Bus Bar Protection Basics

Topic:
r Technology and
Protection and Substation Automation
Solutions
BUSBAR
PROTECTION
APPLICATION
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 1
BASICS 1
ABB
Topic Objectives
Objectives
r Measurement
- Differential Current Measurement
- Stabilized Differential Current Measurement
- Fault Conditions
r Differential Current Supervision
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
r Intertripping
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Measuring Principle
Who knows
Mr. Kirchhoff ?
ABB
Measuring Principle
Kirchhoffs 1st Law: Node Rule
The summe of all
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
currents must be zero
I1 + I2 + I3 = I = 0
ABB
Measuring Principle
Kirchhoffs 1st Law: Node Rule
If
I1 + I2 + I3 = I
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
0
Fault on the busbar
Trip circuit breaker
ABB
Measuring Principle
Differential current measurement
I = I1 + I2 + I3
If
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
I > differential current setting

Trip Busbar Protection
ABB
Measuring Principle
Stabilised differential current measurement
Trip Busbar
I > Ikmin ; and
Differential current Idiff= | I |
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
If
( I / I ) > k
Protection
k= 1
k= 0,85
t
ul
a
lf
a
n
er
t
in
Low impedance
measuring
principle !!!
no fault
Ikmin
0
Restraint current IRest = | I |
ABB
Measuring Principle
Advantage:
load depending tripping value
as more (load / fault) current is flowing on the
busbar
as more differential current is required to generate
a tripping signal
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
system is very stable in case of

CT failure
CT saturation
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Measuring Principle
ABB
Measuring Principle
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Busbar fault condition single injection
I1 =
1000A
ABB
Measuring Principle
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
What would be the

differential and
restrained current in that
situation
???
ABB
Measuring Principle
= + I1
=+1
= 1 kA
= + + I1
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
= + 1 kA
= 1 kA
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Measuring Principle

k= 1
k= 0,85
lt
u
l fa
a
n
er
t
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
trip measurement system !!!

( if I > Ikmin)
ABB
Measuring Principle
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Busbar fault condition

multiple injection
I1 =
1000A
I2 =
2500A
I3 =
1500A
I4 =
2000A
ABB
Measuring Principle
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
ABB
Measuring Principle
= + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 7 kA
= + + I1+ + I2 + + I3 + + I4
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 7 kA
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Measuring Principle

k= 1
k= 0,85
lt
u
l fa
a
n
er
t
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
trip measurement system !!!
ABB
Measuring Principle
External fault condition

e.g. line fault
I1 =
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
6000A
I2 =
I3 =
2500A
1500A
I4 =
2000A
ABB
Measuring Principle
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
ABB
Measuring Principle
= + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= - 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 0 kA
= + + I1+ + I2 + + I3 + + I4
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
= + 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 12 kA
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Measuring Principle

k= 1
k= 0,85
lt
u
l fa
a
n
er
t
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
measurement system stable !!!
ABB
Measuring Principle
Current transformer failure
during fault condition ()
I1 =
CT shorted !!!
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
6000A
I2 =
I3 =
2500A
1500A
I4 =
2000A
ABB
Measuring Principle
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
ABB
Measuring Principle
= + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
=
=
= + + I1+ + I2 + + I3 + + I4
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
=
=
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Measuring Principle

k= 1
k= 0,85
lt
u
l fa
a
n
er
t
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
ABB
Measuring Principle
during fault condition ()
CT shorted !!!
I1 =
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
6000A
I2 =
I3 =
2500A
1500A
I4 =
2000A
ABB
Measuring Principle
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
ABB
Measuring Principle
= + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
=
=
= + + I1+ + I2 + + I3 + + I4
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
=
=
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Measuring Principle

k= 1
k= 0,85
lt
u
l fa
a
n
er
t
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
ABB
Measuring Principle
during load condition
CT shorted !!!
I1 =
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
600A
I2 =
I3 =
250A
150A
I4 =
200A
ABB
Measuring Principle
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
ABB
Measuring Principle
= + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
=
=
= + + I1+ + I2 + + I3 + + I4
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
=
=
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Measuring Principle

k= 1
k= 0,85
lt
u
l fa
a
n
er
t
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
How is it possible to detect

failures in the CT circuits
???
ABB
Differential Current Supervision

Differential Current Alarm
A differential current for a longer time is

the consequence of a failure in the
system (intern / extern)
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Differential current alarm

Option to block the system
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
Which failures in the CT circuits

can the Differential current
supervision detect
???
ABB
The differential current

supervision can detect
a missing CT input (e.g. CT circuit
not connected to the system)
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
a wrong CT ratio
a wrong current direction
ABB

the differential current supervision is able
to detect a missing / wrong CT input
therefore the differential current alarm is
very important and must not be ignored by the
operating personal
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
If not, there is a risk of maloperation !!!
ABB
Intertripping
Tripping flow chart
Measurement
Intertripping
system
system
TRIP CB
TRIP BBP
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
zone x
trip all CBs

connected
to zone x
just the Intertripping system can send a tripping

signal to the CB because it knows which CB
to trip (the measurement systems are only
responsible for measuring !)
TRIP CB
TRIP CB
ABB
BBP_basics_1 / 2002-09-28 / RW
ABB
ABB

Bus Bar Protection Basics

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Topic:

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 1

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 2

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 3

The summe of all

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 4

currents must be zero

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 5

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 6

I > differential current setting

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 7

Restraint current IRest = | I |

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 8

system is very stable in case of

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 9

load depending tripping value

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 10

Busbar fault condition single injection

load depending tripping value

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 11

What would be the

load depending tripping value

Stabilised differential current measurement

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 12

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 13

Differential current Idiff= | I |

load depending tripping value

Restraint current IRest = | I |

trip measurement system !!!

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 14

Busbar fault condition

load depending tripping value

load depending tripping value

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 15

What would be the

load depending tripping value

Stabilised differential current measurement

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 16

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 17

Differential current Idiff= | I |

load depending tripping value

Restraint current IRest = | I |

trip measurement system !!!

External fault condition

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 18

External fault condition

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 19

What would be the

External fault condition

Stabilised differential current measurement

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 20

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 21

Differential current Idiff= | I |

External fault condition

Restraint current IRest = | I |

measurement system stable !!!

Current transformer failure

during fault condition ()

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 22

Current transformer failure

ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 23

What would be the

Current transformer failure