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CDB 2043 KINETICS AND REACTOR DESIGN
CHAPTER 8. STEADY STATE NON
ISOTHERMAL REACTOR
exchange
3. Evaluate the optimum conversion in reactors where
LECTURE 1
WHY WE NEED THE ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION?
HOW TO DEVELOP THE ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION
Example :
For PFR
dX rA
dV FA0
Stoichiometry
v v0
rA kC A
FA C Av0
E 1 1
k k1 exp
R T1 T2
FA C A0 v0
C A C A0 (1 X )
Mole balance
(design) equation
Example :
For PFR
dX rA
dV FA0
Stoichiometry
v v0
FA C Av0
FA C A0 v0
C A C A0 (1 X )
dV FA0
E 1 1
rA k1 exp C A
R T1 T
E 1 1
k1 exp
T T
R
dX
1
C A0 1 X
dV
FA0
C A C A0 (1 X )
Need either
X=f(T) or
T=f(V)
Use energy
balance to
relate X
and T
Set value
for X
Calculate
T
Calculate
k
Calculate
rA
Use Levenspiel
Calculate plot technique
to solve
(FA0/-rA)
problem
d Esys
dt
Fin Ein
Fout Eout
d E sys
dt
F E
i
i 1
i in
F E
i
i 1
i out
Qs is how can we
make this equation
USEABLE @ USERFRIENDLY?
Dissect the steady state molar flow rate terms to get the equation in terms of heats of
reaction
Dissect the enthalpies terms to get the equation in terms of heat capacity.
d E sys
dt
F E
i
i 1
i in
F E
i
i 1
d Esys
^
d Esys
dt
11
f C pi
dt
f H i
d Esys
dt
f H Rx
i out
Q W s FA0
C
i
pi (T
Tio ) FA0 X A H RX T 0
i 1
0
TR C p T TR
H RX T H RX
Q W s FA0
C
i
pi (T
Tio ) FA0 X A H RX T 0
i 1
dX rA
dV FA0
FA0 X
V
rA
N A0 dX
V
rA dt
Numerical technique
Solve using
ODE solver
Graphical method
Q W s FA0
C
i
pi (T
Tio ) FA0 X A H RX T 0
i 1
Q 0, W s 0
C T T
i
pi
io
o
H Rx (TR ) C p T TR
(1)
X H RX TR
C
i
Pi
Pi T0
XC PTR
XC P
(2)
dX
rA ( X , T )
dV
XEB
o
H Rx
(TR )
XMB
Use together with mole balance
equation in solving reaction
engineering problem
CHECKPOINT!
For non-isothermal system, we need 2
equations to describe the conversion, X
XMB, which is based on Material
Balance
XEB, which is based on Energy
Balance
Info:
Heat of formation of NH3 at 25oC = -11,020 cal/mol.N2 reacted
Heat of formation of elements at 25oC = 0
d 0
c 0
b 0
H D (TR ) H c (TR ) H B (TR ) H A0 (TR )
a
a
a
19
C p 10.12
cal
mol N 2 reacted K
H Rx 23.3
20
kcal
mol N 2 reacted
kcal
mol N 2
Additional Information:
HRx = -6900 J/mol butane
Activation Energy = 65.7 kJ/mol
Kc = 3.03 at 60oC
CA0 = 9.3 kmol/dm3
Handout
END OF LECTURE
22
LECTURE 2
STEADY STATE TUBULAR REACTOR WITH HEAT EXCHANGE
CASE 1: CONSTANT TEMPERATURE HEAT EXCHANGE
CASE 2: VARIABLE TEMPERATURE HEAT EXCHANGE
23
Q WS Fi H i v Fi H i v v 0
Q Fi H i v Fi H i v v 0
where :
.
Q UaV Ta T
rA H Rx Ua T Ta
dT
dV
Fi C Pi
27
WHAT IF THE
TEMPERATURE OF THE
COOLING / HEATING
MEDIUM IS NOT A
CONSTANT?
28
dTa Ua Ta T
.
dV
m c C Pc
34,222
T
The feed to the reactor consist og 7850 kg/hr acetone. The reactor
consist of a bank of 1000 tubes of 1 inch diameter. The inlet
temperature and pressure are the same of both cases at 1035 K and 162
kPa. Plot the conversion and temperature profile along the length of the
reactor for the following cases:
1.
2.
3.
END OF LECTURE 2
33
LECTURE 3
EQUILIBRIUM CONVERSION
34
Equilibrium conversion
Exothermic reaction
Endothermic reaction
A. Adiabatic temperature vs Xe
Exothermic reaction
Equilibrium
TO1>TO
X EB
Xe
TO
TO1 Adiabatic
temperature
i C pi T To
H RX
A. Adiabatic temperature vs Xe
How do we increase Xe for exothermic reaction?
A. Adiabatic temperature vs Xe
Endothermic reaction
X EB
Xe
Adiabatic
temperature
TO
i C pi T To
H RX
A. Adiabatic temperature vs Xe
How do we increase Xe for endothermic reaction?
Analysis on Xe vs. T
(from energy
balance) gives the
following profile:
END OF LECTURE
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