This paper contains two (2) parts with three (3) questions each.

Answer five (5) questions only.

Each question carries twenty (20) marks.
Part A
1. Answer the following with respect to open channel flow:
i.
What is specific energy? (5 marks)
ii.
Define Froude Number (Fr) and give the value of Fr in critical flow. (5
marks)
iii.
What are the physical differences between sub-critical flow and
super-critical flow? (5 marks)
iv.
Explain hydraulic jump. (5 marks)
2. Answer the following with respect to pipe flow:
i.
Explain the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow? (4
marks)
ii.
Explain briefly the head balancing method used in analysing pipe
networks. (4 marks)
iii.
Calculate the flows in pipes AB, BC, CD, and AD in the following
network: (12 marks)

Assume head loss along pipes HL = kQ where Q = flow rate and k =

3 s/m2 for all pipes. It is sufficient to do one iteration. Also calculate
the correction to be applied for the next iteration and show how to
apply it.
3. Answer the following with respect to hydraulic machines:
i.
Explain the energy conversions taking place in the following: (4
marks)
a.
Pump
b.
Turbine
ii.
Explain how a positive displacement pump works. (6 marks)
iii.
Explain the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) of a pump, using a diagram.
(4 marks)
iv.
Compare radial flow pump and axial flow pump. What is the type
commonly used in domestic water supply? (6 marks)

Part B
1.
i.
ii.

Explain the terms hyetograph and hydrograph, with sketches. (10

marks)
Explain any two of the following processes of hydrological cycle: (10
marks)
a.
Precipitation
b.
Runoff
c.
Evaporation

2.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Draw a sketch of a river catchment and name the major features. (5

marks)
What is meant by the term surface runoff? (5 marks)
Write down three methods of stream flow measurement. (5 marks)
Explain the rational method of estimating runoff. (5 marks)

3.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Write down two methods in which Sri Lanka receives rainfall in

different seasons. (4 marks)
Describe what is meant by the term flood? Describe the impacts
of a flood. (6 marks)
Does the entire rainfall falling on a dry area get converted to a
flood? Explain the reasons for your answer. (6 marks)
Define the term Return Period of an event. (4 marks)