Complex Numbers PDF

KNkmkarniBnnigeroberog
elak
lwm pln nig elak Esn Bisid

KNkmkarRtYtBinit
elak
elak
elak
elak
lwm qun
Tit em:g
RBwm sunit
elak nn; suxNa
elak Gwug sMNag

GkRsI Tuy rINa
elak pl bunqay
GkRtYtBinitGkraviruT
elak lwm miKsir
karIkMuBTr
GkrcnaRkb
kBaa lI KuNaka
elak lwm pln
-i-
Garmfa
esovePA sikSaKNitviTaedayxng Epk cMnYnkMupic
EdlGksikSakMBugkan;sikSaenAkgdenH eyIgxJM)anxitxMRsavRCavcgRkgeLIg
kgeKalbMNgTukCaksa sikSabEnmelIemeroncMnYnkMupicedayxng .
enAkgesovePAenHrYmmanbICMBUkKW CMBkU TI1 emeronsegbPab;CamYy]TahrN_KMrU
CMBUkTI2 lMhat;eRCIserIsnigdMeNaHRsay nig CMBUkTI3 CalMhat;Gnuvtn_ .
esovePAenHminlhYseK hYsgenaHeT kMhusedayGectnaR)akdCaman
GaRsyehtuenH eyIgxJMCaGkniBn nig eroberog rgcaMCanicnUvmtiriHKn;BIsMNak;
GksikSakgRKb;mCdanedaykIrIkray edIm,IEklMGesovePAenH[kan;Etman
suRkitPaBbEnmeTot .
CaTIbBab;eyIgxJMsUmCUnBrcMeBaHGksikSaTaMgGs;CYbEtsuPmgl suxPaBl
nigTTYlCyCMnkgkarsikSa nig muxrbrkargar RKb;eBlevla .
tdMbgfTI 28 mIna 2011
GkniBn lwm pln

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- ii -
lwm pln nig Esn Bisid
rkasiTiRKbyag
- iii -
matikarerOg
CMBUkTI1
1-niymny
2-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupic
3-cMnYnkMupicqas;
4-Gnuvtn_cMnYnkMupickgdMeNaHRsaysmIkardWeRkTIBIr
5-cMnYnkMupickgbg;
6-m:UDlncMnYnkMupic
7-GaKuym:g;ncMnYnkMupic
8-TRmg;RtIekaNmaRtncMnYnkMupic
9-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
10-bMElgvilCMuvijKl;tRmuynbg;kMupic
11-bsTI n ncMnYnkMupictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
12-TRmg;Giucs,:Ng;EslncMnYnkMupic
13-RbmaNviFIcMnYnkMupictamTRmg;Gics,:Ng;Esl
14-Gnuvtn_cMnYnkMupickgRtIekaNmaRt
15-Gnuvtn_cMnYnkMupickgsIVtcMnYnBit
16-Gnuvtn_cMnYnkMupickgFrNImaRt
17-bMElgcMnuckgbg;kMupic
18-)arIsg;nRbBncMNuckgbg;kMupic
- iv -
TMB&r
001
002
008
010
011
014
017
019
020
024
026
027
033
034
037
039
051
054
CMBUkTI2
kRmglMhat;eRCIserIs
EpkdMeNaHRsay
055
065
CMBUkTI3
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
130
-v-
sikSaKNitviTaedayxng
cMnYnkMupic
CMBUkTI1
cMnYnkMupic
1-niymny
k> cMnYnnimit
plKuNncMnYnBit c xusBIsUnnwg i ehAfacMnYnnimit .
i ehAfaktanimitEdl i 2 1
b i 1 .
]TahrN_ 2i , 5i , 23i , 3i , ... ehAfacMnYnnimit .
x> niymnycMnYnkMupic
cMnYnkMupicCacMnYnEdlmanrag z a i.b Edl a nig b CacMnYnBit .
eKtagsMNMuncMnYnkMupiceday .
a ehAfaEpkBitn z a i .b EdlkMNt;tageday Re( z ) a .
b ehAfaEpknimitn z a i .b EdlkMNt;tageday Im( z ) b .
]TahrN_1 1 2i , 3 2i , 4 3i , 1 4i , 5i , 7i
ehAfacMnYnkMupic .
]TahrN_2 rkEpkBit nig Epknimitn z 3 2i ?
EpkBit nig Epknimitn z 3 2i KW Re(Z) 3 ; Im( z ) 2 .
eroberogeday lwm pln
- TMBr1 -
cMnYnkMupic
2-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupic
k> viFIbUkcMnYnkMupic
]bmafaeKmanBIrcMnYnkMupic z1 a i.b nig z 2 c i.d
Edl a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
eK)an z1 z 2 (a i.b) (c id) (a c) i(b d)
dUcenH z1 z 2 (a c) i.(b d) .
]TahrN_ eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 3 2i nig z 2 7 5i .
KNna z1 z 2
eK)an z1 z 2 ( 3 2i ) (7 5i ) (3 7) (2i 5i )
dUcenH z1 z 2 4 3i .
x> viFIdkcMnYnkMupic
eK)an z1 z 2 (a i.b) (c id) (a c) i(b d)
dUcenH z1 z 2 (a c) i.(b d) .
]TahrN_ eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 3 2i nig z 2 7 5i .
KNna z1 z 2
eK)an z1 z 2 ( 3 2i ) (7 5i ) (3 7) (2i 5i )
dUcenH z1 z 2 10 7i .
- TMBr2 -
cMnYnkMupic
K> viFIKuNcMnYnkMupic
eK)an z1 z 2 (a i.b)(c i.d)
ac iad ibc i 2bd
ac iad ibc bd
(ac bd ) i(ad bc )
dUcenH z1 z 2 (ac bd) i(ad bc) .

]TahrN_ eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 2 i nig z 2 1 3i . KNna z1 z 2
eK)an z1 .z 2 (2 i )(1 3i ) 2 6i i 3i 2 5 5i
dUcenH z1 .z 2 5 5i .
X> viFIEckcMnYnkMupic
z1 a ib (a ib )(c id ) ac iad ibc i 2bd
eK)an z c id (c id)(c id)
c2 i 2d 2
2
ac iad ibc bd (ac bd ) i(bc ad )
2
2
c d
c2 d 2
dUcenH zz1 ac2 bd2 i. bc2 ad2 .
c d
c d
2
- TMBr3 -
cMnYnkMupic
]TahrN_ eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 1 5i nig z 2 1 i . KNna zz1

eK)an zz1 115ii ((115ii)()(11ii)) 1 i151i 5 6 2 4i
dUcenH zz1 3 2i .
2
g> sVyKuNn i
eKmansVyKuNn i dUcxageRkam
i1 i
i 2 1
i 3 i 2 .i i
i 4 (i 2 )2 ( 1)2 1
i 5 i 4 .i i
i 6 i 5 .i i .i i 2 1
i 7 i 6 .i i
i 8 i 7 .i i .i i 2 1
CaTUeTA i4n 1 , i4n 1 i , i4n 2 1 , i4n 3 i
RKb; n IN
dUcenHcMnYn in esInwgcMnYndEdlKW i , 1 , i nig 1 RKb; n IN .
- TMBr4 -
cMnYnkMupic
c> sVyKuNncMnYnkMupic
eKmansVyKuNncMnYnkMupicdUcxageRkam
(a ib )2 a 2 b 2 i .2ab
(a ib )3 (a 3 3ab 2 ) i( 3a 2b b 3 )
(a ib )4 (a4 6a 2b 2 b4 ) i(4a 3b 4ab 3 )
(a ib ) C(n, k ) an k bk .i k
n
k 0
Edl c(n, k ) k! (nn! k )! .

]TahrN_ KNna (1 3i )2 , (2 i )3 nig (1 2i )4 .
eK)an
(1 3i )2 1 6i 9 8 6i
( 2 i )3 8 12i 6 i 2 11i
(1 2i )4 1 8i 24 32i 16 7 24i
q> kMupicesIKa
]bmafa z1 a ib nig z 2 c i.d Edl a, b, c, d CacMnYnBit .
ac
z1 z 2
bd
- TMBr5 -
cMnYnkMupic
dUcenHcMnYnkMupicBIresIKaluHRtaEtEpkBitesIKa nig EpknimitesIKa .

]TahrN_ eK[ z1 2 3 4i nig z 2 9 8i
cUrkMNt;BIrcMnYnBit nig edIm,I[ z1 z 2 ?
kMNt; nig
2 3 9
2 3 4i 9 8i
4 8
eKTaj)an 2 , 3 .
C> KNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic
]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupic z a i.b Edl a , b CacMnYnBit
edIm,IKNnabskaern z eKRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
tag w x i.y Cabskaern z a i.b x , y CacMnYnBit
eK)an w 2 z
( x i .y )2 a i .b
( x 2 y 2 ) i( 2xy ) a ib
x2 y 2 a
eKTaj)an
2xy b
edaHRsayRbBnsmIkarenHeK)anKUcemIy (x, y ) {(1 , 1 ); (2 , 2 )}

dUcenH w1 1 i1 ; w 2 2 i 2 .
- TMBr6 -
cMnYnkMupic
]TahrN_1 KNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic z 21 20i

tag w x i.y Cabskaern z 21 20i x , y CacMnYnBit
eK)an w 2 z
( x i .y )2 21 20i
( x 2 y 2 ) i( 2xy ) 21 20i
x 2 y 2 21
eKTaj)an
2xy 20
bnab;BIedaHRsayRbBnsmIkarenHeK)anKUcemIy
x 5 , y 2 b x 5 , y 2
dUcenH w1 5 2i ; w 2 5 2i .
]TahrN_2 KNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic z 21 20i
tag w x i.y Cabskaern z 8 6i x , y CacMnYnBit
eK)an w 2 z
( x i .y )2 8 6i
( x 2 y 2 ) i( 2xy ) 8 6i
x 2 y 2 8
eKTaj)an
2xy 6
bnab;BIedaHRsayeK)anKUcemIy x 1 , y 3
dUcenH w1 1 3i
; w 2 1 3i
b x 1 , y 3
.
- TMBr7 -
cMnYnkMupic
3-cMnYnkMupicqas;
k> niymny
cMnYnkMupicqas;ncMnYnkMupic z a i.b , a; b IR KWCacMnYnkuMpicEdl
kMNt;tageday z a i.b .
]TahrN_ cMnYnkMupicqas;n z 4 3i KW z 4 3i .
x> lkN
!> (z1 z 2 ) z1 z 2
@> (z1 .z 2 ) z1 .z 2
z1 z1
#> z z
2
2
sRmaybBaak;
tag z1 a ib nig z 2 c id Edl a , b , c , d CacMnynBit .
eK)an z1 a i.b nig z 2 c i.d
man z1 z 2 (a c) i(b d) enaH z1 z 2 (a c) i(b d)
ehIy z1 z 2 a ib c id (a c) i(b d)
dUcenH (z1 z 2 ) z1 z 2 .
eKman z1z 2 (a ib)(c id) (ac bd) i(ad bc)
eK)an z1 .z 2 (ac bd ) i(ad bc)
ehIy z1 .z 2 (a ib)(c id) (ac id) i(ad bc)
- TMBr8 -
cMnYnkMupic
dUcenH (z1 .z 2 ) z1 .z 2 .
ib (a ib )(c id ) ac bd
bc ad
i
.
2
eKman zz1 ac id
2
2
2
(c id )(c id )
c d
c d
eK)an zz1 ac2 bd2 i. bc2 ad2

ehIy
c d
2 c d
z1 a ib (a ib )(c id ) ac bd
bc ad
i
.
z 2 c id (c id )(c id ) c d 2
c2 d 2
z1 z 1
dUcenH z z
2
2
K> kenSamEpkBit nig EpknimitCaGnuKmn_n z nig z

]bmafaeKman z a ib enaH z a ib Edl a; b CacMnYnBit .
eK)an z z a ib a ib 2a enaH a z 2 z
ehIy z z a ib a ib 2ib enaH b z 2i z
dUcenH Re(z ) z 2 z nig Im( z ) z 2i z .

-ebI Re(z ) 0 enaH z z naM[ z CacMnYnnimit .
-ebI Im( z ) 0 enaH z z naM[ z CacMnYnBit .
- TMBr9 -
cMnYnkMupic
4-Gnuvtn_cMnYnkMupickgdMeNaHRsaysmIkardWeRkTIBIr
]bmafaeKmansmIkardWeRkTIBIr az 2 bz c 0
Edl a 0 , a, b , c CacMnYnBit .
DIsRKImINg;nsmIkarKW b2 4ac
-ebI 0 smIkarmanbsBIepSgKaCacMnYnBitKW
z1
b
b
; z2
2a
2a
-ebI 0 smIkarmanbsDbCacMnYnBitKW z1 z 2 2ba

-ebI 0 smIkarmanbsBIepSgKaCacMnYnkMupicqas;KaKW
z1
bi ||
bi ||
; z2
2a
2a
]TahrN_
edaHRsaysmIkar 2z 2 6z 5 0
DIsRKImINg;nsmIkar 36 40 4 4i 2
eKTajbs z1 6 4 2i 32 i. 12 ; z 2 6 4 2i 32 i. 12
dUcenHsmIkarmanbdBIrepSgKaCacMnYnkMupicqas;KaKW
1
3
1
3
z1 i . ; z 2 i . .
2
2
2
2
- TMBr10 -
cMnYnkMupic
5-cMnYnkMupickgbg;
k> kartagcMnYnkMupickgbg;
kgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) eKGactagcMnYnkMupic z a i.b ; a, b IR
edaycMNuc M mYymankUGredaen (a, b) .
eKfa M CacMnucrUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z a ib ehIy z ehAfaGaPicn
cMnuc M(a, b) EdleKkMNt;sresr M(z ) .
dUcKaEdr eKkGactagcMnYnkMupic z a i.b ; a, b IR edayviucTr
u OM (a, b )
eKfa
viucTr
CavIucTrrUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z a ib ehIy z ehAfaGaPicn
EdleKkMNt;sresr u (z ) .
y
b
- TMBr11 -
cMnYnkMupic
x> viucTrrUbPaBnplbUkcMnYnkMupickgbg;kMupic
kgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) ]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupicBIr z1 nig z 2
ehIytag M1 nig M 2 CarUbPaBn z1 nig z 2 .
eK)an OM1 nig
OM 2
CaviucTrrUbPaBn z1 nig z 2 .
M
M1
M2
eKman z1 z 2 OM1 OM 2 OM
dUcenHrUbPaBn z1 z 2 KWCaviucTrGgt;RTUgnRbelLRkam OM1MM 2 .
- TMBr12 -
cMnYnkMupic
K> viucTrrUbPaBnpldkcMnYnkMupickgbg;kMupic
kgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) ]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupicBIr z1 nig z 2
ehIytag M1 nig M 2 CarUbPaBn z1 nig z 2 .
eK)an OM1 nig
OM 2
CaviucTrrUbPaBn z1 nig z 2 .
y
M2
M1
x'
M2'
y'
eK)an z1 z 2 z1 ( z 2 ) OM1 OM'2 OM

dUcen rUbPaBn z1 z 2 KWCaviucTrGgt;RTUgnRbelLRkam OM1MM'2 .
- TMBr13 -
cMnYnkMupic
X> viucTrrUbPaBnplKuNcMnYnBit nwg cMnYnkMupickgbg;kMupic

y
M'
]bmafa M nig M' CacMnucrUbPaBn z nig z , ( 0)
rUbPaBn .z KW OM' Edl OM' OM .

6-m:UDlncMnYnkMupic
k> niymny
kgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) eKyk M(a, b) CarUbPaBn z a ib .
rgVas; OM ehAfam:UDln z a ib .
eKkMNt;tagm:UDln z a ib eday | z | b r EdlGacKNna)antam
rUbmn | z | r OM a2 b2 .
- TMBr14 -
cMnYnkMupic
y
M
|z|
P
o
kgRtIekaNEkg OMP eKman OM 2 MP 2 OP 2

eday OP a , MP b
eK)an OM 2 a2 b2 b OM a2 b2 .
dUcenH | z | OM a2 b2 .
x> lkN
!> | z || z |
@> z.z | z |2
#> | z1 .z 2 || z1 | . | z 2 |
$> zz1 || zz1 ||
2
n
%> | z
2
n
|| z |
- TMBr15 -
cMnYnkMupic
K> vismPaBRtIekaN
RKb;cMnYnkMupic z1 nig z 2 eKman | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |
sRmay
tag z1 x iy nig z 2 u iv
eKman z1 z 2 (x u) i(y v)
eK)an | z1 z 2 | (x u)2 (y v)2
nig | z1 | | z 2 | x2 y 2 u2 v 2
eday | z1 z 2 |2 x2 y 2 u2 v 2 2(xu yv )
nig | z1 | | z 2 |2 x2 y 2 u2 v 2 2 (x2 y 2 )(u2 v 2 )
eK)an
| z1 | | z 2 |2 | z1 z 2 |2 2 (x2 y 2 )(u2 v 2 ) (xu yv)

kenSam | z1 | | z 2 |2 | z1 z 2 |2 0 luHRtaEt
( x 2 y 2 )(u 2 v 2 ) ( xu yv )2 0
x 2u 2 x 2 v 2 u 2y 2 v 2 y 2 x 2u 2 2xyuv y 2 v 2 0
x 2 v 2 2xyuv u 2y 2 0
Bit
dUcenH | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 | .
( xv uy )2 0
- TMBr16 -
cMnYnkMupic
7-GaKuym:g;ncMnYnkMupic
kgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) eKyk M(a, b) CarUbPaBn z a ib .
y
M
P
a
mMuEdlpMeday ( Ox , OM ) ehAfaGaKuym:g;n z a i.b .

eKtag b Arg( z ) CaGaKuym:g;n z a i.b .
kgRtIekaNEkg OMP eKman
r 2 OM 2 a 2 b 2 b r a 2 b 2 RTwsIbTBItaKr
OP a
MP b
cos
nig sin
.
OM r
OM r
edIm,IrkGaKuym:g;n z a i.b eKedaHRsaysmIkar
a
b
cos nig sin eK)an Arg( z ) 2k , k Z .
r
r
- TMBr17 -
cMnYnkMupic
]TahrN_ 1 rkGaKuym:g;ncMnYnkMupic z 2 3 2i
tamrUbmn r | z | a2 b2 (2 3 )2 22 4
a 2 3
3
b 2 1
ni
g
cos
sin
r
4
2
r 4 2
dUcenHGaKuym:g;n z KW Arg(z ) 6 2k ; k Z
]TahrN_ 2 rkGaKuym:g;ncMnYnkMupic z 1 i 3
tamrUbmn r | z | a2 b2
a
1
b
3
cos nig sin
r
2
r
2
( 1)2 ( 3)2 2
TahrN_ 3 rkGaKuym:g;ncMnYnkMupic z 2 i 2
tamrUbmn r | z | a2 b2 2 2 2
a
2
b
2
ni
g
cos
sin
r
2
r
2
- TMBr18 -
cMnYnkMupic
8-TRmg;RtIekaNmaRtncMnYnkMupic
cMnYnkMupic z a i.b ehAfaTRmg;BICKNit . eKGacsresrTRmg;fImYy
eTotdUcxageRkam
eKman r a2 b2 ehAfam:Dln z a i.b
a
b
cos nig sin Edl ehAfaGaKuym:g;n z .
r
r
eK)an z a i.b r( ar i. br ) r(cos i. sin )
dUcenH z r(cos i. sin ) ehAfaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtn z .
]TahrN_ 1 cUrsresr z 1 i 3 CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
eKman r 12 ( 3 )2 2
eK)an z 2( 12 i. 23 ) 2(cos 3 i. sin 3 ) .
]TahrN_ 2 cUrsresr z 2 3 2i CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
eKman r (2 3 )2 (2)2 4
eK)an z 4( 23 i. 12 ) 4( cos 6 i. sin 6 ) .
z 4[cos( ) i . sin( )]
6
6
5
5
z 4(cos i sin )
6
6
- TMBr19 -
cMnYnkMupic
9-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
k> plKuNcMnYnkMupictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
RTwsIbT
]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupic z1 r1 (cos i. sin )
nig z 2 r2 (cos i sin ) Edl r1 0 , r2 0
eK)an z1 .z 2 r1r2[cos( ) i sin( )] .
sRmaybBaak;
eK)an z1z 2 r1(cos i. sin ).r2 (cos i sin )
z1z2 r1r2[(cos cos sin sin) i(sin cos sin cos)
dUcenH z1 .z 2 r1r2[cos( ) i sin( )] .

]TahrN_
eK[cMnYnkMu[pic
2
2
z1 2(cos i sin ) nig z 2 3(cos

i sin )
15
5
5
15
KNna z1 .z 2
eK)an z1z 2 6[cos( 5 215 ) i sin( 5 215 )]
5
5
i
sin
) 6(cos i . sin )
15
15
3
3
z1z 2 6(cos i . sin ) .

3
3
6(cos
dUcenH
- TMBr20 -
cMnYnkMupic
x> plKuNEckcMnYnkMupictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
RTwsIbT
]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupic z1 r1 (cos i. sin )
nig z 2 r2 (cos i sin ) Edl r1 0 , r2 0
eK)an zz1 rr1 [cos( ) i sin( )] .
2
sRmaybBaak;
i sin
eK)an zz1 rr1 . cos
cos i sin
2
r1 (cos i. sin )(cos i sin )

.
r2 (cos i sin )(cos i sin )
r1 (cos cos sin sin ) i(sin cos sin cos )

.
r2
cos 2 sin 2
r1
cos( ) i sin( )
r2
dUcenH zz1 rr1 [cos( ) i sin( )] .

2
K> sVyKuNTI n ncMnYnkMupictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt

RTwsIbT RKb;cMnYnBit nig r 0 eK)an
z n [r(cos i . sin )]n r n (cos n i . sin n )
Edl n CacMnYnKt;rWLaTIhV .
- TMBr21 -
cMnYnkMupic
sRmaybBaak;
ramrUbmn z1 .z 2 r1r2[cos( ) i sin( )]
eK)anCabnbnab;dUcxageRkam
z 2 z .z r .r[cos( ) i sin( )] r 2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )
z 3 z 2 .z r 2 .r [cos( 2 ) i sin( 2 )]
r 3 (cos 3 i . sin 3 )
]bmafa zn rn (cos n i. sin n) Bit
eK)an zn1 zn .z rn .r[cos(n ) i sin(n )]

r n 1[cos(n 1) i sin(n 1)] Bit
dUcenH zn rn (cos n i. sin n) .
X> rUbmndWmr
eKman zn [r(cos i. sin )]n rn (cos n i. sin n)
eK)an rn (cos i. sin )n rn (cos n i. sin n)
dUcenH (cos i. sin )n cos n i. sin n
ehAfarUbmndWmr .
- TMBr22 -
cMnYnkMupic
]TahrN_ eK[cMnYnkMupic z cos 49 i. sin 49

cUrsresr w
z2
1 z
CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
tamrUbmndWmreKman z 2 (cos 49 i sin 49 )2 cos 89 i sin 89

4
4 3
4
4
nig z (cos 9 i sin 9 ) cos 3 i sin 3
8
8
cos
i . sin
9
9
eK)an w
4
4
1 cos
i . sin
3
3
8
8
i . sin
cos
9
9
2
2
2
2i sin cos
2 cos 2
3
3
3
8
8
i . sin
cos
1
9
9
.
2
2
2
i
sin
cos
2 cos
3
3
3
8 2
8 2
[cos( ) i sin( )]
9
3
9
3
11
11
2
2
(cos
i sin ) cos
i sin
9
9
9
9
11
11
dUcenH w cos 9 i. sin 9 .
3
- TMBr23 -
cMnYnkMupic
10-bMElgvilCMuvijKl;tRmuynbg;kMupic
eKmancMnYnkMupic w cos i. sin .
ebI M' (z' ) CarUbPaBn M(z ) tambEmgvilpit O nig mMu enaH
eK)an z' w. z (cos i sin ) .z .
y
M'
M
x
]TahrN_ 1 enAkgbg;kMupic (xoy) eK[ M CacMnucrUbPaBn z 3 i .

cUrkMNt; z' edaydwgfa M' (z' ) CarUbPaBn M tambEmgvilpit O
nigmMu 12 .
- TMBr24 -
cMnYnkMupic
ebI M' (z' ) CarUbPaBn M(z ) tambEmgvilpit O nigmMu 12 enaHeK)an
i sin ) z
12
12
3
1
eday z 3 i 2( 2 i. 2 ) 2(cos 6 i. sin 6 )

eK)an z' 2[cos(12 6 ) i sin(12 6 )]
dUcenH z' 2(cos 4 i sin 4 ) .

]TahrN_ 2 enAkgbg;kMupic (xoy) eK[ M CacMnucrUbPaBn z 1 i 3
z' (cos
cUrkMNt; z' edaydwgfa M' (z' ) CarUbPaBn M tambEmgvilpit O

nigmMu 23 .
ebI M' (z' ) CarUbPaBn M(z ) tambEmgvilpit O nigmMu
enaHeK)an
2
2
i sin ) z
3
3
eday z 1 i 3 2( 12 i. 23 ) 2[cos( 3 ) i. sin( 3 )]
eK)an z' 2[cos( 23 3 ) i sin( 23 3 )]
dUcenH z' 2(cos 3 i sin 3 ) .
z' (cos
- TMBr25 -
cMnYnkMupic
11-bsTI n ncMnYnkMupictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupic z r(cos i sin )
tag w (cos i sin ) CabsTI n n z enaH wn z
eK)an n (cos n i sin n) r(cos i sin )
n r
eKTaj cos(n) cos naM[

sin(n ) sin
dUcenHbsTI n n z kMNt;eday
n r
2k
2k
2k
w k n r cos
i . sin
n
n

Edl k 0 , 1 , 2 , ...., n 1 .
]TahrN_ KNnabsTIbIn z 4 2 i.4 2

eKman z 4 2 i.4 2 8( 22 i 22 ) 8(cos 4 i sin 4 )
eKTaj r 8 , 4 . tamrUbmnbsTI # n z kMNt;eday
8k
8k
w k 2cos
i
sin
, k 0 , 1 , 2 .
12
12
dUcenH w 0 2(cos 12 i sin 12 ) ; w1 2(cos 34 i sin 34 )
nig w 2 2(cos 1712 i sin 1712 ) .
- TMBr26 -
cMnYnkMupic
12-TRmg;Giucs,:Ng;EslncMnYnkMupic
k> rUbmnGWEl (Euler's formula)
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x eK)an eix cos x i sin x
Edl e 2.71828... CaeKalelakarIteEB .
rUbmnGWElenHenAEtBitcMeBaH x CacMnYnkMupickeday .
sRmaybBaak;
-RsaybBaak;edayeRbIedrIev
tagGnuKmn_ f GacCaGnuKmn_kMupicnGefr x kMNt;eday
f (x)
cos x i sin x
eix
( sin x i cos x )eix ieix (cos x i sin x )
eK)an f ' (x)
e2ix
eix ( sin x i cos x i cos x i 2 sin x )
e 2ix
sin x i cos x i cos x sin x 0
ix 0
ix
e
e
naM[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_efrRKb; x .
eK)an f (x) f (0) cos 0 0i sin 0 1 b f (x) cos x ixi sin x 1
e
e
dUcenH eix cos x i sin x .
- TMBr27 -
cMnYnkMupic
-RsaybBaak;edayeRbIsmIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TImYy
eKtagGnuKmn_ g(x) cos x i. sin x
eKman g' (x) sin x i cos x
KuNGgTaMgBIrnwg i eK)an i.g' (x) i sin x csox
eK)an g(x) ig' (x) 0 b g' (x) i . g(x) 0
CasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab; I .
eK)ancemIyTUeTAnsmIkarenHKW g(x) k eix
ebI x 0 enaH g(0) k Et g(0) cos 0 i. sin 0 1
enaH k 1 ehIyeK)an g(x) eix .
-RsaybBaak;edayeRbIsmIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TIBIr
eRCIserIsGnuKmn_ h(x) eix
eKman h' (x) i.eix nig h' ' (x) i 2eix eix
eK)an h' ' (x) h(x) eix eix 0 CasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGGum:UEsn
lMdab;TIBIr .
smIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;BIrenHmancemIylIenEGkraClIenEGcMnYnBIr
Edlepgpat;vaKW h1(x) cos x nig h2 (x) sin x . bnSMlIenEGncemIy
cMeBaHsmIkarDIepr:g;EslGUm:UEsn kCacemIymYypgEdr .
- TMBr28 -
cMnYnkMupic
dUcenHcemIyTUeTAnsmIkarKW h(x) A cos x B sin x

Edl A nig B CaBIrcMnYnefrEdlGacrk)antam h(0) A ei0 1
nig h' (0) B iei0 i eRBaH h' (x) A sin x B cos x .
ehtuenHeK)an h(x) cos x i sin x .
-RsaybBaak;edayeRbIesrItlr
rUbmnesrItlrcMeBaHGnuKmn_bI ex , cos x nig sin x KW
xn
x x2 x3
.....
.....
e 1
n!
1! 2! 3!
x
2n
x 2 x4 x6
n x
..... ( 1)
......
cos x 1
( 2n )!
2! 4! 6!
2n 1
x 3 x5 x7
n x
sin x x
.... ( 1)
....
3! 5! 7!
( 2n 1)!
edayCMnYs x eday ix kgesTaMgbIenHeKTaj)an eix cos x i sin x .

x> TRmg;Giucs,:Ng;Esl
RKb;cMnYnkMupic z a i.b Edl a , b CacMnYnBitGacsresrCaTRmg;mYyfIeTot
KW z r ei Edl r a2 b2 , cos ar , sin br .
TRmg; z r ei ehAfaTRmg;Gics,:Ng;Esln z a i.b .
- TMBr29 -
cMnYnkMupic
K> TMnak;TMngCamYyGnKmn_
u RtIekaNmaRt
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x eKman eix cos x i sin x (1)
CMnYs x eday x eK)an e ix cos x i sin x (2)
bUksmIkar (1) nig (2) eKTaj)an eix e ix 2 cos x
eix e ix
eKTaj cos x 2 .
dksmIkar (1) nig (2) eKTaj)an eix e ix 2i sin x
eix e ix
eKTaj sin x 2i .
eix e ix
eix e ix
dUcenH cos x 2 ; sin x 2i
rUbmnenHBitpgEdrcMeBaH x CacMnYnkMupic
X> TMnak;TMngCamYyGnuKmn_GIEBbUlik
eix e ix
eix e ix
eKman cos x 2 ; sin x 2i
CMnYs x eday i.x eK)an
ex e x
ex e x
cos(ix )
cosh x nig sin( ix ) i
i sinh x
2
2
ex e x
ex e x
m:ageToteKman cosh x 2 nig sinh x 2 eK)an
eix e ix
eix e ix
cosh(ix )
cos x , sinh( ix )
i sin x .
2
2
- TMBr30 -
cMnYnkMupic
]TahrN_1 sresr z 2 2i 3 CaTRmg;Giucs,:Ng;Esl ?

eKman r 22 (2 3 )2 4
eK)an z 4( 12 i
) 4(cos i sin ) 4 e
2
3
3
i
]TahrN_2 sresr z 1 e CaragGics,:Ng;Esl ?

eKman
i
1 e 4
i
i
e 8 (e 8
i8
dUcenH z 2 cos 8 .e
]TahrN_3 KNna ii ?
i
e 8)
eday cos 8 e
e
2
eKman i cos 2 i. sin 2 e 2

i
eK)an ii e 2 e 2 .
]TahrN_4 edaHRsaysmIkar cos x 2
kgsMNMukMupic ?
eix e ix
tamrUbmnGWEleKman cos x 2
eix e ix
eK)an 2 2 b e2ix 4eix 1 0
tag t eix
- TMBr31 -
cMnYnkMupic
eK)ansmIkar t 2 4t 1 0
' 4 1 3 eKTajbs t1 2 3 ; t 2 2 3
cMeBaH t 2 3 eK)an eix 2 3 enaH ix ln( 2
b x i ln( 2 3 ) .
cMeBaH t 2 3 eK)an eix 2 3 enaH ix ln( 2
b x i ln( 2 3 ) .
]TahrN_5 edaHRsaysmIkar sin x 3 kgsMNMukMupic ?
eix e ix
tamrUbmnGWEleKman sin x 2i
eix e ix
eK)an 2i 3 b e2ix 6eix 1 0
eK)ansmIkar t 2 6t 1 0 , ' 9 1 10
3)
3)
tag t eix
manbs t1 3 10 , t 2 3 10 .
-cMeBaH t 3 10 eK)an eix 3 10 enaH x i ln( 3
-cMeBaH t 3 10 (3 10 )
eK)an eix (3 10 ) (3 10 )ei ei ln( 3 10 )
eKTaj ix i ln( 3 10 ) b x i ln( 3 10 ) .
dUcenH x i ln( 3 10 ) , x i ln( 3 10 ) .
10 )
- TMBr32 -
cMnYnkMupic
13-RbmaNviFIcMnYnkMupictamTRmg;Gics,:Ng;Esl
k> RbmaNviFIKuNcMnYnkMupictamTRmg;Gics,:Ng;Esl
eKmancMnYnkMupic z r ei nig w ei
Edl r 0 ; 0 ehIy , CacMnYnBit .
eK)an z.w r. ei( ) .
x> RbmaNviFIEckcMnYnkMupictamTRmg;Gics,:Ng;Esl
eKmancMnYnkMupic z r ei nig w ei
Edl r 0 ; 0 ehIy , CacMnYnBit .
eK)an wz r ei( ) .
K> sVyKuNcMnYnkMupictamTRmg;Gics,:Ng;Esl
eKmancMnYnkMupic z r ei cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;rWLaTIhV n eK)an
n
z n r ei r n ein .
]TahrN_ eK[cMnYnkMupic z 2e
KNna z.w nig wz
eK)an z.w

i( )
6 e 6 12
6e
nig
nig
w 3e
12
z 2 i ( 6 12 ) 2 i 12
e
e
w 3
3
- TMBr33 -
cMnYnkMupic
14-Gnuvtn_cMnYnkMupickgRtIekaNmaRt
k> rUbmnmMuDb
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x eKman
eix e ix
eix e ix
cos x
; sin x
2
2i
2
2ix
2ix
eix e ix
e
e
2
2
eK)an cos x 2
4
1
1 e2ix e i 2 x 1 1
2
cos x .
cos 2x
2
2
2 2
2
eKTaj cos 2x 2 cos2 x 1 .
e2ix e 2ix
eix e ix eix e ix
ehIy sin 2x 2i 2. 2i . 2
dUcenH sin 2x 2 sin x cos x .
x> rUbmnmMuRTIb
3
eix e ix
3
eKman cos x 2
e3ix e 3ix 3(eix e ix )
8
2 cos 3x 6 cos x cos 3x 3 cos x
8
4
eKTaj)an cos 3x 4 cos3 x 3 cos x .
- TMBr34 -
cMnYnkMupic
3
eix e ix
3
ehIy sin x 2i
(e 3ix e 3ix ) 3(eix e ix )
8i
2i sin 3x 6i sin x
8i
sin 3x 3 sin x
4
eKTaj)an sin 3x 3 sin x 4 sin3 x .
K> rUbmnplbUk nig pldknmMuBIr

eKman ei(a b ) eia .eib RKb;cMnYnBit a nig b
eday eia .eib (cos a i sin a)(cos b i sin b)
eiaeib (cosa cosb sina sinb) i(sina cosb sinb cosa)
ehIy ei(a b ) cos(a b) i sin(a b)

dUcenH cos(a b) cos a cos b sin a sin b
nig sin(a b) sin a cos b sin b cos a .
m:ageTot ei(ab) eia .e ib RKb;cMnYnBit a nig b
eday eia .e ib (cos a i sin a)(cos b i sin b)
eiaeib (cosa cosb sina sinb) i(sina cosb sinb cosa)
ehIy ei(ab ) cos(a b) i sin(a b)

- TMBr35 -
cMnYnkMupic
dUcenH cos(a b) cos a cos b sin a sin b

nig sin(a b) sin a cos b sin b cos a .
X> rUbmnbMElgBIplKuNeTAplbUk
eia e ia eib e ib
cos a cos b
.
2
2
ei ( a b ) ei ( a b ) e i ( a b ) e i ( a b )
4
1 ei ( a b ) e i ( a b ) ei ( a b ) e i ( a b )

2
2
2
1
cos(a b) cos(a b )
2
dUcenH cos a cos b 12 cos(a b) cos(a b)
eia e ia eib e ib
sin a sin b
.
2i
2i
ei ( a b ) ei ( a b ) e i ( a b ) e i ( a b )
4i 2
1 ei ( a b ) e i ( a b ) ei ( a b ) e i ( a b )

2
2
2
1
cos(a b ) cos(a b )
2
dUcenH sin a sin b 12 cos(a b) cos(a b)
- TMBr36 -
cMnYnkMupic
15-Gnuvtn_cMnYnkMupickgsIVtcMnYnBit
cMeBaHsIVtncMnYnBit (an ) Edlepgpat;TMnak;TMngkMeNIn
an 2 pan 1 qan 0 Edl p , q CacMnYnBit
smIkarsmal;rbs;sIVtenHKW z 2 pz q 0
kgkrNI p2 4q 0 smIkarmanbsBIrCacMnYnkMupicqas;Ka
KW z1 nig z 2 . kgkrNIenHedIm,IKNna an eKRtUvGnuvtn_dUcteTA
tagsIVtCMnYy zn an 1 z1an rYcRsayfa (zn ) CasIVtFrNImaRt
ncMnYnkMupicmYy.
KNna zn rYcTajrk an .
]TahrN_ eKmansIVtncMnYnBit (an ) kMNt;eday
a0 0 , a1 1 nig an 2 an 1 an Edl n 0 , 1 , 2 ,...
cUrKNna an CaGnuKmn_n n
smIkarsmal;nsIVt an 2 an1 an KW r 2 r 1
b r 2 r 1 0 ; 1 4 3 3i 2
manbs r1 1 2i 3 ; r2 1 2i 3
tagsIVtCMnYy zn an1 1 2i
eK)an zn1 an 2 1 2i
an
an 1
Et an 2 an1 an
- TMBr37 -
cMnYnkMupic
1 i 3
eK)an zn1 an1 an 2 an1
1 i 3
zn 1
an 1 an
2
1 i 3
2
zn 1
( an 1
an )
2
1 i 3
1 i 3
1 i 3
zn 1
(an 1
an )
2
2
1 i 3
z n 1
an
2
eK)an (zn ) CasIVtFrNImaRt ncMnYnkMupicmanersug q 1 2i 3 .

tamrUbmn zn z 0 qn
eday z0 a1 1 2i 3 a0 1 nig q 1 2i 3 cos 3 i sin 3
n
n
n
eK)an zn (cos 3 i sin 3 ) cos 3 i sin 3

eday zn an1 1 2i 3 an (an1 a2n ) i 23 an
eKTaj 23 an sin n3
dUcenH an 23 sin n3 .
- TMBr38 -
cMnYnkMupic
16-Gnuvtn_cMnYnkMupickgFrNImaRt
k> cmayrvagBIrcMnuc
y
A
y1
x1
x2
eKmancMnYnkMupicBIr z1 x1 i.y1 nig z 2 x2 i.y 2 .

tag A nig B CacMnucrUbPaBn z1 nig z 2 kgbg;kMupic (xoy) .
eK)an AB (x2 x1 )2 (y 2 y1 )2
ehIy z 2 z1 (x2 x1 ) i(y 2 y1 )
eK)an | z 2 z1 | (x2 x1 )2 (y 2 y1 )2
dUcenH AB | z 2 z1 | .
- TMBr39 -
cMnYnkMupic
]TahrN_ 1
eK[BIrcMnuc A nig B manGahVikerogKa z1 1 2i nig z 2 2 6i
cUrKNnacmayrvagcMnuc A nig B
eK)an AB | z 2 z1 |
| ( 2 6i ) (1 2i ) |
| 3 4i | ( 3)2 42 5
dUcenH AB 5 .
]TahrN_2
eKmancMnYnkMupic z1 2 a i nig z 2 3 i(6 a) Edl a IR
kgbg;kMupic (xoy) eKtag A nig B CarUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z1 nig z 2
cUrkMNt;cMnYnBit a edIm,I[cmayrvagcMnuc A nig B xIbMput ?
eK)an AB | z 2 z1 |
| 3 i(6 a ) 2 a i |
| (1 a ) i(5 a ) | (1 a )2 (5 a )2
1 2a a 2 25 10a a 2
2a 2 12a 26
2(a 3)2 8
edIm,I[ AB xIbMputluHRtaEt a 3 ehIy ABmin

82 2
- TMBr40 -
cMnYnkMupic
x> cMnucEckkgGgt;tampleFobmYy
kgbg;kMupic (xoy) eKtag A nig B CarUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z A nig zB
yk P CacMnucmanGahVik z P CacMnucEckkgnGgt; AB tampleFob
Edl 0 .
y
B
P
A
ebI P CacMnucEckkgnGgt; AB tampleFob enaH
AP PB
eKman AP (z P z A ) nig PB (z B z P )
eK)an zp z A (z B z P )
dUcenH z P z A1 zB .
- TMBr41 -
cMnYnkMupic
krNI 1 enaHcMnuc P CacMnuckNalnGgt; [AB]

dUcenHGahVikncMnuc P kNalGgt; AB KW z P z A 2 zB .
K> cMnucEckeRkAGgt;tampleFobmYy
kgbg;kMupic (xoy) eKtag A nig B CarUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z A nig zB
yk Q CacMnucmanGahVik zQ CacMnucEckeRkAnGgt; AB tampleFob
Edl 0 .
y
B
A
ebI Q CacMnucEckeRkAnGgt; AB tampleFob enaH

eKman
QA ( z A z Q )
nig
QA QB
QB ( z B z Q )
- TMBr42 -
cMnYnkMupic
eK)an z A zQ (z B zQ )
dUcenH zQ z A1 zB .
]TahrN_ eKmanBIrcMnuc A nig B CarUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z A 2 7i
nig zB 1 i .
1
P CarUbPaBn z p CacMnucEckkgn AB tampleFob p
3
CarUbPaBn zQ CacMnucEckeRkAn AB tampleFob Q 23
cUrkMNt; z P nig zQ ?
ebI P CarUbPaBn zp CacMnucEckkgn AB tampleFob p 13
Q
eK)an
1 1
2
7
i
i 5 11
z A PzB
3
3 i
zP
1
1 P
4 2
1
3
ebI Q CarUbPaBn zQ CacMnucEckeRkAn AB tampleFob Q 23

eK)an
z A QzB
zQ
1 Q
2 2
i
3 3 8 19i
2
1
3
2 7i
dUcenH z P 54 112 i nig zQ 8 19i .

- TMBr43 -
cMnYnkMupic
K> pleFobRCug nig mMunRtIekaNkgbg;

kgbg;kMupic (xoy) eKmanbIcMnuc A , B , C CarUbPaBncMnYnkMupic
z A , z B , zC .
C
C'
B
A
B'
nig OC' AC enaHeK)an OB' C' nig

ABC CaRtIekaNb:unKa enaH BAC B' OC' .
sg;viucTr
OB' AB
eKman OB'
AB ( z B z A )
nig
OC' AC ( z C z A )
- TMBr44 -
cMnYnkMupic
eKman B'OC' XOC'XOB'

b BAC arg(zC z A ) arg(z B z A ) arg zzC zz A
| z z A | zC z A
ehIypleFobRCug AC
.
C
AB | z z | z z
B
dUcenHebI A(z A ) , B(zB ) , C(zC ) begIt)anCaRtIekaN ABC enaH

z zA
z zA
.
eK)an AC
ni
g
C
BAC arg C
AB z z
z z
B
]TahrN_
enAkgbg;kMupic ( XOY) eK[bIcMnuc A , B , C manGahVikerogKa
z A 2 i , z B 3 4i , z C 2 9i .
cUrKNnapleFobRCug AC
ni
g
BAC ?
AB
eKman zC z A 2 9i 2 i 4 8i
nig zB z A 3 4i 2 i 1 3i
eK)an zzC zz A 1438i i ((1438ii)()(1133ii)) 2 2i
B
2
2
i
) 2 2 (cos i sin )
2
2
4
4
AC
2 2 nig BAC
.
AB
4
2 2(
dUcenH
- TMBr45 -
cMnYnkMupic
X> sMNMucMNuckgbg;kMupic

kgbg;kMupicRbkbedaytRmuyGrtUNrm:al; (o, i , j ) eKtagcMnuc P(x; y )
CacMnucrUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z x i.y .
sMNMunrUbPaB P TaMgGs;EdlGacmaneTAtamlkxNEdlRtUvbMeBjn z
begIt)anCasMNMuncMnuc P kgbg;kMupic .
]TahrN_ 1
eK[cMnYnkMupic z epgpat; (1 i )z (1 i ) z 4 .
P CarUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z kgbg;kMupic ( xoy ) . rksMNMucMnuc P ?
tag z x i.y enaH z x i.y
eKman (1 i )z 2(1 i ) z 4
eK)an
y
(1 i)(x iy) (1 i)(x iy) 4

x iy ix y x iy ix y 4
2x 2y 4 y x 2
dUcenHsMNMucMnuc P KWCabnat; Edl

mansmIkar ( ) : y x 2
( ) : y x 2
- TMBr46 -
]TahrN_ 2
eK[cMnYnkMupic z epgpat; | z 2 i | 3 .
P CarUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z kgbg;kMupic ( xoy ) .
rksMNMucMnuc P ?
tag z x i.y CaGahVikncMnuc P
eKman | z 2 i | 3
eK)an | x iy 2 i | 3
cMnYnkMupic
| ( x 2) i( y 1) | 3
( x 2)2 ( y 1)2 3
b (x 2)2 (y 1)2 9
dUcenHsMMNMucMnuc P KWCargVg;pit I(2 , 1) nig kaM R 3 .
]TahrN_ 3
eK[cMnYnkMupic w zz 22 22ii ehIy P CacMnucrUbPaBn z kgbg; (xoy)
cUrkMNt;sMNMucMnuc P edIm,I[ w CacMnYnnimitsuT ?
edIm,I[ w CacMnYnnimitsuTluHRtaEt Re(w ) w 2 w 0
naM[ w w
eday w zz 22 22ii nig w zz 22 22ii
- TMBr47 -
cMnYnkMupic
z 2 2i
z 2 2i
eK)an z 2 2i z 2 2i ebI z 2 2i
( z 2 2i )( z 2 2i ) ( z 2 2i )( z 2 2i )
z z ( 2 2i )z ( 2 2i )z 8 z .z ( 2 2i )z ( 2 2i )z 8
b | z |2 8
tag z x iy Edl (x, y ) (2 , 2)
eK)an x2 y 2 8 .
dUcenHsMNMucMnuc P CargVg;pit O kaM R 2 2 elIkElgEtcMnuc A(2,2) .
2z z 16
x2 y 2 8
1
- TMBr48 -
cMnYnkMupic
]TahrN_ 4
eK[cMnYnkMupic z ehIy P CacMnucrUbPaBn z kgbg; (xoy)
cUrkMNt;sMNMucMnuc P ebIeKdwgfa arg(z 2 2i ) 4 .
tag z x iy enaHeK)an z 2 2i (x 2) i(y 2)
eday arg(z 2 2i ) 4 enaH arg((x 2) i(y 2)) 4
eKTaj)an tan 4 yx 22 1 naM[ y x 4
dUcenHsMNMucMnuc P Cabnat; (d) : y x 4
Edl xy 22 00 b x 2 , y 2 .
]TahrN_ 5
enAkgbg;kMupic (xoy) eK[cMnuc P(z ) , Q(iz ) , R(2 2i )
cUrkMNt;sMNMucMnuc P edIm,I[bIcMnuc P , Q , R rt;Rtg;Ka ?
bIcMnuc P , Q , R rt;Rtg;KaluHRtaEtRKb; t IR : PQ t QR
b zQ z P t(z R zQ ) . tag z x iy enaH zQ ix y
eK)an ix y x iy t(2 2i ix y )
( x y ) i( x y ) ( 2 y )t i( 2 x )t
eKTaj x y (2 y )t nig (x y ) (2 x)t

- TMBr49 -
cMnYnkMupic
eK)an xxyy 22 yx
b 2x x2 2y xy 2x xy 2y y 2
x 2 y 2 4x 4y 0
( x 2)2 ( y 2)2 8
dUcenHsMNMucMnuc P CargVg;pit I(2 , 2 ) mankaM R 2 2 .

]TahrN_ 6
enAkgbg;kMupic (xoy) eK[cMnuc P CarUbPaBn z EdlbMeBjlkxN
z 2 2i
1
.
cU
r
rksM
N
M
u
c
M
n
u
c
P?
zi
2
eK)an 2 | z 2 2i || z i | Edl z i
b 2 | z 2 2i |2 | z i |2 tag z x i.y eK)an
2 | x iy 2 2i |2 | x iy i |2
2 | ( x 2) i( y 2) |2 | x i( y 1) |2
2[( x 2)2 ( y 2)2 ] x 2 ( y 1)2
2x 2 8x 8 2y 2 8y 8 x 2 y 2 2y 1
x 2 y 2 8x 10y 15 0
( x 4)2 ( y 5)2 26
dUcenHsMNMucMnuc P CargVg;pit I(4 , 5) nig kaM R

26
.
- TMBr50 -
cMnYnkMupic
17-bMElgcMnuckgbg;kMupic
k> bMElgkil
kgbg;kMupic (xoy) eKmanBIrcMnuc M nig M' manGahVikerogKa z nig z'
M' CarUbPaBn M tambMElgkilnviucTr v ( z v ) eK)an

z' z z v .
y
M'
M
ebI M' CarUbPaBn M tambMElgkilnviucTr
v ( z v ) enaH MM' v
eday MM'(z' z ) enaH z' z z v b z' z z v .

- TMBr51 -
cMnYnkMupic
x> bMElgvilpit
M' CarUbPaBn M tambMElgvilpit ( z ) nigmMu eK)an
z' z ( z z )(cos i sin ) .
Y
M'
x
O
ebI M' CarUbPaBn M tambMElgvilpit (z ) nigmMu

enaHeK)an M M' r nig MM'
Edl XM' nig XM .
ehtuenH
z' z r .ei
i e i
z z r .e
Edl
dUcenH z' z (z z )(cos i sin ) .

- TMBr52 -
cMnYnkMupic
K> bMElgcaMgpit
M' CarUbPaBn M tambMElgcaMgpit ( z ) pleFob eK)an
z' z ( z z ) .
y
M'
M
x
O
M'
CarUbPaBn M tambMElgcaMgpit (z ) pleFob eK)an
M' M
dUcenH
eday
M'( z' z ) ; M ( z z )
z' z ( z z )
- TMBr53 -
cMnYnkMupic
18-)arIsg;nRbBncMNuckgbg;kMupic
eK[ Ak , k 1k n CaRbBnmYyman n cMNucb:ugeder Edlman
n
GahVik z Ak . ebI k 0 enaH)arIsg; G nRbBnmanGahVikmYy

k 1
n
( k z A k )
kMNt;eday z G k 1 n
k 1
tamniymny ebI G Ca)arIsg;nRbBn Ak , k 1k n enaHeK)an
GAk OAk OG
k GA k O
k 1

n

k . OA k k . OG O
k 1
eday
eK)an
b
b
OG . ( k ) k . OA k
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
z G . ( k ) ( k z A k )
n
dUcenH
zG
( k z A k )
k 1
k 1
- TMBr54 -
cMnYnkMupic
CMBUkTI2
kRmglMhat;eRCIserIsmandMeNaHRsay
!> eKmancMnYnkMupic z1 4 7i nig z 2 3 2i .
k> cUrKNna z1 z 2 nig z1 z 2 .
x> cUrKNna z1 z 2 nig zz1 .
2
@> eKman z1 1 2i nig z 2 3 i .

cUrKNna U z 12 z 2 2 nig V z 13 z 2 3 ?
#> cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q edIm,I[cMnYnkMupic z 3 2i
Cabsrbs;smIkar z 2 ipz q 0 .
$> kMnt;BIrcMnYnBit x nig y ebIeKdwgfa
( 3 i )(1 ix ) (1 3i )( 3 2iy )
2(7 9i )
1 i
%> cUrKNnabskaern z 40 42i .

^> eK[cMnYnkMupic a 2 3i ; b 3 i nig c 1 4i
k-cUrsresr a 3 b 3 c 3 nig a b c CaTRmg;BICKNit .
x-cUrepgpat;faeKGackMnt;cMnYnBit k edIm,I[ a 3 b 3 c 3 k . a b c
- TMBr55 -
cMnYnkMupic
&> eK[cMnYnkMupic a 3 i ; u (x 1) i.(y 2) nig b 2 16i

Edl x nig y CaBIrcMnYnBit .
cUrkMnt;tm x nig y edIm,I[ au b 0 .
*> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z log 3 ( x 2 y ) i log 2 x log 2 y
i
nig W 13
Edl
x IR * ; y IR * .
1 2i
k-cUrsresr W CaTRmg;BICKNit .
x-kMnt; x nig y edIm,I[ Z W .
(>eK[smIkar (E): z 2 az b 0 Edl a ;b IR
cUrkMnt;tm a nig b edIm,I[cMnYnkMupic z1 2 i 3 Cabsrbs;
smIkar (E) rYcTajrkbs z 2 mYYyeTotrbs;smIkar .
etIGkBiniteXIjdUcemccMeBaHcMnYnkMupic z1 nig z 2 ?
!0> eK[cMnYnkMupic z Edlman z CacMnYnkMupicqas;rbs;va .
edaHRsaysmIkar log 5 | z | z 7i z 3 i
!!> eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr
z 3x i ( 2x y ) nig W 1 y i [ 1 2 log5 ( x 3 ) ]
Edl x nig y CacMnYnBit . kMnt; x nig y edIm,I[ W z .
- TMBr56 -
cMnYnkMupic
!@> edaHRsaysmIkar 2z | z | 917ii

Edl z CacMnYnkMupic .
!#> eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z 2 Edl Z 2 0 .
cUrRsaybBaak;fa ZZ1 || ZZ1 || .
2
!$> eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z 2 .

cUrRsaybBaak;fa | Z1 Z 2 | | Z1 | | Z 2 | .
!%> eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z 2 .
k> cUrRsaybBaak;fa | Z1 Z 2 | | Z1 | | Z 2 |
x> Taj[)anfa (a c) 2 (b d) 2 a 2 b 2
cMeBaHRKb; a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
!^> eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 6 2i. 2 nig z 2 1 i
k>cUrsresr
z 1 , z 2 nig Z
z1
z2
c2 d2
CaragRtIekaNmaRt.
x>cUrsresr Z zz1 CaragBiCKNit.

2
K>Taj[)anfa cos 12
6 2
4
nig sin 12
6 2
.
4
- TMBr57 -
!&> eK[cMnYnkMupic z 2 2 i. 2
k-cUrsresr z 2 CaTMrg;BiCKNit .
x-cUrsresr z 2 nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt .
K-TajrktMlR)akdn cos 8 nig sin 8 .
cMnYnkMupic
2
!*> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z cos 45 i. sin 45
cUrRsaybBaak;fa (1 Z) 3 8 cos 3 25 (cos 65 i. sin 65 ) .

!(> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z 4 2(1 i )
k-cUrsresr Z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
x-KNnabsTI# n Z .
@0> eKeGay f z z 3 2 3 i .z 2 41 i 3 .z 8i
k>cUrbgajfa z f z z 2i z 2 2 3z 4
x>edaHRsaysmIkar f z 0 kgsMNMukMupic .
@!> eK[cMnYnkMupic z cos 47 i. sin 47 .
cUrsresr (1 z )4 CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
- TMBr58 -
@@> eK[cMnYnkMupic
k-cUrsresr z 1
z1 1 i
,z2
cMnYnkMupic
nig
6 i. 2
z2
2
nig zz1 CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt .

2
x-cUrsresr zz1 CaTMrg;BiCKNit .

2
K-eRbIlTplxagelIcUrTajrktMlR)akdn cos 12 nig sin 12 .

@#> eK[sIVtncMnYnkMupic (Z n ) kMnt;eday
1 i 3
Z
0
2
1
Z
n 1 2 Z n | Z n | ; n IN
| Z n | Cam:UDuln Z n .
sntfa Z n n (cos n i. sin n ) , n IN

Edl n 0 , n ; n IR .
k-cUrrkTMnak;TMngrvag n nig n1 ehIy n nig n1 .
x-rkRbePTnsIVt (n ) rYcKNna n CaGnuKmn_n n .
K-cUrbgajfa n 0 cos 0 cos 21 cos 22 .... cos n2 1
rYcbBaak; n GnuKmn_n n .
- TMBr59 -
cMnYnkMupic
@$> eK[cMnYnkMupic z x i.y Edl x nig y CaBIrcMnYnBit .

cUrkMnt;tm x nig y ebIeKdwgfa
10
( 3 2i ) z (1 3i ) z
z CacMnYnkMupicqas;n z .
2i
@%> eK[ z ; z CacMnYnkMupicEdl | z || z | r 0 .
1
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
1
2
2
2
r
r z 1z 2 r z 1z 2
bgajfa
@^>eKyk z
; z 2 ; ....; z n
CacMnYnkMupicEdlepgpat;TMnak;TMng
(k 1)z k 1 i(n k )z k 0 ; k 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , n 1
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z z z .... z 2

x-cMeBaHtm z Edl)ankMnt;xagelIcUrbgajfa
0
( 3n 1)n
| z 0 | | z1 | | z 2 | .... | z n |
n!
2
@&> eK[ z
CacMnYnkMupicedaydwgfa
z z z z 0 .
; z2 ; z3
z 1 z 2 z 3 z 1z 2
cUrbgajfa | z
@*> cUrbgajfa
2 3
3 1
|| z 2 || z 3 |
6z i
1
2 3iz
luHRtaEt
|z|
1
3
- TMBr60 -
@(> eK[ z
cMnYnkMupic
CacMnYnkMupicEdlmanm:UDlesI 1 .
1

) ( ) .
z
; z 2 ; z 3 ; ....; z n
n
Z (zk
k 1
eKtag
cUrbgajfa 0 Z n
#0> eK[cMnYnkMupic z Edl | z | 1 . cUrbgajfa
2 |1 z | |1 z | 4 .
n
k 1
#!> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z (cos x 1 ) i.(sin x 1 )

cos x
sin x
Edl x CacMnYnBit.
cUrkMntrkmUDulGb,brmancMnYnkMupicen ?
#@> eK[ A 13 i 13 i , n IN .
2
cUrbgajfa
A i.
( 3)
. sin
n
3
2 n 1
n
cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
##> kgbg;kMupic (O , i , j ) eK[bYncMnuc A , B , C , D
EdlmanGahVikerogKa
nig Z 2 3i .
cUrRsayfactuekaN ABCD carikkgrgVg;mYyEdleKnwgbBaak;pit
nig kaMrbs;va .
Z A 1 6i , Z B 4 5i , Z C 5 4i
- TMBr61 -
cMnYnkMupic
#$> eK[ z nig z CaBIrcMnYnkMupic .

1
cUrbgajfa | 1 z z
1
| z 1 1 || z 2 1 |
2 | | z1 z 2 |
2
#%> eK[ z nig z CacMnYnkMupicBIr .

cUrRsayfa | z z | | z z | 2| z | | z |
#^>eK[ z nig z CacMnYnkMupicBIrEdl | z | | z | 1
nig z .z 1 .
cUrRsayfa 1z z zz CacMnYnBitmYy .
#&> eK[BhuFa P(x) (x sin a cos a) Edl n IN *
cUrrksMNlnviFIEckrvag P(x) nwg x 1 .
#*> eK[cMnYnkMupic z 2 cos i 2 sin
1
1 2
Edl IR .

kgbg;kMpic (o , i , j ) eKehA M CacMnucrUbPaBn z .
cUrkMNt;tmtUcbMput nig FMbMputn r OM ?
#(> eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 , z 2 , z 3 ehIyepgpat;TMnak;TMng
| z 1 || z 2 || z 3 | 1 nig
z 32
z12
z 22
1 0
z 2 z 3 z 1z 3 z 1z 2
cUrRsayfa | z1 z 2 z 3 | { 1 , 2 } .
- TMBr62 -
$0> eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 nig
cMnYnkMupic
z2
Edl | z1 || z 2 | 1
cUrRsayfa | z1 1 | | z 2 1 | | z1z 2 1 | 2
$!> eK[sIVtcMnYnBit (an ) kMNt;eday
a 1 1 , a 2 1
a n 2 a n 1 a n , n 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
1 i 3
eKtagsIVtcMnYnkMupic z n an1
an .
2
k> cUrRsayfa z n1 1 i 3 z n cMeBaHRKb; n 1 .
2
x> cUrdak; 1 i 3 CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtrYcTajrk z n CaGnuKmn_n n
2
K> TajrktYTUeTAnsIVt an . etI (an ) CasIVtxYbbeT ?
$@> eK[sIVtncMnYnkMupic ( z n ) kMNt;eday

2 3i
nig z n1 3 i z n 2 3 i
2
2
2
Edl n 1 , 2 , 3 , ... .
z1
k> tag w n z n 1 .
bgajfa (w n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupic
rYcKNna w n CaGnuKmn_n n edaysresrlTplCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
- TMBr63 -
cMnYnkMupic
x> Tajbgajfa z n 2 cos n (cos n i sin n ) .

12
12
12
$#> eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (u n ) nig ( v n ) kMNt;eday
un vn
u
n 1
2
nig
un vn
v
n 1
2
k> eKBinitsIVtncMnYnkMupic z n un i.v n
u1
v
1
2
2
2
2
Edl n 1
.
cUrRsayfa (z n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupic rYcKNna z n
CaGnuKmn_n n edaysresrlTplCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
x> sMEdg un nig v n CaGnuKmn_n n .
$$> eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (un ) nig ( v n ) kMNt;eday
u 0 1
v0 3
u n 1 u n 2 v n 2
nig
v n 1 2u n v n
k> eKBinitsIVtncMnYnkMupic z n un i.v n .
Edl n 0
2n
cUrRsayfa z n1 z n rYcTajfa z n z 0 .
2
- TMBr64 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI1
eKmancMnYnkMupic z1 4 7i nig z 2 3 2i .
k> cUrKNna z1 z 2 nig z1 z 2 .
x> cUrKNna z1 z 2 nig zz1 .
2
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNna z1 z 2 nig z1 z 2
eyIg)an z1 z 2 (4 7i ) (3 2i ) 4 7i 3 2i 7 9i
nig z1 z 2 (4 7i ) (3 2i ) 4 7i 3 2i 1 5i
dUcenH z1 z 2 7 9i nig z1 z 2 1 5i .
x> KNna z1 z 2 nig zz1
eyIg)an z1 z 2 (4 7i )(3 2i ) 12 8i 21i 14 2 29i

nig z1 4 7i (4 7i)(3 2i) 12 8i 21i 14 26 13i 2 i
z2
dUcenH
3 2i
( 3 2i )( 3 2i )
z1 z 2 2 29i
34
nig
z1
2i
z2
13
- TMBr65 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI2
eKman z1 1 2i nig z 2 3 i .
cUrKNna U z 12 z 2 2 nig V z 13 z 2 3 ?
dMeNaHRsay
KNna U z 12 z 2 2 nig V z 13 z 2 3
eyIg)an
U 1 2i 2 3 i 2
1 4i 4 9 6i 1
5 10i
V 1 2i 3 3 i 3
1 6i 12 8i 27 27i 9 i
7 24i
dUcenH
U 5 10i
nig
V 7 24i
- TMBr66 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI3
cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q edIm,I[cMnYnkMupic z 3 2i
Cabsrbs;smIkar z 2 ipz q 0 .
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q
ebI z 3 2i Cabsrbs;smIkar z 2 ipz q 0 enaHvaRtUvepgpat;smIkar
eK)an 3 2i 2 ip3 2i q 0
9 12i 4 3ip 2p q 0
5 2p q i.12 3p 0
eKTaj)an 5 2p q 0 naM[ q 2p 5 13
12 3p 0
p 4
dUcenH
p 4 , q 13
- TMBr67 -
lMhat;TI4
kMnt;BIrcMnYnBit x nig y ebIeKdwgfa
( 3 i )(1 ix ) (1 3i )( 3 2iy )
cMnYnkMupic
2(7 9i )
1 i
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;BIrcMnYnBit x nig y
eKman (3 i )(1 ix) (1 3i )(3 2iy ) 2(17 i9i )
eK)an 3 3ix i x 3 2iy 9i 6y 2(7 9i )(1 i )
11
x 6y 6 3ix 2iy 8i 2(7 7i 9i 9)
2
x 6y 6 i.3x 2y 8 16 2i
x 6y 6 16
eKTaj
3x 2y 8 2
b x 6y 10 naM[ x 2 , y 2 .
3x 2y 10
dUcenH
x2 , y2
- TMBr68 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI5
cUrKNnabskaern z 40 42i .
dMeNaHRsay
tag W x i.y , x; y IR Cabskaern z 40 42i
eK)an W 2 z eday W 2 (x i.y ) 2 (x 2 y 2 ) 2ixy
x 2 y 2 40
2
2
naM[ (x y ) 2ixy 40 42.i eKTaj
2xy 42
eday x y (x2 y 2 )2 4x2y 2 402 422 3364

eKTaj x 2 y 2 3364 58 .
2
2 2
x 2 y 2 58 1
eK)anRbBnsmIkar 2 2
x y 40 2
bUksmIkar ! nig @ eK)an 2x 2 98 naM[ x 7
dksmIkar! nig @ eK)an 2y 2 18 naM[ y 3

eday 2xy 42 0 naM[ x nig y mansBaadUcKa naM[eKTaj)anKUcemIy
x 7 , y 3 nig x 7 , y 3 .
dUcenH W1 7 3i nig W2 7 3i .
- TMBr69 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI6
eK[cMnYnkMupic a 2 3i ; b 3 i nig c 1 4i
k-cUrsresr a 3 b 3 c 3 nig a b c CaTRmg;BICKNit .
x-cUrepgpat;faeKGackMnt;cMnYnBit k edIm,I[ a 3 b 3 c 3 k . a b c .
dMeNaHRsay
ksresr a 3 b 3 c 3 nig a b c CaTRmgBICKNit
eyIgman a 3 (2 3i ) 3 8 36i 54 27i 46 9i
b 3 ( 3 i ) 3 27 27i 9 i 18 26i
c 3 (1 4i ) 3 1 12i 48 64i 47 52i
eyIgn
a 3 b 3 c3 46 9i 18 26i 47 52i
111 87i
dUcen
a 3 b 3 c 3 111 87i
eyIgman
a b c ( 2 3i )( 3 i )(1 4i )
( 6 2i 9i 3)(1 4i )
( 9 7i )(1 4i ) 9 36i 7i 28
37 29i
dUcen
a b c 37 29i
.
- TMBr70 -
cMnYnkMupic
xkMntcMnYnBit k
eyIgman a 3 b 3 c 3 k .a b c
eKTaj
dUcen
a 3 b 3 c 3 111 87i
k
3
a.b.c
37 29i
k3 .
- TMBr71 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI7
eK[cMnYnkMupic a 3 i ; u (x 1) i.(y 2) nig b 2 16i
Edl x nig y CaBIrcMnYnBit .
cUrkMnt;tm x nig y edIm,I[ au b 0 .
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;tmn x nig y
eyIg)an au b 0
b
a
eday a 3 i ; u (x 1) i.(y 2) nig b 2 16i
eK)an (x 1) i.(y 2) 2316i i
2(1 8i )( 3 i )
( x 1) i( y 2)
32 i 2
2( 3 i 24i 8)
( x 1) i( y 2)
10
( x 1) i( y 2) 1 5i
eKTaj)an xy 12 51 naM[ x 2 ; y 3
dUcenH
x2 ; y3
.
- TMBr72 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI8
i
eK[cMnYnkMupic Z log 3 ( x 2 y ) i log 2 x log 2 y nig W 13
1 2i
Edl x IR* ; y IR * .
k-cUrsresr W CaTRmg;BICKNit .
x-kMnt; x nig y edIm,I[ Z W .
dMeNaHRsay
k-sresr W CaTRmg;BICKNit
i (12 i )(1 2i ) 12 24i i 2
eyIg)an W 12
2 5i
1 2i
1 4
5
dUcenH
W 2 5i
x-kMnt; x nig y edIm,I[ Z W
xy
log
(
)2
2
naM[
eyIg)an Z W smmUl
3
log 2 x log 2 y 5
eKTaj x ; y CabsssmIkar u 2 12u 32 0
u 1 6 2 4
eday ' 36 32 4 eKTajbs u 6 2 8
2
dUcenH x 4 ; y 8 b x 8 ; y 4 .
x y 12
x.y 32
- TMBr73 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI9
eK[smIkar (E): z 2 az b 0 Edl a ;b IR
cUrkMnt;tm a nig b edIm,I[cMnYnkMupic z1 2 i 3 Cabsrbs;
smIkar (E) rYcTajrkbs z 2 mYYyeTotrbs;smIkar .
etIGkBiniteXIjdUcemccMeBaHcMnYnkMupic z1 nig z 2 ?
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;tm a nig b
edIm,I[cMnYnkMupic 2 i 3 Cabsrbs;smIkarluHRtaEtvaepgpat;smIkar
eK)an (2 i 3 )2 a(2 i 3 ) b 0
4 4i 3 3 2a ai 3 b 0
(1 2a b ) i(4 3 a
4 3 a 3 0
eKTaj)an
b
1 2a b 0
dUcenH
a 4 ; b 7
3) 0
a 4
b 7
KNnabsmYYyeTotrbs;smIkar
ebI z1 ; z 2 Cabsrbs;smIkarenaHtamRTwsIbTEvteK)an
z 1 z 2 a 4 eKTaj z 2 4 ( 2 i 3 ) 2 i 3
dUcenH z 2 2 i 3 . eyIgBiniteXIjfacMnYnkMupic z1 nig z 2 qas;Ka .
- TMBr74 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI10
eK[cMnYnkMupic z Edlman z CacMnYnkMupicqas;rbs;va .
edaHRsaysmIkar log 5 | z | z 7i z 3 i
dMeNaHRsay
edaHRsaysmIkar log 5 | z | z 7 i z 3 i
tag z x i.y naM[ z x iy Edl x ; y IR
smIkarGacsresr
( x iy ) i( x iy )
3i
7
x iy ix y
log 5 x 2 y 2
3i
7
xy
xy
(
log 5 x 2 y 2 ) i
3i
7
7
x y
x y 7
7 1
eKTaj)an x y
b
2
2
1
log
x
y
3
2
2
log
x
y
3
5
7
x y 7
b 2 2
eKTajcemIy x 3 , y 4 b x 4 , y 3 .
x y 25
dUcenH z1 3 4i ; z 2 4 3i CacemIyrbs;smIkar .
log 5 | x iy |
- TMBr75 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI11
eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr
nig W 1 y i [ 1 2 log5 ( x 3) ]
Edl x nig y CacMnYnBit . kMnt; x nig y edIm,I[ W z .
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt; x nig y
Re( W ) Re( z )
edIm,I[ W z luHRtaEt Im(
W ) Im( z )
z 3x i ( 2x y )
(1)
1 y 3x
eKTaj)an log 5 ( x 3)
2 x y
( 2)
1 2
tam (1) eKTaj y 3x 1 (3) ykCYskgsmIkar (2)
eK)an
1 2 log5 ( x 3 ) 2x 3x 1
2 log5 ( x 3) x
lkxN x 3 0 b x 3
tag t log 5 (x 3) naM[ x 3 5t b x 5t 3
eK)an smIkar 2t 5t 3 b 5t 2t 3
edayGgxageqVgnsmIkarCaGnuKmn_ekIn nig GgxagsaMCaGnuKmn_efr
enaHeyIg)ansmIkarmanbsEtmYyKt;KW t 1 .
cMeBaH t 1 eK)an x 5 3 2 nig y 3(2) 1 7
dUcenH x 2 ; y 7 .
- TMBr76 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI12
edaHRsaysmIkar 2z | z | 917ii
Edl z CacMnYnkMupic .
dMeNaHRsay
edaHRsaysmIkar
9 7i
2z | z |
tag
z x i .y , x; y IR
1 i
eK)an 2(x iy ) | x iy | ((917ii)()(11ii))
2x 2iy x 2 y 2
9 9i 7 i 7
2
( 2x x 2 y 2 ) 2iy 1 8i
2x x 2 y 2 1 (1)
eKTaj
2y 8
( 2)
tam (2) eKTaj y 4 ykeTACYskg (1) eK)an
2x x 2 16 1
2x 1 x 2 16
, x
1
2
( 2x 1) 2 x 2 16
4x 2 4x 1 x 2 16
3x 2 4x 15 0
; ' 4 45 7 2
- TMBr77 -
eKTajbs x1 2 3 7 3
eK)an x 3 ; y 4 .
dUcenH
z 3 4i
cMnYnkMupic
; x2
27
5
1

3
3
2
minyk
CacemIyrbs;smIkar .
- TMBr78 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI13
eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z 2 Edl Z 2 0 .
cUrRsaybBaak;fa ZZ1 || ZZ1 || .
2
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBaak;fa
Z1
|Z |
1
Z2
| Z2 |
eyIgtag Z1 a i.b nig Z 2 c i . d Edl a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .

Z 1 a i .b (a i .b )(c i .d ) ac i .ad i .bc i 2 .bd
eyIg)an
2
2 2
Z2
eK)an
naM[
c i .d
(c i .d )(c i .d )
c i .d
Z 1 (ac bd ) i(bc ad ) ac bd
bc ad
i
.
Z2
c2 d2
c2 d2
c2 d2
2
Z1
ac bd
bc ad
2
2
2
Z2
c d
c d
(ac bd ) 2 (bc ad ) 2
c2 d2
a 2c 2 2abcd b 2d 2 b 2 c 2 2abcd a 2d 2
c2 d2
(a 2 c 2 a 2 d 2 ) ( b 2 c 2 b 2 d 2 )
c2 d2
a 2 ( c 2 d 2 ) b 2 (c 2 d 2 )
c d
2
(c 2 d 2 )(a 2 b 2 )
c2 d2
- TMBr79 -
eKTaj
Z1
Z2
cMnYnkMupic
(a 2 b 2 )(c2 d 2 )
(c d )
2
2 2
a2 b2
c2 d 2
| Z | a2 b2
edayeKman 1
| Z 2 | c 2 d 2
Z1
|Z |
1
.
dUecH
Z2
| Z2 |
- TMBr80 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI14
eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z 2 .
cUrRsaybBaak;fa | Z1 Z 2 | | Z1 | | Z 2 | .
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBaak;fa | Z1 Z 2 | | Z1 | | Z 2 |
eyIgman Z1 Z 2 (a i.b)(c i.d) ac i.ad i.bc i 2 .bd
naM[ Z1 Z 2 (ac bd) i.(ad bc)
eK)an | Z1 Z 2 | (ac bd) 2 (ad bc) 2
a 2 c 2 2abcd b 2 d 2 a 2 d 2 2abcd b 2 c 2
(a 2 c 2 b 2 c 2 ) ( a 2 d 2 b 2 d 2 )
c 2 (a 2 b 2 ) d 2 (a 2 b 2 ) (a 2 b 2 )(c 2 d 2 )
eKTaj
| Z1 Z 2 | a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
edayeKman
dUcenH
| Z | a2 b2
1
| Z 2 | c 2 d 2
| Z 1 Z 2 | | Z 1 | | Z 2 |
- TMBr81 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI15
eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z 2 .
k> cUrRsaybBaak;fa | Z1 Z 2 | | Z1 | | Z 2 |
x> Taj[)anfa (a c) 2 (b d) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
cMeBaHRKb; a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
dMeNaHRsay
k> RsaybBaak;fa | Z1 Z 2 | | Z1 | | Z 2 |
kgbg;kMupic ( XOY) eyIgeRCIserIsviucTrBIr U nig V manGahVikerogKa

Z 1 nig Z 2 naM[viucTr U V manGahVik Z 1 Z 2 .
tamlkNRCugrbs;RtIekaNeK)an

U V
| U V | | U | | V | eday
| U | | Z1 | , | V | | Z 2 |
| U V || Z1 Z 2 |
dUcenH
| Z1 Z 2 | | Z1 | | Z 2 |
- TMBr82 -
cMnYnkMupic
x> Taj[)anfa (a c) 2 (b d) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
man Z1 Z 2 (a c) i.(b d)
naM[ | Z1 Z 2 | (a c) 2 (b d) 2
ehIy | Z1 | a 2 b 2 , | Z 2 | c 2 d 2 .
tamsRmayxagelIeKman | Z1 Z 2 | | Z1 | | Z 2 |
dUcenH
(a c ) 2 ( b d ) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
- TMBr83 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI16
eK[cMnYnkMupic z1
6 i. 2
ni
g
z2 1 i
2
k>cUrsresr z 1 , z 2 nig Z zz1 CaragRtIekaNmaRt.
2
x>cUrsresr Z zz1 CaragBiCKNit.
2
K>Taj[)anfa cos 12 6 4 2 nig sin 12 6 4 2 .
dMeNaHRsay
z1
k>sresr z 1 , z 2 nig Z z CaragRtIekaNmaRt
2
3
6i 2
1
2
i . 2 cos i . sin
2
2
6
6
z 1 2 cos( ) i . sin( ) .
6
6
eKman z1
dUcenH
2
2
2 cos i . sin
2
i.
2
4
4
z 2 2 cos( ) i . sin( ) .
4
4
eKman z 2 1 i
dUcenH
- TMBr84 -
cMnYnkMupic
2

cos(
)
i
.
sin(
6 4
6 4
2
2
Z cos i . sin
.
12
12
eKman Z zz1
dUcenH
z1
x> sresr z CaragBiCKNit
2
eK)an Z 26(1i i )2 ( 26(1i i )(21)(1 i ) i )
Z
dUcenH
6 2
6 2
i.
4
4
K> TajeGay)anfa cos 12

tamsRmayxagelIeKman
Z cos
i . sin
12
12
(1)
6 2
4
6i 6i 2 2
4
.
nig sin 12
nig Z
6 2
4
6 2
6 2
i.
4
4
( 2)
edaypwm ! nig @ eKTaj)an

cos
12
6 2
4
nig
sin
12
6 2
4
- TMBr85 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI17
eK[cMnYnkMupic z 2 2 i. 2 2 .
k-cUrsresr z 2 CaTMrg;BiCKNit .
x-cUrsresr z 2 nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt .
K-TajrktMlR)akdn cos 8 nig sin 8 .
dMeNaHRsay
k-sresr z 2 CaTMrg;BiCKNit
eyIg)an z 2 ( 2 2 i. 2 2 )2
2 2
2 2i
2 2
2 2 i. 2 2
2 2 2i . 4 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 .i
dUcenH
z 2 2 2 2 2 .i
x-sresr z 2 nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt

eKman z 2 2 2 2 2 .i
dUcenH
4 cos i . sin
4
i.
2
4
4
z 2 4 cos i . sin nig z 2 cos i . sin

4
4
8
8
- TMBr86 -
cMnYnkMupic
K-TajrktMlR)akdn cos 8 nig sin 8
tamsMrayxagelIeKman z 2 cos 8 i. sin 8
eday z 2 2 i. 2 2
eKTaj 2 cos 8 i. sin 8 2 2 i. 2
dUcenH
cos
2 2
8
2
nig
sin
2 2
8
8
- TMBr87 -
lMhat;TI18
eK[cMnYnkMupic Z cos 45 i. sin 45
cUrRsaybBaak;fa
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBaak;fa
(1 Z ) 3 8 cos 3
cMnYnkMupic
2
6
6
(cos i . sin )
5
5
5
2
6
6
(cos i . sin )
5
5
5
eyIgman 1 Z 1 cos 45 i. sin 45
tamrUbmn 1 cos 2 cos 2 2 nig sin 2 sin 2 cos 2
eyIg)an 1 Z 2 cos 2 25 2i sin 25 cos 25
2
2
2
1 Z 2 cos (cos i . sin )
b
5
5
5
(1 Z ) 3 8 cos 3
tamrUbmndWmreyIg)an
2
2
2
(1 Z ) 3 2 cos (cos i . sin )

5
5
5
2
6
6
(cos i . sin )
8 cos 3
5
5
5
dUcenH (1 Z)3 8 cos 3 25 (cos 65 i. sin 65 )
.
- TMBr88 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI19
eK[cMnYnkMupic Z 4 2(1 i )
k-cUrsresr Z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
x-KNnabsTI# n Z .
dMeNaHRsay
k-sresr Z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
eyIg)an Z 4 2(1 i )
2
2
i . ) 8( cos i . sin )
2
2
4
4
8 cos( ) i . sin( )
4
4
3
3
8(cos
i . sin )
4
4
3
3
Z 8 (cos i . sin ) .
4
4
8 (
dUcenH
x-KNnabsTI# n Z
eyIgtag Wk CabsTI# n Z 8 (cos 34 i. sin 34 )
tamrUbmnbsTI n : Wk n r cos( n2k ) i. sin( n2k )
- TMBr89 -
cMnYnkMupic
3
3
2
k
2
k
4
4
3
eyIg)an Wk 8 cos ( 3 ) i. sin( 3 )
3 8k
3 8k
) i . sin(
2 [cos(
)]
12
12
-ebI k 0 : W0 2 (cos 4 i. sin 4 )
11
11
-ebI k 1 : W1 2(cos 12 i sin 12 )
-ebI k 2 : W2 2 (cos 1912 i. sin 1912 ) .
- TMBr90 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI20
eKeGay f z z 3 2 3 i .z 2 41 i 3 .z 8i
k>cUrbgajfa z f z z 2i z 2 2 3z 4
x>edaHRsaysmIkar f z 0 kgsMNMukMupic .
dMeNaHRsay
k> bgajfa z : f z z 2i z 2 2 3z 4
eyIgman f z z 2i .z 2 2 3z 4
edayBnatGnuKmn_enHeyIg)an
f ( z ) z 3 2 3z 4z 2i( z 2 2 3z 4)
z 3 2 3 .z 2 4z 2iz 2 4 3iz 8i
z 3 2 3 i .z 2 41 i 3 .z 8i
dUcenH z f z z 2i z 2 2
3z 4
Bit
x> edaHRsaysmIkar
ebI f z 0 naMeGay z 2i .z 2 2 3 .z 4 0
eKTajbs z 2i ehIy , z 2 2 3 .z 4 0 , ' 3 4 1 i 2
naMeGay z 1 3 i , z 2 3 i .
- TMBr91 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI21
eK[cMnYnkMupic z cos 47 i. sin 47 .
cUrsresr (1 z )4 CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
dMeNaHRsay
sresr (1 z )4 CaragRtIekaNmaRt
eKman z cos 47 i. sin 47
eK)an
4
4
i . sin
7
7
2
2
2
1 z 2 cos 2
2i . sin cos
7
7
7
2
2
2
2 cos (cos
i . sin )
7
7
7
1 z 1 cos
tamrUbmndWmreKGacsresr
2
2
2
(1 z ) 2 cos (cos
i . sin )
7
7
7
2
8
8
16 cos4
i . sin
cos
7
7
7
4
dUcenH
(1 z )4 16 cos 4
2
8
8
i . sin
cos
7
7
7
- TMBr92 -
lMhat;TI22
eK[cMnYnkMupic z 1 1 i nig
k-cUrsresr z 1
,z2
cMnYnkMupic
z2
6 i. 2
2
nig zz1 CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt .

2
x-cUrsresr zz1 CaTMrg;BiCKNit .

2
K-eRbIlTplxagelIcUrTajrktMlR)akdn cos 12 nig sin 12 .

dMeNaHRsay
k-sresr z 1 , z 2 nig zz1 CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt
2
eKman z 1 1 i eday r 12 12 2
eK)an z1 2 22 i. 22 2 cos 4 i. sin 4 .
eKman z 2 6 2i. 2 2 . 32 i. 2
3
z 2 2
i . 2 cos i . sin .
2
6
6
2 cos i . sin
4
cos i . sin
eK)an zz1 4
.
12
12
2
2 cos i . sin
6
6
- TMBr93 -
cMnYnkMupic
x-sresr zz1 CaTMrg;BiCKNit

2
1 i
21 i 6 i . 2
eK)an
6 i . 2 6 i . 2 6 i . 2
2
2 6 i . 2 i . 6 2
62
6 2 i. 6 2
4
dUcenH zz1 6 4 2 i. 6 4 2 .
2
K-TajrktMlR)akdn cos 12 nig sin 12
z1
z2
tamsMrayxagelIeKman
z1
z1
6 2
6 2
cos i . sin
i.
ni
g
z2
12
12
z2
4
4
eKTaj cos 12 i. sin 12 6 4 2 i. 6 4 2
dUcenH cos 12 6 4 2 nig sin 12 6 4 2 .
- TMBr94 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI23
eK[sIVtncMnYnkMupic (Z n ) kMnt;eday
1 i 3
Z 0
2
1
Z
n 1 2 Z n | Z n | ; n IN
| Z n | Cam:UDuln Z n .
sntfa Z n n (cos n i. sin n ) , n IN
Edl n 0 , n ; n IR .
k-cUrrkTMnak;TMngrvag n nig n1 ehIy n nig n1 .
x-rkRbePTnsIVt (n ) rYcKNna n CaGnuKmn_n n .
K-cUrbgajfa n 0 cos 0 cos 21 cos 22 .... cos n2 1
rYcbBaak; n GnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaHRsay
k-rkTMnak;TMngrvag n nig n1 ehIy n nig n1
eyIgman Z n n (cos n i. sin n )
naM[ Z n1 n1 (cos n1 i sin n1 )
eday Z n 1 12 ( Z n | Z n | ) ehIy | Z n | n
eK)an
n 1 (cos n 1 i sin n 1 )
1
n (cos n i. sin n ) n
2
- TMBr95 -
cMnYnkMupic
1
n 1 (cos n 1 i . sin n 1 ) n (1 cos n i . sin n )
2
n 1 (cos n 1 i . sin n 1 ) n cos n (cos n i . sin n )

2
2
2
eKTajn n 1 n cos 2n nig n 1 2n
dUcenH n 1 2n nig n 1 n cos 2n .
x-RbePTnsIVt (n ) nig KNna n CaGnuKmn_n n

tamsRmayxagelIeyIgman n 1 12 n naM[ n CasIVtFrNImaRtmanersug
esI q 12 .
tamrUbmn n 0 q n
1 i
Z
(cos
i
sin
)
eday 0 0 0 0 2
eKTaj)an 0 1 ; 0 3
dUcenH
1
. n
3 2
cos i . sin
3
3
- TMBr96 -
cMnYnkMupic
K-bgajfa n 0 cos 0 cos 21 cos 22 .... cos 2n

tamsRmayxagelIeKman n 1 n cos 2n
b
eK)an
n 1
n
cos
n
2
k n 1
k
k n 1
k
1
cos(
)

2
k 0 k
k 0
n
1
2
n 1
cos 0 . cos . cos ......... cos
0
2
2
2
cos 2 .... cos n 1 .

2
2
2
m:ageToteyIgman sin n 2 sin 2n cos 2n 2 sin n 1 cos 2n
eKTaj cos 2n 12 . sinsinn
n1
sin n 1
1 sin 0 sin 1
1 sin 0
.
.
.....
.
ehtuenH n n sin sin
n
sin n
2
2 sin n
1
2
sin
dUcenH n 1n 31 n 31 . 1 1 .
2 sin . ) 2
sin( . )
n
3 2
3 2n
dUcenH
n 0 cos 0 cos
- TMBr97 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI24
eK[cMnYnkMupic z x i.y Edl x nig y CaBIrcMnYnBit .
cUrkMnt;tm x nig y ebIeKdwgfa
10
( 3 2i ) z (1 3i ) z
z CacMnYnkMupicqas;n z .
2i
dMeNaHRsay
eKman (3 2i ) z (1 3i ) z 210 i
eday z x i.y naM[ z x i.y
eK)an (3 2i )(x iy ) (1 3i )(x iy ) 210 i
3x 3iy 2ix 2y x iy 3ix 3y
10( 2 i )
5
(4x y ) i .( 5x 2y ) 4 2i
4x y 4
5x 2y 2
4 1
4 1
D
8 5 3 , Dx
82 6
5 2
2 2
4 4
Dy
8 20 12
5 2
Dy
Dx 6
12
x
2 ,y
4
D 3
D
3
eKTaj)an
eKman
nig
eK)an
dUcenH
x 2 , y 4
.
- TMBr98 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI25
eK[ z ; z CacMnYnkMupicEdl | z || z | r 0 .
bgajfa rz zzz rz zzz r1
1
1 2
1 2
dMeNaHRsay
bgajfa
2
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
1
2
2
2
r
r z1z 2 r z 1z 2
tag z r(cos 2x i sin 2x) nig z

Edl x IR ; y IR .
eK)an
1
r(co2y i sin 2y )
z1 z 2
r [ (cos 2x cos 2y ) i(sin 2x sin 2y ) ]
r 2 z1z 2 r 2 r 2 [ cos( 2x 2y ) i . sin( 2x 2y ) ]

2 cos( x y ) cos( x y ) 2i sin( x y ) cos( x y )
r [ 2 cos 2 ( x y ) 2i sin( x y ) cos( x y ) ]
1 cos( x y )
.
r cos( x y )
z1 z 2
1 sin( y x )
r 2 z1z 2 r sin( y x )
dUcKaEdr
eK)an
- TMBr99 -
2
cMnYnkMupic
2
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
1 cos 2 ( x y ) sin 2 ( y x )
2
2
2 2
2
r
z
z
r
z
z
r
cos
(
x
y
)
sin
(
y
x
)
1 2
1 2
cos 2 ( x y )
2
2
cos
(x y ) 1
cos
(
x
y
)
2
cos ( x y )
sin 2 ( y x )
2
2
sin
(
x
y
)
sin
(x y ) 1
2
sin ( y x )
cos 2 ( x y ) sin 2 ( y x)
2
2
cos
(
x
y
)
sin
(x y ) 1
2
2
cos ( x y ) sin ( y x )
eday
eRBaH
ehIy
eRBaH
dUcenH
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
1
2
2
2
r
r z1z 2 r z 1z 2
- TMBr100 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI26
eKyk z
; z 2 ; ....; z n
CacMnYnkMupicEdlepgpat;TMnak;TMng
(k 1)z k 1 i(n k )z k 0 ; k 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , n 1
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z z z .... z 2

0
( 3n 1)n
| z 0 | | z1 | | z 2 | .... | z n |
n!
2
dMeNaHRsay
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z z z .... z

eKman (k 1)z i(n k )z 0
eK)an zz i. nk k1
0
k 1
2n
k 1
k
( p 1)
k 0
z k 1 p 1 n k
i .
z
k
1
k k 0
zp
n!
i pCpn ; Cpn
z0
p!(n p )!
eKTaj z
eday z
z1 z 2 .... z n 2
i p z 0 Cpn ; p 0 , 1 , 2 , ....
b (z ) 2
n
p0
- TMBr101 -
cMnYnkMupic
man (z ) z C i z (1 i)
eK)an z (1 i) 2
eKTaj z (1 2 i) (1 i)
dUcenH z (1 i) .
n
p0
p0
p p
n
( 3n 1)n
| z 0 | | z1 | | z 2 | .... | z n |
n!
2
edayGnuvtn_vismPaB AM GM eyIg)an
z 0 2 z1 2 ... z n 2 z 0
(C )
z 0 2 Cn2n 2n .
0 2
n
(C1n )2 .... (Cnn )2
( 2n )!
n! n!
2n
2n( 2n 1)( 2n 2)....(n 1))
n!
2n 2n ( 2n 1) ( 2n 2) .... (n 1)

n!
n
( 3n 1)n
n!
dUcenH
( 3n 1)n
| z 0 | | z1 | | z 2 | .... | z n |
n!
2
- TMBr102 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI27
eK[ z
z1 z 2 z 3
CacMnYnkMupicedaydwgfa
z z z z z z 0 .
cUrbgajfa
| z1 || z 2 || z 3 |
; z2 ; z3
1 2
2 3
3 1
dMeNaHRsay
bgajfa | z || z || z |
eKman z z z z z z z z z 0
(1)
z z z
eKTaj z z z (z z ) 0 (2)
yk (1) CMnYskg (2) eyIg)an

z z z 0 naM[ | z | | z | .| z |
dUcKaEdr | z | | z | . | z | nig | z | | z | . | z
eyIg)an
1
1 2
1 2
3 1
1 2
2 3
| z 1 |2 | z 2 |2 | z 3 |2 | z1 || z 2 | | z 2 || z 3 | | z 3 || z1 |
b (| z | | z |)
dUcenH | z || z
(| z 2 | | z 3 |)2 (| z 3 | | z1 |)2 0
|| z 3 |
- TMBr103 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI28
cUrbgajfa
6z i
1
2 3iz
luHRtaEt
|z|
1
3
dMeNaHRsay
bgajfa | z | 13
eKman 26z 3izi 1
lkxN 2 3iz 0 b z 23i
eK)an | 6z i || 2 3iz |
dUcenH
| 6z i |2 | 2 3iz |2
(6z i )(6 z i ) ( 2 3iz )( 2 3iz )
36zz 6iz 6iz 1 4 6iz 6iz 9zz
27 zz 3
1
zz
9
1
| z |2
9
1
|z|
3
- TMBr104 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI29
eK[ z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupicEdlmanm:UDlesI 1 .

eKtag Z (z ) ( z1 ) .
cUrbgajfa 0 Z n
1
k 1
k 1
dMeNaHRsay
bgajfa 0 Z n
eday z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupicEdlmanm:UDlesI 1
enaHeKGactag z cos x i. sin x
Edl x IR ; k 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n
eK)an Z (z ) ( z1 )
2
k 1
n
k 1
cos xk i. sin xk cos xk i sin xk
k 1
k 1
n
n
cos xk sin xk 0
k 1
k 1
eK)an Z 0
ma:geTottamvismPaB Cauchy Schwartz
2
n
n
cos xk n cos 2 xk
k 1
k 1
- TMBr105 -
cMnYnkMupic
nig
eKTaj Z n cos x n (sin
2
n
n
sin xk n sin 2 xk
k 1
k 1
n
Zn
k 1
n
k 1
xk )
cos2 xk sin 2 xk
k 1
dUcenH
Z n.n n 2
.
sMKal; eKGacRsay Z n tammYyrebobeTotdUcxageRkam
eday | z | 1 enaH z z1 RKb; k 1 ; 2 ;.....; n
0 Z n2
eK)an
n
n 1
Z ( z k ) ( )
k 1
k 1 z k
n n n n
z k zk z k z k
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
z k
k 1
| zk | n2
k 1
eKTaj)an Z n .
2
- TMBr106 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI30
eK[cMnYnkMupic z Edl | z | 1 . cUrbgajfa

2 |1 z | |1 z | 4 .
2
dMeNaHRsay
bgajfa 2 | 1 z | | 1 z | 4
tag z cos t i. sin t
eK)an | 1 z | (1 cos t ) sin t 2 | sin 2t |
ehIy | 1 z | (1 cos 2t ) sin 2t 2 | cos t |
2
t
2 | 1 2 sin 2 |
2
t
t
| 1 z | | 1 z 2 | 2 | sin | | 1 2 sin 2 |
2
2
t
x sin ; 1 x 1
f
2
eK)an
ehIytagGnuKmn_
edayyk
kMnt;eday f (x) | x | | 1 2x | Edl 1 x 1
cMeBaH 1 x 1 eK)an 22 f (x) 2
dUcenH 2 | 1 z | | 1 z | 4 .
2
- TMBr107 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI31
eK[cMnYnkMupic Z (cos x 1 ) i.(sin
cos x
Edl x CacMnYnBit.
cUrkMntrkmUDulGb,brmancMnYnkMupicen ?
dMeNaHRsay
rkmUDulGb,brmancMnYnkMupic
2
1
)
sin 2 x
1 2
1 2
2
)
(sin
x
)
2
2
cos x
sin x
1 2
1 2
2
f ( x ) (cos 2 x
)
(sin
x
)
2
2
cos x
sin x
1
1
4
sin
x
2
cos 4 x 2
cos 4 x
sin 4 x
1
1
)
4 (cos 4 x sin 4 x ) ( 4
4
sin x cos x
cos 4 x sin 4 x
4
4
4 (cos x sin x ) (
)
4
4
sin x cos x
eyIgn
tag
| Z | (cos 2 x
- TMBr108 -
cMnYnkMupic
f ( x ) 4 (cos 4 x sin 4 x )(1
1
)
4
4
sin x cos x
4 (cos 2 x sin 2 x ) 2 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x (1
16
)
sin 4 2x
1
16
4 (1 sin 2 2x )(1
)
4
2
sin 2x
edayeKman
sin 2 2x 1
naM[
1
1
1 sin 2 2x
2
2
16
17
4
sin 2x
eKTaj 4 (1 1 sin 2 2x)(1 164 ) 4 17 25
2
2
2
sin 2x
eyIgn f ( x) 4 (1 1 sin 2 2x)(1 164 ) 25
2
2
sin 2x
5
5 2
eday | Z | f (x) eKTajn | Z |
2
2
dUcenmUDulGb,brman Z KW | Z |min 5 2 .
2
nig
- TMBr109 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI32
eK[
cUrbgajfa
1
1
A
i
i
3
3
A i.
2 n 1
n
( 3)
. sin
n
3
, n IN
cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
dMeNaHRsay
bgajfa
A i.
2 n 1
( 3)
. sin
n
3
cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
eyIgman
, n IN
tag Z 13 i 1 i3. 3 23 12 i 23 23 cos 3 i.sin 3
tamrUbmndWmreK)an Z 1 i 2 cos n3 i. sin n3

( 3)
3
ehIy Z 2 cos n3 i. sin n3
( 3)
eKTaj A 2 cos n3 i. sin n3 2 cos n3 i. sin n3

n
1
1
i
i
A
3
3
( 3 )n
( 3 )n
n 1
n
n
n
n
2
n
i
.
sin
i
.
.
sin
cos
i
.
sin
cos
3
3
3
3
3
( 3 )n
( 3 )n
2n
dUcenH
A i.
2 n 1
( 3)
. sin
n
3
- TMBr110 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI33

kgbg;kMupic (O , i , j ) eK[bYncMnuc A , B , C , D
EdlmanGahVikerogKa
Z 1 6i , Z 4 5i , Z 5 4i nig Z 2 3i .
cUrRsayfactuekaN ABCDcarikkgrgVg;mYyEdleKnwgbBaak;pit
nig kaMrbs;va .
A
dMeNaHRsay
RsayfactuekaN ABCDcarikkgrgVg;
eyIgtag (c): x y ax by c 0
CasmIkarrgVg;carikeRkARtIekaN ABC .
eyIg)an A (c) naM[ 1 6 a 6b c 0
b a 6b c 37 (1)
B (c) naM[ 4 5 4a 5b c 0
b 4a 5b c 41 (2)
C (c) naM[ ( 2) ( 3) 2a 3b c 0
b 2a 3b c 13 (3)
2
- TMBr111 -
eyIg)anRbBnsmIkar
cMnYnkMupic
a 6b c 37
4a 5b c 41
2a 3b c 13
bnab;BIedaHRsayRbBnenHeK)ancemIuy
a 2 , b 2 , c 23 .
smIkarrgVg;carikeRkARtIekaN ABC Gacsresr
(c) : x 2 y 2 2x 2y 23 0
b (c) : (x 1) (y 1) 25
ma:geTotedayykkUGredaen D CYskgsmIkar
2
(c) :( 2 1) 2 ( 3 1) 2 25
vaepgpat;enaHnaM[ D (c) .
edaybYncMnuc A , B , C , D sitenAelIrgVg;mansmIkar
(c) : ( x 1) ( y 1) 25 EtmYy
enaHnaM[ctuekaN ABCDcarikkgrgVg; (c) manpit I( 1 , 1 )
nig kaM R 5 .
2
- TMBr112 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI34
eK[ z nig z CaBIrcMnYnkMupic .

cUrbgajfa | 1 z z | | z z |
1
1 2
| z 1 1 || z 2 1 |
2
dMeNaHRsay
bgajfa | 1 z z | | z z |
tamvismPaBRtIekaNeK)an
1 2
| z 1 1 || z 2 1 |
2
| 1 z 1z 2 | | z 1 z 2 | | 1 z 1z 2 z 1 z 2 |
nig | 1 z z | | z z | | 1 z z z z |
eK)an | 1 z z | | z z | | (1 z z ) (z z ) |
eday (1 z z ) (z z ) 1 z z z z (1 z
eK)an | 1 z z | | z z | | (1 z )(1 z ) |
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
1
)(1 z 2 )
2
| 1 z1z 2 | | z1 z 2 | 2 | 1 z12 || 1 z 2 2 |
dUcenH | 1 z1z 2 | | z1 z 2 | 2 | (1 z1z 2 )2 (z1 z 2 )2 |
- TMBr113 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI35
eK[ z nig z CacMnYnkMupicBIr .
cUrRsayfa | z z | | z z | 2| z | | z |
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa | z z | | z z | 2| z | | z |
eKman | z z | (z z )( z z )
1
| z 1 z 2 |2 z 1 z1 z 1 z 2 z1z 2 z 2 z 2
| z 1 z 2 |2 | z 1 |2 z 1 z 2 z1z 2 | z 2 |2 1
ehIy
| z 1 z 2 |2 ( z 1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 )
| z 1 z 2 |2 z 1 z1 z 1 z 2 z1z 2 z 2 z 2
| z 1 z 2 |2 | z 1 |2 z 1 z 2 z1z 2 | z 2 |2
bUkTMnakTMng
nig
eKn
| z 1 z 2 |2 | z 1 z 2 |2 2 | z 1 |2 | z 2 |2
- TMBr114 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI36
eK[ z nig z CacMnYnkMupicBIrEdl | z
nig z .z 1 .
cUrRsayfa 1z z zz CacMnYnBitmYy .
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa 1z z zz CacMnYnBitmYy
1
| | z2 | 1
1 2
1 2
tag
eday
eKn
eday
z1 z 2
1 z1z 2
ena
z 1 .z1 | z 1 |2 1
ena
z1 z 2
1 z1 .z 2
1
z1
z1
ehIydUcKa
z2
1
z2
1 1
z z1
z z2
Z 1
2
Z
1 1 z 2 z1 1
1 .
z1 z 2
z z2
ZZ
Z 1
1 z 1z 2
ena
CacMnYnBit .
- TMBr115 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI37
eK[BhuFa P(x) (x sin a cos a) Edl n IN *
cUrrksMNlnviFIEckrvag P(x) nwg x 1 .
dMeNaHRsay
sMNlnviFIEck
tag R(x) CasMNlnviFIEckrvag P(x) nwg x 1
-ebI n 1 ena P(x) x sin a cos a
dUcen R(x) x sin a cos a CasMnlnviFIEck .
-ebI n 2 eKn P(x) (x 1)Q(x) R(x)
Edl Q(x) CaplEck nwg R(x) Ax B
eKn (x sin a cos a) (x 1)Q(x) Ax B
ebI x i ena (i sin a cos a) Ai B
cos(na) i. sin(na) B i.A
eKTaj A sin(na) nig B cos(na)
dUcen R(x) x sin(na) cos(na) .
n
- TMBr116 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI38
eK[cMnYnkMupic z 2 cos i 2 sin Edl IR

kgbg;kMpic (o , i , j ) eKehA M CacMnucrUbPaBn z .
cUrkMNt;tmtUcbMput nig FMbMputn r OM ?
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;tmtUcbMput nig FMbMputn r OM

eKman
OM 2 a 2 b 2 ( 2 cos ) 2 ( 2 sin ) 2
OM 2 4 cos sin
b OM
4 cos sin
eK)an r 4 cos sin

tamvismPaB Cauchy Schwarz eKman
| cos sin | 12 12 cos 2 sin 2 2
b 2 cos sin 2
eKTaj 4 2 r 4 2 RKb; IR
dUcenH rmin 4 2 nig rmax 4 2 .
- TMBr117 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI39
eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 , z 2 , z 3 ehIyepgpat;TMnak;TMng
| z 1 || z 2 || z 3 | 1 nig
z 32
z12
z 22
1 0
z 2 z 3 z 1z 3 z 1z 2
cUrRsayfa | z1 z 2 z 3 | { 1 , 2 } .
dMeNaHRsay Rsayfa | z1 z 2 z 3 | { 1 , 2 }
eKman
z 32
z12
z 22
1 0
z 2 z 3 z 1z 3 z 1z 2
eK)an z13 z 2 3 z 3 3 z1z 2 z 3 0

b z13 z 2 3 z 3 3 3z1z 2 z 3 4z1z 2 z 3
tag z z1 z 2 z 3 eK)an
z 3 3z ( z 1 z 2 z 2 z 3 z 1 z 3 ) 4z 1 z 2 z 3
1
1
1
z z 1 z 2 z 3 3z (
) 4
z1 z 2 z 3
z 3 z 1z 2 z 3 3z( z 1 z 2 z 3 ) 4
z 3 z 1 z 2 z 3 ( 3 z .z 4 ) z 1 z 2 z 3 3 | z | 2 4
eK)an | z |3 | z1z 2 z 3 (3 | z |2 4) |
- TMBr118 -
b | z |3 | 3 | z |2 4 |
-ebI 3 | z |2 4 0 b | z |
eK)an | z |3 3 | z |2 4
cMnYnkMupic
2
3
| z |3 3 | z |2 4 0
(| z | 1)(| z | 2) 2 0 | z | 2
2
2
-ebI 3 | z | 4 0 b | z | 3
eK)an | z |3 (3 | z |2 4)
| z |3 3 | z |2 4 0
(| z | 1)(| z | 2) 2 0 | z | 1
dUcenH | z1 z 2 z 3 | { 1 , 2 } .
- TMBr119 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI40
eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 nig z 2 Edl | z1 || z 2 | 1

cUrRsayfa | z1 1 | | z 2 1 | | z1z 2 1 | 2
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa | z1 1 | | z 2 1 | | z1z 2 1 | 2
tamvismPaBRtIekaN | a | | b | | a b | eK)an
| z 2 1 | | z 1z 2 1 || z 2 1 z 1 z 2 1 |
| z 2 1 | | z 1z 2 1 || z 2 || 1 z 1 || 1 z 1 |
ehIy | z1 1 | | 1 z1 || (z1 1 1 z1 ) | 2
dUcenH | z1 1 | | z 2 1 | | z1z 2 1 | 2 .
- TMBr120 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI41
eK[sIVtcMnYnBit (an ) kMNt;eday
a 1 1 , a 2 1
a n 2 a n 1 a n , n 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
1 i 3
eKtagsIVtcMnYnkMupic z n an1
an .
2
k> cUrRsayfa z n1 1 i 3 z n cMeBaHRKb; n 1 .
2
x> cUrdak; 1 i 3 CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtrYcTajrk z n CaGnuKmn_
2
n n .
K> TajrktYTUeTAnsIVt an . etI (an ) CasIVtxYbbeT ?

dMeNaHRsay
k> Rsayfa z n1 1 i
zn
cMeBaHRKb; n 1
2
eKman z n an1 1 i 3 an
2
1 i 3
eK)an z n1 an 2
a n 1
2
eday an 2 an1 an
- TMBr121 -
cMnYnkMupic
1 i 3
eK)an z n1 an1 an
a n 1
2
1 i 3
a n 1 a n
2
1 i 3
2
(a n 1
an )
2
1 i 3
1 i 3
1 i 3
(a n 1
an )
2
2
1 i 3
zn .
dUcenH z n1
2
x> dak; 1 i 3 CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
2
eK)an 1 i 3 1 i 3 cos i sin
2
2
2
3
3
Tajrk z n CaGnuKmn_n n
eday z n1 1 i
zn
enaH (z n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYn
cos i sin
2
3
3
1 i 3
1 i 3
z1 a 2
a1
cos i sin
2
2
3
3
kMupicEdlmanersug q 1 i
nigtY
- TMBr122 -
cMnYnkMupic
tamrUbmn z n z1 qn1 (cos i sin )n

3
tamrUbmndWmreK)an z n cos n i sin n .

3
3
K> TajrktYTUeTAnsIVt an
eKman z n an1 1 i 3 an
2
eK)an z n (an1 an ) i
3
a n (1)
2
2
eday z n cos n i. sin n (2)
3
3
tamTMnak;TMng (1) & (2) eK)an 3 an sin n
2
3
dUcenH an 2 sin n .
3
3
2
ehIy (an ) CasIVtxYbEdlmanxYb p 6 .
3
- TMBr123 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI42
eK[sIVtncMnYnkMupic (z n ) kMNt;eday
2 3i
3i
2 3i
z1
zn
nig z n1
2
2
2
Edl n 1 , 2 , 3 , ... .
k> tag w n z n 1 . bgajfa (w n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYn
kMupic rYcKNna w n CaGnuKmn_n n edaysresrlTplCaTRmg;
RtIekaNmaRt .
x> Tajbgajfa z n 2 cos n (cos n i sin n ) .
12
dMeNaHRsay
12
12
k> bgajfa (w n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupic

eKman w n z n 1
eK)an w n1 z n1 1
3i
2 3i
zn
1
2
2
3i
3i
( z n 1)
wn
2
2
dUcenH (w n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupic .
- TMBr124 -
cMnYnkMupic
KNna w n CaGnuKmn_n n
eK)an w n w1 qn1
eday w1 3 i cos i sin
2
6
6
3i
nig q
cos i sin
2
6
6
eK)an w n (cos i sin )n
6
6
dUcenH w n cos n i sin n rUbmndWmr
6
6
n
n
n
x> Tajbgajfa z n 2 cos (cos i sin )
12
12
12
eKman w n z n 1 enaH z n 1 w n
n
n
z n 1 cos i sin
6
6
n
n
n
2 cos 2
2i . sin cos
12
12
12
n
n
n
2 cos (cos i sin )
12
12
12
dUcenH z n 2 cos n (cos n i sin n ) .
12
12
12
- TMBr125 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI43
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (un ) nig ( v n ) kMNt;eday

un vn
u n 1
2
nig
un vn
v
n 1
2
k> eKBinitsIVtncMnYnkMupic z n un i.v n
u1
v
1
2
2
2
2
Edl n 1
.
cUrRsayfa (z n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupic rYcKNna z n
CaGnuKmn_n n edaysresrlTplCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
dMeNaHRsay
k> Rsayfa (z n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupic

eKman z n u n i.v n
eK)an z n1 un1 i.v n1
un vn
u vn
i. n
2
2
2i 2
2i 2
(u n iv n )
zn
2
1
dUcenH(z n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupic .
- TMBr126 -
cMnYnkMupic
KNna z n CaGnuKmn_n n
eK)an z n z1 qn1
Et z1 u1 iv1 2 i
cos i . sin
2
2
4
4
2
2
nig q i cos i. sin
2
4
4
2
eK)an z n (cos i sin )n
4
4
dUcenH z n cos n i. sin n rUbmndWmr
4
4
x> sMEdg un nig v n CaGnuKmn_n n
eKman z n u n i.v n
eday z n cos n i. sin n
4
n
dUcenH un cos
4
nig
n
v n sin
4
- TMBr127 -
cMnYnkMupic
lMhat;TI44
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (un ) nig ( v n ) kMNt;eday

u 0 1
v0 3
u n 1 u n 2 v n 2
nig
v n 1 2u n v n
k> eKBinitsIVtncMnYnkMupic z n un i.v n .
Edl n 0
2n
cUrRsayfa z n1 z n rYcTajfa z n z 0 .
2
dMeNaHRsay
2n
k>Rsayfa z n1 z n rYcTajfa z n z 0
eKman z n un i.v n
eK)an z n1 un1 iv n1
2
u n 2 v n 2 2iu n v n
u n 2 2iu n v n (iv n ) 2
(u n iv n ) 2
dUcenH z n1 z n 2 .
- TMBr128 -
cMnYnkMupic
ma:geTotebI n 0 enaH z1 z 0 2
ebI n 1 enaH z 2 z12 z 0 4
ebI n 2 enaH z 3 z 2 2 z 08
2k
]bmafavaBitdl;tYTI k KW z k z 0
2k 1
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl;tYTI k 1 KW z k 1 z 0
2
2k
eKman z k 1 z k Ettamkar]bma z k z 0
2k 2
2k 1
eK)an z k 1 (z 0 ) z 0
Bit .
2n
dUcenH z n z 0 .
x> sMEdg un nig v n CaGnuKmn_n n
2n
eKman z n z 0 eday z 0 u 0 iv 0 1 i 3
2(cos i sin )
3
3
2n
2n
eK)an z n 2 (cos i sin )
3
3
n
n
n
2
2
2 2 (cos
i sin
)
3
3
2n
2n
2n
2n
dUcenH un 2 cos ; v n 2 sin
.
3
3
- TMBr129 -
cMnYnkMupic
CMBUkTI3
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!> cUrsresrcMnYnkMupicxageRkamCaTRmg;BICKNit a i.b
k> (2 5i )(3 i )
x> (1 i )(1 i )
K> (1 i )(1 2i )(1 3i )
X> (2 i )3
g> 4 1 3i
c> 44 33ii
q>
( 3 2i )(i 1)
i 1
13 12i ( 2i 1)2
Q> 6i 8 2 i
@> KNna (1 2i )3 nig (3i 4)4
C> 11 ii
j> (i 2 31)(ii 3 2 )
#> eK[ x CacMnYnBit . kMNt; x edIm,I[ 13 ii 1x ii CacMnYnBit .

$> eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 3 2i nig z 2 2 4i .
cUrkMNt;rUbPaBn z1 z 2 , z1 z 2 nig 2z 2 ?
%> eK[ z1 2 i , z 2 1 2i nig z 2 1 3i
k-KNna z13 z 23 z 33 nig z1 z 2 z 3
x-bgajfa z13 z 23 z 33 3z1z 2z 3
- TMBr130 -
cMnYnkMupic
^> eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr z1 a i.b nig z 2 b i.a

Edl a nig b CaBIrcMnYnBit .
cUrkMnt;tmrbs; a nig b edIm,I[ Z1 Z 2 7 5i .
&> kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[ (2 3i ) CabsnsmIkar x 2 ax b 0
*> kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q edIm,I[ 1 2i Carwsrbs;smIkar z 3 pz q 0 .
(> k> cUrepgpat;fa 3 4i (2 i ) 2
x> edaHRsaysmIkar Z 2 (4 5i ) Z 3 11 i 0 .
!0> k> cUrepgpat;fa 3 4i (1 2i )2
x> edaHRsaysmIkar Z 2 (2 i ) 2 Z 1 7i 0 .
!!> eK[cMnYnkMupic U 2 3i , V 3 2i nig W 1 5i .
cUrepgpat;fa U 3 V 3 W 3 3U.V.W .
!@> kMnt;BIrcMnYnBit x nig y ebIeKdwgfa
(1 3i )( x iy ) ( 2 i )( x iy ) 7 0 .
!#> kMnt;BIrcMnYnBit x nig y ebIeKdwgfa (3 2i )x (1 3i )y 5(1123ii ) .
z 2 2z 5
!$> eK[GnuKmn_ f (z ) 2
Edl z i .
z 1
cUrKNna f (1 2i ) , f (1 i ) nig f (2 i ) .
- TMBr131 -
cMnYnkMupic
!%> eK[ z 1 2i nig U a i.b .

cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[ U 1 z z 2 z 3 z 4 .
!^> k>eK[ z 1 i . cUrKNna z 2 .
x> KNnaplbUk S 1 z z 2 z 3 ..... z 2006 .
!&> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z x i.y , x IR , y IR
mankMupicqas;tageday Z .
cUrkMnt;rktm x nig y edIm,I[ (1 i ) Z (3 2i ) Z 2(19 i2i )
!*> eK[cMnYnkMupic A 13 52ii , B 12 i6i nig C 816ii
k> cUrsresr A , B , C CaTRmg;BICKNit .
x> cUrepgpat;fa B 2 4A.C 4(2 i )2 .
K> edaHRsaysmIkar A Z 2 B Z C 0 edaysresrbsnImYy
CaTRmg;BICKNit .
!(> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z (x 2 y 2 ) 2ixy nig U 3 4i .
k> cUrsresr U 3 CaTRmg;BICKNit .
x> kMnt;cMnYnBit x nig y edIm,I[ Z U 3 .
@0> k> cUrbgajfa 77 36i (2 9i )2
x> edaHRsaysmIkar (2 i ) z 2 (8 i ) z 5(3 i ) 0
rYcsresrbsnImYyCaTRmg;BICKNit .
- TMBr132 -
cMnYnkMupic
@!> cUrKNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic Z 45 28i .

@@> cUrKNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic Z 40 42i .
@#> eK[ Z 11 22 ii .
cUrsresr Z CaTRmg;BICKNit rYcKNna Z 2 .
@$> eK[cMnYnkMupic z a b.i , a, b IR .
cUrkMnt;tm a nig b edIm,I[ 16 z 2 23 z 2 i .
@%> eK[smIkar (E) : z 3 (4 5i )z 2 5(1 3i ) 2(7 i ) 0 .
k> kMnt;cMnYnBit b edIm,I[ z 0 bi CabssmIkar (E) .
x> cUrsresrsmIkar (E) Carag (z z 0 )(z 2 pz q) 0
Edl p nig q CacMnYnkMupicRtUvrk .
K> edaHRsaysmIkar (E) kgsMNMukMupic .
@^> eK[bIcMnYnkMupic
U i .x , V i .y , W i .z , , , , x, y , z IR
0
3
3
3
cUrbgajfa U V W 3U.V.W luHRtaEt x y z 0
@&> eK[smIkar (E) : z 3 az 2 bz c 0 .
cUrrkcMnYnBit a, b, c edIm,I[ z 1 nig

z 1 2i
CabssmIkar (E) .
- TMBr133 -
cMnYnkMupic
@*> eKmansmIkar (E): z 2 3z 4 6i 0

k-kMnt;cMnYnBit b edIm,I[ z 0 b.i Cabsrbs;smIkar (E) .
x-cUredaHRsaysmIkar (E) kgsMNMukMupic .
@(> eKmansmIkar (E): z 2 5(1 i )z 3(4 3i ) 0
k-cUrepgpat;fa 48 14i (7 i ) 2
x-cUredaHRsaysmIkar (E) kgsMNMukMupic .
#0> eKmansmIkar (E) : z 2 (a i.b)z a 3 5i 0
Edl a , b IR .
kMnt;tm a nig b edIm,I[ z1 3 2i CabsmYyrbs;smIkar (E)
rYccUrkMnt;rkbs z 2 mYyeTotcMeBaHtm a nig b Edl)anrkeXIj .
#!> eKmansmIkar (E) : z 3 (5 i )z 2 (10 9i )z 2(1 8i ) 0 .
k-kMnt;cMnYnBit b edIm,I[ z 0 b.i Cabsrbs;smIkar (E) .
x-cUrsresrsmIkar (E) Carag (z z 0 )(z 2 pz q) 0
Edl p nig q CacMnYnkMupiucBIrEdleKRtUvrk .
K-epgpat;fa 8 6i (1 3i ) 2 rYcedaHRsaysmIkar (E) kgsMNMukMupic.
#@> cUredaHRsaysmIkarxageRkamkgsMNMukMupic
a / iz 2 ( 2 3i )z (1 5i ) 0
b / ( 2 i )z 2 5(1 i )z 2( 3 4i ) 0
c / (1 i )z 2 (1 7i )z 2( 2 3i ) 0
- TMBr134 -
cMnYnkMupic
##> begItsmIkardWeRkTIBIrEdlman nig CabskgkrNInImYyxageRkam

k> a / 2 11i , 2 11i
b / 2 3i , 2 3i
x> a /
3 2i , 1 3i
b / 2 3i , 3 2i
K> a / 1 2i
, 3 2i
b/ 3 i , 1 i 3
#$> eKmancMnYnkMupic 1 3i nig 1 2i .

cUrsresrsmIkardWeRkTIBIrmYyEdlman Z1 2 2
nig Z 2 2 . 2 Cabs>
#%> cUrkMnt;rkcMnYnkMupicEdlmanm:UDlesI 8 ehIykaerrbs;vaCacMnYnnimitsuT.
#^> cUrkMnt;BIrcMnYnBit x nig y ebIeKdwgfa
8 9i
.
(1 i )( x iy ) ( 3 2i )( x iy )
1 2i
#&> cUrkMnt;BIrcMnYnBit x nig y ebIeKdwgfa
5 13i
.
( 3 2i ) ( x y ) (1 2i )( x y )
1 i
#*> eKmansmIkar (E) : az 2 bz c 0 , a 0 , a, b, c IR .
cUrbgajfaebI z 0 CabssmIkar (E) enaH z 0 kCabsrbs; (E) Edr .
- TMBr135 -
cMnYnkMupic
1 i 5
1 i 5
#(> eKmancMnYnkMupic
nig 2 .
k-cUrbegItsmIkardWeRkTIBIrmYyEdlman nig Cabs .
x-eKtag S n n n cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
cUrRsaybBaak;TMnak;TMng S n 2 S n1 32 S n 0 ?
10
10
K-edaymin)ac;BnatcUrKNna N 1 2i 5 1 2i 5
$0> eKmansmIkar (E) : z 2 ( )iz 0 , , IR *
cUrbgajfasmIkar (E) bsBIrsuTEtCacMnYnnimitsuTEdleKnwgbBaak; .

$!> eKmansmIkardWeRkTIBIr (E) : Az 2 Bz C 0
Edl A 0 ehIy A , B , C CacMnYnkMupic .
k> bgajfaebI A C i.B enaHsmIkar (E) manbsBIrkMnt;eday
C
z 1 i , z 2 i.
.
A
x> bgajfaebI A C i.B enaHsmIkar (E) manbsBIrkMnt;eday
C
z 1 i , z 2 i.
.
A
K> Gnuvtn_ cUredaHRsaysmIkarxageRkamkgsMNMukMupic
a / (1 i )z 2 ( 2 3i )z 2 3i 0
b / (1 2i )z 2 (1 2i )z (1 i ) 0
- TMBr136 -
cMnYnkMupic
$@> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z1 1 2i nig Z 2 3 i .

cUrkMnt;rkEpkBit nigEpknimitncMnYnkMupic W ebIeKdwgfa W1 Z1
1
.
Z2
$#> eKmancMnYnkMupic nig Edl 3 2i nig . 5(1 i ) .

cUrkMnt;EpkBit nig Epknimitn Z 12 12 .
$$> eKmansmIkar (E) : i.Z 2 (2 3i ) Z 5 (1 i ) 0

k> kMnt;cMnYnBit a edIm,I[ Z1 a i CabsmYyrbs;smIkar (E) rYcKNna
bs Z 2 mYyeTotrbs;smIkar .
x> cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q edIm,I[ Zp Zq pZ q Z 2 .
1
$%> eKmancMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z 2 Edl Z1 Z 2 3 i

nig Z1 .Z 2 4 3i .
k> cUrbgajfa (Z1 ) 2 (Z 2 ) 2 0 .
x> cUrkMnt;rkEpkBit nig Epknimit n Z Z14 Z 2 4 .
K> cUrepgpat;fa Z1 Z 2 2 4Z1 .Z 2 (Z1 Z 2 ) 2
rYckMnt;rk Z1 nig Z 2 .
$^> eKmancMnYnkMupic Z1 x 2 i xy nig Z 2 y 2 ixy Edl x, y IR .
cUrkMnt; x nig y edIm,I[ Z1 Z 2 ( 2006 i 2007 ) 2 .
- TMBr137 -
cMnYnkMupic
$&> eK[cMnYnkMupic
Z 1 (a b ) i (b c ) , Z 2 (b c ) i (c a )
nig Z 2 (c a) i(a b) Edl a , b , c CabIcMnYnBitxusKa.

cUrbgajfa Z1 3 Z 2 3 Z 3 3 3Z1 .Z 2 .Z 3
$*> cUrKNnabskaerncMnYnkMupicxageRkam
k> a / Z 48 14i
b / Z 24 10i
x> a / Z 40 42i
b / Z 77 36i
K> a / Z 55 48i
b/ Z 1 i 6
$(> cUrsresrcMnYnkMupicxageRkamCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
k> a / Z 1 i 3
b / Z 2 3 2i
x> a / Z 1 i
b / Z 3 3i
2
K> a / Z 6 2i 2
X> a / Z 1 i3
g> a / Z 1 2 i
b / Z 2 2i
b/Z 2 i 2
b/Z 2 3 i
%0> cUrsresrCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtncMnYnkMupicxageRkam
k> a / Z 1 cos 49 i. sin 49 b / Z 1 sin 10 i. cos 10
- TMBr138 -
x> a / Z sin 27 i(1 cos 27 )

K> a / Z
2 2 cos
b / Z 1 i tan
cMnYnkMupic
b / Z 1 cos
i . 2 2 cos
5
5
4
4
i sin
5
5
X> a / Z sin 10 i. cos 10
b / Z ( 3 2)(cos i sin )
8
8
Z 2 2 2 2 cos i . 2 2 2 2 cos
4
4
g>
.
%!> cUredaHRsaysmIkarxageRkamrYcsresrbsnImYyCaragRtIekaNmaRt
b / 2z 2 2z 1 0
k> a / z 2 2z 4 0
x> a / z 2 3 .z 1 0 b / z 2 z 1 0
%@> cUrsresr Z 2 3 i. 2 3 CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
%#> cUrsresr Z 2 2 i 2 2 CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
%$> k-KNnatmR)akdn sin 10 , cos 10 nig tan 10 .
x-TajrkTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtn Z 1 i. 5 2 2 .
- TMBr139 -
cMnYnkMupic
2i 6
%%> eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 2 nig z 2 1 i
k> cUrsresr Z zz1 CaTRmg; a b.i .
2
x> cUrsresr z 1 , z 2 nig Z zz1 CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
2
K> edayeRbIlTplxagelIcUrTajrktmR)akdn cos 12 nig sin 12
%^> eKmancMnYnkMupic z1 1 i nig z 2 2 3 2i .
2
k> cUrsresr Z z 1 .z 2 CaTRmg;BICKNit .
x> cUrsresr z 1 , z 2 nig Z z 1 .z 2 CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .

K> edayeRbIlTplxagelIcUrTajrktmR)akdn cos 512 nig sin 512 .
%&> eK[ z 1 i . cUrsresr z nig z 2007 CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
%*> eK[ z 3 i . cUrsresr z nig z 2007 CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
%(> eK[ z 12 i 23 . cUrsresr z nig z 2007 CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
^0> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z 2 3 i
k-cUrepgpat;fam:UDl | Z | 6 2 .
x-bgajfa Z 2(1 cos6 i.sin6) rYcTajrkTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtn Z .
K-Tajbgajfa cos 12
6 2
4
.
- TMBr140 -
cMnYnkMupic
^!> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z 2 1 i
k-cUrepgpat;fam:UDl | Z | 2 . 2 2 .
x-bgajfa Z 2(1 cos 4 i. sin 4 )
rYcTajrkTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtn Z .
K-Tajbgajfa cos 8 2 2 2 .
^@> eKmancMnYnkMupic
3i
ni
g
Z 2 ( 3 1) i( 3 1) .
Z1
2
k> cUrsresr U Z1 .Z 2 CaragBICKNit .
x> cUrsresr U nig Z1 CaragRtIekaNmaRt rYcTajrkm:UDl nigGaKuym:g;
ncMnYnkMupic Z 2 .
K>cUrTajbgajfa cos 12 6 4 2 nig sin 12 6 4 2 .
^#> eK[cMnYnkMupic z 1 2i 3 .
cUrrkm:UDl nigGaKuym:g;ncMnYnkMupic U
z 2012
1 z
- TMBr141 -
^$> eK[cMnYnkMupic Z n
cMnYnkMupic
n 2 n 1 i( 2n 1)
(n 2 n 1) 2 ( 2n 1) 2
Edl n CacMnYnKt;FmCati .
k> bgajfa Z n n 1 i n 11 i .
x> KNna S n Z 0 Z1 Z 2 ..... Z n edaysresrlTpl
Edl)anCaragBICKNit .
^%> eKmansIVtncMnYnkMupic (Z n ) kMnt;eday
1 i 3
1 i 3
3i 3
ni
g
Edl
n IN .
Z0
Z n 1
Zn
2
2
2
k> eKtag U n Z n 1 cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
cUrbgajfa U n1 1 2i 3 .U n , n IN
x> cUrsresr U n CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
K> cUrRsaybBaak;fa
Z n 2 cos
(n 1) (n 1)
(n 1)
cos
i
.
sin
6
6
6
X> cUrkMnt;TRmg;RtIekaNmaRtn Z n .
^^> ebI z CacMnYnkMupicEdlepgpat;TMnak;TMng
z 2n (1 z ) n cMeBaHRKb; n IN enaHcUrRsaybBaak;
facMnYnkMupic z nig 1 1z manm:UDlesIKa .
- TMBr142 -
cMnYnkMupic
^&> edaHRsaysmIkar z 3 z 3 i | z |2 1 i .
^*> eKmancMnYnkMupic 1 2i 7 nig 1 2i 7
k> sresrsmIkardWeRkTIBIrEdlman , Cabs .
x> tag n Z : S n n n .
cUrRsayfa S n 2 S n1 2S n 0 ?
^(> eK[cMnYnkMupic
Z 1 a1 i .b 1
Z 2 a 2 i .b 2
Z a i .b
3
3
3
Edl a1 , a 2 , a 3 , b1 , b 2 , b 3

CacMnYnBit . kglMhRbkbedaytMruyGrtUnrm:al; (o, i , j , k )
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYyEdl AB (a1 , a 2 , a 3 ) nig AC

(b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ) .
k>cUrkMnt;RbePTnRtIekaN ABC kalNaeKmanTMnak;TMng
Z 12 Z 22 Z 23 0 .
x> cUrRsayfaebI ABC CaRtIekaNEkgsm)aTkMBUl A
Z 16 Z 62 Z 63
enaHeK)an (Z1 .Z 2 .Z 3 )
3
2
- TMBr143 -
&0> eK[cMnYnBit x Edl x 2 k , k Z

k> cUrRsaybBaak;fa
1 3 tan 2 x i .( 3 tan x tan 3 x )
x> eRbITMnak;TMngxagelIcUrTajbgajfa
tan 3x
cMnYnkMupic
cos 3x i sin 3x
cos 3 x
3 tan x tan 3 x
1 3 tan 2 x
K> cUrsresr tan( 3 x) nig tan( 3 x) CaGnuKmn_n tan x .
3x
X> Taj[)anfa tan( 3 x) tan( 3 x) tan
.
tan x
n
g>cUrKNnaplKuN Pn [tan( 3 3n a). tan( 3 3n a)]
k 0
&!> edaHRsaysmIkar | z | i.z 1 3i Edl z CacMnYnkMupic .

&@> edaHRsaysmIkar log 5 (z.z ) z 3 (1 2i ) .
&#> edaHRsaysmIkar | z 1 i | iz 22 4i .
&$> eK[sIVtncMnYnkMupic (Z n ) kMnt;eday
1
Z 0 1 nig Z n 1 ( Z n | Z n | ) Edl n IN
2
KNna Z n edaysresrlTpleRkamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
- TMBr144 -
cMnYnkMupic
i sin
9 CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
&%> sresrcMnYnkMupic z 49
4
cos
i sin
9
9
i cos
&^> sresrcMnYnkMupic z 11 sin
CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
sin i cos
&&> enAkgbg;kMupic (xoy) tamcMNuc M' (z' ) CarUbPaBn M(z 4 4i )
tambMElgvilpit O nigmMu 6 . cUrkMMNt; z' ?
cos
n
n
2 2 (cos
n
) .
4
4
n
n
n
n
&(> bgajfa ( 3 i ) 2 (cos 6 i. sin 6 ) .
*0> eK[cMnYnkMupic z cos 6 i. sin 6
k> edAcMnuc z , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 , z5 , z 6 , z7 elIrgVg;RtIekaNmaRt .
&*> bgajfa (1 i )n
i sin
x> kMNt;tm 1 z z 2 z 3 z 4 .... z11 .

*!> eKmancMnYnkMupic 3 2i nig 4 5i EdlmanrUbPaBtagedaycMNucerogKa A
nig B .
k> KNnaRbEvg AB
x> rkkUGredaencMNuckNal AB .
- TMBr145 -
cMnYnkMupic
*@> cMNuc A , B nig C CarUbPaBerogKancMnYnkMupic 2 i , 1 nig 3 2i .

R)ab;RbePTnRtIekaN ABC .
*#> cUrrk nig sg;sMNMucMNuc M manGahVik z Edlepgpat;lkxNxageRkam
k> | z 1 i | 2
x> | 2z 3 2i | 4
K> | z i | 2
X> zz 1i 1
g> zz 1i 2
c> ziz21i 1
*$>k-cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnkMupic z1 nig z 2 cUrbgajfaeKmansmPaB
2 ( | z1 |2 | z 2 |2 ) | z1 z 2 |2 | z1 z 2 |2
x-cUrbkRsaysmPaBenHtamEbbFrNImaRt .
*%> cUrkMNt;cMnYnkMupic z edaydwgfa | z | | 1z | | 1 z | .
*^> cUredaHRsaysmIkarkgsMNMukMpic z6
*&> eK[ e
4
7
1 i
3i
. cUrRsaybBaak;fa
2
1
3
1
**> edaHRsaykgsMNMucMnYnkMupic z6 8i rYcTajrktm cos 12 nig sin 12

*(> eK[ z x i.y Edl x , y IR . bgajfa | 2z | | x | | y | .
- TMBr146 -
cMnYnkMupic
ksareyag
!> esovePAKNitviTafak;TI 11 kMritx<s;rbs;RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa
e)aHBum<qaM 2009
@> esovePAKNitviTafak;TI 12 rbs;RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa
e)aHBum<qaM 2001
#> Mathmatiques Gomtrie (Terminales C et E)
( Genevieve HAYE , Bernard RAND , Eric SERRA)
$> Complex Numbers from A toZ

( Titu Andreescu , Dorin Andrica )
- TMBr147 -

Complex Numbers PDF

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Complex Numbers PDF

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KNkmkarniBnnigeroberog

lwm pln nig elak Esn Bisid

elak Gwug sMNag

elak lwm pln

tdMbgfTI 28 mIna 2011

GkniBn lwm pln

lwm pln nig Esn Bisid

dUcenH z1 z 2 (ac bd) i(ad bc) .

eroberogeday lwm pln

]TahrN_ eK[cMnYnkMupic z1 1 5i nig z 2 1 i . KNna zz1

CaTUeTA i4n 1 , i4n 1 i , i4n 2 1 , i4n 3 i

Edl c(n, k ) k! (nn! k )! .

eroberogeday lwm pln

dUcenHcMnYnkMupicBIresIKaluHRtaEtEpkBitesIKa nig EpknimitesIKa .

edaHRsayRbBnsmIkarenHeK)anKUcemIy (x, y ) {(1 , 1 ); (2 , 2 )}

eroberogeday lwm pln

]TahrN_1 KNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic z 21 20i

eroberogeday lwm pln

eK)an zz1 ac2 bd2 i. bc2 ad2

K> kenSamEpkBit nig EpknimitCaGnuKmn_n z nig z

dUcenH Re(z ) z 2 z nig Im( z ) z 2i z .

eroberogeday lwm pln

-ebI 0 smIkarmanbsDbCacMnYnBitKW z1 z 2 2ba

eroberogeday lwm pln

CavIucTrrUbPaBncMnYnkMupic z a ib ehIy z ehAfaGaPicn

eroberogeday lwm pln

eK)an OM1 nig

eroberogeday lwm pln

eK)an OM1 nig

eK)an z1 z 2 z1 ( z 2 ) OM1 OM'2 OM

X> viucTrrUbPaBnplKuNcMnYnBit nwg cMnYnkMupickgbg;kMupic

]bmafa M nig M' CacMnucrUbPaBn z nig z , ( 0)

rUbPaBn .z KW OM' Edl OM' OM .

kgRtIekaNEkg OMP eKman OM 2 MP 2 OP 2

eroberogeday lwm pln

| z1 | | z 2 |2 | z1 z 2 |2 2 (x2 y 2 )(u2 v 2 ) (xu yv)

eroberogeday lwm pln

mMuEdlpMeday ( Ox , OM ) ehAfaGaKuym:g;n z a i.b .

eroberogeday lwm pln

eroberogeday lwm pln

dUcenH z1 .z 2 r1r2[cos( ) i sin( )] .

z1 2(cos i sin ) nig z 2 3(cos

z1z 2 6(cos i . sin ) .

eroberogeday lwm pln

r1 (cos i. sin )(cos i sin )

r1 (cos cos sin sin ) i(sin cos sin cos )

dUcenH zz1 rr1 [cos( ) i sin( )] .

K> sVyKuNTI n ncMnYnkMupictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt

]bmafa zn rn (cos n i. sin n) Bit

eK)an zn1 zn .z rn .r[cos(n ) i sin(n )]

eroberogeday lwm pln

]TahrN_ eK[cMnYnkMupic z cos 49 i. sin 49

tamrUbmndWmreKman z 2 (cos 49 i sin 49 )2 cos 89 i sin 89

eroberogeday lwm pln

]TahrN_ 1 enAkgbg;kMupic (xoy) eK[ M CacMnucrUbPaBn z 3 i .

ebI M' (z' ) CarUbPaBn M(z ) tambEmgvilpit O nigmMu 12 enaHeK)an

eday z 3 i 2( 2 i. 2 ) 2(cos 6 i. sin 6 )

dUcenH z' 2(cos 4 i sin 4 ) .

cUrkMNt; z' edaydwgfa M' (z' ) CarUbPaBn M tambEmgvilpit O

eroberogeday lwm pln

eKTaj cos(n) cos naM[

]TahrN_ KNnabsTIbIn z 4 2 i.4 2

eKTaj r 8 , 4 . tamrUbmnbsTI # n z kMNt;eday