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11
yl:english language
Error recognition
MELISSA MCKENZIE
Contributor
INCORRECT GRAMMAR
This occurs when rules of grammar have not been correctly
applied. This includes faulty subject-verb agreement, improper
use of pronouns, incorrect placement of tenses and so on.
EXAMPLES
Peter have no intention of helping me with my homework.
(Have should be replaced by has since Peter is a singular
subject.)
My sister and me do not have the same hobby. (Me should
be replaced by the pronoun I because it Me cannot be used as
the subject.)
Yesterday I watch a very interesting football match. (Watch
should be watched because the match happened in the past.)
Please note that the rules of grammar will be revised in
future lessons.
REDUNDANCY
FAULTY DICTION
This error occurs when a word is used that is not suitable for a
particular context. Malapropism is an example of faulty diction.
Malapropism is the absurd or sometimes humorous misuse of a
word. For example: 1) Students should be punished when they
validate the school rules. It is clear that violate is the correct
word for the context. Here is another: 2) Parents are reluctant to
send their children to a school with a bad repetition. Repetition
should be replaced by reputation.
EXAMPLES
It was their customary habit to reach school in time for
general assembly. (If something is customary, it is a habit.)
There was a long line outside the ATM machine. (The M
stands for machine.)
He was killed in a fatal accident. (The word fatal suggests
that somebody died.)
Other examples: repeat again, reverse back, refund back, free
gift
MIXED/MISUSED METAPHOR
Mixed metaphors are different metaphors occurring in the
same utterance, especially the same sentence, which are used to
express the same idea. Mixed metaphors usually result in a
conflict of ideas. The mixed metaphors are underlined in the
following sentences.
EXAMPLES
If our efforts are to be crowned with success, we will have
to put our shoulders to the wheel.
12
CLICHE
This is an expression or idea which has become overused to
the point of losing its original meaning or effect. Proverbs and
idioms often become clichs. Proverbs are well-known
expressions that offer advice or present a moral, while idioms
are single units of thought that convey a specific meaning.
Idioms are not supposed to be taken literally but figuratively.
EXAMPLES
1. A fool and his money are soon parted. (proverb)
2. Make hay while the sun shines. (proverb)
3. The two decided to bury the hatchet. (idiom)
4. My sister specializes in making a mountain out of molehill.
(idiom)
Using the instructions given above and the information I have
The good
can
always
be made
better.
yl:history
Contributor
OBJECTIVES
Figure 2
13
yl:geography
FOCUS QUESTIONS:
What is meant by urbanisation?
What are the causes, benefits and
problems of urbanisation?
Urbanisation began during the industrial
revolution, when workers moved towards
manufacturing hubs in cities to obtain jobs in
factories, as agricultural jobs became less
common.
Urbanisation is the increase in the
proportion or percentage of people, or the
population, living in towns and cities (urban
areas).
We see this happening here in Jamaica.
People are moving from rural areas and going
into Kingston and Montego Bay. Why is this so?
The general causes of urbanisation are:
URBAN PLANNING
In cities there are pre-planned conditions
and programmes, while in rural areas there is
little sign of planning.
In summary, urbanisation happens mainly
because of population pressure and lack of
resources in rural areas. Natural increase and
the standard of living in urban areas will be
much better than in rural areas. People also
hope for well-paid jobs, greater opportunities
to find casual or informal work, better health
care and education.
ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT
COMMERCIALIZATION
Modern marketing institutions and the
different methods of exchange have greatly
contributed to the growth of cities.
14
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
There are more jobs available and a greater
range of job opportunities in urban areas, so
persons will move into cities like Kingston in
search of employment.
SOCIAL SERVICES
Urban areas generally have better health-care
facilities than rural areas. Indeed, some rural
areas have no or little health-care facilities, like
Buff Bay in Portland, Jamaica. Urban areas also
have better educational facilities. Most
secondary- and tertiary-level educational
facilities are to be found in towns and cities.
The availability of these facilities is another
reason that many people prefer to live in urban
areas.
ENTERTAINMENT
There are more opportunities for
entertainment in the cities than in rural areas.
You will find nightclubs, fancy restaurants,
sports facilities, shopping malls and many
other opportunities for entertainment and
recreation in the urban areas. Many people
prefer to live in urban areas because of the
availability of these entertainment
opportunities.
TEMPERATURE INCREASE
Due to factors such as paving over formerly
vegetated land, increasing number of
residences and high-rise apartments and
industries. Temperature increase is due to
increased concentration of suns energy and
production of more and more heat due to very
extreme human activity.
AIR POLLUTION
THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC
UTILITIES
Utilities such as piped water, electricity,
telephone and Internet services are readily
available in urban areas. Some of these
services are unavailable in some rural areas.
With benefits of urbanisation come negative
consequences, mainly because the persons
who move to the cities in search of jobs end up
becoming casual workers, and this leads to the
development of unplanned communities
(slums) with substandard housing and very
poor living conditions.
Slums are usually located on land that is not
CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
yl:biology
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Contributor
Movement
LUMBAR
These are larger than the first two types and
are stumpy. They have neural spines and
transverse processes for the attachment of the
lower-back muscles.
SACRAL
These are fused into a single bone (sacrum)
which increases its strength, making it better
able to transmit forces from the legs to the rest
of the backbone.
CAUDAL
Reduced to small bones (coccyx). It has no
defined function.
&'
CERVICAL
Large neural canal
Vertebraterial canals present
Short neural spine
Short transverse processes
THORACIC
Smaller neural canal
Very long neural spine
Short transverse processes
LUMBAR
Large, well-developed centrum
Small neural canal
Long, wide neural spine
Long transverse processes
CERVICAL
Small bones with articulating surfaces to
allow the head to nod and twist. Two small
holes are present for the blood vessels of the
neck.
THORACIC
15
yl:principles of business
Balance of payments
YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor
Visible trade
Exports
Imports
Invisible (net)
Exports
Imports
US ($ M)
26,000
29,000
20,000
15,000
16
US$M
+800
+700
+1,500
HOMEWORK
The question below will test how much you have grasped of
this lesson.
(a) What is the official financing account? (2 marks)
(b)(1) List two ways of financing a balance of payments
surplus. (2 marks)
(11) List two ways of financing a balance of payments
deficit. (2 marks)
(c) A country has a balance of payments of +US$300M,
draw up the official financing account to show how this may
be financed. (2 marks)
(d) Explain two ways of correcting an adverse balance of
payments. (2 marks)
Total:10 marks
This area of the syllabus can be quite technical, so do not
take it for granted. Go over the notes from the past lessons, do
some reading and then tackle the question.
Bye, until next week.
Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
yl:principles of accounts
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS:
SALES JOURNAL
This is the book of original entry that
lists all credit sales for a given period. It is
used for posting credit sales to the sales
ledger.
The sales journal total for the period is
posted to the credit of the sales account.
CASH SALES
This is when goods are paid for
immediately. Cash sales are not entered in the
sales journal.
SOLUTIONS:
Sales Invoices
D
D
CREDIT SALES
This is where goods are given to debtors/
customers on credit, to be paid for at a later date.
SALES DISCOUNT
This is a reduction in the cost of goods, it is
given to a customer when calculating the
selling price.
D
D
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d
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d ,
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d
dD
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s
SALES LEDGER
This is the ledger for customers personal
account.
PERSONAL ACCOUNTS
Account for both creditors and debtors.
D
D
D
D
d
SALES LEDGER
E Gloria
D
^
A Green
D
'
'
,
D
WORKED EXAMPLE:
Question:
Fabien Black of 20 Lower Braxton, Browns Town, is selling the following items; the
recommended retail prices are shown:
White tape $10 per roll
Blue cotton at $6 per sheet
Green baize at $4 per metre
Black silk at $20 per dress length
W
Sales Journal
D
SALES INVOICES
This is a document, prepared by the firm
selling the goods on credit, which is given to
/
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d',Zd
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d,,^d E
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E Hall
D
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M Ann
D
B Campbell
D
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GENERAL LEDGER
Sales Account
D
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Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
17
yl:social studies
Alternative lifestyles
and human trafficking
MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor
EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE
LIFESTYLES:
Vegetarianism people who eat no meat;
these are a minority in our society.
Hermits people who live by themselves
and tend to live away from everyday activities.
They do not participate in all that society has to
offer.
Polygamy the practice of having more
than one spouse; most people in the Caribbean
only marry one person at a time.
Gay, lesbian, transgender, transsexual,
bisexual lifestyle these are considered by
many as a lifestyle that is outside the norm for
a particular culture. These are all subcultures
within a larger culture.
Nudism and clothing optional lifestyles
Alternative medicine natural methods of
medical care or herbal remedies as medication
instead of the more traditional approach to
medicine.
Single parenting the growing trend of
children being raised by one parent ; this was
once viewed as an alternative lifestyle.
18
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
This is the trade in humans, most commonly
for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labour
or for the extraction of organs or tissues,
including surrogacy and ovary removal.
Trafficking is believed to be a very lucrative
industry. Human trafficking is carried out at
local levels and has international implications,
as recognised by the United Nations in the
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and
Children. This is referred to as the Trafficking
Protocol, an international agreement attached
to the UN Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (CTOC), which came into
effect on December 25, 2003.
The Trafficking Protocol is the first global,
legally binding instrument on trafficking and
the only one with an agreed-upon definition of
trafficking in persons. One of its purposes is to
facilitate international cooperation in
investigating and prosecuting such trafficking.
Another is to protect and assist human
trafficking victims with full respect for their
rights, as established in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
yl:information technology
EXAMPLE 1
Given the decimal number 502, find its equivalent BCD digit.
1010 0101
0000
0010
+
5
0
2
EXAMPLE 2
Given the decimal number - 348, find its equivalent BCD
digit.
1011 0011
0100
1000
3
4
8
negative
positive
In this method you write the binary value, adding zeros on the
left if a specific number of bits are required. Include the sign bit
on the left as one of the required bits in the answer.
EXAMPLE 4
Convert -7 to 8-bit sign and magnitude.
Please note:
1. The number is negative, so the sign bit is 1.
2. To make it in an 8-bit you add zeros before the number 7
converted to binary, which is 111.
-7 sign and magnitude is 1 0000 111
10
What if you are given the BCD digit to find the decimal
number? How would you arrive at the answer?
7 in binary
0000
Sign bit
added
zeros
111
5 in binary
EXAMPLE 3
We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week,
when we will continue to look at binary representation and
manipulation.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
(1) Find the BCD for the following:
(a) 8978
(b) - 62
(c) 4560
(2) Find the Decimal numbers for the following BCD:
(a) 000101011000
(b) 1011011100000101
REMEMBER:
If you fail
to prepare,
you prepare
to fail.
19
yl:mathematics
SOLUTION
The appropriate method is to multiply both sides by 2. (In
other examples, with multiple denominators, we find their
LCM)
2 x 5x + 2 x 7 = 2 x 3x
2
10x + 14 = 3x
10x - 3x = 7x = - 14
x = - 14 = - 2
7
2. Solve : x - 3 - 3x + 4 = 1 (Here there is multiple
denominator, so the 3 6 LCM is used.)
SOLUTION
In this case, the method recommended above may also be used.
As the LCM of 3 and 6 is 6, simplifying the left hand side:
x - 3 - 3x + 4
3
6
2(x - 3) - (3x + 4) = 2x - 6 - 3x - 4 = -x - 10
6
6
6
Equating both sides:
-x - 10 =
1 Multiplying both sides by 6
6
-x - 10 = 6
- x = 6 + 10 or - x = 16.
Ans : x = - 16
2
SOLUTION
As the common factor with respect to 7x2 and 21x is 7x
7x2 - 21x = 7x (x - 3)
(b) by - b2y
20
SOLUTION
4. Factorise: 2x - 8y - 4xy + 4
SOLUTION
2x - 8y - 4xy + 4 Rearranging
2x + 4 - 8y - 4xy
Using grouping, that is, repeated common factor method:
2x + 4 - 8y - 4xy = 2(x + 2) - 4y(2 + x) (Note the negative sign)
= (x + 2)(2 - 4y)
Please factorise the following on your own :
6mn + 15m - 4n - 10
6na - 9ma - 4ny + 6my
Continuing the review of factorization, we will proceed with
factorization of quadractic expressions.
NOTE
Given the quadratic expression, the sum of b and c is the
coefficient of x and the product is the constant term. Other
methods are also taught; please practise the one with which
you are comfortable.
2. Given, x2 + 5x + 4 as 4 x 1 = 4 and 4 + 1 = 5
Then x2 + 5x + 4 = ( x + 4)( x + 1)
3. Factorise: y2 - 3y + 2.
The two numbers whose sum is - 3 and product is 2 are - 2
and - 1.
Answer : (y - 2)(y - 1)
You may wish to expand the factors to verify your answer.
4. Factorise: 2x2 + 5x -12
Despite the coefficient of x2 being 2, a method similar to that
of Example 2 above is used.
2x2 + 5x - 12 = (2x - 3)(x + 4)
CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
yl:office administration
COMPILING INFORMATION
PERTAINING TO A VACANCY
It is essential that you gather as much
information as possible regarding an
advertised post.
In large organisations, details
regarding a vacant position can usually
be obtained from the human resources
department. In a small organisation, this
type of information may be obtained
from the person with whom the recruit is
to work. In addition, factors relating to
training and qualification, salary, fringe
benefits, career advancement and the
image of the firm must be taken into
consideration when seeking
employment.
JOB DESCRIPTION
It is necessary that the duties and
responsibilities of a position are
ACCOUNTABILITY
This section identifies who the
supervisor will be. It may also describe
any equipment, expenditures or other
operations for which you will be held
yl:chemistry
Structure
and
bonding
arranged hexagonally
in layers. These layers
are held together by
weak bonds which
enable them to slide
over each other. There
are strong covalent
bonds, however,
between the carbon
atoms in each layer.
Since the carbon
atom is bonded to
f
b
d i h
only three others, it means that each carbon atom has a fourth
electron not involved in bonding; that is a free mobile electron.
This causes graphite to conduct heat and electricity.
FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor
CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
21
yl:english literature
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 11
That she took full responsibility for his
upbringing, not shirking anything with the
excuse that him no have no fada. She set his
horizons high and wide, thinking that he could
achieve any wonderful goal. Consider the
professional choices she has in mind for her
fatherless boy! In her estimation, he could
have been a doctor thereby caring for others
even as he became financially independent, or
an environmentalist caring for the earth and
being financially well off, or he could have
been a pilot. You need to reflect on the
significance of this last choice. We will return
to it later. Suddenly, there is an unexpected
change in the events and the tone of the
poem. We will, therefore, take a break and
pick up at this point in next weeks class.
Make sure to read this poem several times.
If there is any word or expression with which
you are not familiar, please get clarification.
Take care and God bless!
Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send
questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL
HABITATS OF FLORA AND FAUNA
In the making of an urban area, a lot of
forested areas are destroyed, which
otherwise would have been natural habitats
to many birds and animals.
In Jamaica, especially in Kingston on a
daily basis, you will notice many problems
caused by urbanisation. One of the most
noticeable is traffic congestion.
There is an increased amount of traffic on
the roads, which results in traffic congestion.
In the morning and evenings (peak hours),
the congestion is worse. The current road
network in Kingston was not built to
accommodate the large volume of traffic that
it now handles and there is not much room
for the expansion of existing roads.
22
SOLUTION
6a + 16b + 8ab + 12 = 6a + 12 + 8ab + 16b Factorising,
= 3(2a + 4) + 4b(2a + 4) = (2a + 4)(3 + 4b)
Answer: (2a + 4)(3 + 4b)
Factorise the following:
1 - y2
9
The square roots are 1 and y, the factors are: {1 + y }{1 - y }
3
3
3
Please note the following quadratic
factors:
Y2 - 2Y - 15 = (Y + 3)(Y - 5)
3m2 - 10m - 8 = (3m +2)(m - 4)
Kindly review the answers.
HOMEWORK
Factorise:
(a) x2 + 5x + 6
(b) x2 - 4x - 32
(c) 3x2 - 7x -6
(d) 2x2 + 5x -12
(e) 3x -8y - 4xy + 6
(f) x2 - y2 - 4x + 4y
(g) 16a2 - 49b2
(h) 1 - 64x2
Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor.
Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
yl:geography
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 14
yl:social studies
yl:mathematics
ACTIVITIES:
1. Define the concepts human trafficking and
alternative lifestyles.
2. State and explain three types of alternative lifestyles.
3. Suggest three reasons human trafficking is carried out.
4. Suggest three strategies to curb human trafficking?
5. Suggest three reasons why the three named
alternative lifestyles are seen as a social issue by
members of your society. Please be specific by naming
the alternative lifestyles to which you are referring.
Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hughs High School. Send
questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
yl:chemistry
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 21
Graphite and diamond are composed of carbon atoms
but their structures are different, hence these solids are
allotropes. They show the same chemical properties since
they have the same element carbon, but the difference in
their structure causes them to have different chemical
properties.
REVIEW
1. What are allotropes?
2. What is a giant molecular structure?
3. Give three examples of substances having a giant
molecular structure.
4. Describe the properties of diamond and graphite.
5. How does the structure of graphite influence its
properties?
Francine Taylor-Campbell is an independent contributor. Send
questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com