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Impedance Matching
Microwave Engineering
EE 172
Dr. Ray Kwok
Now:
are all tuning the same?
wideband matching multiple sections
multi-ports (simultaneously tuned)
Lumped
Elements
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
jX = -j0.52 = -j/CZo
ZL =0.4+j1
Z (1, 1.4)
Y (0.34, -0.48)
Z (0.4, 0.48)
Y (1, -1.24)
jB = +j1.24 = jZoC
jX = -j1.48 = -j/CZo
ZL =0.4+j1
jB = -j1.24 = -jZo/L
jX = -j1.4 = -j/CZo
Z (0.4, -0.48)
Y (1, 1.24)
ZL =0.4+j1
G=1
jB = +j0.39 = jZoC
Z (1, -1.4)
Y (0.34, 0.48)
R=1
jX = j1.4 = jL/Zo
ZL =0.4+j1
jB = +j1.35 = jZoC
Return Loss
Lump
0
-10
-20
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Lump1
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Lump2
-30
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Lump3
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Lump4
-50
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (GHz)
0.41
0.5
Using Stubs
One way, simply replace lumped elements with stubs
Zsh = jZo tan l
Zop = jZo cot l
Ysh = jYo cot l
Zo can be
anything here
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
Z (1, 1.4)
Y (0.34, -0.48)
ZL =0.4+j1
previous example
short shunt stub
jB = -j1.24 = -jcotl
open series stub
jX = -j1.4 = -jcotl
ZL =0.4+j1
open shunt stub
jB = +j0.39 = jtanl
Z (0.4, -0.48)
Y (1, 1.24)
-10
-20
-30
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Stub1
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Stub2
-50
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (GHz)
0.41
0.5
Transmission
Line Matching
0.130
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
Z (1, 1.85)
jX = -j1.85 = -j/CZo
previous example
0.055
ZL =0.4+j1
50
Y (1, 1.9)
0.305
50
0.185
ZL =0.4+j1
0.435
0.305
0.064
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
Y (1, -1.9)
previous example
50
ZL =0.4+j1
Y (1, 1.9)
0.434
50
ZL =0.4+j1
0.435
0.130
Any Stub
0.130
tanl can be + or -
0.064
ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
previous example
50
ZL =0.4+j1
0.434
50
ZL =0.4+j1
0.435
-10
-20
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub1
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub2
-30
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub3
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub4
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
single_stub5
-50
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (GHz)
0.41
0.5
0.2
ZL =0.4+j1
50
50
d2
-cotd2 = 1.22
d2 = 0.687
d2 = 0.109
50
Y (0.34,-0.2)
d1
-cotd1 = +0.67
d1 = -0.98 + = 2.16
d1 = 0.344
0.5
Y (1,1.22)
0.2
0.3
e.g. Quarter-Wave
e.g. shunt stub (100) then /4
ZL = 20 + j 50
ZL(0.4,1)
YL(0.34, -0.87)
/4
50
ZL =0.4+j1
Zc
10
0
d
(1/100) tand= (0.87)(1/50)
d = 1.05
d = 0.167
Z (3.1,0)
Y(0.34,0)
-10
DB (|S [1 ,1]|)
do ub le_s tub
-20
DB (|S [1 ,1]|)
qu arter_wa ve
-30
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (GHz)
0.41
0.5
-10
DB (|S [1,1]|)
double_s tub
-20
DB (|S [1,1]|)
Lum p1
DB (|S [1,1]|)
quarter_wave
-30
DB (|S [1,1]|)
single_stub2
DB (|S [1,1]|)
Stub 1
-40
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (G Hz)
0.41
0.5
2-port tuning
Matching
Network ?
2 port
network
in = S11
for matched load
a2 = Lb2
2 port
network
b1
ZL
b2
b1 S11 S12 a1
=
b 2 S21 S22 a 2
b1 = S11a1 + S12 a 2 = S11a 1 + S12 L b 2
b 2 = S21a1 + S22 a 2 = S21a1 + S22 L b 2
S21a 1
b2 =
1 S22 L
b1 = S11a1 + S12 L
S21a1
1 S22 L
b1
S S
in = S11 + 12 L 21
a1
1 S22 L
To what we match?
Vg
Zg=Rg + jXg
Zo
Zin
ZL
Vg Zo
1 2
1 Vg
1
I Zo =
Zo =
2
2 Z total
2 (Zo + R g )2 + X g2
PLoad = PLine =
Zg
PLoad = Ploss in
Vg R g
1 2
1
1 Vg R g
= I R in =
=
2
2 (2R g )2 + (2X g )2 2 4 R 2g + X 2g
PLoad
1 Vg R g 1 Vg
==
=
2 4R g2
8 Rg
Vg
conjugate matching
Ideally, match all Zo = Zg = ZL = real, then all 3 PLoad are the same = Pmax.
Zin
Conjugate Match
Zo
Device
Input
matching
matching
matched
out
in
in = S11 +
want
Output
to be
S12LS21
1 S22L
S = in*
out = S22 +
and
S12SS21
1 S11S
*
L = out
Zo
S =
L =
B1 B12 4 C1
2C1
B2 B22 4 C 2
2C 2
2
B1 = 1 + S11 S22
2
B2 = 1 + S22 S11
C1 = S11 S*22
*
C 2 = S22 S11
= S = S11S22 S12S21
Example
Non-reciprocal, non-symmetrical
S_Parameters
Swp Max
6GHz
6
0.
S[2,2]
ex1_raw_spara
0 .8
S[1,1]
ex1_raw_spara
2.
0
0 .057 16 .3o
o
0 .572 95 .7
1.0
0.
4
0
3.
0
4.
5. 0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
.0
-2
Swp Min
6GHz
-1.0
-0
.6
0.8
6GHz
0
3.
= 0.762177.3
2C1
0
4.
5. 0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
10.0
-10.0
2
-0 .
-1.0
S[1,1]
ex1_conjugate_s22
-0.8
S & L
.0
-2
.4
-0
S[1,1]
ex1_conjugate_s11
-0
.6
= 0.718103.9
-4
.0
-5 .
0
2C 2
Swp Max
2.
0
B2 B22 4 C 2
1.0
simulate_conjugate
0. 2
L =
0.
4
S =
B1 B12 4 C1
.4
-0
6
0.
0.8
-4
.0
-5 .
0
0.6
-10.0
2
-0 .
-0.8
-3
.0
10.0
0.4
0.2
-3
.0
0. 2
Swp Min
6GHz
Device
Input
Output
to be
matching
Zo
matching
matched
out
in
0.
4
0
3.
0
4.
0. 8
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
0.6
1.0
.0
-2
-1.0
Swp Min
6GHz
.4
-0
-0 .8
-1.0
-0.8
-0
.6
S[1,1]
ex1_conjugate_s22
2
-0.
-0
.6
.4
-0
.0
-2
-3
.0
.0
-2
-3
.0
-4
.0
-5 .
0
-1.0
-4
.0
-5 .
0
-0.8
0.4
0.2
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
- 10 .0
-10.0
2
-0 .
S[1,1]
ex1_conjugate_s11
Swp Min
6GHz
10.0
-10.0
.4
-0
5 .0
-3
.0
0.4
S & L
10.0
0.8
0. 2
10.0
2
-0 .
-0
.6
in & out
0. 2
0.2
0
4.
5. 0
0.2
0
3.
0
4.
5. 0
Swp Max
6GHz
0
S[1,1]
ex1_s22_4match
2.
2.
0
2.
0
0.
4
0
3.
para_4match
S[1,1]
ex1_s11_4match
6
0.
1.0
0 .8
6GHz
6
0.
1.0
6
0.
Swp Max
-4
.0
-5.
0
0.8
simulate_conjugate
Swp Max
6GHz
0.
4
S[2,2]
ex1_raw_spara
1.0
S_Parameters
S[1,1]
ex1_raw_spara
Swp Min
6GHz
IND
ID=L1
L=0.4827 nH
SUBCKT
ID=S2
NET="ex1_s11_4match"
PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
IND
ID=L1
L=1.572 nH
CAP
ID=C2
C=0.899 pF
CAP
ID=C1
C=1.345 pF
PORT
P= 1
Z= 50 Ohm
SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="ex1_s22_4match"
SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="ex1_raw_spara"
IND
ID= L1
L= 0.4827 nH
1
CAP
ID= C3
C= 1.345 pF
IND
ID=L2
L= 1.572 nH
PORT
P= 2
Z= 50 Ohm
CAP
ID=C2
C=0.899 pF
Wide-Band Matching
Without using Resistor...
Use Multiple-sections
Getting into Microwave Filter Design.
Example: 1.355
at 0.159Hz
PORT
P= 1
Z= 1 Ohm
IND
ID= L1
L= 0.843 H
LOAD
ID= Z1
Z= 1.355 Ohm
Smith
0 .8
1.0
Swp Max
0.5Hz
C AP
ID= C 1
C = 0.622 F
2.
0
6
0.
S[1,1]
2_sections
0.
4
0
3.
0
4.
5. 0
0. 2
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1 0. 0
2_poles
- 10 .0
0
2
-0 .
-4
.0
-5 .
0
-10
-3
.0
-30
DB(|S[1,1]|)
2_sections
-40
-50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Frequency (Hz)
0.4
0.5
-1.0
- 0.8
-0
.6
-20
.0
-2
.4
-0
Swp Min
0.01Hz
6-sections: 1.355
at 0.159Hz
PORT
P=1
Z=1 Ohm
IND
ID=L3
L=1.168 H
IND
ID= L2
L= 2.056 H
IND
ID=L1
L=1.903 H
LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=1.355 Ohm
Smith_6
Swp Max
0.5Hz
1.0
CAP
ID=C1
C=0.8618 F
0 .8
S[1,1]
6_sections
2.
0
CAP
ID=C2
C=1.517 F
6
0.
CAP
ID=C3
C=1.404 F
0
3.
0.
4
0
4.
5. 0
0. 2
1 0. 0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
6_poles
-10
- 10 .0
2
-0 .
-4
.0
-5 .
0
-20
-3
.0
-50
0.01
0.11
0.21
0.31
Frequency (Hz)
0.41
0.5
-1.0
DB(|S[1,1]|)
6_sections
-40
- 0.8
-0
.6
-30
.0
-2
.4
-0
Swp Min
0.01Hz
1.
0
0.
1.
N1
LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=2 Ohm
Swp Max
2GHz
0.
8
0.
S[1,1]
1_section
0.
0.
PORT
P=1
Z=1 Ohm
TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=1.414 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
0.4
0 .3
0.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
N1_RL
0
-0.
-0.
-0
.5
-0
-20
.6
-0
Swp Min
0.1GHz
.7
.0
-1
-0
.9
.8
-0
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
1_section
-60
0.1
0.6
1.1
Frequency (GHz)
1.6
1.
LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=2 Ohm
1.
N2
TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=1.64 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
0.
PORT
P=1
Z=1 Ohm
TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=1.219 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
1:2 quarter-wave
Swp Max
2GHz
0.
2-sections
0.
7
0.
S[1,1]
2_sections
0.
5
0.4
0. 3
0.2
N2_RL
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-10
-0 .
-0.
-20
-0
.5
.
-0
Swp Min
0.1GHz
.7
-0
-30
.8
-0
.
-0
DB(|S[1,1]|)
2_sections
-40
-50
0.1
0.6
1.1
Frequency (GHz)
1.6
TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=1.541 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=1.785 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=2 Ohm
9
0.
8
0.
0.
DB(|S[1,1]|)
4_sections
0.
-10
Swp Max
2GHz
0.
N4_RL
1.
N4
S[1,1]
4_sections
1.
PORT
P=1
Z=1 Ohm
TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=1.12 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
0. 4
-20
0.3
0.2
-30
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.1
-40
-0.1
-0.2
3
- 0.
-60
0.1
0.6
1.1
Frequency (GHz)
1.6
-0
.5
-0
.6
-0
Swp Min
0.1GHz
.7
-0
.8
.9
-0.
-0
-50
Compare bandwidth
Return Loss
0
-20
DB(|S[1,1]|)
1_section
-40
DB(|S[1,1]|)
2_sections
DB(|S[1,1]|)
4_sections
-60
0.1
0.6
1.1
Frequency (GHz)
1.6
To be continued.