Advanced Impedance Matching

Advanced
Impedance Matching
Microwave Engineering
EE 172
Dr. Ray Kwok
Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Advanced Impedance Matching

So far.
2-elements tuning
Lumped Elements (L,C)
Transmission Lines
Stubs (single & double)
1-port network
single frequency
Now:
are all tuning the same?
wideband matching multiple sections
multi-ports (simultaneously tuned)
Lets compare our 2-element tuning examples over

frequency
Lumped Elements (L,C)

Transmission Lines
Stubs (Single and Double)
Quarter-Wave transformer
Lumped
Elements
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
jX = -j0.52 = -j/CZo
ZL =0.4+j1
Z (1, 1.4)
Y (0.34, -0.48)
Z (0.4, 0.48)
Y (1, -1.24)
jB = +j1.24 = jZoC
jX = -j1.48 = -j/CZo
ZL =0.4+j1
jB = -j1.24 = -jZo/L
jX = -j1.4 = -j/CZo
Z (0.4, -0.48)
Y (1, 1.24)
ZL =0.4+j1
G=1
jB = +j0.39 = jZoC
Z (1, -1.4)
Y (0.34, 0.48)
R=1
jX = j1.4 = jL/Zo
ZL =0.4+j1
jB = +j1.35 = jZoC
If ZL is inside the R=1 circle,

first element cannot be in series
If ZL is inside the G=1 circle,

first element cannot be shunt
Return Loss
Lump
0
-10
-20
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Lump1
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Lump2
-30
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Lump3
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Lump4
-50
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (GHz)
0.41
0.5
Using Stubs
One way, simply replace lumped elements with stubs
Zsh = jZo tan l
Zop = jZo cot l
Ysh = jYo cot l
Zo can be
anything here
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
Z (1, 1.4)
Y (0.34, -0.48)
Yop = jYo tan l

open series stub
jX = -j1.48 = -jcotl
ZL =0.4+j1
previous example
short shunt stub
jB = -j1.24 = -jcotl
open series stub
jX = -j1.4 = -jcotl
ZL =0.4+j1
open shunt stub
jB = +j0.39 = jtanl
Z (0.4, -0.48)
Y (1, 1.24)
Open Short Stubs

Stubs
0
-10
-20
-30
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Stub1
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Stub2
-50
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (GHz)
0.41
0.5
Transmission
Line Matching
0.130
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
usually requires 1 more element
Z (1, 1.85)
jX = -j1.85 = -j/CZo
previous example
0.055
ZL =0.4+j1
50
Y (1, 1.9)
0.305
50
short shunt stub

jB = -j1.9 = -jcotl
0.185
ZL =0.4+j1
0.435
Single Stub Tuning

refers to sliding a stub (any kind)
along a transmission line.
In practice, usually shunt stubs,
short stub for waveguides,
open stub for microstrip.
0.305
0.064
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
Y (1, -1.9)
previous example
50
ZL =0.4+j1
short shunt stub

jB = -j1.9 = -jcotl
Y (1, 1.9)
0.434
50
ZL =0.4+j1
0.435
open shunt stub

jB = j1.9 = jtanl
0.130
Any Stub
0.130
tanl can be + or -
0.064
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
can use any type depends on realization.

e.g. use shunt open stub only
Y (1, -1.9)
0.305
previous example
50
ZL =0.4+j1
open shunt stub

jB = - j1.9 = jtanl
l = -1.086 + = 2.055
length = 0.327 > /4
Y (1, 1.9)
0.434
50
open shunt stub

jB = j1.9 = jtanl
l = 1.086
length = 0.173
ZL =0.4+j1
0.435
Transmission Line + Stub

xline_stub
0
-10
-20
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub1
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub2
-30
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub3
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub4
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub5
-50
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (GHz)
0.41
0.5
Double Stub Tuning

e.g. 2 shunt short stubs (50)
separated by a 50 line of 0.2
ZL(0.4,1)
YL(0.34,-0.87)
0.2
ZL =0.4+j1
50
50
d2
-cotd2 = 1.22
d2 = 0.687
d2 = 0.109
50
Y (0.34,-0.2)
d1
-cotd1 = +0.67
d1 = -0.98 + = 2.16
d1 = 0.344
0.5
rotate the 1-circle by line length

adjust d1 along constant-G circle
stop at the rotated blue-circle
xline will bring it to the green circle
adjust d2 along the green circle to Zo
not for all ZL !! Forbidden zone.
Y (1,1.22)
0.2
0.3
e.g. Quarter-Wave
e.g. shunt stub (100) then /4
ZL = 20 + j 50
ZL(0.4,1)
YL(0.34, -0.87)
/4
50
ZL =0.4+j1
Zc
10
0
d
(1/100) tand= (0.87)(1/50)
d = 1.05
d = 0.167
move Z to the real axis

normalized Zc = Z = 3.1; Zc = 1.76
Zc = 50(1.76) = 88
Z (3.1,0)
Y(0.34,0)
Double Stub / Quarter-wave

double_n_quarter
0
-10
DB (|S [1 ,1]|)
do ub le_s tub
-20
DB (|S [1 ,1]|)
qu arter_wa ve
-30
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (GHz)
0.41
0.5
Mixed matching samples

Mixed
0
-10
DB (|S [1,1]|)
double_s tub
-20
DB (|S [1,1]|)
Lum p1
DB (|S [1,1]|)
quarter_wave
-30
DB (|S [1,1]|)
single_stub2
DB (|S [1,1]|)
Stub 1
-40
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (G Hz)
0.41
0.5
2-port tuning
Matching
Network ?
2 port
network
in = S11
for matched load
Especially useful for active component design : amplifier (transistor)

or inserting devices into a system (such as SAW filter)
Unmatched load (from previous lecture)

a1
a2 = Lb2
2 port
network
b1
ZL
b2
b1 S11 S12 a1

=
b 2 S21 S22 a 2
b1 = S11a1 + S12 a 2 = S11a 1 + S12 L b 2
b 2 = S21a1 + S22 a 2 = S21a1 + S22 L b 2
S21a 1
b2 =
1 S22 L
b1 = S11a1 + S12 L
S21a1
1 S22 L
b1
S S
in = S11 + 12 L 21
a1
1 S22 L
This is what we measure.

How does that affect our matching process?
To what we match?
Vg
(from previous lecture)
Zg=Rg + jXg
Zo
Zin
ZL
Case 1: match ZL = Zo = real L = 0, VSWR = 1 on the line

2
Vg Zo
1 2
1 Vg
1
I Zo =
Zo =
2
2 Z total
2 (Zo + R g )2 + X g2
PLoad = PLine =
Zg
Case 2: match Zin = Zg in = 0, VSWR > 1

2
PLoad = Ploss in
Vg R g
1 2
1
1 Vg R g
= I R in =
=
2
2 (2R g )2 + (2X g )2 2 4 R 2g + X 2g
Case 3: match Zin = Z*g Xin = -Xg

2
PLoad
1 Vg R g 1 Vg
==
=
2 4R g2
8 Rg
Vg
conjugate matching
= max power available
Ideally, match all Zo = Zg = ZL = real, then all 3 PLoad are the same = Pmax.
Zin
Conjugate Match
Zo
Device
Input
matching
matching
matched
out
in
in = S11 +
want
Output
to be
S12LS21
1 S22L
S = in*
out = S22 +
and
S12SS21
1 S11S
*
L = out
Zo
Simultaneous Conjugate Match

G. Gonzales: Microwave Transistor Amplifiers
S =
L =
B1 B12 4 C1
2C1
B2 B22 4 C 2
2C 2
2
B1 = 1 + S11 S22
2
B2 = 1 + S22 S11
C1 = S11 S*22
*
C 2 = S22 S11
= S = S11S22 S12S21
Example
Non-reciprocal, non-symmetrical
S_Parameters
= S = S11S22 S12S21 = 0.3015110o
Swp Max
6GHz
6
0.
S[2,2]
ex1_raw_spara
0 .8
S[1,1]
ex1_raw_spara
2.
0
0 .057 16 .3o
o
0 .572 95 .7
1.0
0 .641 171 .3o

(S ) =
o
2 .058 28 .5
Match this FET at 6 GHz
0.
4
0
3.
0
4.
5. 0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
.0
-2
Swp Min
6GHz
-1.0
-0
.6
0.8
6GHz
0
3.
= 0.762177.3
2C1
0
4.
5. 0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
10.0
-10.0
2
-0 .
-1.0
S[1,1]
ex1_conjugate_s22
-0.8
S & L
.0
-2
.4
-0
S[1,1]
ex1_conjugate_s11
-0
.6
= 0.718103.9
-4
.0
-5 .
0
2C 2
Swp Max
2.
0
B2 B22 4 C 2
1.0
simulate_conjugate
0. 2
L =
S11 & S22
0.
4
S =
B1 B12 4 C1
.4
-0
6
0.
C 2 = S22 S = 0.3911 103.9
0.8
-4
.0
-5 .
0
C1 = S11 S*22 = 0.4786 177.3o

*
11
0.6
-10.0
2
-0 .
-0.8
B2 = 1 + S22 S11 = 0.8255
-3
.0
10.0
0.4
B1 = 1 + S11 S22 = 0.9928
0.2
-3
.0
0. 2
Swp Min
6GHz
What does that mean?

Zo
Device
Input
Output
to be
matching
Zo
matching
matched
out
in
NEED in & out for matching, which are just *S & *L
0.
4
0
3.
0
4.
0. 8
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
0.6
1.0
.0
-2
-1.0
Swp Min
6GHz
.4
-0
-0 .8
-1.0
-0.8
-0
.6
S[1,1]
ex1_conjugate_s22
2
-0.
-0
.6
.4
-0
.0
-2
-3
.0
.0
-2
-3
.0
-4
.0
-5 .
0
-1.0
-4
.0
-5 .
0
-0.8
0.4
0.2
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
- 10 .0
-10.0
2
-0 .
S[1,1]
ex1_conjugate_s11
Swp Min
6GHz
10.0
-10.0
.4
-0
5 .0
-3
.0
0.4
S & L
10.0
0.8
0. 2
10.0
2
-0 .
-0
.6
in & out
0. 2
0.2
0
4.
5. 0
0.2
0
3.
0
4.
5. 0
S11 & S22
Swp Max
6GHz
0
S[1,1]
ex1_s22_4match
2.
2.
0
2.
0
0.
4
0
3.
para_4match
S[1,1]
ex1_s11_4match
6
0.
1.0
0 .8
6GHz
6
0.
1.0
6
0.
Swp Max
-4
.0
-5.
0
0.8
simulate_conjugate
Swp Max
6GHz
0.
4
S[2,2]
ex1_raw_spara
1.0
S_Parameters
S[1,1]
ex1_raw_spara
Swp Min
6GHz
Match 1-port at a time

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
IND
ID=L1
L=0.4827 nH
SUBCKT
ID=S2
NET="ex1_s11_4match"
PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
IND
ID=L1
L=1.572 nH
CAP
ID=C2
C=0.899 pF
CAP
ID=C1
C=1.345 pF
PORT
P= 1
Z= 50 Ohm
SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="ex1_s22_4match"
SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="ex1_raw_spara"
IND
ID= L1
L= 0.4827 nH
1
CAP
ID= C3
C= 1.345 pF
IND
ID=L2
L= 1.572 nH
PORT
P= 2
Z= 50 Ohm
CAP
ID=C2
C=0.899 pF
Wide-Band Matching
Without using Resistor...
Use Multiple-sections
Getting into Microwave Filter Design.
Example: 1.355
at 0.159Hz
PORT
P= 1
Z= 1 Ohm
IND
ID= L1
L= 0.843 H
LOAD
ID= Z1
Z= 1.355 Ohm
Smith
0 .8
1.0
Swp Max
0.5Hz
C AP
ID= C 1
C = 0.622 F
2.
0
6
0.
S[1,1]
2_sections
0.
4
0
3.
0
4.
5. 0
0. 2
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1 0. 0
2_poles
- 10 .0
0
2
-0 .
-4
.0
-5 .
0
-10
-3
.0
-30
DB(|S[1,1]|)
2_sections
-40
-50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Frequency (Hz)
0.4
0.5
-1.0
- 0.8
-0
.6
-20
.0
-2
.4
-0
Swp Min
0.01Hz
6-sections: 1.355
at 0.159Hz
PORT
P=1
Z=1 Ohm
IND
ID=L3
L=1.168 H
IND
ID= L2
L= 2.056 H
IND
ID=L1
L=1.903 H
LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=1.355 Ohm
Smith_6
Swp Max
0.5Hz
1.0
CAP
ID=C1
C=0.8618 F
0 .8
S[1,1]
6_sections
2.
0
CAP
ID=C2
C=1.517 F
6
0.
CAP
ID=C3
C=1.404 F
0
3.
0.
4
0
4.
5. 0
0. 2
1 0. 0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
6_poles
-10
- 10 .0
2
-0 .
-4
.0
-5 .
0
-20
-3
.0
-50
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (Hz)
0.41
0.5
-1.0
DB(|S[1,1]|)
6_sections
-40
- 0.8
-0
.6
-30
.0
-2
.4
-0
Swp Min
0.01Hz
Loops around the center

More frequency points can be matched
Many choices (combinations)
Choice of filter topologies.
1.
0
0.
1.
N1
LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=2 Ohm
Swp Max
2GHz
0.
8
0.
S[1,1]
1_section
0.
0.
PORT
P=1
Z=1 Ohm
TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=1.414 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
Example: 1:2 quarter-wave
0.4
0 .3
0.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
N1_RL
0
-0.
-0.
-0
.5
-0
-20
.6
-0
Swp Min
0.1GHz
.7
.0
-1
-0
.9
.8
-0
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
1_section
-60
0.1
0.6
1.1
Frequency (GHz)
1.6
1.
LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=2 Ohm
1.
N2
TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=1.64 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
0.
PORT
P=1
Z=1 Ohm
TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=1.219 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
1:2 quarter-wave
Swp Max
2GHz
0.
2-sections
0.
7
0.
S[1,1]
2_sections
0.
5
0.4
0. 3
0.2
N2_RL
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-10
-0 .
-0.
-20
-0
.5
.
-0
Swp Min
0.1GHz
.7
-0
-30
.8
-0
.
-0
DB(|S[1,1]|)
2_sections
-40
-50
0.1
0.6
1.1
Frequency (GHz)
1.6
Again, many choices of

the intermediate Zs
4-sections: 1:2 quarter-wave

TLIN
ID=TL3
Z0=1.298 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=1.541 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=1.785 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=2 Ohm
9
0.
8
0.
0.
DB(|S[1,1]|)
4_sections
0.
-10
Swp Max
2GHz
0.
N4_RL
1.
N4
S[1,1]
4_sections
1.
PORT
P=1
Z=1 Ohm
TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=1.12 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
0. 4
-20
0.3
0.2
-30
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.1
-40
-0.1
-0.2
3
- 0.
-60
0.1
0.6
1.1
Frequency (GHz)
1.6
-0
.5
-0
.6
-0
Swp Min
0.1GHz
.7
-0
.8
.9
-0.
-0
-50
Compare bandwidth
Return Loss
0
-20
DB(|S[1,1]|)
1_section
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
2_sections
DB(|S[1,1]|)
4_sections
-60
0.1
0.6
1.1
Frequency (GHz)
1.6
To be continued.
Choice of impedance of the intermediate

elements depends on the characteristic of the
performance desires (such as flat passband,
minimum phase variation, limited group delay
variationetc)
It is a topic of future lectures.

Advanced Impedance Matching

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Advanced

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Advanced Impedance Matching

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Lets compare our 2-element tuning examples over

Lumped Elements (L,C)

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

If ZL is inside the R=1 circle,

If ZL is inside the G=1 circle,

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Yop = jYo tan l

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Open Short Stubs

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

usually requires 1 more element

short shunt stub

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Single Stub Tuning

short shunt stub

open shunt stub

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

can use any type depends on realization.

open shunt stub

open shunt stub

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Transmission Line + Stub

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Double Stub Tuning

rotate the 1-circle by line length

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

move Z to the real axis

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Double Stub / Quarter-wave

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Mixed matching samples

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Especially useful for active component design : amplifier (transistor)

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Unmatched load (from previous lecture)

This is what we measure.

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

(from previous lecture)

Case 1: match ZL = Zo = real L = 0, VSWR = 1 on the line

Case 2: match Zin = Zg in = 0, VSWR > 1

Case 3: match Zin = Z*g Xin = -Xg

= max power available

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

Simultaneous Conjugate Match

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

= S = S11S22 S12S21 = 0.3015110o

0 .641 171 .3o

Match this FET at 6 GHz

S11 & S22

C 2 = S22 S = 0.3911 103.9

C1 = S11 S*22 = 0.4786 177.3o

B2 = 1 + S22 S11 = 0.8255

B1 = 1 + S11 S22 = 0.9928

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

What does that mean?

NEED in & out for matching, which are just *S & *L

S11 & S22

Advanced Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok

NEED in & out for matching, which are just S & L