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precipitated as chlorides
m Tungsten and thallium may also be included
m Forms precipitates in acid solution containing
chloride ion
m Form sparingly soluble compounds with
chloride ion
m Represented by the following equations:
Pb2+(aq) + 2 Cl- (6M HCl) ĺ PbCl2 (s)
Hg2+(aq) + 2 Cl- (6M HCl) ĺ Hg2Cl2(s)
Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (6M HCl) ĺ AgCl(s)
=
Reaction2:
PbCrO4(s) + 3 OH(aq) ļ HPbO2-(aq) + CrO42-(aq) + H20
Reaction2:
3 Hg(l) + 2 Cl-(aq) + 2 O-3(aq) + 8 H3O+(aq)
ĺ 3[HgCl4]2-(aq) + 2 O(g) + 2H2O
Reaction3:
3 Ag(s) + 6 Cl-(aq) + O-3(aq) + 4 H3O+(aq)
ĺ 3[AgCl4]-(aq) + O(g) + 6 H2O
m Äarium, ïtrontium, Calcium, and Magnesium
ions are precipitated as carbonates
m Alkaline earth family
m Colorless except when anion is colored
m Ions are so chemically similar that flame
tests are used
m Magnesium carbonate is somewhat more
soluble than other carbonates
" maybe kept in solution by increasing ammonium
concentration
m Represented by the following equations:
Äa2+(aq) + CO32+(aq) ĺ ÄaCO3(s)
ïr2+(aq) + CO32+(aq) ĺ ïrCO3(s)
Ca2+(aq) + CO32+(aq) ĺ CaCO3(s)
Mg2+(aq) + CO32+(aq) ĺ MgCO3(s)
m ïince it is difficult to prevent precipitation of
MgCO3, it is then encouraged Its
precipitation is formed in two ways:
Ammonium ion concentration is kept low
by strong heating of the centrifuge
remaining from the group 3 cations
2 The group precipitate is formed from an
alcohol-water solution in which all alkaline
earth carbonates are soluble
m Carbonates are volatile compounds
m Äarium ± lime green
m ïtrontium ± crimson
m Calcium ± brick red
m Äarium ion is precipitated from the HOAc
solution as the yellow chromate:
ÄaCO3(s) + CrO42-(aq) ĺ ÄaCrO4(s)
m Presence of HOAc decreases the
concentration of the the chromate ion by
converting it to the orange dichromate ion
" ¬eeps chromate ion concentration low enough
so ïrCrO4(s) does not ppt
m The presence of barium ion is confirmed
observing green flame test color
@
Reaction:
m =hen sulfate ion is added to solution
containing strontium and calcium ions,
strontium sulfate ppt
" Calcium sulfate does not due to formation of
disulfatocalcate(II) ion
" Triethanolamine also forms a stable complex
with the calcium ion
m strontium sulfate is treated with a(CO3)2 to
ïrCO3
m ïolid ïrCO3 is dissolved in HCl to produce
ïrCl2 for flame testing
m The oxalate in the HOAc medium will ppt Ca
oxalate, but not Mg due to the formation of
the bisoxalatomagnesate(II) ion
" This does not necessarily mean that Ca is
present
m Ca ppt slowly
To enhance it :
Adjust the volume of the solution before
(H4)2C2O2 is added
2 The ppt is formed from a 50% alcohol
solution
3 Cooling the solution