yl:english literature

The Woman Speaks

to the Man who has
Employed her Son
BERYL CLARKE
Contributor

T IS easier to keep up than to catch up. This is

a sentiment that I hope you will remember as
you prepare for external exams. In this weeks
lesson, we are going discuss the poem The
Woman Speaks to the Man who has Employed
her Son, written by Lorna Goodison. Goodison
is Jamaican. She has written several books of
poetry and her focus is rooted in her homeland. I
would like you to find out all you can about this
remarkable writer.

We cannot continue before briefly looking at

The Meal which was included in the last lesson.
The images reveal the emptiness of the
childrens lives. There is no communication, no
joking, no laughter, not even boring chatter
around the table. The poor kids cant wait to be
released. They all seem frozen. Is this what good
behaviour means? Let us move on to our poem
for the week.
The subject matter of this poem is very
topical, so much so that one who is meeting it
for the first time could be forgiven for thinking
that it was written only last week. I am confident
that your study group will have many fruitful
discussions on this one. Please do me the
favour of reading it to or with your parents,
guardians or older relatives. Why, you may ask?
My intention is for you to find out how the
writers words make them feel. Try to focus on

their reactions and then do what you can to find

out from them why they have such reactions. As
you read this poem too, think of how you feel
and identify why you do so, for in this way you
will be analyzing Goodisons craft.
The basic story presented here is one that is
known to all Jamaicans. A woman gets pregnant
for a man who is a womanizer. In the early stages
of her pregnancy she suffers from morning
sickness. Before her child is born, she has great
dreams of him growing up to achieve success
and remembering her. When her son is born, she
has great dreams for him and, as a single parent,
tries her best with and for him. Unfortunately, he
begins to work for someone who gives him a
gun. The mother clearly sees the outcome of her
sons profession and accepts his inevitable end.
Is this all? What is it that makes this poem so
special? Lets start at the beginning again. We
are introduced to the mother, not as a single
entity but as a woman who is with child. We
learn that it is the changes in her body that cause
her to realise her condition. She starts to feel
uncomfortable, having morning sickness and
experiencing mood swings. Notice how our
speaker tells us about the conclusion she comes
to: that she was not alone in her body and of
her statement of acceptance in:
She carried him full term
tight up under heart

THE WOMAN SPEAKS TO THE MAN

WHO HAS EMPLOYED HER SON
Her son was first made known to her
as a sense of unease, a need to cry
for little reasons and a metallic tide
rising in her mouth each morning.
Such signs made her know
That she was not alone in her body.
She carried him full term
tight up under her heart.
She carried him like the poor
carry hope, hope you get a break
or a visa, hope one child go through
and remember you. He had no father.
The man she made him with had more
like him, he was fair-minded
he treated all his children
with equal and unbiased indifference.
She raise him twice, once as mother
Then as father, set no ceiling
On what he could be doctor,
earth healer, pilot take wings.
But now he tells her he is working
for you, that you value him so much
you give him one whole submachine gun
for him alone.

He says you are like a father to him

she is wondering what kind of father
would give a son hot and exploding
death, when he asks him for bread.
She went downtown and bought three
and one-third yards of black cloth
and a deep crowned and veiled hat
for the day he draw his bloody salary.
She has no power over you and this
at the level of earth, what she has
are prayers and a mothers tears
and at knee city she uses them.
She says psalms for him
she reads psalms for you
she weeps for his soul
her eyewater covers you.
She is throwing a partner
with Judas Iscariots mother
the thief on the left-hand side
of the cross, his mother
is the banker, her draw though
is first and last for she still
throwing two hands as mother and father.
She is prepared, she is done. Absalom.
-Lorna Goodison

Do you recognise the emotional bond that

these words reveal? Up to this point, we do not
know whether she has a husband who is
overjoyed at this development, but we know
that she has formed a bond with her unborn
child. Are you wondering why the speaker says
that she carried him full term? Is this because
he/she wants us to understand that the idea of
an abortion never entered the mothers mind or
to let us know that she had a healthy
pregnancy? Contemplation time!

there anything in the poem that could possibly

lead one to such a conclusion? We are told that
much hope rested on the child. It is after this
that we are introduced to another feature of
Jamaican social life. The man with whom she
made him is not seen as a father, but as a
promiscuous sperm donor who does not take
care of any of his children. There is a literary
device used in this verse. I hope that you
recognise it and the purpose that it serves. Do
make a note of it right there in the text!

We still have some persons who believe that

children are old-age pension. Do you know
what I mean? If you dont, inquire of an older
person then ask yourself whether this could
have been a consideration of the mother. Is

The third stanza deals with the fact that she

had to be both mother and father to her son, a
situation that is all too familiar to us as
Jamaicans. What are these words telling us?

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

CONTINUED ON PAGE 22

11

yl:english language

Error recognition
MELISSA MCKENZIE
Contributor

ELCOME TO another lesson, students. This week, we

will focus on a section of the multiple-choice paper that
requires you to identify the types of error that might be
present in given sentences.

In this section the instructions usually follow this format:

Some of the sentences below are incorrect because they
contain one of three types of error. Each incorrect sentence
contains only one type of error. Some of the sentences are
correct as they are. Select the letter that best describes each
sentence.
a. If the sentence is too wordy, that is repetitive or contains
redundancies.
b. If the sentence contains clichs or misused metaphors.
c. If the sentence is incorrect grammatically or faulty in
diction.
d. If the sentence is acceptable as it stands.
If you are to do well on this section, you are expected to be
aware of what you must look out for. Therefore, I will be
providing you with brief explanations of these specific errors.

INCORRECT GRAMMAR
This occurs when rules of grammar have not been correctly
applied. This includes faulty subject-verb agreement, improper
use of pronouns, incorrect placement of tenses and so on.

EXAMPLES
 Peter have no intention of helping me with my homework.
(Have should be replaced by has since Peter is a singular
subject.)
 My sister and me do not have the same hobby. (Me should
be replaced by the pronoun I because it Me cannot be used as
the subject.)
 Yesterday I watch a very interesting football match. (Watch
should be watched because the match happened in the past.)
Please note that the rules of grammar will be revised in
future lessons.

REDUNDANCY

FAULTY DICTION

This is the repetition of meaning in an expression or the

inclusion of unnecessary words.

This error occurs when a word is used that is not suitable for a
particular context. Malapropism is an example of faulty diction.
Malapropism is the absurd or sometimes humorous misuse of a
word. For example: 1) Students should be punished when they
validate the school rules. It is clear that violate is the correct
word for the context. Here is another: 2) Parents are reluctant to
send their children to a school with a bad repetition. Repetition
should be replaced by reputation.

EXAMPLES
 It was their customary habit to reach school in time for
general assembly. (If something is customary, it is a habit.)
 There was a long line outside the ATM machine. (The M
stands for machine.)
 He was killed in a fatal accident. (The word fatal suggests
that somebody died.)
Other examples: repeat again, reverse back, refund back, free
gift

MIXED/MISUSED METAPHOR
Mixed metaphors are different metaphors occurring in the
same utterance, especially the same sentence, which are used to
express the same idea. Mixed metaphors usually result in a
conflict of ideas. The mixed metaphors are underlined in the
following sentences.

EXAMPLES
 If our efforts are to be crowned with success, we will have
to put our shoulders to the wheel.

12

 Instead of biting the bullet, many Jamaicans prefer to throw

in the towel.
 All at once he was alone in this noisy hive with no place to
roost.

CLICHE
This is an expression or idea which has become overused to
the point of losing its original meaning or effect. Proverbs and
idioms often become clichs. Proverbs are well-known
expressions that offer advice or present a moral, while idioms
are single units of thought that convey a specific meaning.
Idioms are not supposed to be taken literally but figuratively.

EXAMPLES
1. A fool and his money are soon parted. (proverb)
2. Make hay while the sun shines. (proverb)
3. The two decided to bury the hatchet. (idiom)
4. My sister specializes in making a mountain out of molehill.
(idiom)
Using the instructions given above and the information I have

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

QUOTE OF THE WEEK

The good
can
always
be made
better.

shared as a guide, select the letter that best describes each

sentence below.
1. The thrill of exploring caves and deep sea diving were
unexpected.
2. Well cross that bridge when we get to it, the tour guide
said to us.
3. To insure maximum security, the party organisers utilised
the services of security guards from several reputable firms.
4. The hero was encircled and surrounded by all his friends.
5. The secretary announced that the meeting was postponed
because of an emergency.
6. Mob violence have become quite rampant.
7. I love the feel of my feet sinking down in the sand.
8. The new science block was complete on the scheduled
date as a consequence of you monitoring every stage of the
project.
9. The list of items I need at the supermarket are on the
table in the living room.
10. In delivering that speech to a strange audience, Larry
felt like a fish out of water, but eventually gave it his best
shot.
11. Kelvin decided independently to train as a doctor,
without consulting anyone.
12. One of the girls does not love to play netball.
I will share the answers with you in the next lesson.
Melissa McKenzie teaches at Old Harbour High School. Send questions
and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:history

The transatlantic trade in Africans

DEBBION HYMAN

the actual numbers but also suggests that the

number of African captives could have been
much higher.

Contributor

OBJECTIVES

CONDITIONS ABOARD THE SLAVERS

AT THE end of the lesson, students should

be able to:
1. Identify three ways by which African
captives were captured.
2. Describe the experience of the African
captives from the point of capture to the trek
to the coast.
3. Define the term triangular trade.
4. Describe the experiences of the African
captives aboard the slavers.
5. Identify two methods of sale for African
captives in the Caribbean.
6. Describe the refreshing process.
In this weeks lesson, our focus will be on
the transatlantic trade in African captives, but
first we will examine the system of domestic
slavery and how it greatly differed from the
system as practised in the Caribbean (chattel
slavery).

DOMESTIC VS CHATTEL SLAVERY

There were several ways in which an
individual became involved in domestic slavery
in West Africa. People could become enslaved
if they: a) were prisoners of war b) owed a debt
c) were convicted of a serious offence such as
murder, rape, adultery, witchcraft, etc d) facing
starvation, as in cases of famine some
parents allowed their children to act as
domestic slaves.
The system of slavery as practised in West
Africa differed dramatically from chattel slavery.
One key difference was that slaves in West
Africa could regain their freedom. For instance,
if someone had become a slave due to a debt,
once this debt was repaid the individual would
be freed. As well, offsprings of these
individuals would never become slaves, as was
the case in chattel slavery.

THE TREK TO THE COAST

The thrust into the life of a chattel slave
would normally begin with the slave raid.
Oftentimes, fires were lit on the outskirts of
villages, resulting in pandemonium in many

1. The women and girls faced sexual abuse

aboard the slavers. This was done by the ships
crew.

Figure 2

villages. In the ensuing chaos, persons would

be quickly captured by individuals who were
heavily armed. The captives were placed in
coffles and forced to walk for several hundred
kilometres (depending on the proximity of the
village(s) to the coast. During the journey they
were poorly fed and hydrated and, as a result,
many died. In addition, those thought to be too
sick or weak to continue the journey would be
cut from the coffles and were simply left to
succumb to their illness or the elements. The
journey would continue to the coast were they
would wait to be placed on slave ships
(slavers).

THE JOURNEY TO THE COAST

At the coast, the captives were poorly fed
and hydrated and this led to many dying before
they even boarded the slavers. At the coast,
African traders would bargain with European
agents, called factors, for the sale of their
captives. The captives were then placed in
baracoons where they had to contend with the
elements. Lastly, they were checked by doctors
and those referred to as mackrons (rejected
slaves) were not selected for the journey. Such
persons included those with grey hair, missing
teeth, venereal diseases, open wounds and so
on. Healthy individuals would be branded and
placed on the slaver. This horrifying journey

would be part of a larger system known as the

triangular trade.

THE TRIANGULAR TRADE

The triangular trade is a historical term
indicating trade between three ports or regions.
For the purposes of the syllabus, the triangular
trade is defined as a trade during the 17th and
19th centuries that involved shipping goods
and African captives (2nd leg) between Europe,
West Africa and the Caribbean. A detailed map
of the trade is provided in Figure 2.

2. The Africans were placed below deck

where they would remain chained. Women and
children were kept together and men by
themselves. Below deck, the temperature was
hot and persons would die from heat stroke.
They were allowed to come above deck once
per day if weather permitted to exercise. The
exercise was aimed at reducing the risk of
blood clots that would have been potentially
fatal.
3. The ships lacked sanitary facilities and, as
such, the areas occupied by the Africans were
very unhygienic. Normally, the areas were
washed daily, only with water. This led to the
outbreak of diseases such as dysentery,
cholera and so on.
4. If food supply ran low, only the healthiest
individuals were fed and sometimes the sick
and very weak were thrown overboard.

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

ARRIVAL IN THE CARIBBEAN

The notorious leg of the triangular trade was

referred to as the Middle Passage. This was the
second stage in the transatlantic trade. The
Middle Passage would be the journey of
African captives from West Africa to the
Americas. The journey proved horrific and
lasted anywhere between six to eight weeks,
depending on the weather and destination. The
conditions aboard the ships were horrible and
this resulted in high mortality rates. It is
estimated that anywhere between 10 and 20
million African captives were taken to the
Americas during the trade. These numbers
exclude the captives that would have died
during the voyage. Additionally, ship captains
would oftentimes overload their ships with
human cargo due to the fact of the high
mortality rate. This prevents us from knowing

The psychological and physical impact of

the Middle Passage was reflected on the
African captives. As such, the ships crew
would embark on the process to remedy the
captives physically. This process was known as
refreshing. Refreshing is best described as the
process of preparing the African captives for
sale in the Caribbean. The process was done
by giving captives a bath and removing visible
grey hair. Their muscles would also be rubbed
with palm oil to enhance their appearance and,
to hide scars and bruises, a mixture of gun
powder, lime juice and iron rust was used.
Also, they were fed fruits and vegetables to
enhance their complexion. Once in the
Americas, they would be sold either by a
process of auction or scramble.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

13

yl:geography

Population and settlement

JUDITH HENRY
Contributor

stadiums, cinemas and clubs, are generally

found in urban areas.

FOCUS QUESTIONS:
 What is meant by urbanisation?
 What are the causes, benefits and
problems of urbanisation?
Urbanisation began during the industrial
revolution, when workers moved towards
manufacturing hubs in cities to obtain jobs in
factories, as agricultural jobs became less
common.
Urbanisation is the increase in the
proportion or percentage of people, or the
population, living in towns and cities (urban
areas).
We see this happening here in Jamaica.
People are moving from rural areas and going
into Kingston and Montego Bay. Why is this so?
The general causes of urbanisation are:

Many old thing change in urban areas, like

food, dress, habits and pattern of residence and
attitudes.

URBAN PLANNING
In cities there are pre-planned conditions
and programmes, while in rural areas there is
little sign of planning.
In summary, urbanisation happens mainly
because of population pressure and lack of
resources in rural areas. Natural increase and
the standard of living in urban areas will be
much better than in rural areas. People also
hope for well-paid jobs, greater opportunities
to find casual or informal work, better health
care and education.

BETTER OPPORTUNITY FOR

EDUCATION

There are several costs to urbanisation,

generally. We will look at the benefits first.
 The convenience of goods and services
such as access to education, health, social
services and cultural activities, is more readily
available to people in cities than in villages.
 There is access to more educational and
medical services, which allows for increased
literacy and better health.
 There is also less need for personal
vehicles and more availability of public
transportation. Cities have more advanced
communications and transport networks.
 There is more social integration in
urbanised areas, for example, people of
different religions, ethnic backgrounds, social
classes and races reside in the same area. This
creates better understanding and harmony and
helps break down social and cultural barriers.
 The possibility of greater earning
potential because of the availability of more
jobs.

The best standard schools and collages for

medicines are found in urban areas.

ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT

BETTER RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

High-tech industries earn valuable foreign

exchange and a lot of money for the country.

COMMERCIALIZATION
Modern marketing institutions and the
different methods of exchange have greatly
contributed to the growth of cities.

TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS

Transportation is very important mainly
because raw material and manufactured goods
can be transported in large volume.
Communications facilities are usually available
in urban areas like wireless and portal
services.

ECONOMIC PULL OF THE CITY

Employment and economic facilities, like
banks, are more readily available.

Better recreational facilities, such as parks,

14

FOR A CHANGE IN MODE OF LIVING

Urbanisation occurs in the Caribbean as

well. More and more people in the region are
choosing to live in urban areas. There are many
reasons for this:

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
There are more jobs available and a greater
range of job opportunities in urban areas, so
persons will move into cities like Kingston in
search of employment.

SOCIAL SERVICES
Urban areas generally have better health-care
facilities than rural areas. Indeed, some rural
areas have no or little health-care facilities, like
Buff Bay in Portland, Jamaica. Urban areas also
have better educational facilities. Most
secondary- and tertiary-level educational
facilities are to be found in towns and cities.
The availability of these facilities is another
reason that many people prefer to live in urban
areas.

ENTERTAINMENT
There are more opportunities for
entertainment in the cities than in rural areas.
You will find nightclubs, fancy restaurants,
sports facilities, shopping malls and many
other opportunities for entertainment and
recreation in the urban areas. Many people
prefer to live in urban areas because of the
availability of these entertainment
opportunities.

owned by the slum dwellers. They can be

evicted at any time by the landowners, so land
insecurity is a problem. Poor living conditions,
crowding and lack of sanitation also often
contributes to outbreak of diseases. Utilities
such as water, electricity and sewage disposal
are also lacking in these areas.
Another problem is unemployment. Since
the number of people aspiring for jobs is more
than jobs available, unemployment is a natural
outcome of the situation.
Crime becomes a problem because within
the slums, maintenance of law and order is
very difficult and patrolling of slums is often
not on the priority list of law-enforcement
officers. Unemployment and poverty force
people to engage in antisocial activities. Slums,
therefore, often become a breeding ground for
criminal activities.
Other problems associated with urbanisation
are:

TEMPERATURE INCREASE
Due to factors such as paving over formerly
vegetated land, increasing number of
residences and high-rise apartments and
industries. Temperature increase is due to
increased concentration of suns energy and
production of more and more heat due to very
extreme human activity.

AIR POLLUTION
THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC
UTILITIES
Utilities such as piped water, electricity,
telephone and Internet services are readily
available in urban areas. Some of these
services are unavailable in some rural areas.
With benefits of urbanisation come negative
consequences, mainly because the persons
who move to the cities in search of jobs end up
becoming casual workers, and this leads to the
development of unplanned communities
(slums) with substandard housing and very
poor living conditions.
Slums are usually located on land that is not

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

Owing to emissions of harmful gases and

smoke from factories and vehicles, air pollution
results. A high amount of suspended
particulate matter in air, particularly in cities,
contributes to allergies and respiratory
problems becoming a huge health hazard.

CHANGES IN NATURAL WATER CYCLE

When urbanisation takes place, water cycle
changes as cities have more precipitation than
surrounding areas. Due to dumping of sewage
from factories in water bodies, water pollution
occurs, which often results in outbreaks of
epidemics.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 22

yl:biology
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Contributor

OOD MORNING, readers. How are you

this week? I hope you have been
devoting some of your time to the
reading and interpreting of exam-type
questions. Remember that you can know all
the material in the textbook and still fail or get
a low grade in the exam if you fail to interpret
the questions correctly! Please pay particular
attention to this as you go forward.

This week, we will be looking at the

vertebral column. Remember that the vertebral
column is a part of the axial skeleton, the other
part of which is the skull. The vertebral
column is a series of small bones, which
forms a structure down the back. This
structure is both flexible and supportive. In
between these bones which are known as
vertebrae, are discs of cartilage which are
called inter-vertebral discs. The vertebrae are
not all the same but are divided into five
different groups based on their structure and
function. These are:
1. Those found in the neck region the
cervical. There are seven of these. The first two
are specialized the first is known as the atlas
and the second as the axis.

Movement

These have long neural spines for attachment

of upper-back muscles and short transverse
processes for articulation with the ribs.

LUMBAR
These are larger than the first two types and
are stumpy. They have neural spines and
transverse processes for the attachment of the
lower-back muscles.

SACRAL
These are fused into a single bone (sacrum)
which increases its strength, making it better
able to transmit forces from the legs to the rest
of the backbone.

CAUDAL
Reduced to small bones (coccyx). It has no
defined function.

&'

The following are features that can be used

to distinguish the first three types of vertebrae
and, hence, can be used to identify them.

CERVICAL
 Large neural canal
 Vertebraterial canals present
 Short neural spine
 Short transverse processes

2. Those found in the thorax these are

called, yes, you have guessed the name, the
thoracic. There are 12 of these.

THORACIC
 Smaller neural canal
 Very long neural spine
 Short transverse processes

3. Those found in the abdominal region

this name is not so easy to guess! These are
the lumbar and there are five of them. The
word lumbar relates to the lower-back region.

LUMBAR
 Large, well-developed centrum
 Small neural canal
 Long, wide neural spine
 Long transverse processes

4. Those found in the region of the hip are

fused together to form one bone. Do you
remember what type of joint is found here?
These four vertebrae fused together to form the
sacrum.

Note that you may be given drawings of

vertebrae and that you may be asked to
identify them. In order to do so, you would
need to know the structure of the vertebrae as
well as the contents of the above table. Note
also that certain structures which are found in
the different types of vertebrae, e.g., the neural
spine, neural canal and centrum, all have
similar functions.

5. The next set of vertebrae is not significant

in humans and the four individual vertebra are
also fused together; these form the coccyx.
The following shows the types of vertebrae
and their adaptations for their functions.

Didnt know that there was so much work

involved in this study, did you? See you next
week.

CERVICAL
Small bones with articulating surfaces to
allow the head to nod and twist. Two small
holes are present for the blood vessels of the
neck.

THORACIC

Mt Alvermia High School students huddle on the staircase sharing notes.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

Monacia Williams is an independent contributor. Send

questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

15

yl:principles of business

Balance of payments
YVONNE HARVEY

FINANCING A BALANCE OF PAYMENTS DEFICIT

Contributor

ELLO AGAIN. Before you read this weeks lesson, it

would be a good thing for you to read over the previous
lessons on international trade and balance of payments.

Here is a little question to test how you are progressing in

the topic so far:
(a) Define the term balance of payments.
(b) What is meant by a countrys balance of trade?
(c) Calculate the balance of trade for the country shown
below:

Visible trade
Exports
Imports
Invisible (net)
Exports
Imports

US ($ M)
26,000
29,000

20,000
15,000

(d) Name two items that are regarded as invisibles.

(e) Calculate the current account balance.

The surplus may be used in the following ways:

 lend money, for example, to other countries.
 purchase an asset locally or overseas.
 increase the official reserves of foreign exchange.
 pay outstanding debts.
 invest the surplus.
 give gifts and grants to other countries.

THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS MUST BALANCE

THE OFFICIAL FINANCING ACCOUNT

This account shows how the balance of payments is

financed; it shows what is done with the surplus or the deficit
on the balance of payments. Let us look at some ways of
financing a balance of payments deficit.

(a) increasing exports through:

 offering incentives and subsidies to local manufacturers.
 encouraging foreign investment.
 extending credit facilities.
 reducing spending.
 improving marketing skills and sponsoring exhibitions.
 devaluing the local currency, which makes exports
cheaper.
(b) reducing imports by:
 increasing tariffs (duties) on imported goods and
services.
 setting quotas to limit the physical amount imported.
 requiring special licences to import.
 devaluation, which makes imports dearer.
 controlling foreign exchange, which limits the amount of
foreign currency available to individuals.

FINANCING A BALANCE OF PAYMENTS SURPLUS

Below is an example of the official financing account.

Assume that the balance of payments figure is US$1,500M.

THE OFFICIAL FINANCING ACCOUNT

CORRECTING AN ADVERSE BALANCE OF

PAYMENTS

What if the balance of payments showed a surplus? This

surplus could be financed in the following ways.

Now that you have completed the question, and done so

well, you may continue with the lesson.

Ultimately, this must happen since every export becomes an

import and every import was an export. Balancing the balance
of payments means that there must neither be a surplus nor a
deficit in the end. A way must be found to finance the surplus
or deficit through external strategies which are shown in the
official financing account.

16

 borrowing from international financial institutions, e.g.,

the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
 borrowing locally.
 drawing down on the official reserves of foreign
exchange.
 selling an asset locally or overseas.
 borrowing from other countries.
 receiving gifts and grants.
 rescheduling of the debt.
 Importing on credit; permission must be granted from the
exporting country.

Foreign currency borrowing

Official reserves
Total

US$M
+800
+700
+1,500

Now we have balanced the balance of payments by

eliminating the deficit of US$1,500M.
What, though, if a country continues to have an adverse
balance of payments, year after year? Well, that country must
find ways of correcting that adverse balance of payments. The
country has a balance of payments problem and must,
therefore, earn more by:

HOMEWORK
The question below will test how much you have grasped of
this lesson.
(a) What is the official financing account? (2 marks)
(b)(1) List two ways of financing a balance of payments
surplus. (2 marks)
(11) List two ways of financing a balance of payments
deficit. (2 marks)
(c) A country has a balance of payments of +US$300M,
draw up the official financing account to show how this may
be financed. (2 marks)
(d) Explain two ways of correcting an adverse balance of
payments. (2 marks)
Total:10 marks
This area of the syllabus can be quite technical, so do not
take it for granted. Go over the notes from the past lessons, do
some reading and then tackle the question.
Bye, until next week.
Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

yl:principles of accounts

Sales journal and ledger

ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor

HIS WEEK, I present the sales journal

and sales ledger. As usual, I begin with
some concepts that you should know. I
have also presented a worked example that will
show you how to use the information given in
a question to answer each part of the question.
It is simple and straightforward.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS:
SALES JOURNAL
 This is the book of original entry that
lists all credit sales for a given period. It is
used for posting credit sales to the sales
ledger.
 The sales journal total for the period is
posted to the credit of the sales account.

the debtor to inform of the cost the goods and

total money owed.

CASH SALES
This is when goods are paid for
immediately. Cash sales are not entered in the
sales journal.

SOLUTIONS:
Sales Invoices

D

D

CREDIT SALES
This is where goods are given to debtors/
customers on credit, to be paid for at a later date.

SALES DISCOUNT
This is a reduction in the cost of goods, it is
given to a customer when calculating the
selling price.

D 

D


&'
,Z
d

'
^ Z

d ,
,^
d
dD
<,Z
D

D  d  
d
s

SALES LEDGER
This is the ledger for customers personal
account.

PERSONAL ACCOUNTS
Account for both creditors and debtors.

D
D
D 
D




d


SALES LEDGER
E Gloria

D

^

A Green

He makes the following sales:

D 



'
'
,
D


WORKED EXAMPLE:
Question:
Fabien Black of 20 Lower Braxton, Browns Town, is selling the following items; the
recommended retail prices are shown:
White tape $10 per roll
Blue cotton at $6 per sheet
Green baize at $4 per metre
Black silk at $20 per dress length

W


Sales Journal

D



SALES INVOICES
This is a document, prepared by the firm
selling the goods on credit, which is given to

/

 
 
>

 

>


E 

 
 

 
>

 


>  


D

d',Zd  
 > 
d' ^Z
>
d,,^d  E 

d D< ,ZD    
> 
dds 
>  

a. Draw up a sales invoice for each of the above sales.

b. Enter them up on page 163 in the sales journal, post to the personal accounts.
c. Transfer the total to the sales account on page 66 in the general ledger.
d. Show all folio numbers.

^

E Hall

D



^

M Ann

D 

B Campbell

D

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO:

'


^

GENERAL LEDGER
Sales Account

D

d ^

Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

17

yl:social studies

Alternative lifestyles
and human trafficking
MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor

HE CONCEPT of an alternative lifestyle

relates to anything that deviates from the
expected and is different from the
traditional lifestyles of an individuals culture. It
is a diverse lifestyle in respect to mainstream
ones or is generally perceived to be outside the
cultural norm. Many persons have chosen
alternative lifestyles because they were not
satisfied with traditional lifestyles and they dare
to try something different.

EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE
LIFESTYLES:
 Vegetarianism people who eat no meat;
these are a minority in our society.
 Hermits people who live by themselves
and tend to live away from everyday activities.
They do not participate in all that society has to
offer.
 Polygamy the practice of having more
than one spouse; most people in the Caribbean
only marry one person at a time.
 Gay, lesbian, transgender, transsexual,
bisexual lifestyle these are considered by
many as a lifestyle that is outside the norm for
a particular culture. These are all subcultures
within a larger culture.
 Nudism and clothing optional lifestyles
 Alternative medicine natural methods of
medical care or herbal remedies as medication
instead of the more traditional approach to
medicine.
 Single parenting the growing trend of
children being raised by one parent ; this was
once viewed as an alternative lifestyle.

18

Lifestyle travellers, homebirthing,

homeschooling, home gardening, house
truckers, New Age travellers, veganism,
alternative spiritual practices, etc.
Alternative lifestyles are becoming more
accepted into our society, but people who live
these lifestyles are still, very often, targets of
prejudice and discrimination. These lifestyles
have always existed but they are becoming
more out in the open, so the general public is
becoming more aware of them, more educated
about them and have the freedom to decide and
say how they feel about them.

THE TRAFFICKING PROTOCOL

DEFINES HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS:
(a) ... the recruitment, transportation,
transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by
means of threat or use of force or other forms
of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of
deception, of the abuse of power or of a
position of vulnerability, or of the giving or
receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the
consent of a person having control over
another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the
exploitation of the prostitution of others or
other forms of sexual exploitation, forced
labour or services, slavery or practices similar
to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING
This is the trade in humans, most commonly
for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labour
or for the extraction of organs or tissues,
including surrogacy and ovary removal.
Trafficking is believed to be a very lucrative
industry. Human trafficking is carried out at
local levels and has international implications,
as recognised by the United Nations in the
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and
Children. This is referred to as the Trafficking
Protocol, an international agreement attached
to the UN Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (CTOC), which came into
effect on December 25, 2003.
The Trafficking Protocol is the first global,
legally binding instrument on trafficking and
the only one with an agreed-upon definition of
trafficking in persons. One of its purposes is to
facilitate international cooperation in
investigating and prosecuting such trafficking.
Another is to protect and assist human
trafficking victims with full respect for their
rights, as established in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.

(b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in

persons to the intended exploitation set forth in
subparagraph (a) of this article shall be
irrelevant where any of the means set forth in
subparagraph (a) have been used.
(c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose
of exploitation shall be considered trafficking
in persons, even if this does not involve any of
the means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this
article.
(d) Child shall mean any person under
eighteen years of age.
The Trafficking Protocol was adopted by the
United Nations in Palermo in 2000 and entered
into force on December 25, 2003. As of March
2013, it has been signed by 117 countries and
ratified by 154 parties.
Human trafficking differs from people
smuggling. In the latter, people voluntarily
request or hire an individual, known as a
smuggler, to covertly transport them from one
location to another. This generally involves

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

transportation from one country to another,

where legal entry would be denied at the
international border. According to the
International Centre for Migration Policy
Development, human smuggling is a crime
against the State due to violation of
immigration laws and does not require
violations of the rights of the smuggled
migrants to be considered a crime. Human
trafficking, on the other hand, is a crime
against a person because of violation of the
victims rights through coercion and
exploitation.
However, unlike most cases of human
smuggling, victims of human trafficking are not
permitted to leave upon arrival at their
destination. They are held against their will
through acts of coercion, and forced to work for
or provide services to the trafficker or others.
The work or services may include anything
from bonded or forced labour to
commercialised sexual exploitation.The
arrangement may be structured as a work
contract, but with no or low payment, or on
terms which are highly exploitative.
Sometimes, the arrangement is structured as
debt bondage, with the victim not being
permitted or able to pay off the debt.
Bonded labour, or debt bondage, is probably
the least known form of labour trafficking today,
and yet it is the most widely used method of
enslaving people. Victims become bonded
when their labour is demanded as a means of
repayment for a loan or service in which its
terms and conditions have not been defined, or
in which the value of the victims services is
not applied towards the liquidation of the debt.
Generally, the value of their work is greater than
the original sum of money borrowed.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 22

yl:information technology

Binary representation and manipulation

NATALEE A. JOHNSON
Contributor

OOD DAY, students. This is lesson nine of our series of

lessons. In this weeks lesson, I will continue to look at
binary representation and manipulation. At the end of this
lesson, you will be able to perform the following: binary coded
decimal (BCD) conversions and represent decimal numbers in
the sign and magnitude format using specified number of bits.

Now let us find the BCD equivalent of a set of decimal

numbers.

EXAMPLE 1

REPRESENTING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS

Therefore, 502 in BCD are: 1010010100000010 (please note

the bits are written all together) See table above for confirmation.

There are three systems used to represent positive and

negative numbers:
1. Binary coded decimal (BCD)
2. Sign and magnitude
3. Twos complement

Given the decimal number 502, find its equivalent BCD digit.
1010 0101
0000
0010
+
5
0
2

EXAMPLE 2
Given the decimal number - 348, find its equivalent BCD
digit.
1011 0011
0100
1000
3
4
8

negative

positive

In this method you write the binary value, adding zeros on the
left if a specific number of bits are required. Include the sign bit
on the left as one of the required bits in the answer.

EXAMPLE 4
Convert -7 to 8-bit sign and magnitude.
Please note:
1. The number is negative, so the sign bit is 1.
2. To make it in an 8-bit you add zeros before the number 7
converted to binary, which is 111.
-7 sign and magnitude is 1 0000 111

Below is a conversion from decimal to BCD which is much

easier than from decimal to binary:
Decimal
Binary (BCD)
0
0000
1
0001
2
0010
3
0011
4
0100
5
0101
6
0110
7
0111
8
1000
9
1001
If you are not sure how we got the four bits for each decimal
number, let us look at how we arrived at the BCD for the decimal
number 2.
The decimal number 2 in binary is 10, then two zeros are
added at the front of the binary digits to make it four bits (0010).
00

10





What if you are given the BCD digit to find the decimal
number? How would you arrive at the answer?

HERE IS HOW IT IS DONE:

1. Group the bits in groups of four, starting from left to right
or right to left.
2. Convert each of those grouped bits to its decimal
equivalent.

7 in binary

Sign bit added zeros

BINARY CODED DECIMAL (BCD)

Converting from binary to decimal can be tedious, especially
if the decimal number is large. As a result, binary coded decimal
was invented where each decimal digit in a decimal number is
substituted by its four-bit equivalent binary representation. To
represent a positive or negative number in BCD, a four-bit code
is assigned to represent the signs - and +, which are used to
preface your answer.
Positive (+) = 1010 (however, this is optional when writing
your answer for a positive number).
Negative (-) = 1011 or 1111

Left Most bit in Answer

-7 = 10000111 (please note the bits are written all together

and that the sign is included in the eight bits)
Converting positive 7 to eight-bit sign and magnitude would
look like this:
0

0000

Sign bit

added
zeros

111
5 in binary

EXAMPLE 3

7 represented as eight-bit sign and magnitude all together

would be: 00000111.

Find the equivalent decimal numbers for this BCD:

001101000101
1. 0011 / 0100 / 0101 (numbers grouped in 4)
2. 0011/ 0100/ 0101
3
5
5

We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week,
when we will continue to look at binary representation and
manipulation.

Therefore, 001101000101 = 345

Natalee Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and

comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
(1) Find the BCD for the following:
(a) 8978
(b) - 62
(c) 4560
(2) Find the Decimal numbers for the following BCD:
(a) 000101011000
(b) 1011011100000101

SIGN AND MAGNITUDE

In this method, the most significant bit position is used to
store the sign of the integer. A one (1) in the most significant bit
(MSB) position represents a negative number and zero (0) in
this position represents a positive number.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

REMEMBER:

If you fail
to prepare,
you prepare
to fail.

19

yl:mathematics

Factorisation of quadratic expressions

CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor

by - b y = by(1 - b) (by is the HCF of by and b y)

AS WE continue to review algebra, I wish to remind you of

the following:
 The concepts included in algebra are fairly routine and,
with effort, you all should be able to learn them well without
much difficulty.
 Many areas, for example, solution of linear equations and
inequations, were done in the lower forms and must be
effectively revised prior to the examinations next year.
 Algebra should be selected as one of the compulsory
topics in Section 2. I will present, at a later date, the list of
topics which are included.
We will now review last weeks homework.
1. Solve : 5x + 7 = 3x
2

SOLUTION
The appropriate method is to multiply both sides by 2. (In
other examples, with multiple denominators, we find their
LCM)
2 x 5x + 2 x 7 = 2 x 3x
2
10x + 14 = 3x
10x - 3x = 7x = - 14
x = - 14 = - 2
7
2. Solve : x - 3 - 3x + 4 = 1 (Here there is multiple
denominator, so the 3 6 LCM is used.)

SOLUTION
In this case, the method recommended above may also be used.
As the LCM of 3 and 6 is 6, simplifying the left hand side:
x - 3 - 3x + 4
3
6
2(x - 3) - (3x + 4) = 2x - 6 - 3x - 4 = -x - 10
6
6
6
Equating both sides:
-x - 10 =
1 Multiplying both sides by 6
6
-x - 10 = 6
- x = 6 + 10 or - x = 16.
Ans : x = - 16
2

3. Factorise: (a) 7x - 21x

SOLUTION
As the common factor with respect to 7x2 and 21x is 7x
7x2 - 21x = 7x (x - 3)
(b) by - b2y

20

SOLUTION

4. Factorise: 2x - 8y - 4xy + 4

SOLUTION
2x - 8y - 4xy + 4 Rearranging
2x + 4 - 8y - 4xy
Using grouping, that is, repeated common factor method:
2x + 4 - 8y - 4xy = 2(x + 2) - 4y(2 + x) (Note the negative sign)
= (x + 2)(2 - 4y)
Please factorise the following on your own :
6mn + 15m - 4n - 10
6na - 9ma - 4ny + 6my
Continuing the review of factorization, we will proceed with
factorization of quadractic expressions.

EXAMPLES OF METHOD OF FACTORIZATION OF

QUADRACTIC EXPRESSIONS
1. Factorize x2 + 7x + 12
This method is based on the principle that
(x + b)(x + c) = x? + (b + c) x + bc
Do you see the relationship between (b + c) which is the
coefficient of x, bc which is the constant term, and b and c
which are the values in the brackets on the left-hand side? This
relationship and the trial and error play an important role in
this method.
Given the quadratic expression x2 + (b + c) x + bc, if we
determine the values b and c, then the quadratic factors are:
(x + b)(x + c).

NOTE
Given the quadratic expression, the sum of b and c is the
coefficient of x and the product is the constant term. Other
methods are also taught; please practise the one with which
you are comfortable.

USING THE ABOVE:

1. x2 + 7x + 12 = (x + 4)(x +3)
If you have not realised the relationship mentioned above,
then please note that:
4 + 3 = 7 (coefficient of x)
4 x 3 = 12 (The constant term)
You may use trial and error to identify 4 and 3, the values
which satisfy the relationship.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

2. Given, x2 + 5x + 4 as 4 x 1 = 4 and 4 + 1 = 5
Then x2 + 5x + 4 = ( x + 4)( x + 1)
3. Factorise: y2 - 3y + 2.
The two numbers whose sum is - 3 and product is 2 are - 2
and - 1.
Answer : (y - 2)(y - 1)
You may wish to expand the factors to verify your answer.
4. Factorise: 2x2 + 5x -12
Despite the coefficient of x2 being 2, a method similar to that
of Example 2 above is used.
2x2 + 5x - 12 = (2x - 3)(x + 4)

EXAMPLES OF METHOD OF DIFFERENCE OF TWO

SQUARES
By expanding (A + B)( A - B) = A2 - B2
This forms the basis of the Difference of Two Squares
method.
5. Factorise: 36 - 25x2
As this is based on the fact that a2 - b2 = (a - b)(a + b). The
critical problem is, therefore, to find the square root of each term.
As 36 = 6 and 25x2 = 5x
36 - 25x2 = (6 - 5x)(6 + 5x).
Answer = (6 - 5x)(6 + 5x).
We will try another example.
6. Factorise: 9x2 - 16
By using the method of difference of two squares, you can
show that since
9x2 = 3x and 16 = 4, then
9x2 - 16 = (3x - 4)(3x + 4).
Answer = (3x - 4)(3x + 4).
7. Factorise: 1 - (x + 2)2
Based on the above, the factors are :
{1 + ( x +2)}{1 - ( x + 2)} = (1 + x + 2)(1 - x - 2)
Answer: ( 3 + x)( - 1 - x )
Remember to check your answers by expanding the factors
and ensure that the product is the same as the given expression.
It is important that you review the various methods of
factorising a given expression.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 22

yl:office administration

Recruitment and orientation

HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor

NCE YOU have given some

thought to your immediate and
long-range career goals, you will
be ready to begin a job search. In
searching for a job you will need to:
 Locate a prospective employer.
 Prepare a rsum and cover letter
and send them to the prospective
employer.
 Complete a job application form.
 Obtain an interview.
 Follow up on the interview.

There are many places where you can

search for a job: the newspaper,
employment agency, electronic media,
personal contact, trade journals,
magazines and a companys newsletters.
Many organisations utilise
employment agencies to assist in the
recruitment of staff. If you wish for an
agency to find you employment, you
must first register with that agency and

must accept the terms and conditions

laid down by the agency.

COMPILING INFORMATION
PERTAINING TO A VACANCY
It is essential that you gather as much
information as possible regarding an
advertised post.
In large organisations, details
regarding a vacant position can usually
be obtained from the human resources
department. In a small organisation, this
type of information may be obtained
from the person with whom the recruit is
to work. In addition, factors relating to
training and qualification, salary, fringe
benefits, career advancement and the
image of the firm must be taken into
consideration when seeking
employment.

JOB DESCRIPTION
It is necessary that the duties and
responsibilities of a position are

understood. Many organisations give

their employees a job description. A job
description explains the nature of the
job, duties and responsibilities.

responsible in the course of performing

job tasks.

There are three main parts of any job

description:

Once you have located a prospective

employer, the next step is to prepare a
cover letter and a rsum. A cover letter
is the chance to sell yourself to the
employer. It should convince the
employer to call you in for an interview.

THE DESCRIPTION ITSELF

This section includes a summary of
the overall functions of the position and
a detailed list of the specific tasks and
responsibilities of the job.

KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL

REQUIREMENTS
This section specifies the minimum
education level and/or training required
for the job.

ACCOUNTABILITY
This section identifies who the
supervisor will be. It may also describe
any equipment, expenditures or other
operations for which you will be held

APPLYING FOR A POSITION

A cover letter should not be more than

three or four short paragraphs. It should
tell the employer when and where you
heard about the position, explain why
you feel your education and background
qualify you for the job. Some companies
may ask you to fill out an application
form as well as submit a rsum.
A rsum is a written summary of
your qualifications that you prepare
when looking for a particular position. A
rsum should have sections of
information in the following order -

 Your name, address, telephone and

email address
 Other personal information e.g.,
date of birth
 Objectives
 Educational background
 Employment history
 Hobbies, interests, activities and
special abilities
 Reference
Your rsum should be clearly written
and well organised. Make certain that
your spelling, grammar and punctuation
are perfect. Try to keep your rsum to
one page.
From the information you have read,
prepare a rsum as you may need one
for the upcoming Christmas holidays.
Continue to work hard and never give
up. I will continue this lesson next week.
Hyacinth Tugman an independent contributor.
Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:chemistry

Structure
and
bonding

Allotrophy is the ability of an element to exist in the same

physical state but in different structural forms. This causes them to
have different physical properties but the same chemical
properties.

arranged hexagonally
in layers. These layers
are held together by
weak bonds which
enable them to slide
over each other. There
are strong covalent
bonds, however,
between the carbon
atoms in each layer.
Since the carbon
atom is bonded to
f
b
d i h
only three others, it means that each carbon atom has a fourth
electron not involved in bonding; that is a free mobile electron.
This causes graphite to conduct heat and electricity.

FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor

YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

 Explain the term allotrophy.
 Construct diagrams to represent the structure of sodium chloride,
diamond and graphite.
 Relate the structure to their properties.

Diamond and graphite are giant molecular or macromolecular

crystals. Diamond consists of carbon atoms tetrahedrally arranged
and bonded by strong covalent bonds. Four carbon atoms are
joined in a tetrahedral arrangement which is repeated throughout
to give a three-dimensional structure.
Graphite consists of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal rings
and in layers. Each carbon atom is bonded to three other atoms
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
21

yl:english literature
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 11
That she took full responsibility for his
upbringing, not shirking anything with the
excuse that him no have no fada. She set his
horizons high and wide, thinking that he could
achieve any wonderful goal. Consider the
professional choices she has in mind for her
fatherless boy! In her estimation, he could
have been a doctor thereby caring for others
even as he became financially independent, or
an environmentalist caring for the earth and
being financially well off, or he could have
been a pilot. You need to reflect on the
significance of this last choice. We will return
to it later. Suddenly, there is an unexpected
change in the events and the tone of the
poem. We will, therefore, take a break and
pick up at this point in next weeks class.
Make sure to read this poem several times.
If there is any word or expression with which
you are not familiar, please get clarification.
Take care and God bless!
Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send
questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL
HABITATS OF FLORA AND FAUNA
In the making of an urban area, a lot of
forested areas are destroyed, which
otherwise would have been natural habitats
to many birds and animals.
In Jamaica, especially in Kingston on a
daily basis, you will notice many problems
caused by urbanisation. One of the most
noticeable is traffic congestion.
There is an increased amount of traffic on
the roads, which results in traffic congestion.
In the morning and evenings (peak hours),
the congestion is worse. The current road
network in Kingston was not built to
accommodate the large volume of traffic that
it now handles and there is not much room
for the expansion of existing roads.

POOR HOUSING CONDITIONS

With the large number of unskilled and
unemployed persons who migrate to
Kingston, they are forced to occupy land
(vacant lots) illegally. Very often, houses
made by squatters are built with inferior

22

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 18

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 20

We use the grouping method to factorise the expression
6a +16b + 8ab + 12.

Forced labour is a situation in which victims are forced to

work against their own will under the threat of violence or
some other form of punishment; their freedom is restricted
and a degree of ownership is exerted.

SOLUTION
6a + 16b + 8ab + 12 = 6a + 12 + 8ab + 16b Factorising,
= 3(2a + 4) + 4b(2a + 4) = (2a + 4)(3 + 4b)
Answer: (2a + 4)(3 + 4b)
Factorise the following:
1 - y2
9
The square roots are 1 and y, the factors are: {1 + y }{1 - y }
3
3
3
Please note the following quadratic
factors:
Y2 - 2Y - 15 = (Y + 3)(Y - 5)
3m2 - 10m - 8 = (3m +2)(m - 4)
Kindly review the answers.

HOMEWORK
Factorise:
(a) x2 + 5x + 6

(b) x2 - 4x - 32
(c) 3x2 - 7x -6
(d) 2x2 + 5x -12
(e) 3x -8y - 4xy + 6
(f) x2 - y2 - 4x + 4y
(g) 16a2 - 49b2
(h) 1 - 64x2
Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor.
Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:geography
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 14

yl:social studies

yl:mathematics

materials and lack basic amenities such as

running water and electricity.
There are also various forms of pollution:
1. Noise pollution results from the
continuous flow of traffic, night-time
entertainment and construction work.
2. Air pollution is derived from exhaust of
motor vehicles, dust from construction
sites, fumes from factories, and so on.
3. Water pollution, for example, in the
Kingston harbour, which is heavily polluted.

THE SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS

INCLUDE:
Domestic waste, such as garbage from
gullies, which empties into the Kingston
Harbour. The domestic garbage is dumped
into these gullies by citizens when the time
is dry and, when it rains, the garbage is
washed into the sea, which pollutes it.
Sewage is dumped in the Kingston
harbour. Generally speaking, the sewage
treatment plants are unable to treat all the
sewage produced by the increasing number
of persons who live in Kingston. Therefore,
the untreated sewage is sometimes dumped

in the harbour, resulting in the pollution of

the water. This has caused the increased
death of marine life.
Occasionally, oil spills may occur in the
harbour when oil is being delivered at the
Petrojam oil refinery. Oil spills can result in
the death of marine life.
High levels of unemployment because
there are not enough jobs available for
everyone and some of the migrants are
unskilled and, therefore, cannot find jobs.
High levels of crime as the unskilled and
unemployed persons may contribute to this.
Another reason for the high level of crime in
Kingston is that, often, parents have more
children than they can afford to maintain.
This forces these children to take up odd
jobs, as a result of their poverty-stricken
situations, when they should be in school;
many times they end up joining gangs and
performing criminal activities.
Next class, we will discuss attempts to
control urbanisation in the Caribbean.
Judith Henry teaches at Ardenne High School. Send
questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 10-16, 2015

Child labour is a form of work that is likely to be hazardous

to the physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social
development of children and can interfere with their
education. These children may be involved in debt bondage,
forced recruitment for armed conflict, prostitution,
pornography, the illegal drug trade, the illegal arms trade and
other illicit activities around the world.
Trafficking of children is the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of children
for the purpose of exploitation. Trafficking in children
often involves exploitation of the parents extreme
poverty. Parents may sell children to traffickers in order to
pay off debts or gain income, or they may be deceived
concerning the prospects of training and a better life for
their children. They may sell their children into labour,
sex trafficking or illegal adoptions.

ACTIVITIES:
1. Define the concepts human trafficking and
alternative lifestyles.
2. State and explain three types of alternative lifestyles.
3. Suggest three reasons human trafficking is carried out.
4. Suggest three strategies to curb human trafficking?
5. Suggest three reasons why the three named
alternative lifestyles are seen as a social issue by
members of your society. Please be specific by naming
the alternative lifestyles to which you are referring.
Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hughs High School. Send
questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:chemistry
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 21
Graphite and diamond are composed of carbon atoms
but their structures are different, hence these solids are
allotropes. They show the same chemical properties since
they have the same element carbon, but the difference in
their structure causes them to have different chemical
properties.

REVIEW
1. What are allotropes?
2. What is a giant molecular structure?
3. Give three examples of substances having a giant
molecular structure.
4. Describe the properties of diamond and graphite.
5. How does the structure of graphite influence its
properties?
Francine Taylor-Campbell is an independent contributor. Send
questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com