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Photo frans) Shor opte Coupler, - TD oteygh @ 4 PL i Same became they ane. Coane cteal fh Serer, wih matehed Charme FESR of hep. PRR henstthor porns NM - (nea, Chavee fences and tom petra hure Acpen dente get wnpen Seite, _r& Mata tata, tae equal Corrente thregh PL Carrent — threwygy 2, 4 Len, ts e5ual to PRE Guerent Dy terevgh AED | Dn Bs way, Wneart seot Ctrrenk ampli bie Hon achieved, is5.19.1 Isolation Amplifier IC : ISO 10 e ISO 100 is an optically-coupled isolation amplifier. High accuracy, linearity, she perature stability are achieved by coupling light from an LED back to the inp (negative feedback) asywell as forward to the output. Optical components are caref matched and the amplifier is actively laser-trimmed to assure excellent tracking and offset errors. 5.19.1.1 Features ‘The various features of the IC ISO100 are 1. Easy to use, similar to an op-amp Vour/I = Rp, Current Input Vour/Iny = Re/Riy, Voltage Input 2. 100% Tested for breakdown : 750 V continuous isolation voltage 3. Ultra-low leakage : 0.3 1A, max, at 240 V/60 Hz 4. Wide bandwidth : 60 kHz 5. 18-Pin dip package are 5.19.1.2 Pin Configuration and Block Diagram The Fig. 5.58 shows pin diagram and block diagram of 150100, respectively. oe 3 | o Input Common ne! a : ol -In echa ! ro Psa Ref, Your y Hr “mn “Vooke Vv x ‘“ XY Bal Bal os ‘ ¢ Bal Bal yey rr VooAs Re nc” Rely e Nock ‘Output Common Fig, 5.58 Pin diagram5.19.1.3 Operation ‘The ISO 100 is fundamentally a unity gain current amplifier intended to transfer small signals between electrical circuits separately by high voltages or different references. In ‘most applications, an output voltage is obtained by passing the output current through the feedback resistor (Ry). ‘The ISO 100 uses single light emitting diode (LED) and a pair of photodiode detectors coupled together to isolate the output signal from the input. Input Coat R in sin vu Obs -in Input Common : gin caries Connect pins 15 ond 16 for bipolar ‘Connect pins 7 and 8 for bipolar ‘and pins 18 and 47 for unipolar ‘and pine 8 and & fr unipolar Fig. 5.59 Simplified block diagram of the 150100 ‘The Fig, 5.59 shows a simplified diagram of the amplifier. Iggp, and Igep2 are required only for bipolar opération to generate a midscale reference. The LED and photodiodes (D, and D) are arranged such that the same amount of light falls on each photodiode. Thus, the currents generated by the diodes match very closely. As a result, the transfer function depends upon optical match rather than absolute performance. Laser-trimming of the components improves matching and enhances, accuracy, while negative feedback improves linearity. Negative feedback around A; occurs through the optical path formed by the LED and Dj. The signal is transferred across the isolation barrier by the matched light path to D>.Application The overall isolation amplifier is non-inverting (a positive going input produces positive going output) the LED. As the LED light output increases, D, responds generating an increasing current. The current increases until the sum of the currents in a out of the input mode (- Input to A;) is zero. At that point, the negative feedback throug D, has stabilized the loop, and the current Ip, equals the input current plus the bi current, As a result, no bias current flows in the source. Since'D, and D are matd (Ip, = Ip2), liy is replicated at the output via D>. Thus, A; functions as a unity-gain cur amplifier, and Aj is a current-to-voltage converter, as described below. Current produced by D) must either flow into Az or Rp. Since Aj is designed for I bias current (= 10 nA), almost all of the current flows through R, to the output. ‘output voltage then becomes Se Vo = (pz) Rr = (pr + los) Re =~ hin) Re = lin Re where, log is the difference between A; and Az bias currents. For input volta operation Iyy can be replaced by a voltage source (Vix) and series resistor (Ryy), since summing node of the op amp is essentially at ground. Thus, Iyy = Vin/Riv: Unipolar operation does have some constraints, however. In this mode the inp © cuftent must be negative so as to produce a positive output voltage from A, to turn LED on. A current more negative than 20 nA is necessary to keep the LED tuned on ai the loop stabilized. When this condition is not met, the output may be indetermina Many sensors generate unidirectional signals, eg, photoconductive and photodi devices, as well as some applicaticns or thermocouples. However, other applications require bipolar operation of the ISO100. In this text only ou ae operation of the ISOI is discussed. et Vege a oe 5.19.1.4 Definitions of CMRR and IMRR ee ne wy eg ditions: ipa cutest aged Wo ae W Mai output zero. C and IMRR in the ISQ100 are expressed as conductances. CMRR defines the relationshif between a change in the applied common-mode voltage (Voy) and the change in required to maintain the amplifier’s output at zero. , req Pl tp wey MRR (I-mode) = A Igs/A Vey in nA/V. SS _ [Alos AVere cm (CMRR (V-mode) = [awe | Rn= aves WY IMRR defines the relationship between a change in the applied isolation mode volt (Vy) and the change in Igs required to maintain the amplifier's output to zero : = Alos ge IMR (Iemode) = Sin pA/V ay, IMRR (V-mode) = lave] Rwy = ye in V/V iM iM K MRR and IMRR in V/V are a function of Ryy.Vint is the common-mode between input common and output common. Vey is the common-mode voltage (noise that is present on both input lines, typically 60 Hz). Veag is the equivalent error signal, applied in series with the input voltage, which produces an output error identical to that produced by application of Vey and Vy CMRR and IMRR_are_the—common-mode and isolation-mode rejection ratios, respectively. 5.9.1.5 Noise Error Noise errors in the unipolar mode are due primarily to the optical cavity. When the full 60 kHz bandwidth is not needed, the output noise of the ISO100 can be limited by either a capacitor, Cp, in the feedback loop or by a low-pass filter following the output. This is shown in the Fig. 5.60. Fig, 8.60 Two circuit techniques for reducing noise in the unipolar mode 5.19.1.6 Design Considerations Vbouds 7 Va The small size, low offset and drift, wide bandwidth, ultralow leakage, and low cost, make the ISQ100 ideal for a variety of isolation applications. The basic mode of operation of the ISO100 will be determined by the type of signal and application. ‘Major points to consider when designing circuits with the ISO100 are, 1. Input Common (pin 18) and - In (pin 17) should be grounded through separate lines. The Input Common can carry a large DC current and may cause feedback to the signal input. 2. Use shielded or twisted pair cable at the input for long lines, 3. Care should be taken to minimize external capacitance across the isolation barrier.4, The distance across the isolation barrier, between external components, and conductor patterns, should be maximized to reduce leakage and arcing. 5. Although not an absolute requirement, the use of conformally-coated printed circuit boards is recommended. 6. When in the unipolar mode, the reference currents (pins 8 and 16) must be terminated Iqy should be greater than 20 nA to keep internal LED on, 7. The noise contribution of the reference currents will cause the bipolar mode to be noiser than the unipolar mode. 8, The maximum output voltage swing is determined by Iyy and Ry. Vewinc = Tin max * Re 9. A capacitor (about 3 pF) can be connected across Ry to compensate for peaking in the frequency response. The peaking is caused by the pole generated by Ry and the capacitance at the input of the output amplifier. 5.19.17 Typical Application The Fig. 5.61 shows isolated test equipment amplifier with offset circuitry. Sher with otfeet cireuit vw Fig. 5.61 Gain = +10 to + 1000 Approximate input offsetting = 0 to + 7.5 WA for isolated supplies5.20 Optocouplers and Opto Electronics ICs “The combined package of a LED and a photodiade is called an optocoupler. It is also called an optoisolator or an optically coupled isolatot ‘The Fig. 5.62 shows the basic circuit of an optocoupler (1 has LED on the input side and a photodiode on the output a) LED Photodiode Ra Ry AW AL = s Vin YW) Vout Fig. 5.62 Optocoupler The source V, and series resistance R, decide the forward current I, through the LED. Thus" LED emits the light. This light is incident on a photodiode. Due to this, a reverse current is set_up in the output circuit. This current produces a drop across the output resistance R;. The output voltage is the difference between the supply voltage V> and the drop across the resistor Ry L Mn = Va-bR Now jf input voltage is changed, the amount of light emitted by LED changes. This varis e reverse (ence al = voltage is thus varying in step with the input voltage. This coupling between LED and . photodiode is hence called optocoupler. As the name suggests this in input signal to the output circuit. > ‘The Fig, 5.63 (a) shows the typical optoisolator. It consists of LED and phototransistor. c - Oh er [~} (2) Optoisolator (b) Optoisolator circuit ‘yp “9 Fig. 5.63 mi 7When the input voltage forward biases the LED, light transmitted to the phototransistor turns it on, resulting current through the external load, as shown in Fig, 5.63 (b), 5.20.1 Types of Optocouplers Other than the combination of optocouplers are available which are, 1. LED-Photodiode 2. LED-Photodarlington ED and phototransistor, two more types of In both the circuits, the input current which is the forwar results the"emission of light by LED. This light is detected by photodiode and_photodarlington to produce the output current. These two optocouplers are shown in the Fig. 5.64 (a) and (b). De Light excluding Light excluding package Package: ey i fy A L Jy pinot | Yo tA J output input a Output aS 4 ~~ (a) LED-photodiode (b) LED- photodarii s - ~ Fig. 5.64 Types of optocouplers . i. en Ked'o~ To {5 Le Cum 7 ‘The ratio of output Current I, to the input LED current I; is called current transfer ratio (CTR). This CTR is different for different optocouplers as indicated in the Table 5.8. Device cTR yo cai . (Stenier a ye LED Derngtn 5 a Table 5.8 Current transfer ratios for different detectors The m int of above deviees its input can be electrically fully isolated from the output circuit, and that a potential difference of hundreds or thousands of volts can safely exists between two circuits without adversely influencing the Opt0a5.20.2 Characteristics of Optocoupler Following are the important characteristics of an optocoupler 4) Current transfer ratio _ii) Isolation voltage iii) Response time iv) Common mode rejection. v) Ver (max) vi) I, (max) vii) Bandwidth A) Current transfer ratio (CTR) : The current transfer ratio refers to the ratio of the output collector current (1¢) to the input forward current (Ip). Current transfer ratio = Te x100% F ‘The CTR greately differs depending on the type of the phototransistor used in photocoupler. The photocoupler using Darlington phototransistor can provide a relatively large collector current from a small input current the CTR also varies with ambient temperature, B) Isolation voltage between input and output (Vj,.) : Isolation voltage (Vjso) between input and output is another important factor in choosing a photocoupler. This is because photocouplers are often used for signal transmission between circuits that have different potentials or as interfaces with actuator circuits which tend to generate impulsive voltage, such as motor controllers or solenoid driver circuits. Isolation voltage is specified in KVens with a relative humidity of 40 to 60% ©) Resonse time : The response time of a optocoupler depends mainly on the output phototransistor. The response time also depends on the input forward current and load tance. Since load resistance has a greater influence on the response time, careful setting is required while defining the circuit constant. res D) Common mode rejection : While the photocouplers output is electrically isolated from its input for relatively low frequency signal, an impulsive input voltage may cause a displacement current (ig = Cy -dv / dt) to flow due to the floating capacitance (C;) between the input and output of the optocoupler, causing noise voltage to appear at the output E) Vep(max) : This is the maximum allowable dic. voltage that can be applied across the output transistor or output photodiode. F) I(max) : This is the maximum permissible d.c. current that can be allowed to flow in the input LED. Typical values vary from 40 mA to 100 mA. G) Bandwidth : This is the maximum signal frequency that can be usefully passed through the optocoupler when the device is operated in its normal mode. Typical values vary from 20 kHz to 500 kHz. 2B, aaa5.20.3 IC Optocoupler Optocouplers are available in a variety of packages, the most common being six pin mini dual-in-line package. The examples of such IC optocouplers are MCT2E and MCT2 | The MCT2E is optically coupled isolator consisting of a Gallium Arsenide infrared emitting diode and an NPN silicon phototransistor, mounted in a standared 6 pin dual-in-line package. The circuit is Fig. 5.65 Circuit of MCT2E optocoupler shown in the Fig. 5.65 5.20.3.1 Features of IC Optocoupler Zz x The various features of MCT2E are, i 1) The isolation voltage of + 2500 V. “sO s ¢ 2) High d.c. current transfer ratio. 3) Total power dissipation is 250 mW. ai ss 4) Input to output isolation resistance of 1x10" ©, L FES N 5) Low cost dual in line package. In the six pin dual-in-line package, optocoupler with photodarlington is also available It is shown in the Fig. 5.66. _ 4 oe w 2 aN ~¢ € Gg ta photodarlington Fig. 5.66 IC optocoupler 5.20.3.2 Various Packages of IC Optocoupler Other than six pin dual-in-line package, 8 pin dual isolating optocoupler is also available. The circuit of 8 pin dual isolating optocoupler is shown in the Fig. 5.67.Fig. 5.67 Typical dual isolating optocoupler Similarly 16 pin, quad isolating optocoupler is also available, which is ‘showme=in-the Fig. 5.68. CRT Fig. 5.68 Typical quad isolating optocoupler5.20.4 Advantages of Optocouplers ‘The various advantages of optocouplers are, 1. The electrical isolation between input and output circuit. The coupling betw input and output is through the beam of light. There is a transparent insulati cap between the two elements embedded in the design to permit the passage light. So there exists an insulation resistance of several megaohms between inpi and output circuit. This type of isolation is useful in high voltage applicati where the voltages of the input and output circuits differ by several thousa volts. 2. The response times of optocouplers is so small that they can be used to transmi data in the megahertz range. 3. Capable of wideband signal transmission. : 4. Unidirectional signal transfer means that output does not loop back to the inp circuit. 5. Easy interfacing with logic devices. Compact and light weight. Much faster than the isolation eee a As signal transfer is unilateral/Changing load do not affect input The probley~ such as noise, transients, contact bounce etc. are compl eliminate