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  • Nervoussystemlabreport

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    Action potential also known as a nerve impulses is the events of electrical response that takes place in a cell. The first event in an action potential is depolarization where the sodium ions change from a negative to a positive level at the membrane of the neuron. Refractory period, which last around 1 / 2500 of a second, the axons voltagegated sodium channels are not responsive at all.

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    nervoussystemlabreport

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    Action potential also known as a nerve impulses is the events of electrical response that takes place in a cell. The first event in an action potential is depolarization where the sodium ions change from a negative to a positive level at the membrane of the neuron. Refractory period, which last around 1 / 2500 of a second, the axons voltagegated sodium channels are not responsive at all.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    24 просмотров4 страницы

    Nervoussystemlabreport

    Загружено:

    api-296604028
    Action potential also known as a nerve impulses is the events of electrical response that takes place in a cell. The first event in an action potential is depolarization where the sodium ions change from a negative to a positive level at the membrane of the neuron. Refractory period, which last around 1 / 2500 of a second, the axons voltagegated sodium channels are not responsive at all.

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 4

    FranciscoCarrillo

    5th
    Period

    NervousSystemLabReport

    Thislabreportwilladdressanormalcellenvironmentwheretheactionpotentialoccurs
    intheneurontriggerzonewhenthemembranepotential(electricalcharge)risesandfalls,the
    neutronthensendselectricalimpulsedownanaxonawayfromthecellbodyanditwillalso
    addresstheeffectsoftoxinsontheactionpotentialfollowedbycranialnerveandreflextesting.
    Actionpotentialalsoknownasanerveimpulsesistheeventsofelectricalresponsethattakes
    placeinacell,causedwhendifferentionscrossestheneuronmembrane.Thefirsteventinan
    actionpotentialisdepolarizationwherethesodiumionschangefromanegativetoapositive
    levelatthemembraneoftheneuron.Theeventafterdepolarizationknownasrepolarization,is
    whenthecellrepolarizesitselfbyusingitssodiumpotassiumpumplocatedinthemembrane,
    foreverythreesodiumionsitpumpsout,itpumpsintwopotassiumionsuntilthepropercharge
    isreached.Duringtherefractoryperiod,whichlastaround1/2500ofasecond,theaxons
    voltagegatedsodiumchannelsarenotresponsiveatall,andtheaxoncannotbestimulatedto
    produceanotheractionpotential.Thefiguresbelowrepresentallinformationanddatacollected
    byresearchingaction
    potentialfurtherandlabsperformedwiththeinformationabove.
    Figure1:

    Animal

    Toxin

    Effects

    BlackWidowSpider

    Maculotoxin

    BlocksSodiumChannel

    Krait

    Latrotoxin

    EnhancesAcetylcholinetobe
    Release

    BlueRingedOctopus

    Bungarotoxin

    BlocksAcetylcholine

    Scorpion

    Tetrodotoxin

    BlocksSodiumChannels

    ConeSnail

    Apamin

    BlocksPotassiumChannels

    Pufferfish

    Charybdotoxin

    BlocksPotassiumChannels

    Bee

    Conotoxin

    Itisblockedbydifferent
    channels

    Figure2:
    Toxinsandtheeffects.(Above)

    CranialNerves

    Functions

    Olfactorybulb

    Ithasasenseofsmell.

    OpticNerve

    Isapairednervethattransmitsvisualinformationfrom
    theretinatothebrain.

    OculomotorNerve

    Enablesmostmovementsoftheeyeandthatmakesit
    raisetheeyelidup.

    TrochlearNerve

    Isamotornervethatinnervatesasinglemuscleatatime.

    TrigeminalNerve

    Itisresponsibleforthesensationofthefaceanditmotors
    thefunctionstomakeyouchewandbite.

    FacialNerve

    Taste.

    GlossopharyngealNerve

    Amixednervethatcarriesafferentsensory.

    AccessoryNerve

    Nervethatcontrolsthesternocleidomastoidandtrapezius
    muscles.

    AbducensNerve

    Asomaticnervethatcontrolsasinglemuscleinahuman.

    VestibulocochlearNerve

    TransmitsSound.

    VagusNerve

    Sensoryfibersconductimpulsesfromthepharynx,larynx,

    esophagus,andvisceraofthethoraxandabdomen.
    HypoglossalNerve

    Motorsfiberconductsimpulsestomusclesthatmovethe
    tongue.

    Figure3:
    Whatthenervesareandhowtheyfunction.(Above)

    Test

    LeftResults

    RightResults

    Biceps

    ++

    ++

    Triceps

    +++

    ++

    Brachioradialis

    +++

    ++

    Hoffmans

    +++

    ++

    Patellar

    ++

    ++

    Achilles

    ++

    +++

    Babinski

    ++

    +++

    CrossedExtensor

    ++

    +++

    ++

    Glabellar

    Figure4:(Above)Inthefigureabove,itisshowingmanyreactionsbeingtestedin
    differentways.Itisshowinghowthereceptorsarebeingfunctioned.

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