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Fun Fact:
50 million atoms, lined up end-to-end = 1 cm
2
Do you remember?
An ELEMENT is made up of one type of atom
The element, oxygen, is O
IONS are atoms with a charge.
The ion of oxygen is O2 Atoms can join together to form MOLECULES.
The oxygen molecules are O2
COMPOUNDS are made up of several (2+)atoms
Hydrogen and oxygen are atoms/elements
H2O is a compound
3
Structure of an Atom:
The nucleus is at the centre of
an atom
composed of protons (positive
charge) and neutrons (neutral
charge)
Electrons (negative charge) exist in the
space surrounding the nucleus
4
Subatomic Particles:
Atoms are made up of smaller particles
known as sub-atomic particles.
Name
Symbol
Charge
Location
Atomic Mass
Proton
1+
nucleus
1 AMU
Neutron
nucleus
1 AMU
Electron
1/1836 (0)
Numbers to Remember :
Atomic number = # of protons
Atomic Mass = average mass of an element
Mass Number = total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus
In Atoms # of protons = # of electrons
Nuclear charge = charge on the nucleus (#
of protons)
INCREASING REACTIVITY
Atomic #
# Protons
#
Electrons
Atomic Mass
(Rounded)
# Neutrons
He
Li
F
Na
Mg
P
Atomic #
# Protons
# Electrons
Atomic Mass
(Rounded)
# Neutrons
He
Li
F
Na
Mg
P
11
Atomic #
# Protons
# Electrons
Atomic Mass
(Rounded)
# Neutrons
He
Li
F
Na
Mg
P
2
3
2
3
2
3
4.0
6.9
2
4
12
Atomic #
# Protons
# Electrons
Atomic Mass
(Rounded)
# Neutrons
He
Li
F
Na
Mg
P
2
3
9
11
12
15
2
3
9
11
12
15
2
3
9
11
12
15
4.0
6.9
19.0
23.0
24.3
31.0
2
4
10
12
12
16
13
14
Bohr Diagrams:
Bohr diagrams show how many electrons
appear in each electron shell around an
atom.
Each shell holds a maximum number of electrons (2,
8, 8, 18, 18)
Note: Think of the shells as being 3D like spheres, not 2D like circles!
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# Electrons
2 e8 e8 e18 e18 e16
p15
n16
-3
P
Phosphorus
31.0
17
Bohr Diagrams
What element is this?
It has 2 + 8 + 8 = 18
electrons, and
therefore 18 protons
It has 8 electrons in
the outer (valence)
shell
18p
22n
Argon!
18
Group 2 = 2 valence e-
19
13 p
14 n
2e 8e 3e -
Beryllium
4p
5n
- 2e 2e
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21
Atom Stability
Noble gases - unreactive because their
atoms have full valence (outer) shell.
FULL Valence shell - makes the atoms stable (do
not easily trade or share electrons)
22
See pages 66 - 67
Atom Stability
Gaining or losing electrons makes atoms into
IONS.
Metals lose electrons (-) to form + ions
Non-metals gain electrons (-) to form - ions
Ions have a similar electron arrangement to the
nearest noble gas
Example: Sodium
23
See pages 66 - 67
Ion Formation
Example: Sodium ATOM
Sodium ION
p11
n12
Protons
Electrons
11+
11-
Total Charge
11
Na
+1
Sodium
23.0
p11
n12
Protons
Electrons
11+
Total Charge
+1
1024
Ion Formation
Phosphorus ION
p15
n16
Protons
Electrons
15+
15-
Total Charge
p15
n16
-3
15
P
Phosphorus
31.0
Protons
Electrons
Total Charge
15+
18-3
25
WB Bohr diagrams
Page 61 1, 2, 3, 4
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Bonding Types
When two atoms get close together, their
valence electrons interact.
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
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1. Ionic Bonds:
Metals give electrons to non-metals (transfer of
electrons)
cations (+ ions) and anions (- ions) form
For example, lithium and oxygen form an ionic bond
in the compound Li2O
+
Lithium
Oxygen
28
2. Covalent Bonds
Formed between two or more non-metals
Electrons are shared between atoms
+
Hydrogen
Hydrogen fluoride
Fluorine
29
Covalent Bonding
Hydrogen
1 p+
0n
8 p+
8n
Oxygen
1 p+
0n
1 p+
0n
8 p+
8n
Oxygen
1 p+
0n
8 p+
8n
1 p+
0n
Lewis Diagrams:
Like simplified Bohr diagrams
Only valence electrons are shown
Dots representing electrons are placed around
the element symbols (on 4 sides, imagine a
box around the symbol)
Electron dots are placed singularly (each
compass pole), until the fifth electron is
reached, then they are paired.
33
Lewis Diagrams:
Note: the Lewis diagrams are the same (except for the
symbols) for elements in the same family because they
have the same number of valence electrons
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