Kundts 1

The Continuity of White Privilege: Through History and into the Modern Day

Charlotte D. Kundts
Passage I
December 2014

White privilege refers to any advantage, opportunity, benefit, head start, or general
protection from negative societal mistreatment, which persons deemed white will typically enjoy,
but which others will generally not enjoy (Wise, F.A.Q.s). White privilege has greatly

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influenced America; the continuity of white privilege throughout history and into the modern day
demonstrates its perpetuation through stereotypes and social conditioning. This paper will begin
with background information and definitions of terms that will be used throughout the paper,
followed by historical background and evidence. Next, the argument will be outlined and
explained with consideration of opposing positions. This paper will be concluded with historical
evidence and modern day examples of the continuity of White Privilege in America. White
privilege is an important subject that people should know more about so that society can begin to
address the problem. It affects every aspect of society and creates a gap between different
ethnicities because of the colour of their skin. White privilege is, however, a double edged
sword. Caucasian people have benefits in society because of white privilege, but because of
white privilege they can be held to higher standards. Their accomplishments may not be
recognized by some minorities because it may be thought that they succeeded because they are
caucasian and not as a result of the of abilities that they possess. The harm of white privilege
experienced by caucasians does not compare to its effect on minorities. In this paper, the term
caucasian will be used to describe people with little pigmentation of the skin, and the term
minority will be used to describe other groups with greater levels of pigmentation and that make
up less than half of the population of the United States. The term caucasian is not meant to
offend or stereotype any person or group. This paper is not arguing that only caucasian people
can be racist, but is rather addressing white privilege in America from colonization to the modern
day.
White privilege is a very controversial topic, and there are many different arguments and
opinions concerning this topic. The largest and perhaps the most important debate is whether
white privilege is a perceived or concrete issue. People on both sides of the argument are very

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passionate and defensive of their point of view, leading to tension in cyber communities and real
world situations. People who believe that white privilege is a myth assert that those who argue its
existence exaggerate racism and that white privilege and racism are synonymous. Officially,
racism is defined as, The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities
specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or
races. or Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race
based on the belief that ones own race is superior (Oxford Dictionaries). Despite the dictionary
definition, however, white privilege is actually a subcategory of racism with specific
characteristics that differentiate it from general racism. It is a more specific term and applies to
caucasian people in caucasian dominated societies who enjoy benefits which others will not
generally enjoy. (Wise, F.A.Q.s).
Despite what some people may believe, white privilege still exists in modern America. In
many cases, people refuse to recognize white privilege because they do not want to feel guilty or
be accused of something they think happened only in the past. In truth, people have often been
raised with the belief that racism and anything related to it died out in the 20th century. This
belief has been passed down through generations through such media as stories or family history
until it was a way of life. One thing that is falsely assumed in the white privilege debate is that
believers of white privilege want to accuse people of crimes that have happened in the past. In
reality, they aim to point out why and how it exists today. Minorities in America are not looking
for an apology from all the caucasians living in America for incidents that have occurred in the
past. They want people to understand and address the problem so that the race gap in schools,
laws, and employment is closed.

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Statistics show that in most situations caucasians seem to be better off. Percentages of
unemployment, incarceration, mortgages, and less access to higher/better education are higher
for minorities than caucasians in America even in cases where minorities have a better education
or better qualifications than caucasians. For example,Blacks and Latinos combined only
represent about 13 percent of students at the most selective colleges and universities and there
are twice as many caucasians admitted to elite schools with less-than-average qualifications as
there are people of color so admitted. (Wise, Whine Merchants).
Americas history of white privilege begins with its colonization. Even before America
became an independent nation, white privilege already had a strong influence on society.Its
history of colonization and expansion began with Christopher Columbus, who was the first
European to successfully colonize America, which he did while heading a Spanish expedition in
1492 that was originally intended to find new trade routes to Asia.The English, who eventually
became the dominant colonizers of the Americas, were not far behind the Spanish. The English
began enslaving people because they needed laborers to work for them in the Americas. The
Europeans tried two solutions: export prisoners, and export men who indentured themselves to
pay off debts. But both groups either succumbed to diseases new to them, or ran away to
freedom. So another solution was sought. (Sherwood, 5).
The main reason that Europeans could not use Native Americans as slaves was because
European arrival had carried diseases that the natives had never been encountered before leading
to a large epidemics, such as smallpox, greatly decreasing the native population. At first, the
English tried to enslave the Native Americans, but the natives knew the land too well and could
escape. Also,In the process of conquest they had annihilated many of the Native American.
(Sherwood, 5). The native tribes would become more rebellious if Native Americans were taken

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captive and enslaved. This became problematic when trade with the Native Americans had given
the them access to guns. The introduction of guns into Native American societies opened the
door to more violence and bloodshed. those who survived the Europeans' guns and diseases not
unnaturally refused to work in the mines taken over by their conquerors, or on the plantations
they created. (Sherwood, 5) The English turned to Africa because enslaving the Native
Americans was not worth the trouble. Africans did not have guns and therefore were easier to
capture. The slave trade in Africa started around 1619 and was very profitable, efficient, and
relatively easy because rival tribes would hand over their captives for money or goods. This was
the beginning of nearly a 250 year period of slavery in the Americas.
The influence of slavery for the first 250 years of any society would affect how that
society functions; there is nowhere this is more apparent than America. During the first 250
years, African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the new nation,
especially in the South (Slavery in America, History.com). The Southern colonies relied heavily
on slave labor to run their large cotton and tobacco plantations. The South steadily became more
profitable and economically stable because of the increase in exported goods and the slave trade.
Another reason the slave trade increased was that owning a slave became a status symbol: the
more slaves one had, the wealthier one was. However, the trip from Africa to America was hard
on all. The journey that the slaves were forced to undertake was called the Middle Passage. Slave
traders generally lost 30% of their human merchandise over the course of their journey.At least
2 million Africans--10 to 15 percent--died during the infamous "Middle Passage" across the
Atlantic. Another 15 to 30 percent died during the march to or confinement along the coast.
Altogether, for every 100 slaves who reached the New World, another 40 had died in Africa or
during the Middle Passage. (Mintz S. & McNeil S.).

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Slavery became so integrated into American society that even some native tribes were
slaveholders. By 1824, it is estimated that the Cherokee owned 1,277 black slaves; the Choctaw
and the Chickasaw held over 5,000 blacks in slavery by 1860. (Seybert, 3). Slavery continued to
become a social norm and the basis of much of the economy with little resistance up until the
Civil War: the conflict that nearly tore the country in two, one of the most devastating wars in
American history. Political discord between the North and South over the issue of slavery was
one of the reasons for the start of the Civil War, however, the original issue was states rights..
African Americans and Native Americans played major roles on the conflicting sides. Minorities
fought in their own regiments, separate from the caucasian soldiers, even if they were fighting
for the union. On both the Union and Confederate sides, caucasian soldiers were treated with
higher respect and better supplies than the soldiers in the minority regiments. They were paid
$10 a month, with $3 deducted from that pay for clothingwhite soldiers received $13 a month
with no clothing deduction (Escott). The Civil War was the first time that minorities were
allowed to join the armed forces/military. By the time the war ended, some 179,000 black men
had served in the Union Army, representing 10 percent of its total. Nearly 20,000 more were in
the navy. (Escott).
African Americans did not just serve in the army. Many of them, mainly women, served
in supporting roles such as being cooks, nurses or spies. Freed slaves such as Harriet Tubman
used the underground railroad to convey information across enemy lines while other slaves were
debriefed and returned with caucasian agents posing as their owners. Although this most likely
would have been disagreed with at the time, African Americans played valuable roles during the
Civil War that both sides would have been at a disadvantage without. The value of the Black
Dispatches was recognized by all in the Union and even by the ConfederacyGeneral Robert E.

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Lee wrote "The chief source of information to the enemy is through our negroes" (Escott). While
this information was valuable it was very dangerous for those who posed as the slave owners and
even more dangerous for those playing the slaves. If these slaves had been caught they most
likely would have been tortured or put to death to serve as an example to others of what would
happen to them if they were caught or participated in these activities. The Civil War was the first
time that some of the caucasian majority agreed that African Americans were helpful.
After the Civil War, slavery was abolished, however racism was still at large, especially
because of the introduction of the Jim Crow laws in the 1880s. The Jim Crow Laws were a set of
laws used to segregate caucasians and minorities, mainly African Americans. Even though the
North had been fighting to abolish slavery, the Jim Crow Laws active in the north as well as the
south. Minorities were viewed as second class citizens which is, though rarely, still found in
practice today. Religious people were often found preaching the idea of white superiority.Many
Christian ministers and theologians taught that whites were the Chosen people, blacks were
cursed to be servants, and God supported racial segregation (Pilgrim). Even academic people
practiced the idea of white superiority through the Jim Crow Laws.Craniologists, eugenicists,
phrenologists, and Social Darwinists, at every educational level, buttressed the belief that blacks
were innately intellectually and culturally inferior to whites (Pilgrim).
The Jim Crow Laws dehumanized minorities by forbidding them to enter certain areas.
This was sometimes communicated by signs that read No, Dogs, Negroes, Mexicans. These
laws were mostly meant to keep minorities suppressed so they would not have thought that they
were equal to caucasians or could date caucasians. Sexual relations between blacks and whites
would produce a mongrel race which would destroy America; treating blacks as equals would
encourage interracial sexual unions; any activity which suggested social equality encouraged

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interracial sexual relations. (Pilgrim). Caucasians used the Jim Crow laws as rules for minority
etiquette and how minorities should live their lives, to keep them as low key and out of the way
as possible.
The time between the 1880s and 1960s was not the ideal time for minorities in America,
even though it was better than their treatment before the Civil War. This time period began the
system of sharecropping. Sharecropping was a system in which a caucasian person or family
owned land and allowed minorities to farm it, in exchange the landowner would receive the
majority of the crops harvested while the minority farmers would keep a small share of the crop.
This system allowed for conditions that were similar to slavery, therefore, perpetuating the cycle.
Violence against minorities, including beatings, burning at the stake, castration and
dismemberment, was used if it was determined to be necessary, often leading to death of the
targeted person. The most common violence used against minorities was lynching which were
public, often sadistic, murders carried out by mobs. (Pilgrim). Violence was used to scare
minorities and keep them submissive. Frequently, caucasians accused a minority person of a
crime to justify their use of violence against the individual. Author of Urban Racial Violence,
Joseph Boskin, claimed that all of the race riots of the 1990s had six similarities that also apply
to the race riots between the 1880s and 1960s:
1. In each of the race riots, with few exceptions, it was white people that sparked the
incident by attacking black people.
2. In the majority of the riots, some extraordinary social condition prevailed at the time of
the riot: prewar social changes, wartime mobility, post-war adjustment, or economic depression.
3. The majority of the riots occurred during the hot summer months.

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4. Rumor played an extremely important role in causing many riots. Rumors of some
criminal activity by blacks against whites perpetuated the actions of the white mobs.
5. The police force, more than any other institution, was invariably involved as a
precipitating cause or perpetuating factor in the riots. In almost every one of the riots, the police
sided with the attackers, either by actually participating in, or by failing to quell the attack.
6. In almost every instance, the fighting occurred within the black community. (Pilgrim).
The Caucasian lynching mobs did not stop at lynching the individual; they also looted the
individuals home and business; those who did not flee often became homeless. The Jim Crow
laws would not have been effective without the perpetuation of violence and caucasian belief in
white superiority. Historian George Fredrickson stated this differently by saying that "Lynching
represented...a way of using fear and terror to check 'dangerous' tendencies in a black community
considered to be ineffectively regimented or supervised. As such it constituted a confession that
the regular institutions of a segregated society provided an inadequate measure of day-to-day
control" (Pilgrim).
The movement to abolish the Jim Crow Laws started in 1954 when the Supreme Court
turned down the Separate but Equal. Separate but Equal was a doctrine that argued that
racial segregation was constitutional as long as facilities provided to caucasians and minorities
were equal; this doctrine was long used to justify segregation. This drew national attention to the
plight of minorities, mainly African Americans. This time period gave rise to many well known
civil rights leaders, such as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Andrew
Goodman, who risked their personal safety for the sake of equality and freedom. Martin Luther
King Jr., author of the I have a dream speech, and Rosa Parks, who initiated the Montgomery
bus boycott, were particularly influential civil rights leaders. In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give

Kundts 10
up her seat to a caucasian passenger and was jailed. This was the beginning of the Montgomery
Bus boycott in which African Americans in this community refused to ride the bus, walking
miles to work everyday for over a year. This constituted one of the most notable efforts for
peaceful protest and inspired many African Americans by providing a means to challenge their
status in society. Martin Luther King Jr. was a major spokesperson for the civil rights movement
who is well known not just because of his speeches but also because of the media coverage he
received. After a long and exhausting battle, the Jim Crow Laws were finally abolished in the
1960s. However, this did not put an end to racism. Many of the ideas and beliefs of this time
continued throughout history to the modern day.
The Civil Rights movement for African Americans had come to an end while the same
battle was beginning for the Native Americans and Latino Americans. Both of these Civil Rights
movements officially began in the 1960s. The Native American movement focused mainly on
unemployment, land rights and education. Instead of boycotts like the Montgomery Bus Boycott,
the Native Americans went on walks and protests raising national interest. The Native American
movement had less civilian made violence, but there were still violent protests. An example of
this would be when activists occupied the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Wounded Knee,
South Dakota that eventually turned into a violent 71-day stand off between the FBI, U.S.
Marshals, and National Guard units. (The American Indian Movement). The Native American
Civil Rights movement ended in the 1970s when congress passed the American Indian
Religious Freedom Act and the Indian Civil Rights Act that guaranteed civil rights and equal
protection. (The American Indian Movement).
The Latino American Civil Rights movement was officially recognized in the 1960s, but
had started around the 1940s. It was similar to the Native American movement in that it focused

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onrestoration of land grants, to enhanced education, voting and political rights (The Chicano
Movement) and government acknowledgement of their failure to live up to their promises. The
Latino Americans were focused on one extra point, that being emerging awareness of collective
history, (The Chicano Movement) because unlike the Native Americans, they were not included
in American history except for brief mentions of them during the fighting over territory during
westward expansion. The Latino American Civil Rights movement ended in the 1970s when
Latino Americans were beginning to be elected into public offices.
After the Civil Rights era, minorities still had to fight for their rights with the caucasian
majority, most of which did not acknowledge that minorities legally had equal rights and
protection. Women had limited rights even if they were caucasian, so being a minority woman in
America was not easy up until the start of World Wars. During the First World War, most of the
eligible men were sent to fight, leaving behind their everyday jobs. The decrease of men in the
workforce opened up a path for women to work in jobs outside of their homes and earn money.
This opened up opportunities for minorities to learn useful skills in jobs that they had never
before been allowed to work in. Companies had no choice but to hire them for need of workers
to support the troops abroad. However, no matter how desperate for workers they became, many
companies refused to hire minorities and chose to hire caucasian females. Some companies did
hire minorities but only hired minority males. The majority of women in the workforce were
minorities because many caucasian women had chosen not to work. Even though women were
influential to the workforce they, still made considerably less than their male counterparts.
Minorities did not just stay at home during the wars; they also went out to fight. A group
called the Tuskegee Airmen were an African American group of Army Air Corps pilots that
escorted bombers to their drop-off locations and destroyed over 260 enemy aircrafts. Unlike the

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Tuskegee Airmen, Native Americans did not fly aircrafts, however, they were just as, if not more,
instrumental in the success of the World Wars. Native Americans were stationed at radio
communication and sent messages in their native language, not in traditional codes, to confuse
the adversary when they tried to decode the messages. (Kundts). This gave the United States a
large advantage over the enemy. They were able to spend less time coming up with new codes
because most codes that are used are not a language that exists or is still in use.. The Second
World War was fought against the Nazis and the Japanese. This caused suspicion of Asian
citizens to increase and eventually they were put into camps made to protect them from the
general public. They called it a relocation camp, but it was a concentration camp. There was
barbed wire. They told us the machine guns were to protect us, but the machine guns were
pointing towards us. (Gensenway). While Native Americans and African Americans were
instrumental during the World Wars, Asian American citizens were not because they were locked
away.
After the World Wars, people became more accepting and minority groups became
integrated into society. However, equal rights and treatment were not fully given. In modern
society, many people are proud of how far we have come as a country and how much our society
has progressed. While it is true that we have developed as a country, it is not as true that we have
progressed as a society. White Privilege still exists in our society and it is because of our
countrys history. Since the foundation of America, caucasian people have been treated better
than minorities of any ethnicity, most likely because caucasian people founded America. Even
our laws supported White Privilege. The places you see White Privilege most is in education and
employment. Approximately 40% to 45% of the population is unemployed of those unemployed
9.3% are caucasian, 13.1% are hispanic, 16.7% are African American and 1.9% are other

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ethnicities (Office of the Secretary). The majority of those unemployed are minorities. This may
be the result of many factors including the disparity in minority access to higher education
compared to caucasians. Historically, minorities have had less access to higher education than
caucasians because they did not have the same rights. This gave caucasians a leg up in society
and kept minorities lower in society. Unemployment is a vicious cycle. When minority children
are deprived of equal higher education opportunities, it continues the cycle of unemployment, as
people with access to higher education are more desirable for employment because people
assume that people with who have had higher education or had access to higher education are
more qualified for the job.
It is common for people to not realize that they are continuing the practice of White
Privilege because it has been subconsciously ingrained into their brain as theyve grown up. The
more exposure one has, the more likely they are to continue the practice of white privilege.
Surprisingly, the effect of the exposure does not differ whether one is a minority or caucasian.
Often, minorities themselves continue the cycle because they show favor to caucasians over
minorities when hiring them or teaching them. Stereotypes frequently play a medium role in
whether or not a person is hired. For example, when most people think about guns and violence,
they tend to think of African American men because that is how social media often portrays gun
related incidents The majority of people think of African Americans as violent because of media
bias. Social media was created as a way to spread information quickly to the public. The social
media does provide the public with information quickly, however, because of the speed at which
the information is received there are often many mistakes, leading to incorrect information to
guide peoples thoughts about the subject. Also, the number of African Americans incarcerated
violence compared to the rest of the population is higher than other ethnic groups. African

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Americans now constitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated population
(Criminal Justice Fact Sheet). Employers will unconsciously lean towards hiring a person of a
different ethnicity and most likely the person to be hired will be caucasian because the
stereotypes about African Americans and violence create an aversion to hiring that ethnic group..
White Privilege has continued in society through peoples minds. One could think of it as
a genetic disease, always there, but not always seen. Throughout history, minorities have been
operantly conditioned by society to believe that they are inferior to the caucasian
majority.Operant conditioning, or the use of reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease
a behaviour, is a powerful tool used to scare the minority into submission. For example,
Lawrence Houston states that African Americans have been operantly conditioned against
assertiveness for centuries.Grier and Cobbs (1968) explain the antiaggressive conditioning that
has been directed toward Black Males because of the threat that such aggression always has
posed to the dominant society, which tends to respond with relentless retaliation. During slavery,
the Black Mother had to discourage her sons masculine assertiveness, because it would threaten
the entire slave system and cause him to be killed. Today agressive Black masculinity still is
viewed as a threat to the social system, and the Black mother unconsciously assists in the operant
conditioning of her son towards the inhibition of aggression. This constant conditioning from
slavery to the present, with its assorted rewards for non aggressive behaviour and punishment for
aggressive behaviour, apparently had had a debilitating effect on Black behaviour in the form of
response generalization (Houston). Slaves clearly outnumbered caucasians, but they did not
revolt and overthrow the entire system because over the centuries they had been taught through
fear that they were inferior. Frequently, minorities themselves operantly conditioned their own
children because the pattern was so strong and for fear of what would happen to if their children

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revolted against the system. This was justified because the social norms at this time did not allow
for minorities to speak out or do anything that would offend or bring them into caucasian life.
Even now, society continues to condition people through stereotypes.
Stereotypes play a major role in White Privilege. When stereotypes against a group of
people are negative because of something that only of few people of that group participated in, it
impacts the way society perceives the entire group. For example, in modern day America many
people believe that anyone who is Muslim is or could be a terrorist, when only a small sect of
extremists are terrorists who were disliked by their own community.These extremely violent
religious extremists represent a minority view, their threat is real (Moore). However, group
stereotypes such as these only appear for minorities. Minorities are placed/held in positions of
representing their entire ethnic group, meaning that their every action reflects on their ethnic
group as a whole. While this is common for minority groups to undergo, it is not common for the
caucasian majority. If a minority person said to a caucasian person that every action they make
represents the entire caucasian group, there would be an outrage. The most common refute would
most likely be, I am my own person, and my actions do not represent anyone but me. It is true
that every caucasian is their own person, but the same applies to minorities. However, minorities
are still told that they represent their ethnic group.
Such stereotypes can commonly be seen in high schools and colleges. Most high schools
and colleges have student alliances for different ethnic groups such as Latino Student Alliance,
Korean Student Alliance and many more. The purpose of these groups is to give students a place
to connect to others of the same ethnicity who may have had similar experiences to their own.
These well intentioned groups can unfortunately also create more stereotypes, such as all Asians
are smart or always good at math or Latinos only hang out with Latinos. Ethnic alliances are also

Kundts 16
made to speak for that ethnic group in society. Representatives of these groups who voice
opinions on project/plans represent not only that ethnic alliance but the entire ethnic group.
Minority groups may not view these groups as a way for White Privilege to continue which is
one of the reasons it does so. The strongest advantage for the continuation of White Privilege is
that most people have no idea what it is and that they are inadvertently perpetuating it through
social conditioning, stereotypes, and organizations that speak for any ethnic group as a whole.
Even in modern society it is still easier for a caucasian person to level jump upward.
Level jumping is when a person starts at a lower social level and rises to a higher social level.
Minorities can, however, fall levels easier than a caucasian person. Often caucasians have more
access to higher education making them more eligible for jobs than minorities who are normally
associated with less access to higher education. People with higher education can get better jobs
and people who have good jobs on their resume can apply for even better jobs allowing them to
level jump. Minorities have a harder time level jumping, however, it is not impossible. After
years of oppression many minorities have stayed in the lower social classes because of their lack
of education, job opportunities and money. Research has shown that race and ethnicity in terms
of stratification often determine a persons socioeconomic status (Ethnic and Racial Minorities
& Socioeconomic Status).
Instead of allowing this process to continue the people of the United States should give
more opportunities to the rising generation, starting before students reach middle school.
Education can break the cycle of poverty and oppression and give students the opportunity to
reach their potential. If more opportunities are given to the rising generation higher education
will be more easily accessible making today's youth more desirable in the bob market.The only
way to break a system that has continued in a society from its foundation is to confront it. This

Kundts 17
process and change will not come easily or quickly. It may take decades or even centuries to
break the cycle of white privilege and will be a very difficult process. In order to create a more
equal world as the United States aims to do in other countries, Americans must first confront the
problem at home.

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Kundts 18
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