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Yelmida A.
REAKSI-REAKSI DALAM
SENYAWA ORGANIK
Reaksi Redoks
Reaksi Addisi
Reaksi Substitusi
Reaksi Eliminasi
Reaksi Condensasi
Reaksi Polimerisasi
Reaksi Rearrangement
A. REAKSI REDUKSI-OKSIDASI
Dalam kimia organik reaksi reduksi dan oksidasi
dapat diringkas sbb:
Oxidation =
Loss of electrons
Loss of Hydrogen
Gain of Oxygen
Reduction =
Gain of electrons
Gain of Hydrogen
Loss of Oxygen
H2C CH2
OH OH
+ MnO2
Reaksi Redoks
OXIDASI : penambahan Oxygen atau menghilangkan Hydrogen
REDUKSI : menghilangkan Oxygen atau menambahkan Hydrogen
CH4
+O
CH3OH
- 2H
H
C
R
H
Aldehydes
Oxidation
R
Ketones
Oxidation
H
R
H
H
Primary Alcohols
Reduction
H
R
- 2H
HO
Reduction
+O
H
R
Secondary Alcohols
O
C
O
H3C
CH3
H2 , Pd-C
H
H
H3C
3-Methylbutanal
3-Methylbutanol
H
O
O
H2 , Pt
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanol
OH
Overoxidation
O
O
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, H2O
Alkohol
aldehid
as.karboksilat
B. REAKSI ADISI
Area sekitar ikatan- p mempunyai densiti elektron yang tinggi
H
C
OSO3H
Alkyl Halides
C
H
OH
H+
Alcohols
OH
Dihaloalkanes
H
H
fast
C
H
Slow
C
O
H
H
OSO2OH
Fast
O
C
OSO3H
Markovnikovs Rule :
Atom H masuk ke atom carbon yang
mempunyai atom H lebih banyak
H Br
H
H2C C CH3
H
H2C C CH3
H Br Markovnikov addition
Alkena Unsymmetri
Product
CH3
C
H
H
H
Slow
H
Br
CH3
C
H
Br
CH3
C
H
H
Slow
CH3
H
C
H
H
Br
BrH2C
H2
C CH3
3o > 2o > 1o
Stabilitas Carbocation
Hydrogenasi Reduksi
C
C
C
Example
2X
Pt or Pd - catalyst
solvent, pressure
Pt - catalyst
solvent, pressure
Pt
ethanol, 1 atm
cyclohexene
cyclohexane
Adisi Nucleophilic
H
O
H C H
Ph
Primary alcohols
O
C
Formaldehyde
+
Ph MgI
O
R C H
Ph
Secondary alcohols
O
C
R
H
Aldehydes
+
Ph MgI
O
R C R
Ph
tertiary alcohols
O
C
R
R
Ketone
+
Ph MgI
C C
Br
Br
Br
+ Br
Br
C C
Br
Br
C C
colourless
Br
C. REAKSI SUBSTITUSI
E
H
H
H
+
H
H
H
E
E
H
sp3
E
H
- H+
HNO3(c), H2SO4(c)
NO2
H O S O H
_
O S O + 2 H+
O
H
HO NO2
H+
O+ NO2
NO2+
H2O
NO2
NO2
H
NO2
Nitrobenzene
O
+
N
electrophilic attack
O
electrophile
O2 N
+N
slow
H
- H+
fast
O +
N
_
O
O
+N
=
O
NO2
=
HALOGENASI
Cl2, AlCl3
Cl
Br2, FeBr3
Br
Br FeBr3
FeBr4
Substitusi Nucleophilic, SN
Leaving Group
(CH3)3COH + 2 H3O+ + Cl -
(CH3)3CCl + 2 H2O
CH2
Cl
Cl
+
H3C
CH3
CH3
Stable 3o Carbocation
CH2
CH3
Fast Step
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3 H
H
Front or Backside Attack
- H+
CH3
H3C
CH3
tert-Butyl alcohol
D. REAKSI ELIMINASI
b. Eliminasi-1, E1
E. Reaksi Condensasi
H3C
C O
H3C
acetone
N N
+
H
- H2 O
H3C
H
C N N
hydrazine
H3C
hydrazone of acetone
F. Reaksi Rearanggement
Reaksi penataan ulang
G. Reaksi Polimerisasi