straight line horizontally to column G, also shown by dotted line. The intersection of this horizontal Tine from column B to column G gives answers simultaneously in three columns D, E and F. ee vewdity, +7 pen see 6 FLOW CONVERSION CHART covnmuso) According to column D, 2.6 cfm of water are flow- ing through the pipe. Column E shows the volume of flow to be 19.5 gpm. Column F gives the weight of that water as about 165 pounds per minute. For liquids other than water, multiply the value found on column F by the specific gravity of the par- ticular liquid Inversely, if quantity in either columns D, E or F is known, velocity may be computed with equal ease. First run the horizontal line through the known point in D, E or F to column B. From the intersection on column B, run a second line to the known pipe diameter, column A. The intersection of this second line with column C gives the velocity of the liquid in fect per second. ‘This chart can be conveniently employed as a conversion chart. For example, how many gallons in 26 cu. ft.? The dotted horizontal line already drawn shows that the answer is about 19.5 gallons, which is also equivalent to about 165 pounds of water. If the liquid were oil having a specific gravity of 0.9, we would multiply the 165 by that figure and obtain an answer of 148.5 Ih. ‘The chart also gives a visual demonstration of the relationship between pipe sizes—standard, ex- act and extra heavy. ENGLISH-METRIC CONVERSION aco imate (03937 Thence 3937 Inches 258 Centimeters Meters 3937 Inches Ironer 02a Meters ast? ‘oo1ss Trohes? rete? 645.16 Viet imate! 000107639 | Face Foot 92903.08, Mitimetrs Kgs 2.208624 Pounds Pond. 452592 grams KgamsiCentimeta "14.203 Punts inches? Pound inenes (070307 ilgraa/Cetneter? Ber. 14.504 Poundunenes? undies. 689 Bes Miter mercury (03937 Inehesot mercury Inches ofmerciny 254 Milintes of mereany es priate 26a Gaon per minute alnsper inte 3.785 ers perminute er 2a Gatons Galore 3788 tere eters per secon 3281 Feet per second Feet per second 3008 Meter er second ‘une eer 35.3146 ibe test uni Fet 028317 Cubiemetes om wae rmcoess T [ser evsons am eruens | eadbes | ees | cars | enossts | srue ens Be | oo gr [xe | amo | xe [RRM] oe [eam] © [cam| & | o | oo | ae fur] - | - be} - om | = | ow fa [ao 1 3 | a% % asso | ina | ase} = | gon) me | = me} = | te | te] te | ove | 8 | he a} 3s | 433 | az | 250 | ass | ae | a ame | am | ow | am} ame | am | 4 | 2 tu | eso | t40 | tan | 250 | “ez | am | am ow | ame] 2 | am] ae | im | 4 | am 34 | 2660 | tas | 200} “2a | “soo | 2m | 1 da | ame] mm | 2a] am | ae | a | oe TD Tears | ase [zie] see [ae |] 2 oe [ane [| aw | am [ ame | on | 6 | on 3 | 2370 | goa | 270 | 375 | ‘sez | au | 2m ste | aoe] a | 3” | am | 3 leas 2% | 287 | Zire | 300] az | 600] ae | 3. ou | au] 2 | axl 2 | ae | 6 | 5 3u | tooo | 226 | ais] — | sae | su | an 7 | se | au | au] ame | an | 6 | sx 2% | fs00 | 237 | ‘a7 | sn | ome | 6 | sax | ox | ae | ae | am | ae | 6 | ote 3 | sees | 258 | 375 | 25 | 750] 7% | s roe | 7m | aw | am] a | am | o | 26 5 | 856 | eo | a2 | 710 | ‘aos ] 9° | 6 rams | ome | ax | ow | ave | ow | 8 | ox & | See | 322 | ‘S00 | ‘306 | ‘ars | a2 | seme | rome | bf 7 | a | 7 8 | 10% 18 | ae5¢0 | 365 | ‘300 | 1325 | r000 | 15 | 10 2m’ | ase | su | ox | s+ | oe | 10 [izx 12 | 42780 | 375 | ‘500 | 1312 | 1000 | 18 | 12 24% | ise | 7% | 10 | @& | 0 | 10 [15 ya faaooo | a7 | sof - [| - fa |e a fa | ox fu [om [iu | 2 [iene Moiese bt) SSS oe eee ee 36 | 16.000 | ae | soo | — | — | 27 |as 3 far lam | tae] a | iam | 2 far 3s | we.0c | ars | soo} — | — | 30 | 20 4 | 30 | iam | is | o | is” | a2 |2 29 | 20.000 | ae | soo] — | — | 33s | a [33 | iam | tom | 10 | tee | ie | asm Toe000 | a7 | so] - | - fas [2 as [as fas | a7 | som | az | a2 [27% 38 | 260% | Sis | so] - | = fas | - = yt ie | ise | ioe | asx | - | - 30 | 30000 | 375 | S00} - | - [4 | - ° = | tem | 22" Jive | 22° | = | = 3 | 3eo00 | 375 | soo] - | ~ [sr | - - | - far | fiom | a | - | - 6 | asooo | 375 | soo} - | - | se = za | 2exfiom | - | - | - 3 [26980 | ars | soo | - | = fe | - - = | - [ae | tye” | = | = f= a Welding a Fitting Dimensions ® . ce —— bats a ee tf " e Oo a 1 iB axl Ee i= 4p 1 iB i Bb ete og to ot [a |e | vex, 2 i i e He = i‘ is i a ¥ : ie e i a aa aaa | ot [| a [i allt | BT 8 Fg mean axl Hf % z AS cold A Ed Ley a = ju a i Ri vend 2 i Fa # (i e i 3 a # 5 30x! i 2 ca Big =e eee E ond : wat TE Te i ae Welding Flange Dimensions at iz via | [ot aan Ee eee werusine en Fanon SLInohs THREADED, AN SOCKET-TYPEFLANGES wom |"oursioe [cewcrw [oursioe [uuncrw | ouvsioe [cewarw [oursioe [uEwaTe” wow [oursioe | eenctw | oursioe] uewarw [oursiot | cewatw | oursior [ cenarw | SERS Yea | ae ERE | a ae YS a as S| Mol S| ol S| Wel | Fea BLS | Bol “o | Bolo | Ve] o | Yo ape Pan | ae | ai Ti [ama Paw fe Pie | oe x] oan fam | oe | oe jaja sia fa |. of Lat | ase | on | ae tm | ie at [ie |S | ie | Iw mip ae Pan | su | ae ae me ae Paw | oe | oe | Me oa [ve me] Sf an] on fem) ome foe fxm |S” fn [oe fae | cathe | ow fas P] oe [ae | at | ae ofa 2 fe fx Joe fom | I | oe me aml 7 low | m | 3 stanaors | 7, | au 2% | 7 [tm | 7% | 1% | stanton | 7 | 1% 3 7H | 2m 8% | 3% ex | 34 2 ici oe Sa | Wie 5 10 3y u 3m fo 4 13 me 8 0 vie | : Pe eal aa ee e 2 ae 6 Jar fare [12% | ave | s2% | 2m fs | 2m [aie fe fie’ | on [as [oe [ioe | oo wo] ae fa fare | am | 7% | ae 20] 6 12 |i9 faxe [20% | 2% | 20% | a% | 22 | 3% 16 23% | 8 25% | su | 25% | 6 7 7 18 |26 2M [28 3% | 28 3% | 29% | am we_| 2 |s% |2e | oj 28 [oe [ese | ™ 3 form [an [sow | oa [som [ar [32 | 5 za jaz |e [ae | om] ae fom lar |e > Hop 2 2460) Te Ye ras faces nae in “Lent Lo Welding Flange Dimensions ® AI LLEZZTA ely ———— . BLIND FLANGES * LAP JOINT FLANGES [see 356 ool fora 50 te 300 woe woe nom [vrs Junare | oursoc [wna] ours [uence [oursioe [uensre «0% [BHR [ rex. | SHS | rex | Ske | rucr. | Bie’ rx fie [oii | at" a'r | aw | "Jai | shee * SE | ce | MEE | ter | RSE | tet | SES AGE |S Sint [fntice | We. | tance | Wr | Seance | im ‘ruse | a 3 Z o | zoo. | zo} “e | ze|"o" | Fe © | "ayo | ayo | ae} o | & 7 %| ae | | om | He ax | me aes |e eee ae] we | an | | ae | Fw am | wie foe fa te ae} ra | ae | te | ae | me | eee ae | Me ve [ ee | me] am | me) oe am |e mae] ae |e | se | x 5% | the " * ta [ 5” | ve] ox | te on | vm] [ ef om | me] ane [ow — . aoa m1 s | «| 6 re] ema | cw | a © |x| , m | Te me] the 3" | rm | tie] au [am au | 1% awl 7 lim | re | ve 7% | 1m ax} oe | ae) 9 | the 3. fie 3 | om [ame | om | im eu | me @ | 9” | Su] io [oe [Ie [ae | tox | a 3% |e fiw [oe | 9 fim 5 fo |») ua fix | [ax [as [ix @ | 9 {ae} ao |oam| so | 2 from] aw & | [a ” | am [ame | ram | me |e | ah Be ece err ese ase tees licre | scree (2letietae |nmgilersiee |acut|| vote || 100216 | one w 10 [a6 fase | 1% fam | a7 | 2% | 20° | 2% oe fir [ame | ize | aml ize | 2% fae | an 12 [is fie | 20m [2 | 20m | om | 22 | on fis [iw [is | ane] 5 | aml toe | 3 . . ve [2 [mm | 23 [ze | 2 | 2 | 2am [2x 10 fis | mmpave | ow are | « [ao | ow io | 23% | 1% | 254 [24 | 25% | 2% | 27 | 3 1 [19 | ame | 20% | « | 20% | 4 | 22 | am 18 | 25 Jame | 28 Jam | 28 | 2m | 204 | 3K ae Wier | care leone | row lees peel eect nce me [parece 20m eee |p 204g || ee Ye 2_| 20% | 1K 2m | 3au |» 16 | 2a | ae | 25% | au] asm] 5 | 27 | sm 22 | 2% [ume 52 lee | 8 | 2m i 1a_| 25 | aye | 28 | sa 28 | 5 [am | 6 2 | 32 [im [se [as fas [a | ar [a a 26 | 344 | 2c] 364 | ase] 36% | a% | 40 | sme 20 [27m [ase [30% | sm] son | om [a2 | on Sc | Sau | aenel as’ [aac | as | aa | aay | ow za [az tow [ae | 6 | as | ow far | rus | asm | ay] are [aim | are | srvne| ao | om =a A 36 | ae | sane | 50 [are | 50. | sue] sim | om CO Tye et tase tees ncudes in “Lenatn eorv up 2 ana #2 _[ $8 [ svi] som [ave] se | su | op | om Hien : (2) Tre raed age not incised in “Length tr ub 2 Tas Mien cg = 2 26 s BOLTING pine DIMENSIONS FOR 150 LB. FLANGES ete eee tebe eel ® = Tio Sree RANGES —— Sots HANES : ue om | a | ate | BBR ne cama | Ry we | | oe | aaa ow | om | no | Soe? | Bea ots | os | ect | ERR BE] pum | oye | ae] SSB? | RES % “] a] 2m % w] oad ae vl mf» ] «| 2% 1 eee ait |e xl fa] at 3 a i % al afm f ae ot 2 fw f we] a] 2 A uy % 4 ie 2% Ma 3h * 4 3M 2M ba} e : m] ia | ow | 4 Bie 3 a seis amon ese [emo Ei a” % 4 Bie 3 2 5 * 8 ie 3 _ = * 4 3M2 Me cay 5h % 8 4 ove 2 aM * 8 3Me 3 3 o% % 8 Be 3% 5 4 w» | 8 3¥e 2M am] m™ | % 8 ale 3% FA 5 Ba % 8 Ea 3M 4 Th % 8 aye 4 A eee ae a eee wo li | * 8 aie 3% 6 | 10% | % | a2 an, Na foe see nal vn 4 a jas a | ow ry 4% 2 a a ae oa 10 15% 1 ae bia Sv iad 18% 1 12 SMa aNe 12 17% uy 16 6% 6 we fam fi fis | om | ae w lax fiw | as | sw | 5 vw [zx [mw | | 7 ou zo fas lin | a | oan | oe ae | zm | | 2 | 7m | ox z fim [ie | we [2x |i | a | mm | 6x 20 | ay elim | 6 ™ = 4 20 & 22 29% Me 24 Be 2 [aim | im | oe x [ae | im | 2 8 z= [a2 fam [wl s 3 “ 40% 1% 32 10 26 34% ms 28 10 3e_|aex [ix | a | tom [9% xo | Jaw | 2 | nm] 10 : RM fae bate toe ae | aon fam | 20 i 36 46 2 32 12% 11% SOLMOEYeeplomt tanger ae salto rat stown ousene "aa are | amm | a2 wu a2 {siren Rngne ae este oho aS oe rae—TOg Nand mbna adhe bt ce aro 250 Lereo ots eatin ego! puts Ch tangot set ost net heh heirs ee aS snrus omni onus enna gst anaeemen Too ce, STEEL FLANGES [0 U8 s7EEL FLANGES a Wt Five Tos Tm [maim fom Tom Tne ToSaa nts | solic | i |S | oiibas | ai te [oes [ose [vs [ssw [oss [oar [vm [Sate 20" | alta | tts fauctSrace) Ce | Bot | mote eu x a ta] | ot c Sra lvstine wile) & | it he Be] tl oR | oe %[ aw] «fa [em [ lt af 3 Me lt] oe [oe alsa) aw] ef ae | aw] we] 4] am om 4 | ae] x} a] ae fax] a] a] ae. a [ay ee [ eT xT wae] 3% | & 4 ca 3%] % 4 3% a4 By 7 8 * me ml aja] a] am fant a] ato au 2) Se] fe | a] og | spe | me | et |S 2{s [w]e] mm [s |] sl] am S| ie | ae | og R | dx au|on| ue] a] ae fom] al sf ae a | as | dae | | oR | ae 3 |on| «| e| 5 |ew} x} 8] 5 Ee 19, ny a we 3X au{ mln] ef} se [ml x} af se oe [a [ae fe yt 4 Th | al 5% ee | me 3 5h Me * a EXTRA HEAVY CAST IRON COMPANION s | ox] «| s| s« Jaowfa | ef ow FLANGES AND BOLTS @ from | Jz] 8 fare] a | 12 | Gi __ cForworning pressures up to 250 ps steam, 400 si WS) a fis fa | iz] om fiw fae] a2] om ae ma Pe ae a wo | 15% | im | 16) 7% [a7 me | 16 Biz hehe Sewee | sats: wits ats, a2 jimi |is| e@ fisx| ae] 20] an a he Be) el kw as [20% | 1% | 2] @” [zon [rx] 2] 9” 3” ae] il] | te [zou [im | 20| 9% |2sx [ae] 20] 10 _2n a | @| % | 3 ae [acu | im | 2s] 9 [25% | am | 20| tow 3 ecu laren eaweleee zo [a [in| 2s| om foo] im | ae] ire de mye) & | # 22 |r| im | 2] 0 Jaen] ax 2] a2 $ mls] 8] é soe | 8 | | oe ze [ae aw] 2s] iow |as fim] a] we Te 3p to) 2e [sex |im| ze] ine fas [in| 2e| tm 32 Beli] oy | hy 30 ju }2 || 13 law] 2 | 2] 4 oo. we | | a | 3a fam [2 | 2e| 3% lane | au] 2 1 | 1600, oe | | | oe 3e jae 2 | az| is far | an] 26) 154° “goo am [a | is | ss ~ 288 2 || im | a2 [aml ra] 32] 6m [sox] 2m 28] ism 3298: Be |B] om | oo] | sm | as | 2 1 3 ree ener re 00.0 eco eset econ eee [Eps the thckness of two apr of he stud ene. at ao) Lenginot ttt ees PROCEDURE FOR APPLICATION OF BOLT TORQUE procepun SD) BOLT TORQUE ON FLANGED JOINTS . STEP 1. ALIGN COMPONENT PARTS AND CLAMP ‘TOGETHER WITH HOLD DOWN, : STEP 2 LUBRICATE STUD (OR BOLT) THREADS IN AREA OF NUT (OR FORGED RING) 4oz70" ENGAGEMENT, ALSO LUBRICATE FACE OF NUTS (OR BOLT HEAD) USING A SUITABLE LUBRICANT. STEP 3, INSTALL ALL BOLTS AND NUTS FINGER TIGHT. STEP 4. NUMBER BOLTS SO THAT TORQUING RE. QUIREMENTS CAN BE FOLLOWED. STEP 6, APPLY TORQUE IN 20% (1/5) STEPS OP REQUIRED FINAL TORQUE, LOADING ALL BOLTS AT EACH STEP BEFORE PRO: S:BOLTS ‘CBEDING To NEXT STEP. STEP 6, TIGHTEN BOLTS IN SEQUENTIAL ORDER 0-180”, 902-2709, 459-2259 & 19593159 Al SEQUENCIAL ORDER ROTATIONAL ORDER BACH STEP UNTIL FINAL TORQUE IS SEQUENCIAL ORDER ROTATIONAL ORDER REACHED, “(SEE ATTACHED SKETCHES} 12 1 STEP 7. USE ROTATIONAL TIGHTENING UNTIL ae ALL BOLTS ARE STABLE AT FINAL 56 TORQUE LEVEL. (TWO COMPLETE TIMES 78 AROUND IS USUALLY REQUIRED.) SEE ‘ATTACHED SKETCHES eRON Vea 4 BOLT TORQUE PROCEDURE BOLT TORQUE *roe"® 12-BOLTS OLTS SEQUENCIAL ORDER ROTATIONAL ORDER SEQUENTIAL ORDER ROTATIONAL ORDER 12 1 12 1 2 34 5 34 9 10 56 9 56 5 6 78 3 78 13 4 9:10 7 9-10 3 4 W412 W 6; 11-12 WW 12 2 13-14 7 8 6 15-16 15 | 16 10 : 4 8 12 a 36 BOLT TORQUE PROCEDURE BOLT TORQUE PROCEDURE s eh a Ge F foe [20 “foes dozw wo|3 . dower 60s \\ ese Mb aon ‘OY SE pe yp 50 SK, CF a & So 20-BOLTS 24-BOLTS SEQUENTIAL ORDER ROTATIONAL ORDER SEQUENTIAL ORDER ROTATIONAL ORDER 12 = 13-14 1 2 34 34 15-16 9 10 56 56 17-18 7 18 78 78 19-20 5 6 9-10 9-10 21-22 13 14 11-12 11-12 23-24 21 22 13-14 3 4 15-16 ah 12 IAB . 19 20 19-20 7 8 ss 1s 4 16 23 24 39 SEQUENTIAL ORDER 40 BOLT TORQUE PROCEDURE 1-2 34 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-12 13-14 15-16 17-18 19-20 21-22 23-24 25-26 27-28 29-30 31-32 ROTATIONAL ORDER 1 7 18 9 10 25 26 5 6 a1 22 3 | 14 29 30 3 4 19 20 n 2 27 28 7 8 23 24 5 16 a1 4 se 2 Vd vreauonmerr © Proper alignment is one of the most important tasks performed = by the pipe fitter. If done correct, welding will be much easier Adhering pier il be prop abrested alignment Boor, however, welding wil be dificult and the piping system Fay'not function properly : any dvs a valet ai alignment and methods of alignment vary widely throughout the trade. ‘There ts no best system .-any number of methods have proven successul. The Droceduves suggested by this mantal afe popular with many Eraftsmen and will enable you to quickly obteit good slignment allowing space for welding gap, Center squares on top of th pipes and move pipe 0 signed Tuck weld top and placing squares on side of pipe, Correct alignment by mov {ng pipe let or right. Tack weld each side 90° ELBOW-TO-PIPE Place fitting bevel in line with bevel of pipe, allowing for welding gap. ‘Tack weld on top. Center aquare an top of ine. Center second square on elbow's alternate face. Move ibow until squares are aligned. 4 eo) 45° ELBQW-TO-PIPE Follow procedure described above except squares will A | -c~ ad] ¢ | aot| | 23- | xox Jamo i |< | La He | 9- PO [edo wi 80 si SYMBOLS FOR PIPE FITTINGS SYMBOLS FoR Pipe FITTINGS commontY USED DRAFTING PRACTICE COMMONLY USED IN DRAFTING menee@) | 3 4 3 rane | sew motor Operated CK} BE) EET] | amend ad ole eee] | tN fe -h Ba. = E uel i= Lf ; es |e ee e | Atamane vane BR lees nate = som | 4 _ on “kt fees lee ee dio. jon |B en ee {straight Way) | “PE | +P | | xe LOO j | iam — p+ | 9+] s9¢]-9|-e92 1) satetyvave | —t8a~ | pia fase. | ot0e | -cosa3- ourmenvann] oe | ody oat Vaive ~p- | -pa- 52 LENS SHADE SELECTOR SOLDERING TORCH BRAZING Bord (OXYGEN CUTTING: pe inch Bord Te 6 inches does inches ond over Sec GAS WELDING Up to 178 ch ors. 178 01/2 inch Seré | 12 inch ond over bore | SHIELDED METALARC WELDING. 1/16, 3/92, 1/8, 5/32 inch elecrodes 10 NONFERROUS {GAS TUNGSTEN.ARC WELDING GAS METALARC WELDING 1/16, 3/52, 1/8, 5/32 inch elecodes " FERROUS ‘GAS TUNGSTEN.ARC WELDING GAS METAL-ARC WELOING 1/16, 3/92, 1/8, 5/32 inch electrodes ” SHIELDED METALARC WELDING. 3/16, 7/52, 1/4 inch electrodes 12 5/16, 3/8 ich elecrodes “ AIOWIC HYDROGEN WELOING 1oI0 14 EARBON-ARC WELDING. “ CARBON STEEL DATA SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING as” von aceena Bisa. Highinende —Holate oun Bio) iigtinneng F Actor 56027 High iron oxide, = TEE awe acervon Tite Hat = ET Taper aa ORR RS BT015—Lowhydirogen polarity saa Rv.onN — neEe roi Eoripaepen FEE rv.onn ——acerncer ro Eaeigage rate" evo Acerncer soe pec HQ ASSBERE ‘BT027 High ironoxide, eee eeaet nua ACoeDCEN pseu en “sr atest ——AerboP row Ex Hfacaen Faia" pomstyawn Acerncxr HS Horizontal Heute = Herta tote eae 6 For slctrada Gin 8 peandunde Encopin 0m aedunder fre On = Overhead f Y Rebs BWIA E1018, IDG ane Ets 1b. The tem DGEP afer drstcuren, lec piv DC reverie PRET Birteem BEAN rare dest current eto mene DC *Arcaloy’ Electrodes to Weld AISI Steels ® Chemical Analyses of Stainless Steels, per cont> “ Aistes ‘ner Weldwin TrpeWumber Carton __ Manganese Sticon Chromium eked Elements “Areaey Type tod guiiieoo Sso/es0 Ns 025 wax 208 Toa iFoovta60 800/600 Noo25 aan 208 Hoo iebori8eo —“boorea : a8 Foo i7oo1g0 — sa0r1000, = an. zoom 17nyigun— aa0/1000 abe 7D0 1709/1900 800/1009 — So1S Minne see 100 i7o0/1900 — Bo0/ineo ease oa 150 {2be/2000 — 0/x200 = 08 10> en0/2000 Bon/szao ne te too Yearisea 1909/1300 : 08 10> Ypagveteo — joauisen0 = aoe 10 zeon/2400 Y200/500 = 303 100 Zaoo/ae00 —Y2novt¢00 = 503 150 2490/2600 ta00/2200 = a0 130 2eon/2so0 —ts00/2200 7 310 80/300 2300/2600 1900/2200 = ids Teo feers00 1800/3600 Mo 200/300 318 yoo Yeoo/ieea foon/1800 «= Mag003MD gree 10) 8002000 eso Mga. 00/3.00 ot 50) t7o0/s900 — 'gos/1200 630 Rin ae 400 79071909 90071300 ch» Ta joxtrin bet 100 1700/1800 900/1300 Co TevOC Mn ae Tanto Max Da aorac0 = a0 foo jr s0/vaso = 010/035 ho bis 1m ta 7150/1350, = = uo bis ho 1oo 30/1350 128/250, = ae O18 tas neo Ypo0rt4 co Bsa 15Minwne a8 e183 15 Yeo Younean Seorshen abs ower 1s 109 feo ‘200/1600, = = 410 020 30 feo seay/iv0o 125/250, = 0 0801075, 300 feo fe00/600, 2 yore “ o7s/oee, 309 $80 ye00/1600 = yoo 75 Mae = ons 20 tho 199 Yeo0vie00 = MoO 78 Mas ‘Over o10 ‘00 to "“seoreco = he odo/oes soe 010 0 hoo 40/660 = Meounross 52 Toe isos —aaiaeaT aia 308 one 100 1400718 00, ea 20 bie to t2a0/t800 5015 Minas ae oy 100 1400718 00, ‘Ses itn 09, 930 109° tea0/a800 = gos 30 020 ye 2800/2700 Nro2sMex 309.310 se ese aig aca ume we ‘*Registered trademark Alloy Rods Division Welding Information ‘The purpose of this section in to provide general information on thone welding procesen and eleetrades mot set in construction piping ‘ystens, The shielded meta are proves section hasbeen expanded tex Plain differences between eleeerodes Shielded Metal Are Welding (Stick? 'SMAW i the most vermile process available for joining piping ‘components made of carbon, allo and stain steels. A reat variety of proven electrodes exist, the choice of which depends on the desired renal, Carton Stee! E6010 DCRP All portions, exelent penetration. Especially good {or making the rot pas. Can be used vertical up or vertical down, ‘All mechanical properties ned are the minimum required by the American Welding Socey ‘Tensile Strength 62,000 Yield Strength 50,000 Elongstion 22% [Charpy V-Notch Impact 204%. Ibe @ -20°F. E6011 AC or DCRP, ALL postions, Similar in operation and ‘penetration to E6OIO but can also be used on AC current. Bath E6010 ftnd E6OIT can be axed to weld some galvenned stecla without less porosity than other types. The same mechanical properties are required ‘ill generally ive somewhat better on, A quiet, stable are and medium penetration characterize the E6012. Very god for high spent singe p ds, but not as versatile in dhe verueal or overhead portions E016 E6011 Ts, 67,000 YS. 55,000 Biong. 17% EVN Not required E6013 AC, DCS, DCR. ALL positions. These electrodes are generally used ‘where medium of lw penetration is desired and a good finish appearance is ascwary. Like the EA0I2 they can be use! to Dridge gaps where poor it up exists. Mechanical propertisrequed are the same for E6012. 'ET014 AC, DCS, DCR. All postions, Electrodes of this clanifcation are very similar t E6012/E6013 but have considerable mount of iron power in the coating. Smooth operation, 00d ‘appearance, anc low penetration are characteratic ofthis type. oe @ | Trl uongts 72000 : WidSeneh on Howe fis on Not roquied Low Hrdoown ° Hydrogen introduced into the weld via dirty or wet plate ot from the electrode coating nich x with those electrodes discued previously can In higher strength steel, Low hydrogen type electrode the problem considerably. However, once opened, the leeds must be stored properly to maintain their low hydrogen Content. At short an are ‘at pombe abould be sed to prevent ‘tmonpheric cootamination of the molten weld puddle E7016, AC, DCR, ALL positions, ‘The E7016 clectrodes give lower penetration than E5O10/ 6011 types andar generally seo inthe at, vertical vp, overhead and horizontal postions. However, several advantages exist sich as higher suengih, beter ducilty, and ably to weld very wide range f carbon and low llovstel, They are also used sucessfally inwelding high slr ste, Min-Tenilesuengih 72,000, ‘Min. YielgSirength 0,000 Min. Elongation Re Min. VN 20. bs. at 20°F ETOIB AC, DCR All Postion. In addition tothe charactrites of the E7016, £7018 electrodes have high iron powder content in their coatings, which increases current carrying capacity and improves ‘depot rates. They are quite verstle and can bead et high lineal speceh. Low Alloy Staot While alloy versions of the E6010/E601} electrodes are avaiable, they are generally used only in making vertical down welde ia lrg ) 8/8 | [RATA ROY SF ¢ | iss | aest | cose | ue | gf a 28.56 21.68 434 19.8 ] 24 g lgilgieig geile es 3 10 | 405 aan 547, 323 Abie 1213 | 3)2 else | s | we | ao | oa | ao | Snes (8/8 | ie] | leiels vw pe [er faa | os] Shed. [ell -let, lelelek |. 1% | 26 704 528 sg i | me |e | ss | gaa | & | FY S| me jie Lost |ies | Vale (ele leas [E skk ta [ose | iexe [ass [aro 4 BL * LF] | [8 |e IF =F co | ver | aro | isre_| neo 5 ai - 2) i] | AE 8| e : eli WEIGHY PER FOOT OF &| ee Ba SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER PIPE 3 i a He ask, weautae cxrmaaraone 4 EL # Ie] | Bye Nomeat a # ze] | 38 | re a i Hee) | | BEE | wow | aro. vauor | ao, i : AS | WEST | ots [conve | "HART | AE | corer 1 hale % | 0908 | 0228] 0955] 1a9 [ize | vas | 228° | Var" | To0"| ase | er | ir vat 1 173 |1.78 | 1e2 | 239 | 246 | 251 aap iy_| 256 | 269 | 260 | 329 | 538 | 6 Ce Tee Paes [eae [aie f° Sgreneron tet yt re tn 2 | aor [a2 | 422 | set [Ser | S00 | Sitcom ttm omat ante MEAT LOSSES FROM HORIZONTAL BARE STEEL PIPE (BTU per nour pa ines foot a 70°F rom temperature) METAL WEIGHTS Sree eis * ao 6 ‘Atuminum: a 093 160 x 2 ie sotmonr E aaze aa 1 90 14 ‘Brass = 303 526 % ue 179 Bronze - .320 552 Me 126 202 Chora & aes ice A 7 ] cu 323 358 * i 28 foe” x ears 1208, 7 re =e u 5 te 260 450 ae cal a trontoroueh) | Fe 2e3e 30 2 ea ea eee te ‘tos, no IN INCHES PER 100 FT. ABOVE IZF- 1 Pltiour & ais sais Tate | RABE, Teas RSS |wnoyar | Sesleri fe “2816 “30 z [9 a " wore ar wo | os Jes | oa | os | os | Tem lay zl eoje ts ton! elroa i iae lai as wo | t2 | 32] 20/20] 33} wo | i [as | 27 | | | sol esetopen|eiouleesnlasseleee COLORS AND APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE xo | as | 23] ao | 33 | 36 FOR CARBON STEEL wo | 23 | 27 | a9 | ae | 3Y 450 34 31 5.3 52 3.6 Black Red. 990°F so_| 35 | 3s | eo | $3 | at Dark Blood Rea 1050 so | aa] 29 | 7 | ss | 46 Dark Cnerty Red 1175 600 48 a ee - $2 Medium Cherry Rec 1250 650 53 43 B2 79 56 Fi cue ne Ca Pe Be Sh ‘Chery Red 1375 mo | es [eal |S] & Light chery, Seating 1550 a} aes Salmon, Fre Seating 1650 sof om JSP opty e Light Samon 72s sm} se fo} - |=] = Yellow 1825 reo | si |= | - |=] t Ut Yetow 1975 wite 2200 70 TEMPERATURE DATA ‘The accompanying chart not only lists the melting points of various alloys and metals but also serves a8 convenient means for conversion between Centigrade and Fahrenheit temperature scales. In addition, on the far right of the scale are shown the color designa- tions that are commonly used in judging the temper tures of hot metal by color. Melting Points ‘This chart should prove useful to all welding operators for it contains basic information on working with ‘metal at elevated temperatures. Reference to the chart, for instance, shows why aluminum and afumi- hum alloys, because of their low melting points, give little or no indication by change in color when’ they approach welding heat, On the other hand, the high melting point of wrought iron explains why consider- ‘ably more heat is required to weld this metal than is required for cast iron, for instance. ‘Temperature Color Sea ‘Another use for the chart is in estimating the tempera- ture by color For instance, instructions may reguire that the part be preheated to 1,100 deg. I. before welding. If you are without @ thermocouple or other means for accurately measuring high temperatures, reference to the chart shows that the part, at 1,100 deg. F. would have a blood-red color. With a little ex- ‘you can estimate this fairly closely by eye. Yn this connection, it should be mentioned that: the color seale is for observations made in a fairly dark place and without welding goggles. As the light in- freases, the color groups on the scale will apply to higher temperatures. Conversion Data Finally, the chart is a ready means for converting Fahrenheit to Centigrade, and vice verse. Suppose you are familiar with the Fahrenbeit scale, yet instruc- tions call for the quenching of a welded part from 900 deg. C. Reference to the chart shows this to be ap- proximately 1,650 deg. F. ‘TEMPERATURE DATA gern ae te] eae asrove} fae eee a srcciric anavity oF casts (60°F and 29.92" He) BOILING POINTS OF WATER orto a a9 te 9768 p80 ntvanoc aeesomce Sra oe es ae — Carbon-menoride 0. 9367 3 $ 2B03¢ ae Ea ate es Blog| as mae e oats 2 | wey oi, | ae oi Se | |e | SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LiquiDs 4 8 1308 3 asa a | 2 | RB] of Lm E Water (cu 8, wouths 62.41) 3 199 i iB ier gt 8 Bry a DRILL SIZES Fon PIPE TAPS TYPICAL BTU VALUES OF FUELS ape ae ves 98 rome ge Buminous Cass ti Group i &L SubvBtarinaus Case M'Group WT ity ae | ne wrquios (aru vaults PE at fant ae TAP ano oniut. sizes Tela fe, mle eases ve eas ene yu * 48 i ie Natural Gas. ‘935 to 1132 ™ oy if oa ie 3 mera 3 ie Bek | Std wo a8 >. - Ff ie xe] ib | ie Be ete for naturel ao om Andi je oy. me a a LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations conform to the practice of the Ameri- can National Standards Institute Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms, ANSI Z10.1 abs Absolute ‘American Gas Association ‘American Iron and Stee) Jnsti¢ute ‘American Standard American National Standards Institute ‘American Petroleum Institute American Society of Heating and Venti Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers ‘American Society for Testing Materials Average American Welding Society ng American Water Works Association Bor Bé Baumé B&S Bell and spigot or Brown & Sharpe (gauge) bbl Barrel Btu British thermsl unit(s) © Contigeade Cat Catatogue cfm Cubie feet per minute ‘fs Cubie feet per second CL Cast iron. CS. Cast steel (not recommended for abbeevi ation) Comp Companion caft Cubic fact Cubie inch(es) “C_ Degrees Centigrade “F Dogreos Fahrenheit diam Diameter dwg Drawing erty Bxtra-heavy FED Faced and drilled F Fahrenheit Face to face Fig Figure fg. Flange or fanges T= Permerty boon oe American LAST OF ABBREVIATIONS (conrmucsy fied Flanged Gage or gauge gal Gallon galv Galvanized gpm or : golpermin Gallons per minute hex Hexagonal hg mercury br Hour IBBM Iron body bionze (or brass) mounted ID. Inside diameter IPS. Iron pipe size (now obsolete—see NPS) kw Kilowatt(s) Tb Pound(s) MI. Malleabie ion max Maximum min Minimum Mir Manufacturer mtd Mounted i i j MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society (of Valve and Fittings Industry) NEWWA New England Water Works Association NPS Nominal pipe size (formerly IPS for iron pipe size) OD Outside diemecer OSLY Outside serew and yoke OWG Oil, water, gas (see WOG) psig Pounds per aquare inch, gage red Reducing sched or sch Schedule sed Screwed Second Semifinished Specification Square Steam service presaure Seconds Saybolt Universal Standard A 5 PIPE FITTERS, DEFINITIONS. ALLOY STHEL. A steel which owes ita distinctive propertion to elements other than carbon. [AREA OP A CIRCLE: The measurement of the surface within 2 circle. To find the area of a circle, muitiply the product of the radius times the radius by Pi (3.142). Commonly written A= er ‘BRAZE WELD OR BRAZING: A process of joining metals using 8 nonferrous filer metal or alloy, the melting point of Which is higher than 00°F but lower then that of the metals to be joined. nurr WELD: A circumferential weld in pipe fusing the abutting pipe walls completely from inside wall to outeide wall, ‘cARWON STERL: A steel which owes ita distinctive proper tes chiefly to the various percentages of carbon (as dis- tinguished from the other elements) which it contains, CIRCUMFERENCE OF 4 CIRCLE: The measurement round the perimeter of a circle. To find the circumference, mul- tiply Pi (3.142) by the diameter. (Commonly written xd}. COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION: A number indicating the de- sce of expansion or contraction of a substance. ‘The coefficient of expansion is not constant and varies with changes in temperature. For linear expansion it pressed as the change in length of one unit of length of a fubstance having one degree rise in temperature. A Table ‘of Expansion (See page 62) ia generally used to determine expansion or contraction within a piping system, ‘CORROSION: The gradual destruction or alteration of @ ‘metal or alloy caused by direct chemical attack or by elec- trochemical reaction ‘CREEP: The plastic flow of pipe within a aystem; the per- manent set in metal caused by fesons at high temper DEFINITIONS (conrimutoy tures. Generally amsociated with a time rate of deforma on. DIAMETER OF A cIRCLE: A straight tine drawn through the center of @ circle from one extreme edge to the other. Equal to twice the radius. 7 puctitrr¥: The property of elongation, above the elastic limit, but under the tensile strength. [A meaaure of ductility ia the percentage of elongation of the fractured piece over ite original length. muAsric LintT: ‘The greatest stream which @ material can ‘withstand without a permanent deformation after release of the stress. ‘enostoW: The gradual destruction of metal or other ma- terial by the abrasive netion of liquids, gases, solide oF mixtures thereof. aptUS OF A cincce: A straight line drawn from the center to the extreme edge of a circle SocKET wrrmixa: A fitting used to join pipe in which the pipe is inserted into the fitting. A fillet weld is then made round the edge of the fitting wd the outside wall of the pipe at the junction of the pipe and fitting Sor0eRING: A method of joining metala using fusable al- loys, usually tin and lead, having melting pointe und: 00°F. ‘srmAIN: Change of shape or size of a body produced by the action of a stress ssrwnas: The intensity of the internal, distributed forces which rest a change in the form of » body. When external forces act on a body they are resisted by reactions within the body which are termed stresses. ‘A Tensile Stress in one that renista a force tending £0 pull 2 body apart. ‘A Compressive Streas ia one that resists a force tending to ‘rush a body. Tres420-198 *0 DEFINITIONS conrmucoy ‘A Shearing Stress is one that resists a force tending to ke one layer of a body slide across another layer, ‘A Torsional Stress ia one that resists forces tending to twiat a body, “Tevsite sTRENOTH: The maximum tensile stress which « material will develop. The tensile strength is usually con- sidered to be the load in pounds per square inch at which f teat specimen ruptures ‘TURBULENCE: Any deviation from parallel flow in s pipe due to rough inner walls, obstructions or directional changes, vavoctry: Time rate of motion in a given direction and sense, usually expressed in feet per second. YoLUME oF A PIPE: The measurement of the space within the walls of the pipe. To find the volume of a pipe, rulti- ply the length (or height) of the pipe by the product of the inside radius times the inside radius by Pi (3.142). Com- monly written as V = her! WALDING: A process of joining metals by heating until they are fused together, or by heating and applying pressure tant there is a plastic joining action, Filler metal may or may not be used. ‘YIRLD STRENGTH: The stress at which a material exhibits « specified Kmiting permanent set. | | i { i j i |

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