Chowdhury 1

Santa Susana High School

How to Successfully Coach Soccer Athletes

Santa Susana High School Senior Project

Dolly Chowdhury
English 12 AP
Mrs. Pamela Bradley
October 30, 2015

Chowdhury 2
Motivation in sports is one of the major issues our society faces within the new
generation of children. From a young age, these children are grouped into two divisions:
recreational or club sports. Due to this separation, these children are raised in environments
where values in education, athletics, and relationships are taught differently. Coaches from these
two divisions of sports have contradicting styles of practices, game plans, and future intentions
for their players. Recreational coaches are focused on teaching their athletes the basic skills for
the sport and focus more on the enjoyment on the sport. On the other hand, club coaches are
focused on rigorous exercise since they are expected to train their athletes for college-level
sports. Even though this issue is not as pronounced in our society, sports coaches must train all
sports athletes in a manner that builds on the athlete's potential.
Almost everyone in todays societies is involved in sports. Consequently, coaching these
sports teams has become a common profession for many. I have participated in sports as an
athlete for almost twelve years now. I have played recreational soccer for ten years and have
played club soccer for six years. Throughout these years as a recreational and soccer player I
have learned many skills and values that are part of soccer and sports in general. With these
multiple years of experience to the sport, I have become familiar with the rules of soccer (such as
in team formations, direction of attack, and skills with the ball). Other skills I have also learned
relate to all sports in general. These skills include time commitments, team bonding, and
competition. Thus, these years of commitment in soccer have taught me various athletic and
social skills.
The years of participation in soccer have also encouraged me to design a senior project
related to soccer. As a result, the senior project I have planned to conduct involves coaching a
recreational soccer team while evaluating their levels of physical health between the conditioning

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and skill-based exercises. For the second part of the project, I plan on distributing questionnaires
to recreational and club soccer teams of the same age in order to analyze the differences in
motivation between these two levels of teams. The questions I hand out to the athletes will be
based off their interest and future goals with the sport. The coaching and questions in
combination will allow me to teach a group of athletes a variety of soccer skills but will also
allow me to compare the differences in motivation between the athletes from the recreational and
club teams. Thus, this project, which relates to soccer, science, and psychology, combines both
my career interest in the sciences and my passions for soccer.
Since I am already familiar with the basics of soccer and the sciences, my learning stretch
will be to learn the styles of coaching and organizing a team, learning child psychology,
becoming familiar with management skills, learning to organize drills, and to become familiar
with the safety precautions in sports. This would be a learning stretch because instead of playing
soccer I will be coaching soccer, which requires another set of responsibilities. Therefore, since
coaching a group of young athletes will be a challenging task, I will need to have a thorough
understanding in the coaching styles, management skills, child psychology, and proper health
care in order to properly coach a group of young athletes.
Coaching styles is one of the most important skills a coach must possess in order to
successfully train its athletes. The coaching styles used in sports teams vary depending on
whether the coach is training a recreation or club team, since the competitive level of the athletes
vary from team to team. The most common approaches in coaching used include the autocratic
style with a focus on telling, the autocratic style with a focus on selling, democratic style with a
focus on sharing, and the democratic style with a focus on allowing.

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The autocratic style, also known as the telling style, is one of the most common coaching
styles used by coaches for the younger division sports teams. Coaches that use this style explain
the rules for each of the drills to the athletes and also demonstrate an example before the practice
session begins. Coaches for these teams must be aware that the instruction they present consists
of things that the players are not able individually to spot by themselves (Reis and Lau 185).
This type of coaching style is effective to younger athletes because the coach not only explains
the drills to the athletes but also gives them real-life examples, which is useful to these younger
athletes who have limited exposure and experience in the sport.
Another type of coaching style is the autocratic style with a focus on selling, which is
geared towards keeping the athletes focused during practice sessions. Coaches who use this style
present the information and purpose for each exercise planned for the practice session and also
allows the athletes to ask questions about each of the drills at the end of the explanations. Hence,
as opposed to the previous coaching style, this type of coaching keeps the athletes focused on the
drills and also increases their interest during the session. This type of drill would be best supplied
to teams with athletes around ages thirteen to fifteen since athletes around these ages tend to
have a higher curiosity and attention span during practice sessions compared to kids from
younger age divisions.
A third style of coaching used in sports is the democratic style with a focus on sharing.
Coaches who use this style share the requirements for each exercise to the athletes and then the
coach gives the team time to come up with exercises that match the coachs requirements and
will also help develop their skills. However, the athletes are not given complete authority over
the exercises chosen for the practice session because the coach still has the responsibility to
either deny or accept the exercises presented by the athletes. In other words, the coach still has to

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make sure that the exercises chosen by the athletes will be relevant to the teams overall rating
and performance levels.
A fourth style of coaching is the democratic style with a focus on allowing. Coaches who
use this style outline the requirements for the practice session to the athletes and then allow the
athletes to come up with a schedule of drills they will perform during the practice session. This
type of coaching style allows the athletes to decide on what they want to participate in rather
than having the coach tells them what to do. According to research, teams that are independent
and exhibit team cohesion and leadership behavior highlight the interdependence in team
sports (Murray 220). This type of coaching style would thus create a more independent team
since the athletes are in charge of their own workload and exercises.
Managing a team is an important quality a sports coach must be able to perform with ease
and success. Team management is one of the most difficult factors a coach must deal with
because the coach is responsible for maintaining a functioning communication basis with the
athletes, the parents of the athletes, and other coaches and advisors associated with the sports
league. Thus, in order to have a stable position in management skills for a sports team, a coach
must be able to have a strong foundation in skills related to dealing with people, teamwork,
communication, decision-making, organization, and a strong value system.
The first management skill a coach must have in order to successfully manage a sports
team is to be able to get along with people - mainly the athletes and their parents. The coach
must be able to talk to people in a one-to-one situation, as well as to the entire team and their
parents. A coach must also be able to speak to athletic organizations about any issues the club,
team, or any individual players may be facing. This skill is also important because the athletes
may come from diverse backgrounds, ages, genders, personalities, and skill levels. Thus, the

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coach must take into account that the athletes may have different health issues, fitness
capabilities, and levels of skills when the coach is planning out drills and exercises for the team.
Another important skill for a coach is teamwork. The coach must create a positive
atmosphere and create a team identity where all of the players are able to cooperate with one
another and understand each others circumstances. A coach must also be able to encourage an
athlete to work their hardest and also push them toward their potential by assigning drills and
exercises that increase their skill levels or adds to their knowledge of the game.
Communication skills are another important skill a coach must have. The coach must not
only be able to explain drills to the athletes, but also be able to stay in contact with other coaches
and advisors associated with the particular league. It is important that the coach must establish a
stable communication base with the advisors of the league because emergency situations can
occur sporadically within a team, which means that immediate aid will be necessary from the
president and other advisors of the league. Additionally, a coach must also be familiar with legal
and written documents related to the team and individual players since coaches will have to refer
back to them in any case of emergency, such as when an athlete is injured or in danger.
Decision-making is another crucial skill coaches must possess. This skill involves a coach
to be able to evaluate the pros and cons of a decision in a quick and timely manner. It is an
important skill that a coach must obtain because they have to understand whether their team is
and a good or bad shape to attend games, practice, or conditioning activities at a specific time.
Coaches have to take into consideration the injuries and health levels their athletes are at because
they do not want to cause any permanent injuries or health risks to the athletes by overworking
them.

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Organizational skills are also a common skill that most coaches should be familiar with.
This skill includes the coachs abilities to multi-task, plan events ahead of time; create a calendar
for events and deadlines, and to keep records for the team. As a coach time limits have to be set
for practice, all of the athletes information must be kept in records, and activities for the team
(such as team parties, games, and scrimmages) must be planned out ahead of time and have to be
confirmed by both the team and team managers for other teams.
Coaches must also be able to create a strong value system for the team. They must be
able to form a team identity and to have their players promote a sense of pride for the club
organization they play for. Spirit and pride are important parts to a team since it creates a sense
of identity and union within each of the individual players of the team, which helps them work
efficiently as a team on the field. Thus, in order to create a successful team a coach must
encourage team pride and spirit within every athlete.
In order to manage a team, a coach must be familiar with the athletes they are dealing
with, which means that child psychology plays a main part in coaching athletes. A background in
child psychology is useful for coaches because athletes differ in their maturity levels, interest in
the athletics, and by the amount of expectations imposed on the athlete.
An athletes overall game performance can be affected by the expectations and pressures
imposed by the athlete's parents. Often times, athletes that are pressured and overwhelmed about
their situation focus more on the results of their performance are unable to perform at their full
potential because they are not learning through experience. It has also been seen that when a
coach utilizes dispraise or an emphasis on winning, there is a direct relationship with the athletes
negative performance (Lai and Wiggins 120). On the other hand, athletes with higher levels of

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self-confidence perform better in game situations because rather than being pressured, they are
given the opportunity to learn from their mistakes.
The coachs instructions can also have a major effect on the athletes performance
because of the way the athlete may interpret the information. Most of the time when athletes are
given directions by their coaches, they take the instructions very literally and feel that they have
failed the coachs expectations when they fail to perform the drill correctly the first time it is
assigned to them. This can be hazardous to the athlete because it negatively affects their selfesteem since these athletes may believe that they are not as talented as their coach wants them to
when, in reality, the coach just wants the drill to be a learning experience for the athletes. In
order to train the athletes based on a learning experience, a coach should focus on a manageable
goal for the soccer team and should allow a student to improve their performance at their own
levels of intensity.
Since injuries are a common problem for soccer athletes, coaches must be familiar with
these injuries and know how to protect their players from them. Overall, about seventy-one
percent of injuries are associated with player factors, equipment, playing ground, or rules
(Ekstrand 126). Even though injuries for soccer players are mostly common in the lower
extremities of the athlete, there are also injuries that can occur in the upper extremities of an
athlete.
Common injuries that occur within the lower extremities of an athlete include sprains and
strains in the ankles, cartilage tears, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) sprains, fractions (in the
ankles, feet, and legs), and shin splints. Treatments for these injuries vary depending on the pain
and infections by the injured site. Treatment plans for these types of injuries include rests and ice
on the injured area, surgery, and physical exams.

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Common injuries that occur within the upper extremities of an athlete include wrist
sprains and fractures, shoulder dislocations, neck sprains, and concussions. Treatments for these
injuries also vary depending on an athletes pain and any infections that may be caused by the
injury. Treatment plans for these types of injuries include physical examinations, surgery, and
rest. It also seems that close supervision and correction by doctors and physiotherapists
significantly reduces soccer injuries (Gillquist 118).
I researched the different types of coaching styles used in coaching because I anticipate
that I will need to understand how I want the athletes to grasp the concepts from each of the
drills I will be teaching them. My research has shown that there are a variety of different
coaching techniques used by coaches, and after evaluating all of them I found that a technique
where the athletes would be most successful is when they are most involved in the drills - both
mentally and physically. To apply this to my senior project I will use a direct style of approach
for my coaching but will also allow the players to ask questions about the exercises they are
participating in. During the practice session I will conduct I will lay out all other exercises on the
field and then explain them one by one to the athletes. I will then demonstrate how each drill is
performed by giving them an example. I will have a couple of the athletes perform the drill with
me at a slow pace while all the other athletes watch how it is performed. At the end of the
demonstration I will let them ask questions about concepts they misunderstood, answer them,
and then allow them to begin. As they are performing the drill, I will also need to monitor the
players to make sure that they are on task and following the directions as I explained them. Once
I feel that the players have understood the drill and are able to perform it smoothly, I will ask
them questions on how they can apply this drill to a game in order to improve their performance.

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I researched management skills used by coaches of a soccer team because I anticipated
that as a coach for a team, I may need to be able to communicate with the athletes and their
parents. My research has shown that there are many skills necessary in managing a team. The
ones that I believe will be necessary for my purpose are dealing with diverse background,
creating a sense of team identity, teamwork, communication, and decision-making. As a coach I
must be able to deal with athletes from different backgrounds, such as dealing with athletes of
different ages, genders, and talents. Thus, my drills and plans must be manageable for kids that
who are at a high level of skill to those who are at a lower level. I must also be able to create a
safe environment for these athletes and allow them to interact with one another. They must be
able to work as a team and have team spirit for the soccer club they play for. As a coach, I must
also be able to contact the players or their parents easily to notify them of any delays or for
practice schedules. Having done part of my senior project already, I have found that notifications
play a major role in successfully managing a team. Notifications should not only be sent out, but
have to be sent out multiple times in order to remind students and their parents of practice times
and dates. I must also stay in contact with the club-president and other coaches to make sure that
my time slots do not interfere with those other teams that practice in the same area. As a coach, I
must also be capable of making quick decisions. This often occurs when coaches have to make
immediate decisions on whether the severity of an injury on an athlete requires immediate
medical help.
I researched child psychology because I anticipated that I may be dealing with athletes
from different ages, which may be motivated to play the sport for different reasons and may also
interpret instructions for drills in different ways. My research has shown that athletes of different
ages may interpret information given from their coaches in a variety of ways, and at times it may

Chowdhury 11
lower their self-esteem. One thing I learned is that I will need to limit the pressure imposed on
the athletes during practice. I should not create any stress for the athlete since that would just
lead them into frustration, which would lower their overall performance. Instead, I should create
a positive atmosphere and reinforce the idea that I do not expect them to get the drill perfectly
the first time. By creating this reassuring atmosphere I will boost the athletes self-confidence.
Another thing that I must be careful of is the instructions I give the athletes. I must make sure
that my instructions do not sound strict and demanding, or that I want the drills performed
quickly and perfectly. Thus, I must reinforce the idea that mistakes will result at times throughout
the exercise.
I researched common injuries that can occur during practice sessions for soccer players
because I anticipated that there can be a chance that one of the players that I will coach can get
injured or will be recovering from an injury. Research has shown that there is a high rate of
injuries during practice sessions. Common injuries that can result from this practice session are
sprained ankles, muscle sprains, and possible fractures and concussions. To prepare for these
incidents, I must carry around medical equipment and contact information that I will be able to
immediately have for an athlete if they are to get injured.
Works Cited
Ekstrand, Jan. The Avoidability of Soccer Injuries. International Journal of Sports Medicine
aaaiaaa4.2 (1983): 124-128. Web. 31 Oct. 2015.
Gillquist, Jan. Prevention of Soccer Injuries - Supervision by Doctor and Physiotherapist.
aaaiaaaJournal Citation Reports 11.3 (2014): 116-120. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.
Lai, Christopher, and Matthew Wiggins. Burnout Perceptions Over Time in NCAA Division I
aaaiaaaSoccer Players. International Sports Journal 7.2 (2003): 120-127. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

Chowdhury 12
Murray, Nicholas P. The Differential Effects of Team Cohesion and Leadership Behavior in
aaaiaaaHigh School Sports. Individual Differences Research 4.4 (2006): 216-225. Web. 31 Oct.
aaaiaaa2015.
Reis, Luis, and Nuno Lau. Coach Unilang - A Standard Language for Coaching a Soccer
aaaiaaaTeam. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Journal 23.7 (2002): 183-192. Web. 31 Oct.
aaaiaaa2015.

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Alic, Margaret. "Exercise." The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Laurie J. Fundukian. 4th ed.
aaaiaaaVol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 1638-1643. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Sept.
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This article, written by Margaret Alic, mainly discusses the importance of exercise for
individuals and also the procedure for calculating heart rate after an intense workout. The
author believes that exercise is an important activity for humans since it is beneficial
toward their health. She also believes that exercising is slowly declining, especially as
people begin to age. The author also describes the fundamental parts of a steady exercise,
which include strengthening, flexibility, and cardiovascular exercise. The author then
goes on to explain these three parts of an exercise activity and also explains how to
calculate an individuals heart rate. The author then analyzes the target heart rate for an
individual, and describes how a healthy heart rate can lead to a better standard of living.

Chowdhury 13

Overall, this article is a reliable source for investigation and research. The author,
Margaret Alic, has composed similar articles relating to human health and diseases. Thus,
the author can be trusted since she is thoroughly educated in the subjects of medicine and
human health. This article was published by the Gale Virtual Reference Library, a
reference site aimed toward researchers and students, which makes them a reliable source
for research on exercise and heart rate. In general, this article seems to be based off
factual data since it contains many calculations and research, which is seen in the
numbers and percentages. Factual data is used in the article as reliable research from
other valid sources. This article was published in 2011, which is only about four years
from the current date. Therefore, this is a thoroughly researched article that contains
information on exercise and how it contributes to an individuals heart rate. The author
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Athanasios, Katis, and Kellis Eleftherios. "Effects of small-sided games on physical conditioning
aaaiaaaand performance in young soccer players." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 8.3
aaaiaaa(2009): 374+. Student Resources in Context. Web. 16 Sept. 2015.
This article, written by Katis and Kellis, focuses on how small-sided games affect an
athletes overall performance in conditioning and performance in a sport. The author
believes that small sided games are more beneficial to participation because the athletes
are have a higher chance of touching the soccer ball when they are placed in a short
group. The author also believes that training for soccer is more effective in a short-sided
situation because the athletes in the team are more inclined to bond with one another and
make a team effort when they are participating in their assigned activities. Long-sided

Chowdhury 14
exercises, however, do not allow the participants to run through the exercises many times
because of the lines that are formed in each of the activities.
In general, this article is a reliable source for research on the effectiveness of the group
sizes in soccer drills and activities. The authors, Katis and Kellis, have composed similar
articles relating to sport psychology and in soccer drills, which makes them reliable
sources for information in conditioning relating to soccer activities. This article was
published by the Student Resources in Context site, a portal that offers articles,
magazines, and biographies for research. Thus, its association with school and research
makes it a reliable source for information in sports conditioning and participation. Factual
data is mainly used for the experiment performed; however there is a bias on how the
author believes that conditioning is only effective if the size of groups is smaller. This
article was published in 2009, which is a fairly recent article that contains an experiment
that provides insight on sport participation. Therefore, this article is thoroughly
researched and contains valuable information on how soccer participants work during
specific drills they are assigned to do.
Bowyer, Brian L., Douglas B. McKeag, and John E. McNerney. "When a beginning runner
aaaiaaaoverdoes it." Patient Care 15 Apr. 1994: 54+. Student Resources in Context. Web. 16
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This article, written by Brian, Douglas, and John, focuses on common injuries of the foot
for beginning runners. The authors also explain the location, effect, and prevention for
these injuries. For each of the injuries, the authors also explain which muscles in the body
they affect and the potential harm they have for the body. The authors mainly analyze the
pains that occur in the forefoot, heel, lower legs, and knees and then describe the types of

Chowdhury 15
treatments that are necessary for each of the injuries. The authors also describe that
during a physical examination the running injuries of the feet have to be analyzed
carefully and thoroughly. The patient should stand and walk during the physical
examination in order to properly examine the injuries of the feet.
Overall, this article is a reliable source for research on common injuries for beginning
runners. The authors have compared similar articles relating to sport injuries, which
means they are reliable articles for information related to common injuries of the feet for
runners. This article was published by the Student Resources in Context site, a portal that
offers articles, magazines, and biographies for research. Thus, its association with school
and research makes it a reliable source for information in injuries related to runners since
this portal contains reliable information in the sciences. This article is based off factual
data since the author uses facts to support all the injuries described for runners. This
article was published in 1994, which may be a little out of date but is still useful because
of the thorough descriptions for each of the common injuries listed. Thus, this is a
thoroughly analyzed article that contains useful information in injuries that can be a
potential threat for beginning runners and can also help them gain appropriate care for
any injuries they may receive.
Cramer, David A., and Tish Davidson. "Asthma." The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed.
aaaiaaaLaurie J. Fundukian. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 502-509. Gale Virtual Reference
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This article, written by David and Tish, mainly discusses asthma in how it is a threat to
humans and the current procedures used to treat asthma. The authors believe that asthma
is one of the most threatening diseases roaming around the world today. the authors also

Chowdhury 16
explain how asthma affects the respiratory system, specifically the lungs of humans. The
author states that asthma can be caused by genetics, but is also prevalent among athletes.
Many athletes can develop breathing problems during vigorous activities which can result
in asthma. The author also lists many procedures that are taken to treat individuals with
asthma. These preventions include medications, yoga, breathing control, therapies,
acupuncture, and controlled exercise.
In general, this article is a reliable source for research on the topic of asthma. The authors
have compose similar research articles related to the human respiratory system, thus their
work can be trusted since they are thoroughly educated in the subjects of biology and
human sciences. This article was published by the Gale Virtual Reference Library, a
reference site aimed toward researchers and students. Thus, their association with schools
and research facilities makes them a reliable source for material related to asthma. The
article is filled with more factual data compared to opinionated data since the author uses
diagrams and many reliable resources to obtain their data. This article was published in
2011, which is a recent article since it is only four years from the current date. Therefore,
the article is completely analyzed and includes information on how asthma is a potential
threat to athletes and the human health.
Dowda, Marsha, et al. "Gender differences in physical activity and determinants of physical
aaaiaaaactivity in rural fifth grade children." Journal of School Health 66.4 (1996): 145+.
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Marshas article examines the difference in physical activity between the genders, In an
experiment she describes, Marsha explains that the results show that boys tend to
participate more in physical activities and exercises compared to the participation of girls.

Chowdhury 17
Marsha also finds a correlation in children that watch television and the amount of
physical exercise they perform. The more television they watch the less exercise they
participate in. Martha was also surprised to find that even though people know that they
need a certain amount of physical exercise in their lives to maintain a healthy life, they
still seem to deny performing any physical activity.
In general, this article is a reliable source for research in participation in physical activity.
Marsha, who is closely associated with the Childrens Physical Activity Research Group,
is a reliable author because she has experience and she is thoroughly educated in research
and in issues related to human health. This article was published by the Student
Resources in Context site, a portal that offers articles, magazines, and biographies for
research. Thus, its association with school and research makes it a reliable source for
information in physical exercise. The article is filled with facts, which is seemed in the
results of the experiment performed. This article was published in 1996, which may be a
little out of date, but the article still contains valuable information on physical
participation that can be useful for research. Thus, this article is thoroughly researched in
how physical activity participation differs between genders and in how much television is
watched by an individual.
Ekstrand, Jan. The Avoidability of Soccer Injuries. International Journal of Sports Medicine
aaaiaaa4.2 (1983): 124-128. Web. 31 Oct. 2015.
Gillquist, Jan. Prevention of Soccer Injuries - Supervision by Doctor and Physiotherapist.
aaaiaaaJournal Citation Reports 11.3 (2014): 116-120. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

Chowdhury 18
Haggerty, Maureen, Teresa G. Odle, and Rebecca J. Frey. "Sports Injuries." The Gale
aaaiaaaEncyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Laurie J. Fundukian. 4th ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2011.
aaaiaaa4102-4106. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Sept. 2015.
This article, written by Haggerty, Maureen, Teresa, and Rebecca, mainly discusses the
types of injuries that are most common in sports and how injuries can be diagnosed and
treated. The authors believe that sport injuries are becoming increasingly common in the
United States and protective measure need to be assigned. Helmets and goggles are now
being worn in sports such as lacrosse and football to try to reduce injuries. The author
also explains how there is a large injury rate among children compared to the injury rate
of adults. These injuries normally include bruises, inflammation, sprains, bone fractures,
and brain injuries (such as concussions). The authors indicate that these injuries are
treated by physical examinations, where a doctor asks questions and views the injured
area in order to determine the injury that has occurred.
Overall, this article is a reliable source for investigation and research. The authors have
composed similar articles relating to medicine, diseases, and injuries within the human
body. Thus, the authors can be trusted because they are educated in the topics of medicine
and science because of their deep research and analysis in these subjects. This article was
published by the Gale Virtual Reference Library, a reference site aimed toward
researchers and students. Thus, their association with schools and research facilities
makes them a reliable source for material related to sport injuries. In general, this article
seems to be based off facts, and opinions are rarely used to express concerns on sport
injuries. Factual data is used in the article as reliable research from other valid sources.
This article was published in 2011, which is about four years from the current date. Thus,

Chowdhury 19
it is a recent article that is thoroughly researched in the obtainance, treatment, and
prevention of sport injuries. The occurrence and the most common injuries among
individuals were also well-researched by the authors.
Hergenroeder, Albert C. "Prevention of sports injuries." Pediatrics June 1998: 1057+. Student
aaaiaaaResources in Context. Web. 16 Sept. 2015.
Alberts article focuses on sports injuries and their prevention, treatment, and how they
are obtained. The author explains how injuries are common among younger individuals in
the United States since about three million of these people obtain an injury every year. In
order to reduce these injuries, the author believes that sports injuries can be reduced by
changing the rules in competitive sports, by examining the sports environment, taking
care of any health concerns, physical examinations, and using the proper equipment. The
author also promotes using the RICE method when an individual is harmed or injured in
any way that could lead to swelling, a sprain, or a fracture. The author then states that an
athlete who has been injured should slowly come back to the sport they play in order to
avoid any further injuries that can result from the previous one.
Overall, this article is a reliable source for research in prevention for sports injuries.
Albert has composed similar articles relating to sports injuries of the human body, which
makes him a reliable author for information on common injuries in soccer. This article
was published by the Student Resources in Context site, a portal that offers articles,
magazines, and biographies for research. Thus, its association with school and research
makes it a reliable source for information in common soccer injuries that are common in
soccer drills and exercises. This data is mostly based off facts and is biased in the way
that the author believes that sports injuries harmful and originate from sport activities.

Chowdhury 20
This article was published in 1998, which may be out of date but it still contains useful
information on common injuries that result from sport participation in drills and
activities. Therefore, this article is a reliable source that is thoroughly researched in sports
injuries that could result during regular conditioning during a sport project.
Keathley, Kristen, Melissa J. Himelein, and Grace Srigley. "Youth soccer participation and
aaaiaaawithdrawal: gender similarities and differences." Journal of Sport Behavior 36.2 (2013):
aaaiaaa171+. Student Resources in Context. Web. 15 Sept. 2015.
This article, written by Kristen, Melissa, and Grace, mainly discusses the reasons for why
their is a high withdrawal rate for soccer participants, both male and females. The authors
found that about half of soccer participants that began playing at age five ended up
dropping the sport. They found that more of the girls dropped out than boys that dropped
out. The authors found that reasons for the drop in participation were due to time
demands, but also included social implications and negative coaching experiences. The
author also discusses possible ways to increase participation in soccer. These methods
include recruitment of coaches that are knowledgeable to the female development and to
reevaluate the time demands in this sport.
Overall, this article is a reliable source for research related to sport participation. The
authors are closely involved in the department of psychology, which make them reliable
since they are educated in child behavior as well as in science. This article was published
by the Student Resources in Context site, a portal that offers articles, magazines, and
biographies for research. Thus, its association with school and research makes it a reliable
source for information in child psychology and sport participation. In general, this article
is fact-based since it contains evidence that supports its results for the experiment

Chowdhury 21
performed. This article was published in 2013, two years from the current date, which
makes it a reliable article to use for information. Therefore, this is a recent article that
contains valuable information in child psychology related to their change in participation
of sports. This article also explores possible solutions that can be used to increase
participation.
Lai, Christopher, and Matthew Wiggins. Burnout Perceptions Over Time in NCAA Division I
aaaiaaaSoccer Players. International Sports Journal 7.2 (2003): 120-127. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.
Murray, Nicholas P. The Differential Effects of Team Cohesion and Leadership Behavior in
aaaiaaaHigh School Sports. Individual Differences Research 4.4 (2006): 216-225. Web. 31 Oct.
aaaiaaa2015.
Reis, Luis, and Nuno Lau. Coach Unilang - A Standard Language for Coaching a Soccer
aaaiaaaTeam. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Journal 23.7 (2002): 183-192. Web. 31 Oct.
aaaiaaa2015.
Russell, William D. "The relationship between youth sport specialization, reasons for
aaaiaaaparticipation, and youth sport participation motivations: a retrospective study." Journal of
aaaiaaaSport Behavior 37.3 (2014): 286+. Student Resources in Context. Web. 15 Sept. 2015.
Williams article focuses on how sport participation is affected in an individual by
whether they were focused on a single or multiple sports. The author found that
participation in sports varied depending on an individuals purpose. Some individuals
participated in a sport to stay in shape, develop their physical capabilities, and improve
their skills. The author also found that there was a sharp change in sport participation as
individuals reached their adulthood - there seemed to be a decrease in participation from
those who were previously committed to the sport. Sport participation also seems to be

Chowdhury 22
related by whether or not an individual receives a college scholarship for their sport. He
also finds that participation is essentially determined by the amount of self-determination
an individual puts into the sport.
In general, this article is a reliable article for research in differences in sport participation.
The author, William Russell, who is an associate professor in psychology, is a reliable
author since he is well educated in the sciences as well as in research related to sport
aspects. This article was published by the Student Resources in Context site, a portal that
offers articles, magazines, and biographies for research. Thus, its association with school
and research makes it a reliable source for information in psychology and sport
participation. This article is mainly fact based since it contains evidence that supports the
results from the investigation. This article was published in 2014, about a year ago, which
makes it a recent article that is a reliable source for information. Therefore, this article is
well researched and contains an abundant amount of information relating to sport
participation and how it differs and affects individuals.
Turman, Paul D. "Coaches and cohesion: the impact of coaching techniques on team cohesion in
aaaiaaathe small group sport setting." Journal of Sport Behavior 26.1 (2003): 86+. Student
aaaiaaaResources in Context. Web. 15 Sept. 2015.
Pauls article focuses on how coaching affects the cooperation in a sports team. The
author first explains the certain techniques and styles of a coach that promote the most
motivation within a team. The author then explains how the training and techniques used
by the coach affect the overall team cohesion. The author analyzes the second part of the
article by using descriptions of coach behavior and team interactions from a case studied
that he had analyzed. Team cohesion seemed to be effective when the coach utilized

Chowdhury 23
inspirational speeches, sarcasm, and by identifying the quality of the opponent during
game situations. However, team cohesion was not that effective when players were
embarrassed or treated unequally.
Overall, this article is a reliable for research in the subject of team cohesion. Paul
Turman, who is an author of communication and sport, has a fundamental knowledge in
the fields of sports and in how people work with each other in group formations. Thus, he
is a reliable author for information in team cohesion. This article was published by the
Student Resources in Context site, a portal that offers articles, magazines, and
biographies for research. Thus, its association with school and research makes it a reliable
source for information in sport psychology, specifically in team bonding. This article is
mainly fact based since it contains evidence that supports the results from the
investigation. This article was published in 2003, which may be a little out of date but it
still contains useful information in how team bonding functions in sport teams. Therefore,
this article is well-researched and contains valuable information in how people interact
with one another in sports teams and how coaches can have an effect on their team.