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ANS
OUTLINE
I. Functional components of peripheral nerves
II. Overview of ANS
III. Spinal Cord, Roots & Nerves
IV. Sympathetic Nervous System
V. Parasympathetic Nervous System
VI. ANS Control by the Brain
VII. Visceral Afferents
Objectives:
To describe the general organization of the Autonomic Nervous System,
its functions and principle divisions
To describe the origin and general distribution of each of the principle
divisions
To differentiate the principle divisions by anatomic features, the involved
neurotransmitters and their systemic effects
To describe the higher control of ANS
To briefly touch the Visceral Afferent Pathways
Somatic System
Visceral System
Embryological
origin of tissue
Derived from
splanchnic (visceral)
mesoderm,
endoderm
Examples of adult
tissues
Perception
Conscious, voluntary
Glands, cardiac
muscle, smooth
muscle of GIT and
blood vessels
Unconscious,
involuntary
Somatic
Somatic sensory
General Somatic
Afferent (GSA)
Somatic motor
General Somatic
Efferent (GSE)
Visceral
Visceral sensory
General Visceral
Afferent (GVA)
Visceral motor
General Visceral
Efferent (GVE)
Efferent
o From CNS (ex. multipolar neurons, muscles and glands
o Located at the ventral horn
o Motor nerve fibers
Group 6 | Bautista A., Bautista B., Bautista C., Bautista V., Bello C., Bello H., Bernardo, Biag E.
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Target tissues
Preganglionic
neurons More
ganglia from the
same axon
Postganglionic
neurons Branched
(greater
distribution/
diffused; prolonged
effect)
Preganglionic
neurons 1 axon
Organs of head,
neck, trunk and
external genitalia
Organs of head,
neck, trunk and
external genitalia
Adrenal medulla
Never reaches
limbs or body wall
except for external
genitalia
Postganglionic
neurons Branched
but not as extensive
as in sympathetic n
(more localized
effect)
Arrector muscles of
hair
ALL vascular smooth
muscle
Functional
differences
Distributed to
essentially all
tissues because of
vascular smooth
muscle
Fight or flight
Catabolic (expend
energy)
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Somatic Pathways
o Interneuron between GSA and GSE
o Mixed spinal nerves
Sympathetic pathway
o Nerve cell bodies at intermedial gray column/ lateral horn
IV. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Fight or flight
Afferent fibers will come from the ventral root and then exit the
intervertebral canal and join the dorsal root to form the spinal
nerve
Ventrally located branches (rami communicantes; sing.
Communicans) join sympathetic chain ganglion
Group of SCG ->becomes sympathetic trunk (both sides of the
vertebral column) -> becomes paravertebral ganglia
Ganglion impar (fuses at midline)
A. PREGANGLIONIC CELL BODIES
Exit spinal cord via ventral root -> spinal nerve -> white ramus
communicans -> synapse at ganglion within sympathetic trunk ->
axon of the ganglion of the post-ganglionic fiber leave the
sympathetic trunk -> spinal nerve via gray ramus communicans
Thoracolumbar area
Efferent fibers branch out to ventral root, exit IV canal , join with
dorsal root to form the spinal nerve
2 ventral branches of rami communicantes merge to form the
sympathetic chain ganglion
ventral root + dorsal root= spinal nerve rami communicantes
sympathetic chain ganglion
Spinal Nerve & Sympathetic Trunk
o Ganglia (pairs)
3 cervical
11-12 thoracic
2-4 lumbar
4 sacral
1 coccygeal (Located at midline, anterior to the vertebral
body of the coccyx; a.k.a. ganglion impar)
o 14 pairs white rami communicantes (T1-L2)
o 31 pairs gray rami communicantes
Note:
Ventral root + dorsal root= Spinal nerve
White matter - More lateral
Gray matter - Medial
For each spinal nerve, there is a gray ramus
Preganglion - Myelinated - White
Postganglion - Unmyelinated - Gray
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SUMMARY: SNS
3. Adrenal Medulla
Certain splanchnic nerves synapse on hormone-producing cells of
the adrenal medulla (modified postganglionic neurons)
Cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from the neural crest
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released to the blood stream
to reach their target organs
B. SACRAL FLOW
S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic
Hindgut/pelvic viscera distal to the left colonic (colic) flexure, and
external genitalia
As with SNS, have preganglionic bodies located in gray areas of
spinal cord (analogous to lateral horn/IMLC)
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SUMMARY: PNS
Craniosacral preganglionic cell bodies (cranial nerve nuclei and
sacral gray matter)
Long preganglionic fiber releasing Ach
Ganglia with nicotinic receptors near or in walls of target organs
Short postganglionic fibers releasing Ach
In contrast to SNS, has localized and short-lived effect on the
target organ
VI. ANS CONTROL BY THE BRAIN
Nucleus: Edinger-Westphal
preganglionic fibers: oculomotor nerve
ganglion: ciliary ganglion
postganglionic fibers: short ciliary nn
target organs:
ciliary muscle - relaxes zonal fibers, making lens more convex
sphincter papillae - constricts pupils (myosis)
CN VII Facial
o 2 sets of nuclei, ganglia, and target organ(s)
o Tears:
nucleus: lacrimal/lacrimatory
preganglionic fibers: nervus intermedius greater petrosal
n. nerve of pterygoid canal
ganglion: pterygopalatine
postganglionic fibers: maxillary n. zygomaticotemporal n.
lacrimal n.
target organ:
lacrimal gland
mucosa of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, palate, pharynx
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
o nucleus: inferior salivatory
o preganglionic fibers: tympanic branch of CN IX lesser
petrosal n.
o ganglion: otic ganglion
o postganglionic fibers: auriculotemporal nerve
o target organ: parotid gland
VII. VISCERAL AFFERENTS
CN X Vagus
o
o
o
o
o
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Visceral Sensation
o Often unconscious. If conscious: it is dull, poorly localized
o Distension, cramping, blood gas, blood pressure, irritants
Visceral pain is carried almost exclusively by the sensory
component of the SNS
Visceral pressure and movement sensation is carried almost
exclusively by the sensory component of the PNS
C. REFERRED PAIN
Pain originating in a visceral structure perceived as being from an
area of skin innervated by the same segmental level as the
visceral afferent
Results from convergence of somatic and visceral afferents on the
same segmental level of the spinal cord
o Ex: Pain originating in the chest can also radiate down the left
side of the arm
cross talk in the dorsal horn
somatic afferent
convergence &
cross-talk
cross-talk
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