ch03 SM Chemistry2e

Solutions Manual
to accompany
Chemistry 2nd Edition

by Blackman, Bottle, Schmid,
Mocerino & Wille
Prepared by
John Hill
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2012
Solutions Manual to accompany Chemistry 2e by Blackman et al.
Chapter 3 - Chemical reactions and stoichiometry

Practice questions
3.1
1 Mg, 2 O, 4 H and 2 Cl (on each side).
3.2
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
3.3
3 BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) 3BaSO4(s) + 2AlCl3(aq)
3.4
mol S =
3.5
0.125 mol 106 g mol1 = 13.3 g
3.6
mol H2SO4 =
3.7
g Fe =
3.8
g Fe =
3.9
%N = 0.1417/0.5462 100 = 25.94%

%O = 0.4045/0.5462 100 = 74.06%
Since the sum of %N and %O equals 100%, there are no other elements present.
3.10
We first determine the number of grams of each element that are present in one mole of
sample:
2 mol N 14.01 g mol1 = 28.02 g N
4 mol O 16.00 g mol1 = 64.00 g O
35.6 g S
= 1.11 mol
1
32.07 g mol S
45.8 g H 2SO4
= 0.467 mol
1
98.1 g mol H 2SO4
2 mol Fe
15.0 g Fe2O3
1
55.8 g mol Fe = 10.49 g

1
159.7 g mol Fe2O3 1 mol Fe2O3
25.6 g O 2 mol Fe
1
55.8 g mol Fe = 59.5 g

1
16.0
g
mol
O
3
mol
O

3.2
Chapter 3: Chemical reactions and stoichiometry

The percentages by mass are then obtained using the molar mass of the compound (92.02
g mol1):
%N = 28.02/92.02 = 30.45%
%O = 64.00/92.02 = 69.55%
3.11
It is convenient to assume that we have 100 g of the sample, so that the % mass
represents masses. Thus there is 32.4 g of Na, 22.6 g of S and (100.00 32.4 22.6) =
45.00 g of O. Convert these masses to moles:
32.4 g Na
mol Na =
= 1.40 mol
1
23.00 g mol Na
22.6 g S
mol S =
= 0.70 mol
1
32.06 g mol S
45.0 g O
mol O =
= 2.81 mol
1
16.00 g mol O
Next, we divide each of these mole amounts by the smallest in order to deduce the
simplest whole number ratio:
For Na: 1.40 mol/0.70 mol = 2.0
For S: 0.70 mol/0.70 mol = 1.0
For O: 2.81 mol/0.70 mol = 4.0
The empirical formula is therefore Na2SO4.
3.12
1 mol H 2SO4
mol H2SO4 = 0.366 mol NaOH
= 0.183 mol
2 mol NaOH
3.13
5 mol O2
mol O2 = 0.575 mol CO2
= 0.958 mol
3 mol CO2
3.14
1 mol Al2O3
1
g Al2O3 = 1.54 mol Fe
102.0 g mol Al2O3 = 78.5 g
2 mol Fe
3.15
First determine the mass of O2 that is required to react completely with the given mass of
ammonia:
30.00 g NH3 5 mol O2

1
g O2 =
32.00 g mol O2
1
17.03
g
mol
NH
4
mol
NH
3
3
= 70.46 g

3.3
Since this is more than the amount that is available, we conclude that oxygen is the
limiting reactant, and therefore:
40.00 g O2
4 mol NO
1
g NO =
30.01 g mol NO
1
32.00 g mol O2 5 mol O2
= 30.01 g
3.16
First determine the mass of C2H5OH that is required to react completely with the given
amount of sodium dichromate:
3 mol C2H5OH
90.0 g Na 2Cr2O7
1
g C2H5OH =
46.08 g mol C2H 5OH

1
262.0 g mol Na 2Cr2O7 2 mol Na 2Cr2O7
= 23.7 g
Once this amount of C2H5OH is reacted the reaction ceases, even though 24.0 g
C2 H5OH remain, because all the Na 2Cr2O7 has reacted. Therefore Na 2Cr2O7 is the
limiting reactant, and the theoretical yield of acetic acid (CH3COOH) is therefore based
of Na Cr O added:
on the amount
2
2 7
3 mol CH3COOH
90.0 g Na 2Cr2O7
1
g CH3COOH =
60.06 g mol CH3COOH

1
262.0
g
mol
Na
Cr
O
2
mol
Na
Cr
O
2
2 7
2
2 7
= 30.9 g
Now the percentage yield is calculated from the mass of acetic acid produced, 26.6 g:
26.6 g CH3COOH
actual yield
percent yield =
100 86.1%
100
theoretical yield
30.9 g CH3COOH
3.17
3.550 g Na 2SO4
mol Na 2SO4 =
= 0.024 98 mol
1
142.1 g mol Na 2SO4
1L
L solution = 100.0 mL
= 0.1000 L
1000 mL
moles solute 0.02498 mol Na 2SO4
M=
0.2498 M
L solution 0.1000 L solution

3.4
3.18
3.19
1 L solution 0.0125 mol AgNO3

g AgNO3 = 250 mL solution
1 L solution
1000 mL solution
1
169.90 g mol AgNO3 = 0.53 g
(Vdil)(Mdil) = (Vconc)(Mconc)
(100 mL)(0.125 M) = (Vconc)(0.500 M)
Vconc = (100 mL)(0.125 M)/(0.500 M) = 25.0 mL
Therefore, mix 25.0 mL of 0.500 M H2SO4 with water to make 100 mL of total solution.
3.20
1L
1
mol H 2SO4 = 15.4 mL solution
0.108 mol L = 0.00166 mol
1000
mL
2 mol NaOH
mol NaOH = 0.00166 mol H 2SO4
= 0.00333 mol
1 mol H 2SO4
0.00333 mol NaOH 1000 mL

mL NaOH=
= 26.8 mL
1
0.124 mol L NaOH 1 L
3.21
FeCl3 Fe3+ + 3Cl
0.40 mol FeCl 3 1 mol Fe3+
= 0.40 M Fe3+
M Fe3+ =
1 L FeCl 3 soln 1 mol FeCl 3
0.40 mol FeCl 3 3 mol Cl
= 1.2 M Cl
M Cl =
1
L
FeCl
soln
1
mol
FeCl
3
3
3.22
0.250 mol PO 4 3 3 mol Na +
M Na =
3
1 L Na 3 PO 4 soln 1 mol PO 4
3.23
The balanced net ionic equation is: Fe2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe(OH)2(s).

First determine the number of moles of Fe2+ present:
= 0.750 M Na
1 mol Fe2+
= 1.50 10 2 mol Fe 2+
1000 mL solution 1 mol FeCl 2
60.0 mL FeCl 2 solution 0.250 mol FeCl 2
Now, determine the amount of KOH needed to react with the Fe2+:

3.5
1.50 10
3.24
2 mol OH
mol Fe2+
2+
1 mol Fe
1 mol KOH 1000 mL solution

= 60.0 mL KOH

0.500
mol
KOH
1
mol
OH
The net ionic equation is Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq) BaSO4(s).

First, determine the initial number of moles of Ba2+ ion that are present:
0.600 mol BaCl 2 1 mol Ba 2+
= 1.20 10 2 mol Ba 2+
(20.0 mL BaCl 2 soln)
1000
mL
BaCl
soln
1
mol
BaCl
2
2
Next, determine the initial number of moles of sulfate ion that are present:
0.500 mol MgSO 4 1 mol SO 4 2
(30.0 mL MgSO 4 soln)
1000 mL MgSO 4 soln 1 mol MgSO 4
= 1.50 10 2 mol SO 4 2
Now determine the number of moles of barium ion that are required to react with this
amount of sulfate ion, and compare the result to the amount of barium ion that is
available:
2+
2 1 mol Ba
(1.50 10 2 mol SO 4 )
2
1 mol SO 4
= 1.50 10 2 mol Ba 2+
Since there is not this amount of Ba2+ available according to the above calculation, then
we can conclude that Ba2+ must be the limiting reactant, and that subsequent calculations
should be based on the number of moles of it that are present:
Since this reaction is 1:1, we know that 1.20 102 mole of BaSO4 will be formed.
If we assume that the BaSO4 is completely insoluble, then the concentration of barium
ion is zero. The concentrations of the other ions are determined as follows:
0.600 mol BaCl 2 2 mol Cl
1000 mL BaCl 2 soln 1 mol BaCl 2 = 0.480 M Cl

(20.0 + 30.0) mL soln) 1 L soln
1000 mL soln
20.0 mL BaCl 2 soln
0.500 mol MgSO 4 1 mol Mg2
1000 mL MgSO 4 soln 1 mol MgSO 4

(30.0 + 20.0) mL soln) 1 L soln
1000 mL soln
30.0 mL MgSO 4 soln
For sulfate, we subtract the amount that reacted with the Ba2+:
3.6
= 0.300 M Mg2

1.50 102 mol 1.20 102 mol = 3.0 103 mol
This allows a calculation of the final sulfate concentration:
2
3.0 10 3 mol SO 4
2
= 6.0 10 2 M SO 4
(30.0 + 20.0) mL soln) 1 L soln
1000 mL soln
3.25
1 mol CaSO 4 1 mol Ca 2+
= 5.41 103 mol Ca 2+

136.14
g
CaSO
1
mol
CaSO4
(a)
0.736 g CaSO 4
(b)
Since all of the Ca2+ is precipitated as CaSO4, there were originally 5.41 103
moles of Ca2+ in the sample.
Review questions
3.1
A chemical equation is balanced when there is the same number of each kind of atom on
both the reactant and product side of the equation. This condition arises from the law of
conservation of matter.
3.2
Reactants are the initial components of a chemical reaction and their chemical formulae
are given on the left side of the arrow. Products are the final components of the reaction
and their chemical formulae are given on the right side of the arrow.
3.3
Coefficients
3.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Magnesium reacts with oxygen to give (yield) magnesium oxide.

The reactants are Mg and O2.
The product is MgO.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
3.5
(a)
(b)
Student B is correct.
Student A wrote a properly balanced equation. However, by changing the
subscript for the product of the reaction from an implied one, NaCl, to NaCl2,
this student has changed the identity of the product. When balancing chemical
equations, never change the value of the subscripts in chemical formulae.
3.6
The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. One mole is equal to
Avogadros constant (6.022 1023) of particles, or the molar mass in grams of a
substance.

3.7
3.7
Mole not mass is the fundamental unit of chemistry. Stoichiometry is given by a

balanced chemical equation, which is directly interpreted in moles.
3.8
Molar mass
3.9
Amount of substance (moles)
3.10
To estimate the number of atoms in 1 gram of iron, first convert g to kg and then use the
relationship, 1.661 1027 kg = 1 u, and finally divide by the atomic mass of Fe (55.85
u):
Mass (g)
Molar mass (g mol1 )
1 kg
1u
27
1000 g 1.661 10
kg
1 g Fe
1 molecule
= 1.08 1022 atoms Fe

55.85 u
3.11
There
are the same number of molecules in 2.5 moles of H2O and 2.5 moles of H2.
3.12
There are 2 moles of iron atoms in 1 mole of Fe2O3. The number of iron atoms in 1 mole
of Fe2O3 is:
2 mol Fe
23
1
24
(6.022 10 mol ) = 1.204 10 atoms Fe
1 mole Fe2O3
1 mol Fe2O3
3.13
The statement
1.0 mole of oxygen does not indicate whether this is atomic oxygen, O,
or molecular oxygen, O2. The statement 64 g of oxygen is not ambiguous because the
source of oxygen is not important.
3.14
As a minimum, the identity and mass of each atomic element present must be known. If
the total mass of the compound is known, then it is necessary to know all but one mass of
the elements that compose the compound.
3.15
When balancing a chemical equation, changing the subscripts of a chemical formula

changes the identity of the corresponding compound.
3.16
Convert moles of B to moles of compound A5B2. Then using the stoichiometric ratio of
moles of A to moles of A5B2, determine the moles of A and finally convert the moles of
A to grams of A using the molar mass of A.
1 mol A B 5 mol A 100.0 g A
5 2
2 mol B 1 mol A5 B2 1 mol A
10 mol B
Ltd 2012
John Wiley
& Sons Australia,
3.8

Both (iii) and (iv) are unnecessary. Molar mass of B is not needed as the question states
the number of moles of B and 6.022 1023 atoms constitute1 mole of any substance.
3.17
To determine the number of grams of sulfur that reacts with 1 gram of arsenic, the
stoichiometric ratio of arsenic to sulfur in the compound is needed together with the
molar masses of sulfur and arsenic.
3.18
(a)
(b)
3.19
2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
3.20
Concentration (mol L1 )
3.21
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution, also known as molar
concentration.
The balanced equation describes the stoichiometry of a chemical reaction.

The scale of the reaction is determined by the mass of the reactants.
Amount of substance (moles)

Volume (L)
mmol 1 mol 1000 mL 1000 mol mol
mL 1000 mmol 1 L 1000 L L

3.22
A molecular equation is a chemical equation that gives the molecular formulas for all
reactants and products of a reaction. An ionic equation is a chemical equation in which all
of the soluble strong electrolytes are represented in their dissociated form. A net ionic
equation shows only those ions and molecules that are chemically involved in the
reaction. A net ionic equation differs from an ionic equation in that all of the spectator
ions are omitted from the former. Spectator ions do not take part in a reaction. These are
ions that result from strong electrolytes.
3.23
On dilution, the number of moles of HNO3 in the solution has not changed but the
concentration has decreased since water has been added.
3.24
(VA)(MA) = (VB)(MB)
(50 mL)(0.10 M) = (VB)(0.20 M)
VB = (50 mL)(0.1 M)/(0.20 M) = 25.0 mL is the volume of solution B
3.25
Qualitative analysis is the use of experimental procedures to determine the elements that
are present in a substance.

3.9
Quantitative analysis determines the percentage composition of a compound or the

percentage of a component in a mixture.
Qualitative analysis answers the question, what is in the sample? Quantitative analysis
answers the question, how much is in the sample?
3.26
The spectator ions are Na+ and Cl. The net ionic equation is: Co2+ + 2OH Co(OH)2(s)
3.27
The charge on Co is incorrect and the physical states of the reactants and products are not
given. Balanced equation is: 3Co2+(aq) + 2HPO42(aq) Co3(PO4)2(s) + 2H+(aq).
3.28
(a)
(b)
(c)
3.29
2(CH3)2S + 902 2S02 + 4CO2 + 6H2O
3.30
4Fe(s) + 302(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
3.31
CH3OH + 3N2O CO2 + 2H2O + 3N2
3.32
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
3.33
4 H2NCHO + 5O2 4CO2 + 6H2O + 2N2
3.34
4 H2NCHO + 5O2 4CO2 + 6H2O + 2N2 (One extra H2O shown in 'Products')
3.35
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3.36
2 molecules of SO2 are formed.
3.37
O2 is the limiting reagent.
3.38
Natom:Oatom is 1:2, therefore Nmol:Omol is 1:2.
6
3
27
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O

2AgNO3 + CaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 + 2AgCl
2Fe2O3 + 3C 4Fe + 3CO2
2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2
2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

3.10
3
= 2.59 10 mole Na
atoms Na
1 mol Na
3.39
1.56 1021 atoms Na
3.40
2 mol Al
mol Al = (1.58 mol O)
= 1.05 mol
3 mol O
3.41
Based on the balanced equation: 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
6.022 1023
Hence, the conversion factors are:
1 mol N 2
2 mol NH 3
3 mol H 2
and
2 mol NH 3
To determine the moles produced, convert starting moles to end moles:
1 mol N 2
0.0725 mol N 2
0.145 mol NH 3
2
mol
NH
3
The moles of hydrogen are:
3 mol H 2
0.218 mol H 2
0.145 mol NH 3
2
mol
NH
3
3.42
3.43
4 mol UF6
mol UF6 = 1.25 mol CF4
6 mol CF4
= 0.833 mol
The mass of oxygen in the compound is determined by difference: 0.896 g total (0.111
g Na + 0.477 g Tc) = 0.308 g O. Next we convert each mass into the corresponding
number of moles:
0.111 g Na
3
moles Na =
= 4.83 10 moles
1
23.00 g mol Na
0.477 g Tc
3
moles Tc =
= 4.82 10 moles
1
98.9
g
mol
Tc
0.308 g O
2
moles O =
= 1.93 10 moles
1
16.0 g mol O
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three, in order to
obtain the simplest mole ratio of the three elements in the compound:
for Na, 4.83 103 moles / 4.82 103 moles = 1.00
3.11
for Tc, 4.82 103 moles / 4.82 103 moles = 1.00

for O, 1.93 102 moles / 4.82 103 moles = 4.00
Thus the empirical formula is NaTcO4.
3.44
Assume a 100g sample:
14.5 g C
mol C
1.21 mol
1
12.01 g mol C
85.5g Cl
mol Cl
2.41 mol
1
35.45 g mol Cl
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the two, in order to
obtain the simplest mole ratio of the two elements in the compound:
for C, 1.21 moles / 1.21 moles = 1.00
for Cl, 2.41 moles / 1.21moles = 2.000
Thus the empirical formula is CCl2.
3.45
All of the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide so:
1.312 g CO2
1 mol C
mol C
0.0298 mol
1
44.01 g mol CO2 1 mol CO2
1.312 g CO2
1 mol C
1
gC
(12.01 g mol C) 0.358 g

1
All of the hydrogen is converted to H2O so:
0.805 g H 2O 2 mol H
mol H
0.0893 mol
1
18.02 g mol H 2O 1 mol H 2O
0.805 g H 2O 2 mol H
1
gH
(1.008 g mol H) 0.901 g

1
The amount of O in the compound is determined by subtracting the mass of C and the
mass of H from the sample mass:
g O = 0.684g 0.358 g 0.0901 g = 0.236 g
1 mol O
2
mol O (0.236 g O)
1.48 10 mol
16 g O
The relative mole ratios are:
for C, 0.0298 moles / 0.0148 moles = 2.01
3.12

for H, 0.0893 moles/ 0.0148 moles = 6.03
for O, 0.0148 moles / 0.0148 moles = 1.00
Thus the empirical formula is C2H6O.
3.46
From the information provided, the mass of mercury is the difference between the total
mass and the mass of bromine:
g Hg = 0.389 g compound 0.111 g Br = 0.278 g

To determine the empirical formula, first convert mass to moles.
0.278 g Hg
3
moles Hg =
= 1.39 10 moles
1
200.59 g mol Hg
0.111 g Br
3
moles Br =
= 1.39 10 moles
1
79.904 g mol Br
Now, we divide each of these by the smaller value to determine the simplest mole ratio of
the two elements. We see that the number of moles of Hg and Br are the same and so the
simplest mole ratio is 1:1 and the empirical formula is HgBr.
To determine the molecular formula, we note that the ratio of the molar mass to the
empirical mass is equivalent to the ratio of the molecular formula to the empirical
formula. Thus, we need to calculate the empirical mass: (1 mole Hg)(200.59 g Hg/mole
Hg) + (1 mole Br)(79.904 g Br/mole Br) = 280.49 g/mole HgBr. The molar mass is given
as 561 g mol1. The ratio of these is:
561 g mol1
= 2.00
280.49 g mol1
So, the molecular formula is twice the empirical formula or Hg2Br2.
3.47
g Fe (1.35 mol Fe)(55.85 g mol1 Fe) 75.4 g

g O (24.5 mol O)(16.00 g mol1 O) 392 g
g Ca (0.876 mol Ca)(40.08 g mol1 Ca) 35.1 g
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.00 1012 K
1
10
(39.10 g mol K) = 1.30 10 g
23
1
6.022 10 atoms mol K
3.48
gK=
3.49
mol Ni =
17.7 g Ni
= 0.302 mol
1
58.69 g mol Ni
3.13
3.50
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
NaHCO3: 22.99 + 1.01 + 12.01 + (3 16) = 84.01 g mol1

K2Cr2O7: (2 39.10) + (2 52.00) + (7 16.00) = 294.2 g mol1
(NH4)2CO3: (2 14.01) + (8 1.01) + 12.01 + (3 16.00) = 96.09 g mol1
Al2(SO4)3: (2 26.98) + (3 32.07) + (12 16.00) = 342.17 g mol1
CuSO4.5H2O: 63.55 + 32.07 + (10 1.01) + (9 16.00) = 249.7 g mol1
3.51
(a)
1.25 mol Ca 3 (PO4 )2
g Ca 3 (PO4 )2
388 g
1
310.18 g mol Ca 3 (PO4 )2
(b)
0.625 mol Fe(NO3 )3

g Fe(NO3 )3
151 g
1
241.87 g mol Fe(NO3 )3
(c)
0.600 mol C4H10

g C4H10
34.9 g
1
58.12 g mol C4H10
(d)
1.45 mol (NH 4 )2CO3

g (NH 4 )2CO3
139 g
1
96.11 g mol (NH 4 )2CO3
(a)
21.5 g CaCO3
moles CaCO3 =
= 0.215 mol
-1
100.09 g mol CaCO3
(b)
1.56 g NH3
2
moles NH3 =
= 9.16 10 mol
1
17.03 g mol NH3
3.52
(c)
(d)
16.8 g Sr(NO3 ) 2
moles Sr(NO3 )2 =
1
211.6 g mol Sr(NO3 ) 2
= 7.94 102 mol
6.98 106 g Na 2CrO4
moles Na 2CrO4 =
1
162.0 g mol Na 2CrO4
= 4.31 108 mol

3.14
3.53
1000 g N
1 mol (NH 4 )2 CO3
mol (NH 4 )2 CO3
35.69 mol
1
2 mol N
14.01 g mol N
1 kg (NH 4 )2 CO3
35.69 mol (NH ) CO 96.11 g mol1 (NH 4 ) 2 CO3
3.43 kg fertiliser
4 2 3
1000
g
(NH
)
CO
4 2
3
3.54
Assume one mole total for each of the following.

(a)
The molar mass of NaH2PO4 is 119.98 g/mol.
% Na =
(b)
(c)
23.0 g Na
100% = 19.2%
119.98 g NaH 2 PO 4
%H=
2.02 g H
100% = 1.68%
119.98 g NaH 2PO 4
%P=
31.0 g P
100% = 25.8%
119.98 g NaH 2 PO 4
%O=
64.0 g O
100% = 53.3%
119.98 g NaH 2PO 4
The molar mass of NH4H2PO4 is 115.05 g mol1.
%N=
14.0 g N
100% = 12.2%
115.05 g NH 4H 2PO 4
%H=
6.05 g H
100% = 5.26%
115.05 g NH 4H 2PO 4
%P=
31.0 g P
100% = 26.9%
115.05 g NH 4 H 2PO 4
%O=
64.0 g O
100% = 55.6%
115.05 g NH 4H 2PO 4
The molar mass of (CH3)2CO is 58.05 g mol1.
%C=
36.0 g C
100% = 62.0%
58.05 g (CH 3 ) 2CO
%H=
6.05 g H
100% = 10.4%
58.05 g (CH 3 ) 2CO
%O=
16.0 g O
100% = 27.6%
58.05 g (CH 3 ) 2CO

3.15
(d)
The molar mass of CaSO4 is 136.2 g mol1.
% Ca =
(e)
40.1 g Ca
100% = 29.4%
136.2 g CaSO 4
%S=
32.1 g S
100% = 23.6%
136.2 g CaSO 4
%O=
64.0 g O
100% = 47.0%
136.2 g CaSO 4
The molar mass of CaSO4 2H2O is 172.2 g mol1.
% Ca =
40.1 g Ca
100% = 23.3%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2O
%S=
32.1 g S
100% = 18.6%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2O
%O=
96.0 g O
100% = 55.7%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2O
%H=
4.03 g H
100% = 2.34%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2O
3.55
7.14 1021 atoms N 5 mol O

1
gO
16.0 g mol O 0.474 g

23
1
6.02 10 atoms mol N 2 mol N
3.56
(a)
1 mole Na 2S2O3
moles Na 2S2O3 = (0.12 moles Cl2 )
= 0.030 mol
4 mole Cl2
(b)
8 mole HCl
moles HCl = (0.12 moles Cl2 )
= 0.24 mol
4 mole Cl2
(c)
5 mole H 2O
moles H 2O = (0.12 moles Cl2 )
= 0.15 mol
4 mole Cl2
(d)
5 mole H 2O
moles H2O = (0.24 moles HCl)
= 0.15 mol
8 mole HCl

3.16
3.57
(a)
1 mol Zn
65.39 g mol1 Zn = 3.6 g Zn

2 mol Au(CN)2
(0.11 mol Au(CN)2)
2 mol Au
197.0 g mol1 Au = 22 g Zn

2 mol Au(CN)2
(b)
(0.11 mol Au(CN)2)
(c)
(CN)2 = (0.11 mol Zn)
2 mol Au(CN)2
1
249.0 g mol Au(CN) 2

1 mol Zn
= 55 g Au
3.58
(a)
4P + 5O2 P4O10
(b)
5 mole O2
6.85 g P
1
g O2 =
32.0 g mol O2 = 8.85 g

1
30.97 g mol P 4 mole P
1 mole P4O10
8.00 g O2
1
283.9 g mol P4O10 = 14.2 g

1
32.00 g mol O2 5 mole O2
(c) g P4O10 =
(d)
3.59
3.60
4 mole P
7.46 g P4O10
1
gP=
30.97 g mol P = 3.26 g

1
283.9 g mol P4O10 1 mole P4O10
1 moles O2
1000 g H 2O2
mol O2
14.70 mol
1
34.01 g mol H 2O2 2 mole H 2O2
1 kg O2
kg O2 14.70 moles O2 32.00 g mol1 O2
0.470 kg
1000 g O2
(a)
First determine the moles of Fe2O3 that is required to react completely with the
given amount of Al:
1 mole Fe2O3
moles Fe2O3 = (4.20 moles Al)
= 2.10 mol
2 moles Al
Since only 1.75 mol of Fe2O3 are supplied, it is the limiting reactant, which can
be confirmed by calculating the amount of Al that is required to react completely
with all of the available Fe2O3:

3.17
2 moles Al
moles Al = (1.75 moles Fe2O3 )
= 3.50 mol
1 mole Fe2O3
Since an excess (4.20 mol 3.50 mol = 0.70 mol) of Al is present, Fe2O3 is the
limiting reactant, as determined previously.
(b)
3.61
2 moles Fe
1
g Fe = (1.75 moles Fe2O3 )
55.847 g mol Fe = 195 g
1 mole Fe2O3
3AgNO3 + FeCl3 3AgCl + Fe(NO3)3

Calculate the mass of FeCl3 that is required to react completely with all of the available
silver nitrate:
1 mole FeCl3
18.0 g AgNO3
1
162.21 g mol FeCl3

1
169.87 g mol AgNO3 3 mole AgNO3
g FeCl3 =
= 5.73 g
Since more than this minimum amount is available, FeCl3 is present in excess and AgNO3
is the limiting reactant.
3.62
First determine the theoretical yield:
1 mole BaSO 4
75.00 g Ba(NO3 ) 2
1
261.34 g mol Ba(NO3 ) 2 1 mole Ba(NO 3 ) 2
g BaSO4 =
233.39 g mol1 BaSO4 = 66.98 g
Then calculate the % yield:
% yield =
3.63
actual yield
64.45 g
100 =
100 = 96.22%
theoretical yield
66.98 g
An actual yield of 71% (11.5 g) corresponds to a theoretical yield of 16.2 g and therefore
the minimum mass of toluene required to achieve a yield of 11.5 g of potassium benzoate
is:
1 mole C7 H8
16 g KC7 H5O2
1
g C7 H 8 =
92.14 g mol C7 H8
1
160.21 g mol KC7 H5O2 1 mole KC7 H5O2
= 9.2 g

3.18
3.64
(a)
NaOH Na+ + OH
4.00 g NaOH
= 0.100 mol
1
40.00 g mol NaOH
mol NaOH =
M
(b)
0.100 mol NaOH

= 1.00 M
0.1 L NaOH
NaOH solution =
CaCl2 Ca2+ + 2Cl
16.0 g CaCl 2
= 0.144 mol
1
110.98 g mol CaCl 2
mol CaCl2 =
M
(c)
0.144 mol CaCl 2

= 0.577 M
0.250 L CaCl 2
CaCl2 solution =
KOH K+ + OH
14.0 g KOH
= 0.250 mol
1
56.106 g mol KOH
mol KOH =
M
(d)
0.250 mol KOH

= 3.33 M
0.075 L KOH
KOH solution =
H2C2O4 2H+ + C2O42
6.75 g H 2C2O 4
= 0.0750 mol
1
90.04 g mol H 2C2O 4
mol H2C2O4 =
M
3.65
(a)
0.0750 mol H 2 C 2 O 4
= 0.150 M
0
.
5
00
L
H
C
O
2 2 4
H2C2O4 solution =
g NaCl = 0.125 L soln 0.200 mol L1 NaCl 58.44 g mol1 NaCl
= 1.46 g
(b)
g C2H12O6
= 0.250 L soln 0.360 mol L1 C6H12O6 180.2 g mol1 C6H12O6

= 16.2 g
(c)
g H2SO4
= 0.250 L soln 0.250 mol L1 H2SO4
98.08 g mol
= 6.13 g

3.19
H 2SO4
0.56 mol H 2SO4

= 0.014 mol H2SO4
1 L soln
0.014 mol H 2SO4

M of final solution =
= 0.11 M
0.125 L H 2SO4
3.66
mol H2SO4 = 0.025 L H2SO4
3.67
M1V1 = M2V2
V2 =
M V
1 1
M2
V2 =
18.0 M H2SO4 25.0 mL

1.50 M H 2SO4
= 300 mL H2SO4
The 25.0 mL of H2SO4 must be diluted to 300 mL.
3.68
(a)
KOH K+ + OH
mol KOH = 1.25 mol L1 0.0350 L = 0.0437 mol
1 mol K+
= 0.0437 mol K+
1
mol
KOH
0.0437 mol KOH
1 mol OH
= 0.0437 mol OH
1 mol KOH
0.0437 mol KOH
(b)
CaCl2 Ca2+ + 2Cl

mol CaCl2 = 0.45 mol L1 0.0323 L = 0.0145 mol
1 mol Ca2+
= 0.0145 mol Ca2+
1
mol
CaCl
2
0.0145 mol CaCl2
2 mol Cl
= 0.0290 mol Cl
1
mol
CaCl
2
0.0145 mol CaCl2
(c)
AlCl3 Al3+ + 3Cl

1
mol AlCl
3 = 0.40 mol L 0.0500 L = 0.020 mol
1 mol Al3+
= 0.020 mol Al3+
1
mol
AlCl
3
0.020 mol AlCl3
3 mol Cl
= 0.060 mol Cl
1
mol
AlCl
3
0.020 mol AlCl3

3.20
3.69
(a)
Cr(NO3)2 Cr2+ + 2NO3
1 mol Cr 2+
M Cr = 0.25 mol L Cr(NO3 ) 2
= 0.25 M
1 mol Cr(NO3 )2
2 mol NO3
M NO3 = 0.25 mol L1 Cr(NO3 ) 2
= 0.50 M
1 mol Cr(NO3 )2
1
2+
(b)
CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42
1 mol Cu 2+
M Cu 2+ = 0.10 mol L1 CuSO4
= 0.10 M
1 mol CuSO4
1 mol SO4 2
2
1
M SO4 = 0.10 mol L CuSO4
= 0.10 M
1 mol CuSO4
(c)
Na3PO4 3Na+ + PO43
3 mol Na +
M Na = 0.16 mol L Na 3PO4
= 0.48 M
1 mol Na 3PO4
1 mol PO43
M PO43 = 0.16 mol L1 Na 3PO4
= 0.16 M
1 mol Na 3PO4
+
(d)
Al2(SO4)3 2Al3+ + 3SO42
2 mol Al3+
M Al3+ = 0.075 mol L1 Al2 (SO4 )3
= 0.15 M
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3
3 mol SO4 2
2
1
M SO4 = 0.075 mol L Al2 (SO4 )3
= 0.22 M
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3
1 mol Ca 2+
M Ca 2+ = 0.060 mol L1 Ca(OH) 2
= 0.060 M
1 mol Ca(OH)2
2 mol OH
1
M OH = 0.060 mol L Ca(OH)2
= 0.12 M
1 mol Ca(OH)2
3.70
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3
1
g Al2 (SO4 )3 (0.050 L solution) 0.12 mol L1 Al3
342.14 g mol Al2 (SO4 )3
3
2 mol Al
= 1.0 g

3.21
3.71
mL NiCl2 soln
1 mol NiCl2 1000 mL soln
1 mol Na 2CO3 0.25 mol NiCl2
= 0.020 L soln 0.15 mol L1 Na 2CO3

= 12.0 mL
g NiCO3
1 mol NiCO3
1
118.7 g mol NiCO3
1 mol NiCl2
= 0.012 L NiCl2 soln 0.25 mol L1 NiCl2

= 0.36 g
3.72
mL FeCl3 soln
1 mol Ag + 1 mol Cl
1 mol AgNO 1 mol Ag+
= 0.020 L AgNO3 0.0450 mol L1 AgNO3
1 mol FeCl3 1000 mL soln

= 2.00 mL

3 mol Cl 0.150 mol FeCl3
g AgCl = 0.020 L AgNO3 0.0450 mol L1 AgNO3

3 mol AgCl
1
143.32 g mol AgCl 0.129 g

3
mol
AgNO
3
3.73
Ag+ + Cl AgCl(s)
1 mol Ag
mL AlCl3 (0.020 L AgC 2H 3O 2 ) 0.500 mol L1 AgC 2H 3O2
1 mol AgC2H 3O 2
1 mol Cl 1 mol AlCl3 1000 mL AlCl3
13.3 mL

1 mol Ag 3 mol Cl 0.250 moles AlCl3

3.22
3.74
The equation for the reaction indicates that the two compounds react in equimolar
amounts, so the stoichiometry is 1 to 1:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
(a)
AgNO3 is therefore the limiting reagent. Since the concentration of the AgNO3 is
less than that of NaCl. Since we start with equal volumes, there are fewer moles
of the AgNO3 present.
mol AgCl = (0.025 L AgNO3 soln) 0.320 mol L1 AgNO3
1 mol AgCl
1 mol AgNO3
= 8.00 10 3 mol
(b)
Assuming that AgCl is insoluble, the concentration of silver ion is zero since all
of the AgNO3 reacted. The number of moles of chloride ion is reduced by the
precipitation of 8.00 103 mol AgCl and so the final number of moles of
chloride ion is:
0.0250 L 0.440 mol L1 8.00 103 mol = 3.0 103 mol Cl
The final concentration of Cl is therefore:
3.0 103 mol 0.0500 L = 0.060 M Cl
All of the original number of moles of NO3 and of Na+ are present in solution
and their concentrations are:
For NO3:
M NO3
1 mol NO3
(0.025 L AgNO3 soln) 0.320 mol L1 AgNO3
1 mol AgNO3
=
(0.050 L soln)
= 0.160 M
For Na+:
1 mol Na +
(0.025 L NaCl soln) 0.440 mol L1 NaCl
1 mol NaCl
M Na + =
(0.050 L soln)
= 0.220 M

3.23
3.75
(a)
3Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaNO3(aq)

First, determine the initial number of moles of Ca2+ ion present:
mol Ca 2+ = (0.034 L Ca(NO3 )2 soln) 0.140 mol L1 Ca(NO3 )2
1 mol Ca 2+
3
4.76 10 mol
1 mol Ca(NO3 )2
Next, determine the initial number of moles of phosphate ion present:
mol PO43 = (0.025 L Na 3PO4 soln) 0.185 mol L1 Na 3PO4
1 mol PO 4 3

1 mol Na PO
3
4
= 4.63 103 mol
Now determine the number of moles of calcium ion required to react with this
amount of phosphate ion and compare with the amount of calcium ion available:
3 mol Ca 2+
mol Ca 2+ = (4.63 103 mol PO43 )
3
2 mol PO4
= 6.94 10 3 mol
Since there is not this amount of Ca2+ available, Ca2+ is the limiting reagent so:
1 mol Ca 3 (PO4 )2
g Ca 3 (PO4 )2 = (4.76 103 mol Ca 2+ )
2+
3 mol Ca
1
310.2 g mol Ca 3 (PO4 )2 = 0.492 g
(b)
If we assume that the Ca3(PO4)2 is insoluble, then its concentration is zero. The
concentrations of the other ions are:
For nitrate:
M NO3 =
2 mol NO3
1 mol Ca(NO3 ) 2
0.034 L Ca(NO3 )2 soln 0.140 mol L1 Ca(NO3 ) 2

(0.034 + 0.025) L soln)
= 0.161 M
For Na+:
3 mol Na
0.025 L Na 3PO4 soln 0.185 mol L Na 3PO4
1 mol Na 3PO4
M Na =
= 0.235 M
(0.034 + 0.025) L soln)
1
For phosphate, determine the number of moles that react with calcium:
3.24
2 mol PO43
mol PO43 = (4.76 103 mol Ca 2+ )
2+
3 mol Ca
= 3.17 10 3 mol
and subtract from the original number of moles present:
mol PO43 = 4.63 103 mol PO43 3.17 103 mol PO43
= 1.46 10 3 mol
Hence the final phosphate concentration is:
M PO43 =
1.45 103 mol PO43

(0.034 + 0.025) L soln)
= 0.0247 M
3.76
(a)
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O()
(b)
(c)
(d)
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) + SO42(aq) CaSO4(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

FeS(s) + 2H+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + H2S(g)
Sn2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Sn(OH)2(s)
3.77
1 mol AgCl 1 mol NaCl

1
g NaCl = (0.277 g AgCl)
58.44 g mol NaCl

143.32 g AgCl 1 mol AgCl
= 0.113 g
The entire sample was NaCl.

3.25
3.78
(a)
3Ba2+(aq) + 2Al3+(aq) + 6OH(aq) + 3SO42(aq) 3BaSO4(s) + 2Al(OH)3(s)
(b)
Because we know the amounts of both starting materials, this is a limiting

reactant problem, so start by assuming that barium hydroxide is the limiting
reactant.
1 mol Ba 2
g BaSO 4 (0.040 L Ba(OH) 2 ) 0.270 mol L1 Ba(OH) 2
1 mol Ba(OH) 2
1 mol BaSO 4
233.39 g mol 1 BaSO 4 2.52 g
2
1 mol Ba
Now assume Al2 (SO 4 )3 is the limiting reactant.
3 mol SO 4 2
g BaSO 4 ( 0.025 L Al2 (SO 4 )3 ) 0.330 mol L Al2 (SO 4 )3
1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3

1 mol BaSO 4
233.39 g mol 1 BaSO 4 5.78 g
2
1 mol SO 4
1
Therefore the barium hydroxide is the limiting reactant and we can calculate the mass of
aluminum hydroxide that is produced:
2 mol OH
g Al(OH)3 (0.040 L Ba(OH) 2 ) 0.270 mol L1 Ba(OH)2
1 mol Ba(OH) 2
1 mol Al(OH)3
1
78.00 g mol Al(OH)3 0.562 g
3 mol OH
The total mass of the precipitate is 2.52 g + 0.562 g = 3.08 g.

(c)
All of the barium ion and hydroxide ion have reacted so the concentration of each
is zero. We started with the following:
2 mol Al3
mol Al3 (0.025 L Al2 (SO4 )3 ) 0.330 mol L1 Al2 (SO4 )3
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3

1.65 102 mol
3 mol SO4 2
mol SO4 2 (0.025 mL Al2 (SO4 )3 ) 0.330 mol L1 Al 2 (SO4 )3
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3

2.48 10 2 mol
In precipitating Al(OH)3, we used 7.2 103 mol Al, leaving (1.65 102 7.2 103) =
9.3 103 mol Al3+ in solution, so the resulting concentration of Al3+ is:
9.3 103 mol / (0.0400 + 0.0250) L = 0.143 M Al3+.
Similarly for SO42, the concentration of SO42 remaining is:
3.26
2.48 102 mol 1.08 102 mol

0.215 M SO4 2
(0.0400 0.250) L
1.08 102 mol SO42 is the amount precipitated as BaSO4.
3.79
Since the number of moles in the final solution is equal to the number of moles
contributed by both solutions, the equation MfVf = MiVi may be used and the volumes of
the final solution must equal the volumes of the two solution combined.
Vf = V1 + V2
Vf = 50.0 mL + V2
0.25 mol
0.10 mol
0.40 mol
Vf
V2
50 mL
1000 mL
1000 mL
1000 mL
0.25 mol
0.10 mol
0.40 mol
50 mL + V2
V2
50 mL
1000 mL
1000 mL
1000 mL
0.25 mol
0.25 mol
0.10 mol
0.40 mol
50 mL +
V2
V2
50 mL
1000 mL
1000 mL
1000 mL
1000 mL
0.40 mol
0.25 mol
0.25 mol
0.10 mol
50 mL
50 mL
V2
V2
1000 mL
1000 mL
1000 mL
1000 mL
multiply by 1000 mL:
(0.40 mol)(50 mL) (0.25 mol)(50 mL) = (0.25 mol)(V2) (0.10 mol)(V2)
7.5 mol mL = (0.15 mol)V2
(7.5 mol mL)/(0.15 mol) = V2
V2 = 50 mL

3.27
3.80
8.3 g C12H11NO2
12 mol C
0.495 mol
1
201.2 g mol C12H11NO2 1 mol C12H11NO2
(a) mol C
8.3 g C12H11NO2
2 mol
0.0825 mol
1
201.2 g mol C12H11NO2 1 mol C12H11NO2
(b) mol O
gO=
0.0825 mol O 16.00 g mol1 O
1.32 g
(c) g C12 H11NO2
0.010
1
3
75 mL insecticide
1 g mL 7.5 10 g
100
mol C12 H11NO2
7.5 103 g C12 H11NO2

5

3.73 10 mol
1
201.2
g
mol
C
H
NO
12
11
2
molecules C12 H11NO2
3.73 105 mol C12H11NO2 6.022 103 mol1 2.24 1019 molecules
(d) First calculate the number of moles in one mL of the insecticide:

mol C12 H11NO2
0.010
1
1 mL insecticide 100 1 g mL
4.97 107
1
1
201.2 g mol
This is also the number of moles in the 4 L diluted solution. Hence, the number of
C12 H11NO2 moles dispersed:
4.97 10
60 L
6
mol C12H11NO2
7.46 10 mol
4L

3.28
3.81
90 g Na 3PO 4
1
163.9 g mol Na 3PO 4
(a) M soln A
0.366 mol L1 Na 3PO 4
1.5 L
2.5 g Na 3PO4
163.9 g mol1 Na 3PO4
(b) V soln A
0.0417 L
0.366 mol L-1
(c) mol Na+ from soln B
2 mol Na
1
0.05
L
0.705
mol
L
1 mol Na SO 0.0705 mol
2
4
mol Na+ from soln A
3 mol Na
1
0.075
L
0.366
mol
L
1 mol Na PO 0.0824 mol

3
4
Na+ in final soln
0.0705 0.0824 moles Na

1

1.22 mol L
(0.075 0.050) L
3.82
0.9746 g CO2 1 mol C

3
mol C
2.21 10 mol
1
0.02081 g H 2O 2 mol H
3
mol H
2.31 10 mol
1
Hence the mole ratio of C:H in the unknown compound is 2.21 103: 2.31 103 or
1:1.05. The mole ratio in heroin is C:H, 21:22 which simplifies to 1:1.05.
% N in heroin (by mass)
14.01 g mol1 N

100% 4.0%
1
21 12.01 22 1.008 1 14.01 5 16.00 g mol C 21H 22 NO 2
The found percentage is only 3.8%. However this is within standard experimental error.

3.29
Therefore the C:H ratios and % N are in agreement with the unknown sample being
heroin.
3.83
The empirical formula of the compound is determined from the information given
however, its molar mass is needed to determine the molecular formula.
3.84
All of the sulfur is converted to SO2 so,

mol S
1 mol
2.12 g SO2

0.0331 mol
1
64.07 g mol SO2 1 mol SO2
gS
0.0331 g S 32.07 g mol1 S
1.061 g
If the sample contains only Cu and S, then there is 4.199 g of Cu present so:
mol Cu
4.199 g Cu

0.0661 mol
1
63.55 g mol SO2
Mole ratio Cu : S is 0.661 : 0.0331 or 2 : 1, hence the empirical formula is Cu2S.

3.85
(a) g Al
7.25 g CuAl6 (PO 4 ) 4 (OH)8 .4H 2O
6 mol Al
1
26.98 g mol Al 1.44 g

813.4 g mol CuAl6 (PO 4 ) 4 (OH)8 .4H 2O 1 mol CuAl6 (PO4 )4 (OH)8 .4H 2O
3
(b) mol O 5.5 10 g O 3.44 104 mol
16.00 g mol1 O
mol PO43
4 mol PO43
1 mol CuAl6 (PO4 )4 (OH)8.4H 2O
5
4.91 10 mol
28 mol O
1 mol CuAl6 (PO4 )4 (OH)8.4H 2O
3.44 104 mol O
PO43- ions =
4.91 10
mol PO43 6.022 1023 mol1 2.96 1019 ions
(c) The overall charge on CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 is zero and since the charge on aluminium,
phosphate and hydroxide is 3+, 3 and 1, respectively, the charge on Cu is 2+.

3.30
3.86
mol Na+
2 mol Na
1
0.355
mol
L
Na
SO
0.250
L
Na
SO
0.178 mol
2
4
2
4
1 mol Na 2SO4
0.178 mol Na
1
+
M Na

0.355 mol L
0.500 L
mol Al3+
5.13 g Al2 (SO4 )3.18H 2O

2 mol Al3

0.0154 mol
1
666.5 g mol Al 2 (SO4 )3.18H 2O 1 mol Al 2 (SO 4 )3.18H 2O
0.0154 mol Al3
1
3+
M Al

0.0308 mol L
0.500
L
mol SO42
0.355 mol L
1 mol SO4 2
Na 2SO 4 0.250 L Na 2SO4
1 mol Na 2SO4
5.13 g Al2 (SO4 )3.18H 2O

3 mol SO 4 2
0.112 mol
1
666.5 g mol Al2 (SO 4 )3.18H 2O 1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3.18H 2O
0.112 mol SO4 2
1
2
M SO4

0.224 mol L
0.500
L
3.87
10 12.01 g mol1 C

100% 23.6%
1
507.2 g mol C10H16 N5O13P3
16 1.008 g mol1 H
%H
100% 3.18%
1
507.2 g mol C10H16 N5O13P3
(a) % C
5 14.01 g mol1 N

100% 13.8%
1
507.2 g mol C10H16 N5O13P3
13 16.00 g mol1 O
%O
100% 41.0%
1
507.2 g mol C10H16 N5O13P3
%N
3 30.97 g mol1 P
100% 18.3%
1
507.2 g mol C10H16 N5O13P3
%P
(b) P atoms
1.75 106 g C10H16 N5O13P3
3 mol P
23
15

6.022 10 6.23 10 atoms

1
507.2 g mol C10H16 N5O13P3 1 mol C10H16 N5O13P3

3.31
(c) g ATP
310
12
mol ATP 507.2 g mol1 ATP 1.52 109 g
(d) N atoms
0.0375 g C10H16 N5O13P3
5 mol N
23
20

6.022 10 2.23 10 atoms

1
507.2 g mol C10H16 N5O13P3 1 mol C10H16 N5O13P3
Therefore, we need to calculate the mass of ATP that contains 2.23 1020 atoms of H:
g ATP
2.23 1020 atoms H 1 mol ATP

1

507.2 g mol ATP 0.0117 g
23
1
6.022 10 mol 16 mol H
2.2 109 mol L1 Rb
23
1
15
6.022 10 mol 1.32 10 ions
1L
1000 g Rb
1

85.47 g mol Rb
V seawater
5.3 109 L
2.2 109 mol L1
3.88
Rb+ ions
3.89
Since one molecule of vitamin B12 contains one atom of Co, then 1 mole of vitamin B12
contains 1 mole of Co. Since the molar mass of Co is 58.93 g mol1, 4.34% of the mass of
vitamin B12 is 58.93 g. Hence the molar mass of vitamin B12 is 1358 g mol1.
3.90
Using the % mass formula:
Mass of element present in compound
100 % by mass of element

Molar mass
5 35.45 g mol1 Cl
100 85.13% Cl
Molar mass
Hence the molar mass is 208.2 g mol1. The molar mass consists of (5 35.45) g mol1 Cl
and (1 unknown molar mass) E. The mass of the unknown element is therefore 30.96 g
mol1 and hence E is phosphorus.

3.32
3.91
Using the dilution formula:
Vc M c Vd1M d1
0.100 L 17.4 mol L1 0.500 L M d1 mol L1
M d1 3.48 mol L1
Vd1M d1 Vd2M d2
0.075 L 3.48 mol L1 1.5 L M d2
M d2 0.174 mol L1
3.92
1.5 L 0.3 mol L1 NaOOCCH3

Vol of Na OOCCH3
0.090 L or 90 mL
5 mol L1
1
1.5 L 0.15 mol L CH3 COOH
Vol of CH3COOH =
0.045 L or 45 mL
5 mol L1
The worker needs to pipette 90 mL of NaOOCCH3 solution and 45 mL of CH3COOH

solution into a 1.5 L volumetric flask and make up to 1.5 L with water.
3.93
0.210 g I 1 mol thyroxine

4
4.41 10 mol
1
126.9
g
mol
4
mol
I
mol thyroxine
Mass thyroxine
4.14 10
moles thyroxine 776.8 g mole1 0.322 g
molecules thyroxine
3.94
4.14 10
moles thyroxine 6.022 1023 mole1 2.49 1020 molecules
0.4765 g CO2 1 mol C

mol C
0.0108 mol
1
0.1116 g H 2O 2 mol H
mol H
0.0124 mol
1
Mole ratio C : H is 0.0108 : 0.0124 so the empirical formula is C9H10

3.33
3.95
(a) Mass S
3 mol S
1
32.07 g mol S 54.84 g S
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3.18H 2O
0.570 mol Al2 (SO4 )3.18H 2O
(b) H2O molecules
5.1 g Al2 (SO4 )3 .18H 2O

18 mol H 2O
23
23

6.022 10 1.10 10 molecules

1
502.4
g
mol
Al
(SO
)
.18H
O
1
mol
Al
(SO
)
.18H
O
2
4 3
2
2
4 3
2
(c) mol SO42
3 mol SO4 2
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3.18H 2O
12.5 mol O
1.88 mol
20 mol O
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3.18H 2O
(d) Since the density of water is 1.00 g mL1, there is 0.05 g of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O per mL
of solution.
mol Al3+ ions
0.05 g Al2 (SO4 )3.18H 2O

2 mol Al
4

1.99 10 mol
1
502.4
g
mol
Al
(SO
)
.18H
O
1
mol
Al
(SO
)
.18H
O
2
4 3
2
2
4 3
2
Al3+
1.99 104 mol Al3
1

0.199 mol L
0.001
L
3.96
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

mol NH3
68000 g NH3

1 3992 mol
17.03 g mol
# mol N2
84000 g N 2

1 2998 mol
28.02 g mol
mol H2
24000 g H 2

1 11900 mol
2.016 g mol
The ratio for this reaction is N2:H2 1:3, so we need 3 times as much H2 as N2, 2998 mol
3 = 8994 mol. We have more H2 than this so there is insufficient N2 to completely react
with H2. N2 is the limiting reagent.
Therefore we will produce (2998 mol 2 = 5996 mol) NH3 if the reaction goes to
completion.

3.34

Theoretical yield of NH3
5996 mol NH3 17.03 g mol1 NH3 102 100 g or 102.1 kg
% yield
68 kg

100% 66.6%
102.1 kg
Using the reaction mole ratio N2:H2:NH3 of 1:3:2, if 3992 moles of NH3 are produced
then 1996 mol of N2 has reacted, and 5988 mol of H2 has reacted.
Mass N2 remaining
2998 1996 mol N 28.02 g mol
N2 28076 g or 28.1 kg
Mass H2 remaining
3.97
11900 5988 mol H 2.016 g mol
H2 11918 g or 11.9 kg
Reaction ratio SiO2:C:Cl2 is 1:2:2

mol SiO2
75 g SiO2

1 1.25 mol
60.09 g mol
mol C
75 g C
1 6.24 mol
12.01 g mol
mol Cl2
75 g Cl2

1 1.06 mol
70.90 g mol
Therefore Cl2 is the limiting reagent and:
Theoretical yield of SiCl4
1 mol SiCl4
1
1.06 mol Cl2
169.9 g mol SiCl4 90.05 g 4
2
mol
Cl
2
Actual yield of SiCl4

95.7 %
90.05 g SiCl4
86.18 g
100
Using mole ratio reacted, SiO2:C:Cl2 is 0.506 mol:1.01 mol:1.01 mol.
Remaining SiO2
1.25 0.506 mol SiO2 60.09 g mol1 44.7 g
3.35
Remaining C
6.24 1.01 mol C 12.01 g mol1 62.8 g
Remaining Cl2
1.06 1.01 mol Cl2 70.90 g mol1 3.545 g2
3.98
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s)

Mass Ag
0.156 g AgCl
1
107.9 g mol Ag 0.117 g

1
143.4 g mol AgCl
Therefore, mass composition is: Ag: 0.117 g, Cu: 0.018 g.

3.36

ch03 SM Chemistry2e

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Solutions Manual

Chemistry 2nd Edition

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2012

Solutions Manual to accompany Chemistry 2e by Blackman et al.

Chapter 3 - Chemical reactions and stoichiometry

1 Mg, 2 O, 4 H and 2 Cl (on each side).

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

3 BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) 3BaSO4(s) + 2AlCl3(aq)

0.125 mol 106 g mol1 = 13.3 g

%N = 0.1417/0.5462 100 = 25.94%

55.8 g mol Fe = 10.49 g

55.8 g mol Fe = 59.5 g

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2012

Chapter 3: Chemical reactions and stoichiometry

30.00 g NH3 5 mol O2

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2012

Solutions Manual to accompany Chemistry 2e by Blackman et al.

46.08 g mol C2H 5OH

60.06 g mol CH3COOH

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2012

Chapter 3: Chemical reactions and stoichiometry

1 L solution 0.0125 mol AgNO3

0.00333 mol NaOH 1000 mL

FeCl3 Fe3+ + 3Cl

0.40 mol FeCl 3 1 mol Fe3+

0.250 mol PO 4 3 3 mol Na +

The balanced net ionic equation is: Fe2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe(OH)2(s).

1000 mL solution 1 mol FeCl 2

60.0 mL FeCl 2 solution 0.250 mol FeCl 2

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2012

Solutions Manual to accompany Chemistry 2e by Blackman et al.

1 mol KOH 1000 mL solution

The net ionic equation is Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq) BaSO4(s).

0.600 mol BaCl 2 1 mol Ba 2+

0.500 mol MgSO 4 1 mol SO 4 2

(30.0 mL MgSO 4 soln)

1000 mL MgSO 4 soln 1 mol MgSO 4

0.600 mol BaCl 2 2 mol Cl

1000 mL BaCl 2 soln 1 mol BaCl 2 = 0.480 M Cl

20.0 mL BaCl 2 soln

0.500 mol MgSO 4 1 mol Mg2

1000 mL MgSO 4 soln 1 mol MgSO 4

30.0 mL MgSO 4 soln

Chapter 3: Chemical reactions and stoichiometry

1 mol CaSO 4 1 mol Ca 2+

= 5.41 103 mol Ca 2+

Magnesium reacts with oxygen to give (yield) magnesium oxide.

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2012

Solutions Manual to accompany Chemistry 2e by Blackman et al.

Mole not mass is the fundamental unit of chemistry. Stoichiometry is given by a

Amount of substance (moles)

= 1.08 1022 atoms Fe

When balancing a chemical equation, changing the subscripts of a chemical formula

2 mol B 1 mol A5 B2 1 mol A

Chapter 3: Chemical reactions and stoichiometry

The balanced equation describes the stoichiometry of a chemical reaction.

Amount of substance (moles)

mmol 1 mol 1000 mL 1000 mol mol

mL 1000 mmol 1 L 1000 L L

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2012

Solutions Manual to accompany Chemistry 2e by Blackman et al.

Quantitative analysis determines the percentage composition of a compound or the

2(CH3)2S + 902 2S02 + 4CO2 + 6H2O