Academia Tehnica Militara

METODE NUMERICE

Stud. Cap. Ionut-Catalin Predescu

Grupa M-192

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I.

Ecuatii algebrice
1. Metoda injumatatirii intervalului(bisectiei)

Date de intrare:
-functie: (x-2)*cos(x);
-interval: [2,4];
-precizia: 0.00001
Algoritmul in Matlab:
function bisectie(a,b,eps)
fid=fopen('bisectie.txt','w');
fprintf(fid, 'iteratia Aproximare f(Aproximare) \n');
f=@(x) (x-2)*cos(x);
i=1;
fprintf(fid, '%3.0f %12.9f %12.9f \n',i,(a+b)/2,f((a+b)/2));
while b-a>eps
i=i+1;
if f(a)*f((a+b)/2)<0
b=(a+b)/2;
else
a=(a+b)/2;
end
fprintf(fid, '%3.0f %12.9f %12.9f \n',i,(a+b)/2,f((a+b)/2));
end
fclose(fid);
end

Date de iesire:
1

3.000000000 -0.989992497
3.500000000 -1.404685031
3.750000000 -1.435978875
3.875000000 -1.392933422
3.937500000 -1.355546215
3.968750000 -1.332786093
3.984375000 -1.320380086
3.992187500 -1.313919639
3.996093750 -1.310624949
3.998046875 -1.308961474
3.999023438 -1.308125703
3.999511719 -1.307706808
3.999755859 -1.307497109
3.999877930 -1.307392196
3.999938965 -1.307339724
3.999969482 -1.307313484
3.999984741 -1.307300363

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

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2.Metoda coardei(secantei)

Date de intrare:
-functie: (x-2)*cos(x);
-interval: [2,4];
-precizia: 0.00001;
Algoritmul in Matlab:
function coarda(a,b,eps)
fid=fopen('coarda.txt','w');
fprintf(fid,'iteratia Aproximarea f(Aproximare) \n');
f=@(x) cos(2*x)-x-2;
x1=(a*f(b)-b*f(a))/(f(b)-f(a));
i=1;
fprintf(fid,'%3.0f %12.9f %12.9f \n',i,x1,f(x1));
if f(a)*f(x1)<0
b=x1;
else
a=x1;
end
x2=(a*f(b)-b*f(a))/(f(b)-f(a));
i=2;
fprintf(fid,'%3.0f %12.f %12.f \n',i,x2,f(x2));
while abs(x2-x1)>eps
x1=x2;
i=i+1;
if f(a)*f(x1)<0
b=x1;
else
a=x1;
end
x2=(a*f(b)-b*f(a))/(f(b)-f(a));
fprintf(fid,'%3.0f %12.9f %12.9f \n',i,x2,f(x2));
end
fclose(fid);
end

Date de iesire:
1 -4.238728581 1.654868278
2
-3
1
3 -1.738876201 -1.205152184
4 -2.195258596 -0.121084181
5 -2.236468432 -0.000701979
6 -2.236707188 0.000000691
7 -2.236706953 -0.000000000

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3.Metoda tangentei de ordinu I

Algoritmul
function tangenta(x0,eps)
fid=fopen('tangenta.txt','a+');
fprintf(fid,'Iteratia Solutia |f(sol)| \n');
i=1;
fprintf(fid,'%3.0f %15.12f %15.12f \n',i,x0,abs(f(x0)));
x1=x0-f(x0)/df(x0);
i=i+1;
fprintf(fid,'%3.0f %15.12f %15.12f \n',i,x1,abs(f(x1)));
while abs(x1-x0)>eps
i=i+1;
x0=x1;
x1=x0-f(x0)/df(x0);
fprintf(fid,'%3.0f %15.12f %15.12f \n',i,x1,abs(f(x1)));
end
fclose(fid);
end

Apelarea functiei:
tangenta(1,10^-5)
Date de iesire:
Iteratia Solutia |f(sol)|
Iteratia Solutia |f(sol)|
Iteratia Solutia |f(sol)|
Iteratia Solutia |f(sol)|
1 1.000000000000 0.200000000000
2 0.976190476190 0.006808762810
Iteratia Solutia |f(sol)|
1 1.000000000000 0.200000000000
2 0.976190476190 0.006808762810
3 0.975321184953 0.000008787342
Iteratia Solutia |f(sol)|
1 1.000000000000 0.200000000000
2 0.976190476190 0.006808762810
3 0.975321184953 0.000008787342
4 0.975320060149 0.000000000015

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II.

Ecuatii liniare

Metoda Gauss-Seidel

Date de intrare:
A=[1 -1 4 3 6 2;2 5 3 4 2 1;4 2 6 1 -1 -2;-4 4 4 1 1 -3;2 2 -2 3 3 4;-1-2 3 4 1
1 -2];
b=[-1;2;-2;3;-2;2];
>> eig(A);
>> Gauss_Seidel(A,b,20)
Algoritmul in Matlab:
function Gauss_Seidel(A,b,nriter)
[m,n]=size(A);
D=zeros(n);
for i=1:n
D(i,i)=A(i,i);
end
fid=fopen('Gauss_Seidel.txt','w');
fprintf(fid,'iteratia Solutia Aproximativa \n');
x0=zeros(n,1); x1=zeros(n,1);
if det(D)==0
display('Metoda Gauss_Seidel nu se poate aplica,ekemente 0 pe diagonala
matricei');
else
display('Metoda Gauss_Seidel se aplica');
for k=1:nriter
x1(1)=b(1)/A(1,1);
for j=2:n
x1(1)=x1(1)-A(1,j)/A(1,1)*x0(j);
end
for i=2:n-1
x1(i)=b(i)/A(i,i);
for j=1:i-1
x1(i)=x1(i)-A(i,j)/A(i,i)*x1(j);
end
for j=i+1:n
x1(i)=x1(i)-A(i,j)/A(i,i)*x0(j);
end
end
x1(n)=b(n)/A(n,n);
for j=1:n-1
x1(n)=x1(n)-A(n,j)/A(n,n)*x1(j);

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end
fprintf(fid,'%3.0f',k);
for i=1:n
fprintf(fid,'%10.7f',x1(i));
end
fprintf(fid,'\n');
x0=x1;

end
x=A^(-1)*b;%solutia exacta
fprintf(fid,'Solutia exacta: ');
for i=1:n
fprintf(fid,'%10.7f',x(i));
end

end
fclose(fid);
end

Date de iesire:
Solutia exacta: -1.4077253-2.4892704-0.7768240 6.6480687-2.4592275-2.0815451

Metoda Newton-Raphson

Algoritm in Matlab:
function [sol_x sol_y]=Newton_Raphson(x0,y0,nriter)
syms x y
f1= 2*x^3-3*y;
f2= x^2+3*y^2+3*x;
df1=[diff(f1,x) diff(f1,y)];
df2=[diff(f2,x) diff(f2,y)];
X0=[x0;y0];%vectorul lui X
F=[f1;f2];%vectorul functiei
dF=[df1;df2];%matricea Jacobiana
for k=1:nriter
A=subs(dF,[x;y],X0);
X1=X0-A^(-1)*subs(F,[x;y],X0);
sol_x(k)=X1(1);
sol_y(k)=X1(2);
X0=X1;
k
end
end

Apelare functie:

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[sol_x sol_y]=Newton_Raphson(1,2,10)
Date de iesire:
sol_x =[ 1, 23/39, 128287/2727855,
87668581303497964856234021/1538714660083476233929260885, .]
sol_y =[ 2/3, -2/13, -5911046/24550695,
104638031024853290865538/923228796050085740357556531, ]

Metoda puterii
Date de intrare:
ordinul matricii=2
A={5,3 ; 2,1}
Apelarea functiei:
n=2;
>> A=[5 3;2 1];
>> [valp,vectp]=metoda_puterii(A,ones(n,1),0.0001,15)
Algoritmul in Matlab:
function [valp,vectp]=metodaputerii(A,x0,tol,maxiter)
z0=x0/norm(x0);
i=1;
z1=A*z0/norm(A*z0);
while i<=maxiter && (1-abs(z1'*z0)>tol)
i=i+1;
z0=z1;
z1=A*z0/norm(A*z0);
end
if i>maxiter
display('s-a atins nr maxim de iteratii fara a se fi atins nivelul de
toleranta prescris');
valp=0; vectp=o;
else
vectp=z1;
valp=z1'*A*z1;
end
end

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Date de iesire:
valp =

6.1626
vectp =

0.9324
0.3615
Interpolarea liniara pe portiuni

Apelarea functiei:
x=[-3 1 -2 -2 3 6 1];
y=[3 4 2 -2 -6 2 1];
f=interpliniara(x,y,-1.5)
Algoritm in Matlab:
function f=interpliniara(x,y,alfa)
n=length(x);
m=length(y);
if n~=m
display('date incorecte.Lungimi de vectori diferite');f=0;
else
if alfa<x(1) || alfa>x(n)
display('date incorecte.Alexere gresita pt alfa');f=0;
else
i=1;
while alfa>=x(i)
i=i+1;
end
f=y(i-1)+(y(i)-y(i-1))/(x(i)-x(i-1))*(alfa-x(i-1));

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plot(x,y,alfa,f,'o','Linewidth',2,'Markersize',10,'MarkerEdgeColor','k','Marke
rFaceColor','m');
end
end
end

Date de iesire:
f =3.3750
Grafic:

Interpolarea folosind polinomul lui Lagrange

Apelarea functiei:
x=[2 3 5 -1 4 -2 1];

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>> y=[-2 1 -3 -6 3 4 2];

>> f=Lagrange(x,y,2)
Algoritmul in Matlab:

function f=Lagrange(x,y,alfa)
n=length(x);
m=length(y);
if n~=m
display('Date incorecte.Lungimi diferite de vectori');f=0;
else
syms X
Lag=0;
for i=1:n
pol=1;
for j=1:n
if j~=i
pol=pol*(X-x(j))/(x(i)-x(j));
end
end
Lag=Lag+y(i)*pol;
end
u=linspace(x(1),x(n),100);
v=zeros(1,100);
for i=1:100
v(i)=subs(Lag,X,u(i));
end
figure
plot(u,v,'Linewidth',2);
hold on
plot(x,y,'o','MarkerSize',4,'MarkerEdgeColor','k','MarkerFace','g');
plot(alfa,subs(Lag,X,alfa),'o','MarkerSize',10,'MarkerEdgeColor','k','MarkerFa
ce','m');
f=subs(Lag,X,alfa);
end
end

Date de iesire: f =-2

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Regresia liniara
Apelarea functiei:
x=[2 3 5 -1 4 -2 1];
y=[-2 1 -3 -6 3 4 2];
[a,b,f]=regresieliniara(x,y,2)
Algoritmul in Matlab:
function [a,b,f]=regresieliniara(x,y,alfa)
n=length(x);
m=length(y);
if n~=m
display('Date incorecte. Lungimi de vectori diferite');
a=-inf; b=-inf; f=-inf;
else
A=[sum(x.^2) sum(x);sum(x) n];
B=[sum(x.*y);sum(y)];
Z=A^(-1)*B;
a=Z(1); b=Z(2); f=a*alfa+b;
u=linspace(min(min(x),alfa),max(max(x),alfa),200);
v=a*u+b;
figure
plot(u,v)
hold on
plot(x,y,'o','MarkerSize',1);
plot(alfa,f,'o','MarkerSize',10,'MarkerEdgeColor','k','MarkerFaceColor','m');
end
end

Date de iesire: a=-0.0580; b=-0.0435; f=-0.1594

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Regresia parabolica
Apelarea functiei:
n=350;
x=randn(n,1);
a=1+0.25*randn(n,1);
b=1+0.45*randn(n,1);
c=1+0.37*randn(n,1);
y=1+a.*(x.^2)-2*b+3*c;
[a,b,c,f]=regresieparabolica(x,y,1.2)
Algoritmul in Matlab
function [a,b,c,f]=regresieparabolica(x,y,alfa)
n=length(x);
m=length(y);
if n~=m
display('Date incorecte.Lungimi de vectori diferite');
a=0;b=0;c=0;f=0;
else
A=[sum(x.^4) sum(x.^3) sum(x.^2); sum(x.^3) sum(x.^2) sum(x); sum(x.^2)
sum(x) n];
B=[sum((x.^2).*y); sum(x.*y); sum(y)];
Z=A^(-1)*B;
a=Z(1);b=Z(2);c=Z(3);
f=a*alfa^2+b*alfa+c;
u=linspace(min(min(x),alfa),max(max(x),alfa),200);
v=a*u.^2+b*u+c;
figure
plot(u,v)
hold on
plot(x,y,'o','MarkerSize',1);
plot(alfa,f,'o','MarkerSize',5,'MarkerFaceColor','m');
end

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end

Date de iesire:
a = 1.0995; b =-0.1125; c =1.8814; f =3.3297

Metoda Euler pentru rezolvarea ecuatiilor diferentiale

Apelarea functiei:
y1=euler(0,1,15,0)
syms x y;
sol=dsolve('Dy=x^2+y-1','y(0)=0','x');
subs(sol,x,1);
vpa(y1,15);
vpa(subs(sol,x,1),15);
t=linspace(0,1,100);
y=zeros(100,1);
y(1)=0;
for i=2:100;
y(i)=euler(0,t(i),200,0);
end
z(1)=0;
for i=2:100;
z(i)=subs(sol,x,t(i));
end
plot(t,y,t,z)
Algoritmul in Matlab:
function y1=euler(x0,x1,n,y0)
%y0 este sol initiala pt x
%y1 este sol aproxmativa x1
%x0 este val initiativa pt x
%x1 este val finala pt x
% n nr de pasi
h=(x1-x0)/n;

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x=zeros(n+1,1);
y=zeros(n+1,1);
x(1)=x0;
y(1)=y0;
for i=2:n+1
x(i)=x(i-1)+h;
end
syms X Y
f=Y+X^2;
for k=2:n+1
y(k)=y(k-1)+h*subs(f,[X Y],[x(k-1),y(k-1)]);
end
y1=y(n+1);
end