SPE

m~@-uflEflrms-

SPE 19659
Cyc!i~ Steam Pilot in Gravity Drainage Reservoir
R,C.S. Chiou* and TS. Muter, Mobil Producing US, Inc.

A
.+
Copyright 18S9,SooIetyof PetroleumEngineers,Inc.
This paperwac prapmd for preaantalional the 64th AnnuelTaohnicalConferenceand Exh!htlon of the SooIelyof PetrcteumEnghaara hafdin SanAntonio,TX, Octofmr8-11,1980.
Thla paper waa wlactad for presentationby an SPE P,ogramCornmlttaafollowingreviewof Intorma!ioncontahed in n abatracfaubrnltfadby the UfhW(0).ContOntOof the paper,
aa preaantad,have not bean reviewedby tha Societyof PetroleumEnoinaarand ra eubjactto cormcflonby the author(s).The matarfaf,xe paaarrtad, doaanot nacaaaW
Enginaare,itaotficara,m mambara.Pxpara
praaantad
of
SPEmaaflngare eubjaotto pubfioatkmravfawby EdiforlxlCk+nrnittaaa
of fh?~
any pw ion of the Societyof Patrolaum
of PatrowumEnginaara,Pamriaalcatooopy laraafrktadto anabafraotof not morethen30DvhmA lhatmfha maynotbaooplad.Tfraabatractahouhfoonfainm@ououaaoknowMgmN
7MW3B38,
Wax,
?30M9
SPEDAL
of whara nd by whom the paper {a praaanted.Write PuMioationaManager,8PE, P.0, Box 832836,Rbardaon, TX

ihiapapm daecrikree
unpemmnma
sbempilot
pmjeotin
aat2qAycU@rg
h thd
-)
-w
Ofi ~ti
Fiu
initiated

in

Southnl
in

of a oyolic
(40
-~-

o)a@maa*

1986andthre

etemstizulab

Ofprku-yoi
lperdayperwoll.
meprbipal
pmmoing MChanim heebaansoluthmgasdrive
Wimgrevi& dminagaplayinganinomeim rol@
aathepm8flra waedaplti. CMmlatilmprinwuy
pro&Mm by B86wsSlmly 4toftha Ori9hl
Oil-implaoe
bmaua of m
v4DCuaity.

mftmr~

&%&&%%m&%%C

wella

Inlnlanlin.gti~
~ir
(to%%2!% of *
pilotar@w140M1.
mie-~
thrW9h 19m withUllylimitd~.
Itiabeliwed thatMe~dip@
-~

to date.

OyclicStemlt
mapuz3ashcwsa significant
hcreaeain Aytim&
==,
relative
to
cyclicstem yMti*ntib&u& Uniqaakm%-m
pmasum(upti
of itsmkremel
1900pi at tlmsurface).In adiition,
immXentalpmdW?tionfralt
existing
offeetWlls
mm!s Wi&mm of Merwell Cummicaticnof
injeobdM.
Optimization
of difficult
field
ptb
ccntrols
hasa ~jgiy
mtim

Deeae*hd

thepil?vikce
extm3sdtooulerareaawhempmduotion
is limited
~ pmkMll@inherent
withhigh
injectial
prassum,highdownhole
t&pratum,
W axceaaive
SaIs3
entxy. use of analytical
ml mnnerimlmdala haa providdinsight
in
thesalient
aepeotof Cyolicatmmlngam
aidain theevaluation
of pilotparfonttanoa.

Ihamx RuulSaMiunit~
f~veSan5zcneeanlonamxbarpmduoilq Zm, Fmr
of the pmddng

maemdra

havaCharaotaristic!a

desirable
forthermalremvaxy. mia paparia
Oomamad withthmurthmeea reaamoirrely.
At th the of unitization
in 1961,thh havy
oilSandma producilqan eetifftatsd
2 hlwels
Ref~

a*immtal

Offe*

cntb

fralt.Euringtb
pRpagatiofti~
eampmiod, -lumh=tada
etmmfmd
w Wintofar Up#.p wells%?=
nWbY Heflmr
unit* saneSurfs f~
develqed withstem mptiona. Ma Pmjeot
Mstedforfcuryeareandwaammzbeted Whm
it bacelmUnemnmio * Cxmt* Cperation.
Apibtfort he=FWmtittitiu*
the
thermal
pobmtialin thisfieldwaadeabble
due J highOapiw alxi
Cpamting*
of
unmCtainties
elxu&f&lO&* otherreawnemlexvoirmamotariaticaSn5mWvary effioianoy
of Cyolioa@/or
steamflood
iIlmiatMn, staeplydQPti w
oilSeIxt*m hitialplan wesmo&tCYcYio
steamin apilot. Iheomvera
ateantdrive
woulddqaendon~mity
dm~oould~idethe~
anSZTIYti
drainth mtim pilot-0
m first pilot
wells drilled,
mrad, - Ompbted inJunat
1986d W
C#u?atif)ns
W
?.~,
1986.
ita
miepeperdemribeeuM Imeenoirald
qmloqy,optimization
ef field operationOyolioetean@, PmWot r=f~l
-mts
of Snalytkal aral raarterkalXmw SttMa
to aid in the waluaticm of the pilotproject.

ami figuzWs
at ena of paper.
ale

.
2

cYcxJcm!aMPIxmmmm

mAnwE

RE8mmIR

SPE 19659

C$

meelxoirispartofoft.k
FWlnaylveniatl
q DaaSeGnJUparxl
Wa dapoeit.ad
in a fluv~~mic envimsmnt. Ms
degloakicnal
Snvkcsmmt khdes Seveml
sUberWinmWlte
iml~
distrihltaq
Channsl,
axwaasesplayakxl
distrhtaxydmnml
ah@xs@& feoies(Fi~ 1) llM xsmervoir
is
dipping
m
tlm
wastK@mmst
atabcut400andi.a
tNncatedallh Updipcxide
byaAeKlsialal
unoonfonnity
(Fiqm 2). Zhemccnfonai~is

me Qxmnn

20days. In Febnnry,1989,~outletsat
themllkM kmebroAenoffwMle a~tm
openthva?.veeto bladwnpmsawe d
pnpalxltion
fcrpmdUotim. Slxa!ll
Slq with
PZ@UC=Ifbaideblewat forfin daysbefcteti
ml wasbxwlqht
e
mltrol.NW
Specificaticms
foroUm&Wticn of *lhe@
val?!lqm$&p&dLLi:&rstst
&
aml~ture
of1950peiand 600dsgnma F,
-P=tively* No thmedadoutltiamIallcmdat
theaboveccmditicsla
and fl~cumeotime
am
roraJx&PZw~.ii:
of

overlain bytbewzmianags
mltotoo fornath.
lhereservoir
mngeaindsptmfxxal 950al*

-tic

eaacemupdipSW to 2100at M oil-water

ccsI&kcn l%swaStenldUmldip*. Ills
thicklMee
of * reservoir
zangeSflxxll
akCUt30
tow
loo. Aniamhon sandatnlotmmape
amehcmin FlqK9s3arK14. ~sardis
V@ically enilaterally
ocnth
withno shale
breaksor ~ili~
barriemdiscehble by
hge.

well~
originally
itwasnotc!UWideM?d
~
to
gravelpaokthSSteemWall,hoWWEW,after
fxunwell#66,
UlalyziJq
theUWmeolidatd a wire-wrqped
Screenwasnlnwitigl?awlpaok
bide W 7 cesirqMs~
bauxite- a
relatively
_ive
inert~
p4ckhq
UU3tlsri.al.
TtB ~ZSZtsha
limw ID Of! mly 2.922*in ~
ta Ua
IZlb* m of 4.793U.-=l~w=-Y

Themeel!voir
lwokisan unoonsoUdaM, Wll
Sol?@3,?inatclmldi mgndnedallld.
lbeealwl
omtaine8*to90% qlxWtswim fewitaly
X15aotiv
elahnllapzwsnt.TinpolWSityfrua
log
andooreeaelyeie
verieafran2*ta 33%wiUlan
~
Of 28%. h ~ity
~
~
armlyeis~~8d0sK3ti9600
ti witha
~ic
evsrage
of ehlt 1600B&

mbeatipmpeff-.

FtutWr,

mlya

lower-ofthepeyintena
letWwtae
Perfom=. I&xntwell cqMtkxMetCxetm
ueeaelottu5-lkaxl~~
of
~sil&kealM1-tbUlth
~
minteWal.
ThiSoU@letialheapWen
eUosUUeful
in botheLW300ntrol
elV3qCliCm
perfonUWe.

Tlxa
Iockis ~
wi~ a 14-16~
API
o~~ilme
a viemsi~ of 2000q at ~L. Q&rentoilsatLlnJtiUl
as dCEiti
franloganalysis
is abcut8*. TiMOil-hplaoe
is estimated
to be 1615lhl/acreft.Table1 is
a awmnary
of rock ml fluidpqs&the.

Inia@iy#y

well#77hasSqlel?iti extNaTdyM* ~
lhldngSham injectial.
lhiewlwaadrffldto
a1Dof1610arxicaeirq
Unseet at~ midpoint
ofth FtaWWmsaAli*
Zhelepoa-thof
theeandwaegravelpaoJGsdwimU@eMAlq
slotted
lh.
It is ~in
wWtlmx th!
Ca@3tion practice
or th poorSaIWi
qllality
or
bothlew5sto lcmsWsm injwtivi~. At a la
injection
rateof 300BPD,* Surfeoa
injectiul
~wesesh.igh
ae1900pei*
wellkcKe
haatlosaeetilMiZldby~
Xlla3alsl,z
forthisVRdlSkWe thatallSteMll
has
ccnha6d tohotwa*(thatiao*
Sarkafas
=
qJality)
. It is likelythat- ~qh Mat
teehe injectivity
plxblsal
~
theillaoted
hotweterieIaJch
H
vieoCM than
r
m,
eventhqh itsrelative
panmability
xny
be higk.
~pnhlmwas
solvadbythueeof bkUa&d
tubingto ~
hat 10ss3. m
Oelallati
Ofheatluallhthatthtim
StUUn
qLlaMym h inUaMKl fnx10%w448inlWl
#77 (Surfaos
qllality
= 508). CMpdson of
calcxlatd&wnh31esteamq@iLy vs.depth
betweeninsalaM tiing :A bem (dMale
tubingat Wall#77injeotl,on
-tiaU
iS ~
in Figure6.

S@am cpentiomin thepilotprojectehrked n

Nov=d=, 1986. lb dab, a ~
G: nhe steam
atinulaticne
haEbeanixpl~
at ClxWn
AIWloUgll
tk ~ject ~ormance wasgmwlrally
successful,
steaminjeoticn
amlhot fluid
cpsnlt~ problems.
-ion
didoauee~1
W followiqis a swraxy of thenlare
-event
problems,
mat WU9D
At th beginning
of ti projeot,
pK@ucUcn
wt~~-ti-foretcuttwo
in
to difficaaltiee

of Wllkxi Sql@ent f& M.& pKwsaum

in Fix 5.

is *
steam injecticn

mcnt%adue

btheti@t ~SiUl,
llleunitsc
entmlhnkbattq?w aa ~
--Y~toWJoeeatbebaevyCnlde
to
Pipallna
Wificatiama. In tQ tit *
CmUlsion
QUoosealhlly,
it X9ql.hetbsinetallationof an adiiticnal
hori~
heatertzmain oonj~cn witha foxnkti~ Meal &nuls+
fier.
WWBU@UWAUMIWMi

Wellbore
heatlcisa,
-srtfranbehq alrnof

_
~ ~ -had
faileddurhq - initial
~%l=eti=l
luxlceusddowntheofabout
aso

Sm 19659

Co S.

QIICfJMDA.

inmecaeing

-my,-l-tim~

@W=eto buildup~-h~~%~~~=tix
elmti. he StmesePthatmt
Wkl &td
C2U3ing
Cmls havebeenSt@iedby Willhiti
S&l
Dietri&4
. ~
~
thatif saw maxinum
alhxahe tsqemh
is exosedsd,
&a cashq is
Mely to faillaterwhenit cools.Tiwxmal
T
etr8sscalculaticm
usingM Wliday~5
mates
thatthetypical
Caeiq txmparature
dur@steam injecticnataxBannrftayexxedtk
~
SllCMbleke~
fOrK-55casing.
In m CQl@eticnsit is n?amemMthtMgh
~
czhy, Ir80,be US@ inplaceof K-55
Cash. IheCekaiLaticm
sham thatin exist~
W1lS insulated
&@
ise~~ti~~
the
K-55ui~ frcm~

EMQQ* ~
In thedesignof gravelpack,several
different
sizesof grarnilar
packing
mkerialew3refor
sarxlcontml.lhegravel
inWell#77an5#89W
12/20llE@l
&
m bathwellsexperienced
sUW.rqpmblellshSew armlysisi
wxieavailable
follcwirq
lh
of W1 #89hxlicatxd
thata &sign of 16/3(1
or 20/40gnzvalshaM
Sdninize
vleesndingprcblm.In WMiticnti
x-,
Several
Wile alsoexp?iwsd
%=m-wi
dentifiedb
yplcdxticn
V@nggraat
lyfxuadaytodsyti
ShoWilq
=~Yq@3~--gaq/staam
volminthe pslqdlangsd*&th
--pz~difftities
in
~~am-~mmti
P&odW&i=y
fluidshot,reeultilq
aa@3tir41

Wal ~
is b&l&m~hmha
=*
system
designto ~
pmbhaw+raepmchckionoperati~at W1 #92has
-~t~~dtopholddown
or
RUACtypercdpElpa@ppsdwim@mxtemd
txavelling
valveplUgendatand&lWlve q
(seeFiqure7 fordetails)
effectively
~~
9ae(_)locldng endcxnhWe
saxi@
W*
* fht XaxTth
of plxdUctim
~lY*
at WsU#92, thepmpwasti abcut200feet
abweths FWrth DesseseM wheredawhole
@W=3~WeehtedaShi9hSS5000
F. W
higharpalp Eattiqf lnightalEu)
contributetitk

m
Psrf==nce at #92, ~pmpwsslcwemdto
themidpoint
of thesandafter~ fluidlevel
d hassir= beenCperating
normally.

The firstcycleof staaminjecticm

was initiated
h Noveker?1986at Wll #66, Figure8 shws
thepmdUctim ~
for thma Cyoles
ObeerWitodah mraeinprtmt featureaam
-cated
by Wis figure.First, there was a
tWMmth shut-in
durirqth firstcycle
~ion
* ~ gtiW
prcbl-. Saccmd,
thapeakplmchcti ~intheaeoctxlcycle
was
-lY
-by int=%mllOalmunication,
bacause,
attbsamt~thpak~a
Oowrred,StaslU
w injected
in& well#77,m
600 feetMy (seewll locati- cm Fiqum 3).
When#77was lab plaosdon prochwticn,
pnxktion at #66_
~ly,

S. KREI

~y,
thahighinjectitJnpE%WlsW
et #77
-td
prassWaCxamUnitial.
As #77Ws plaoad
cm prcxhcti~,production
at #66rarMedas lhe
meaWoir preSaUHwasdis8ipatULWedomt
occalre~inti
JUKWif fracturhlg
actually
unconsolidataf
send. Thetapexaturesurveyat
#66H=t~t h M* ~hlm
I=arthe
O?fsetWUbor.3ties
theintezWll
CcmnUliatim. TIMWlixdfeature
involves
UM
Sign.itialntly
highwe@lrpnxhcticfl
in W thM
cycle.A plotof wa~il
ratio(WX) vs.
cumulative
oilpmducticnclearlyillustma the
drasticincmaaeon walxrpmiucth (Figure 9).
Wssibleexplanati~ for the causeof highwater
pnxiUcticn
incl~ (1)~
pimpefficiency
es
areswltof thehteznalgmml packomphtim
as mentiu~ in CyclicSteam~tions, ad (2)
depletion
of stcemccdenaati:
whileatxxt55,000
barrelsof steamhash
injecc *
#66,only
8,600barrels
of haterhasbeEmpmduosdb date.
Figure10 slwmsthe~e
production
reqmsas forWell#77. As m3ntimedearlier,
thiswallexperienced
~
hljectivity
poxblan.
~ typicalinjection
tikr
is SW*I in Fiqre
11,&xUca* ~Y
*
Mdm
pxWaUre
amilowstaemqlalityanainjecticn
rate. ZtM
fmahsfimt cyciei.ezalated
W= p=f~
toineufficient
hltirpltchleto
low h
quality
m highWllboraMstlrn. RI*
secondcycle,thsurfaoe sbMaqUalitylms
MXWed_25%
ti50%VhileWllh@
~-re=deai9nsd
towMetandCgex=Wq
pxWsUm at 1900psiiaaxsa&to&oo
@ in
M fixstcycle).
tixlecurve
fartbeeeous3qcleaseeNl in Figure
loelWsan mlaltoil-atemn ratio(-*
0.8. It ~
thatM injected
abam with
SlW3
kme ~tllre,
~YM~
evenat zerosmxiface
Z
quality,
is still
capable
of performing
effective
SkbWath.
Figures12a$xl13~theqclic
stama
forwells #89~ #S2,~VSly.
l=rf~
TheQrraticinitial
pmductia ~
at #89
wascausedby pnlpingpmblellsl.
usingm newly
desi~ ~irq system(Fi~ 7~)au&3tiim&mvsd
p=~ixq pmcedwes, a textkok
nnancawasobtained
at #92. lhe cumlative
Oilpmdllcticf
linthefimttxolaonths
has
resdMd7,300barL@ls.b aboveproducticrl
respmes ~tetheillportance
of
p-.kion qprationswhichinclude
designof
W@W
-,
~1,
end WUrplocaticn.
Illaddition
to ProdUcticm
~
frull
the
eteamdwells,ammberofexist~ pmdwars
haveshown~
pm&xX.icnas illustra~
in Fiqm 14. It is obviwstht thasaoffset
\wllshave~tostelull
injeatimmall
mx St8amd W1.ls. ThislMUlt againMicatua
thatinterwllcxxawnicatim
playsan hpxtant
zwlein the_iaI
Muwior at ~ Wm. It
W?esrathatU
lah MSWtal
~~
~
related
to * ~~#s-Offsethellsaremt hot.
Table2 liststk detailsof ~t.hq
~ticsm
dataforW Cyolicm
ardperfonnanoa
project,As timed
earlia=,
a qwwkity-t
is indkltiveof m Sucuaofastaui

WE 19659

stinulatiais theOSR. HWa!Ver,

ttUaaotUsl
heatinjecklmayvarygreatly
withtheckwnhole
steaaI
quality.In Table2,~isdetamhd
basedon VOIUWJof Steeal
injechdd e@?ahnt
volum of steamat thedfxnhole
crxriitiahh
4 &a
enthalpy
of * _
du.mhole
is ~
theequivalent
vollnlE
*finjected
Stesln
&sea al
a refenmosenthalpy
of 1000Btu/Ibas eqgestd
by XYllill
ad Slx3igmeier6.
Note#at the
equivalent
vol~ of steamhjectedis a ~
of theaotualthznalemrgy injeotad
irbtk
kx3aervoir,
whichtxakes
intoaoomntW effaots
of Wellbore
heatloss,etesln
CyELlity,
aril
injeotion
teapretUm/preeslU@*
Thedatain Table2 *
thatthevariations
in
iiiiwiualwellm6pases

previously.
Examination
oR&wL$G%ng
conditions
and rese.nfoir
&aractaristics
provided
thebasisforexplaining
suchvariations.
Figure
15 Silws the Omparieon of m
Rnn8s Cyclic
steamoSRSwiththoseineeveml fieldsin
California
aixi
the~M L&8 field,~.
T&
scattemldatiindicate
Wet au% a ocnparieon
is
notquiteBnin@ilwi-an
indepthetudyof
Variwe m

dlffti

.NoirallaCpzatinq pmmters

in

fields.

F~v%!&$RY%h%zE:
Fvs!klg
COnditim, ~
~
tnesteamStimlatialbhaviorh23%23ti=
h1itxretun37A. fhereiem~~ta
mductioni
nuleviscoeityo
ftbeonlde in&Kl
heE@zlzcm
emartha wellgm!ltlyaffaiotg UM
Emductiai
reqYm3e. mrthar,thedrivk: forcse
prasentinthsIeaaWoirinitially,
inclllding
~~
W====f ~iW
~1
ati
solution-gas
drive,areoftenhighlyiTlprWt
duringtheprcChl&ion
phase. DUringSC@Cing
SrU3
production,
oor&neaticn
ofsteamten313
toredUce
&Pr=sUre atamlnear thewall,thuspnxmt~
.
Considering
theakovecu@ex ~
Gfclicsted.ng,

itieeesytoeee

of
thatme

is difficult
to xlUM..Zhe-licability
P~
of a ptictive modeldsperdsistheproper
repn?sentaticrl
of tk reeezvoir
fluid~ies
EM pmdllcjng
ndlanhm. several
techniquehave
beandewsl~ to ~aalate etesna
etinttlation
~cl~
9-13* In the follC%?*w shall
consider
firsta simplified,
ahslyticel
nmdalfor
Calculating
*
ethlation behavior.
8cbE.qandLantzs9method
ueeeths~Lqfenheinequation~4
to calculati
tbeinitial
radiusheatedtosteamtenpaltllre
durj.ngth
injection
phaseof this~.
*
an analytical solution
of * equations
for Wqaratura
decline

as CxxalctionOcmre

radially
is cmphyd, A blti-%~~?~
toccduct a continuous
-_JMS
thxqhmt thecalculation
is
shwn in Fiqwe 16.
Inthisst@y, the~@H
beenncdified
to Mcr *
gravity

ddmge

of *

am&l has
acxxwkh effm.cof
SteeQly Ci.@ph

reaewoir.

1lmed)enfitic
ofihelu)dalb
illUletZStti
in Figutm 17. m _
of ofi
fhwmteie~alaltoti
-Of
Cmee-aection
nomal to theplanzinti
Steamzom. An~tes@Jwiee&~*
watoaocamtfor~rq15aiWticfl
CWingto witMrawalofenazqywithti~
fldds.
Accmparieonof~~
Caloulatdoilm
water~cn
ratesis shwn in Figure18.
she
actualperfoxmaWean
for Well#92is
OonsidemdtypicalundernozUWlCpanting
ccmliticns
at CoxFem. Sinceth nmdelis
developed
alxxta CXX@edenazqybelama,fluid
flw, andtimerelationship,
it is inpdant to
qthe celculatd atd obeemd ~hiStOry Of th h&ked Zone. TIMCWnhole
witha surface-~
---nMeW=3
~le
-l ~ ~e
~ a~
totheexteriorof thetub~theeand. the
meaazeddomhole~tkme
ompare fairly
wellwiw Wllkd d Surfm tEaperatW&skJW&rti_emp&~mlp,
Signifiosptly
lWer thantlnCalallatian
u
Shwn inTigUz?a
19. *
WWyc
~
attrikakedtitk~
~onlytlW
bottalholeflowilqJ
fluid
M&llxxlbseehw
nlhtthr ati
=.
elmnoeh3twaen*~~&xle
---thefl=ilqfluid~
at
thewellboma,
dqsndhq al theoperation
pbaaeeinjeotksl,
Soaking,
or ~%
m
QIW
ehcaiLd
beexedeadwhen~
the~
=**
dab Wim * analytical
EM&l

Although
theanalytical
~
offers~
sableineightintoth~
ti canbused
eiti to makeshple eemitivityetdieaor to
~
~ve
F@-,
areliinitationstothesenlodels.
ltle
analytical
laxMinthie6bMy iemts4k.ablefor@~~
_@
WXlhlat= cyoles(likelhe
dxwmmxl
VUIRehown
in Fi~9)orfm~
~
intemelloCmaUniation
Oannotb IMgleoted.
Neihrcan manslykical luodele&heethe
effects
of pennaabili~
variatkiw,gravity
~t~~l
= P=iti- of oQ@etion
intewals.Anothermajorlimitation
of th
analyti- modelis thatit cannotcaloulati
Z@ial fluidpKeSsUm,tsnperatllm,
EUxl
Satllration
CUetrilxlthe.
Nansrical
shlators5-17-t

solve

finitediffezwtoe
wtio~
* differential
Sqlatiorms
@ thmedmmhnll

describing
hat transfer
Srxi
flti flw inpoxxRle
mediaarecapableof aMru3eirgmet ptwblaw3
~
US* analytical
stockls.
A~
1*
!sbx3y
WkUlmilts thrshalEhlator
(TflERIS)
haspruvidsd
Cktaildinsight
m
*
KadWdemar%lXwoverybehavior
of Oyoliom
etimlaticm.
Figure 20 ~
~ th ~
arka~hdietrikllltio
rmintqla
~
_
wi~ t~ ~b
Me ~cm
x?f
a
m.
P.
typical atesm stinulatkm at G
calmlatd -t
dxws thatUwpm
tmsient prqogabs nsxhf~j.nto
thoold
miemoir

than WI

tulplwatum

Variatiul,

It

althoiql-stlusazcma isqdite
Maall,inflcwof oilis stilllikely* to *
reservoir
pmsaUregradient
causedbyste8Dl
injection
as W311as gravitydrahsgao Fhr
ccaqarisul,
tha
(F@ura21)fmW&&~&%een
thosaforthestaaulz
cne(~ture
distribWE!believeMat
ution)aniplessUet~ti.
the~kal
shailator
canbe a viableergheringtoolforevaluating
Uleeffaob31xl
n300vq
of altered
operatirq
cmditim andformak.hqa
detailed
~ction of futulmperfonmnoe.

t4mpMzmof
amarbarOf~

appeamthat

on * akeveevaluatiul
of thepilot
project,
the follow- actimseraplannedor
mkr considemtion:
1.

Oa@ete the ckvelqmnt

of th pilotproject
withMf *IS in W w, mid-,d
low+n@xe
ofthadi@ngFullrthMesa
sarldto
e!valuate
tMeffao& of8tnlotuxe
ax-d
sealixl@ncn6ealilq
Unconfonuity.

2. El?@Ushop
ezatixqgU
MeljnsesUch as
=,tiinV&yzdSs
forinm field
aswllasarammical
?~:
~

hells.Theanalytioal
lmdsl,howeuar,
is*
E&o
~1
etc.

5< Mmerical~
simulation
is neededb aid
irl* evaluation
of theoUrzent
oyclicpilotand in th (Moisimmqding *
ccmersialfxwncyclic*
to stEUZUl
dtive.

Wewishto expressourappmciation
tilkkdl
E@oraticrlandPlxldUcilq
Us. forSllau*
publication
of thisPaperaperalaothanktk
Temaforthacxx
lwntlam
of Reservoir
munitfor
tMircUltrikUticmtom
successful
iuplslusntatim
of ttua
pmjeot.
speci.al
reaqniticmisdue B. R. Aheddh of
Iakoratory
for his helpal
MobilDaUx ~
theti.her*at@Ushg theMZlerkal~

1.

Fannq Alits*&yll&y
FbrHP41cc!al

2.

~~
Rev*1.1,~
FbrStemnwells,(2988)

3. =mmmy
~-mqic-to=lifymious
EdllUlatorilqnlt.
Thehistory*will
SshblishOuuidenm in oalaht.hM3
involvirq
pmdi*
of futureperformance.
4. ~ashxiywi~tk~pof
Um3
nwmrioalsillUla*andfutureproject
b ~
thefollowing
*:
l=f~
l)~oz,lot
tooawertti
ateam drive,
2)howto aocca@lishit,
ti3)~
tidbe
thaopthxllthsh

1. lheOyolicstealnmq)cnse
S&s u Siglifialnt
*, ~
imrease in oilpmducticnn31ative
stinulatiapmducticnoTypicalF+@kprodUotim is ~
150mm ~ *1. .m **lie
Sballl
qlaration
is quiteUniqlehxNlsa of its
eM3?ex@yhighsteaminjection
presareo
2* Ina&Ution topB3dUctimn!qxmss fruntk
~
walls,a mmber of offsetthqP=+==
have Sbwn immmtel
pmdllotial.
lhis mt
i?nlk!ates that intamau
ocmunic%lticm is an

4.

A sinplifisd,
analytical
modal,tlnnodifiat
ewxesefully
awll=lhdhasbaanueed
tomul~thpxxxkticnhisky~
dwnble

Pnlgnwl

3* .Aeschlimm,
D. P.,lMdau, R. F.,- Noble,
ofa Steamrnjectia
N. J., ~Effioiaq
lest
WithIlvmla- nltalq,
PePaE11735,~
at - Cal~
~
~,
*
23-25,1983
4.

willhite,
G. P. - Dietrioh,
W. K.:
tWesign
criteria
forCUl@eth of Steam
Injection
Walk,1J. =. =.
(Jan.1967)
15-17.

G. H.: ll~@a~~
of ~l~le
5* ~ll~y,
.
MaxUmaUCadngTq
laE3tUrelbPrevent IkUlsim
Failures
in Tkz.mml
Wells,
PrescnM at
-lam
El@nserirgCbnferelv=,
nllsa
(sep.1969)
6. F&hill,N. A. andS@caneier,G. L.:
lls~ DriveCbntiatia d F%Qdktht
J. Wt. Tech,(Feb.1978)173-182
7

PKats,x.:Ihamal
Woovery,Smmmgraph
No. 7 (1986)

~a

M*U,

9.

B&q, T. C. ami Lanta,R. B.:W!ihaUath

of th Prodlxticm
Ratiof a TWUalally
Stinulatad
Wall,lt
J. Mt. r-. ( Dst.
1966)1613-1623

M&rtantant.yive X=hnism in qolic Stehng

3* TheVariatiorm
in MvidUal Al ~
to
oyolkshMUing wen3wide. fnwjrespmeewas
significantly
affeoklby fieldoperations
inchxhg kM211
OUlpletion,
pUll@qSys&all
dssign,W@ pnxktkal, arxl
Steaul
injeotiviqr.

OUmmlnicetic?l,
*1 Oonpleticn,

R* . . . Sl@lq,
R. G,,- ~ti~ X.
C*/8&eunSthlath of Heavy
H.:cyclic
J. %. lkdh (O& 1981)
+il Walls,
1990-1998

10. Ttxmon,D. E. anlBdxq, T. Cm:%ravity

Drainage
in T&xlallySthla- Walla,
m
J. ~. ~t. ~,
(Ott.4ho.1967)1+

6
I?&
.

cYcKc STEAMPIwrm

14. NM%, J. W. erd~,

R. N.:
%easerwir
Hwlt12qby NotFluidIlrjecticn,
=.
AINE, Vol. 216 (1959) 32220.

cl omnam,P. J.,Ratliff,
N. W.,azallmitt,
N. E.:A~NodeAfor~~
~ir,
J. M:. ~.
(June1970)757

I&22&V0ir
NO&l
for
12. Jaxxs,J.: l~iC
Viac$xa
oil,~
Mple&Bd,-ity
~~~N
~ ~
6544
at 47thA23n2al
California
I&qicxsal
=
Meating,
April13-15,1977

15.

1.

Cbawa, K. H., ~,
w. D.1-, C.,and
MUSXUI,B. E.: Thma-Dhunsiuzal
Shllaticn
of ~~oodirq,
SOC.M. ~. J. (IXKZ.
1974)573

16. =te, K. H.: A -y

llsdel,$~
Sot.-. ~.

J. E. andAzizK.: lAfsi@e Analy13. Gcntijo,

tioalModalforShlating ~~
Racovaq
bycyclicstemninn=zU2=
ReeelxoM$,
SPERQer 13037P7==teddt
tha59thAnnualTechnical.
Canfe2xrm
Exhibition,
Se& 16-19,1984

TABLE

SPE 19659

QU?3?lYrRA3NME
~R?

170 Hexmara,
J. Q. asdMsnzlilc,
E. J.: mStblaticn HisbryBMxh of MiltiwdlR3tkn
h thaS1-B&3e, Cat_
Field,
~ ~
Rqer 7969~
at the~ifornia Reqhal
-iry, Apr.18-20,1979

ROCK ANO FLu IO PROPERTIES

OF
FOURTH
DEESE
SANO , COX PENN SAND

GORSS VERTICAL
THICKNESS,
FT
NET vERTICAL
THICKNESS,
FT
POROSITY.
%
AREA,
ACRE
INITIAL
OIL
SATURATION,
%
CURRENT
OIL
SATURATION,
%
OOIP.
MIAno
PERMkASIi
XTV.
MO
PSI
RESERVOIR
PRESSURE,
RESERVOIR
TEMPERATuRE.
OEGREE
F
OIL
FORMATl ON VOLUME
fACTOR,
RB/STe
OIL
GRAVITV,
OEGRI?E API
OIL
vISCOSITV
AT RESERVOIR
TEMPERATURE.
OIL
vISCOSITV
AT 300
OEGREE
F,
CP
DIP
ANGLE,
OEGREE

!JNIT

75
60
26
140
80
77
13. !s
1500
27!S
60
1.04
- 16
2000
11
40

...

TABLE

CVCLE

2.

SUMMARV

OF

COX

PENN

CVCLI

INJ.
INJECTION
STEAM
PRES.
OIJRATION
OAVS
PSI
. =========
==========
, =========

STEAM

==========

1 1/03/86-12/16/86
10/24/87-11/10/87
12/04/87-01/05/88
05/23
/69-0612
~/88
08/08
/8 B-,09/03/88
09/13
/8 B-10/04/66
10/21 /8 B-11/20/86
02/01/89-02/20/89

66-1
66-2
77-1
77-2
89-1
66-3
92-1
89-2

44
18
33
2s
27
22
2i?

1000
650
1400
lBOO
1570
080
1190

C STEAM

PILOT

PROJECT

=r. e*=

OIL
OBL

s.=

------.--------------------------------

446e
8712
2526
5431
51362
2236
790s

66-1
66-2
77-1
77-2
89-1
66-3
92-1
S9-2

WATER
BBL
-------

BIB

OSR
BIB

14

PERFORMANCE

545
B30
668
626
BOO
530
567

BARE
BARE
BARE
BARE
lhSU
BARE
lNSU

147!3
1470
1495
1496
1776
1470
1476

491
4!54
S63
626

(2)
SOR
E/a

WOR
B/B

PIR
B/B

(3)
TP
OAVS

(4)
COOR
BOPO

0,32
0,60
0.39
1.29
0.36

3,61
1,73
4,79
1.26
2;63

0.31
0.72
0,24
1.!0
0:49

0.10
0.24
0 17
0.36
0,36

263
277
101
!s3
77

4863
5063
2279
1476
0476
622B
4665

67
72
o
7:
66
00

4;?
44

16109
1B066
12100
6B31
!6032
!931S
16641

(5)
H
FT
,=m,

E====*

0,20
0.56
0,21
0.80
0.35

(1)
O,H.
D.H,
EauIv.
~< ,, .
QUAL ENTHALPV
STEAM
STEAM
MM6TIJ
BBL
%
06L
OAWs
*===,=*===
~=m=== m=== ~==== ====x ~===

HEAT
LOSS
STU/HR,
FT
==========

,.=--======
. =========
~,=====m===.======.=
**==
.

4E0
2084
424
2052
2167
4309
1573

CP

78
no
ii
50
76
74
69

OSR EQUIV.
C}CLE

750

lNJ,
SUR .
INJ.
RATE QUAL,
TEMP.
TUtSING
TUBING
BPCI
!4
F
FT
, =========
==========
==========
700
008
375
240
650
8a4
670

Ih@icitSk$nflocd
J. (Oct.1978)369

~~
25
41
74

m,,

~=

===,,====

61

160~

61
66
66

1 Soo
919
1146
1005
1500
634

::

69

=*

.!00
200
60
27(I
30G
200
310

NOTES :
( I )
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

THE ENTHALPV
AT THE 00WNHOLE
CONOITION
1$ CONVERTED
BASEO ON A RtFERENCE
ENTHALPV
OF 1000
BTU/IB,
PIR
= PRODUCTION-INJECTION
RATIO
TP = TOTAL
PROOUCING
TIME
CDOR m CA LENOAR
OAV OIL
RECOVERV
(OIL
RECOVERV/TP)
H = NET PAV
K = EST IMATEO
PERMEABILITY
FROM CORE OR WELL TFSTS
PE = EST IMATEO
RESERVOIR
PRESSURE

TO

THE

a24

EQUIVALENT

VI LIIME

OF

INJECTED

STEAM

13930
14443
6501
4210
16629
17760
13061

47

26
::
a
14
16

L.

-1

19659

PreMure Tmneducer

PTSLubrform

st8em
LOOD

h
H
Thef,mcouple

I
Flange

Connection
WMheed

Flenoe

w ~=mill

&eamline

Fig,
5.Wo!lhed
equlpmontforhigh preeeureeteam hjeotlon

a
+

---

BareTubing
Insulated Tubing

400d
g

800

8
;
8

1200 *

#
1600

T
o

10

20

40

60

Steam Q~allty, %

Fig, 6.

Effect

CL

of ln8U18@d

tubing

cn

downhole

atoam

quellty,

.::,
::::::::~
~?1

WE 19659

Pump

:!M:*
j:
:.:.:,:.:!:.:,:,:,:.:,:,
,.,
;,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:
;::
.:.:.:.:.:.:.::.:.:.
.:.
:.:.:.:!:.:.:.:,!
:~
!:.:;;{.::;.:i ~
:.:.:.:.:.:.~.:!:
:,:
::::::::::::::::::::,::
:;
...........

Barrel

Plung9r

~:

111

&

Travolllng

valve

.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.1.:.:.:
.,.,,,.,,..,
................ :.:
,.,
.,,...,,,,,,..,
,:,

:BI

Standard
Stsndlng
\l.lh,A
fi....Vmvw

,,.,,,!,...,,,,,,..:,.,.

Wqm

/-

r:::_

::
O

,..,...,,,

~::F&
:::::.:.:::::::.
:?.

SW~ard
Porwd
Cag?

!!Pt!i
,.,::.,
;:,,,,

., ,,
,,,..::,

Fig,

,,:,
,..,
UY-Jd

Short
:,:. Standing
::::. ,:.:::::::::::::,
.,,.,. Valve Cage
,:,:,,.
.,.::
;:,~;

.
Full
Open
Cage

7. Improved bottomhole pump design

Rate

Oil

- -Water Rate

Jan i

Muy 3

1987

1987

Sept 2

Jan 3
May 4
Iaee
we
Fig, 8. Production responses for three cycles, Cox Penn Well #66,

let

Cycle

iee7

Sep3
1sss

2nd Cyclo

3rd CYCIO

0.01

2000

4000

S&

&&

Cumulative
Fig, 9. Cyclic steam produced

10,600 12,kKl

011 Produced,

water.oll ratio, Cox Penn Well #8&

*7

BBL

1989

14;k0

Oil Rate

---

Water Rate

\
\

JKn 1

M~r

1986

1966

Msy 2

Jui 2

less

less

sop 1

Nov 1
less

1s6s

Jai 1
19s2

Fig, 10- Production reeponses f~r two steam oyolee, Cox Penn Well #77,

2000 q=-

i$

S1.

8*# -
l@tlon

1 100

Praeelre

10
16
Days After Steam Injection S:afied

t.

,---

20

] _

2s

FIQ 11- Typical steam Injeotlon bahavlor In low Injeotlvity well, Cox Penn Well #77,

160

011Rate

160

---

Water

Rate

140
120
100
80

60

40

I
i

20
o[
S90 1

IL
Oci31
fees

Noi60
1s6s

0ai30
lace

Fig, 12. Produotlon responses for oyollo eteam, Cox Penn Well #89,

Ja; 2S
leas

Fe628
la2a

SPE 19659

*.

-1 :--4---

Fig, 13- Pmduotlon rosporwea for oyclic uteam, Cox Penn Well #92,

32

Im *3S
m WO

28

#4s

1!

24

20
16
12

a/
-!

,.
,.
.:.:.:.,

,nmRmmnn~

,.,,,
.,.,.:,
,, .,
,,,.,.

.,..,,
,...,,, ,. .
.:.:.:, ,.
~:

..::
(:

~.
:>{:

,..:.:

,* .

.
.
.?.,,,
,..,,.,
,,

.:.+

,.,,.,

~,:,$

$:

:,:.
. .

~ ::.

J>

SON

1908
Fig, 14. Effeot of cyclio eteem on df$et wells,

1,2 I

a Cox Penn

* Cold Lake

Ose5
i%
1A
6

0s40,2-

A California
&

0,8.

*
**

m
A

Size of St-m

Injootlon, MBBL

Fig, 15. Comparlsc,; Qf oll.oteam ratio In oyolk oteam operatlonk

WE 19699

Steam Zone
Volume

Produotlon Re8porr8e
Temperature Change In Steam Zone
Heat Loea Thru Production
Heat

Loee [n Reservoir

Well Data
Propertiesof
Fluld and Rock

Fig, 16. Cdcwl@tlon of cyctle otoam performance using nalytical modol,

C:oae.Seotion

Areal

Fig,17. Sohamatlo of the modlfled 9obw@antz modol for grwlty drainage rowvolr.

aao

SPE 19659

160
.

140

120-

9
9

100
m

80eo
m
40209

Ov
0

243

160

TimeY~ays

Fig, 18= Comparison of field oyclic atoam rewdta with modal calculated value$,

400

300
40

40

il

40

Time, DaysBefore&After SteamSoak

Fig, 19

Comparison of moasurod downholo tomporaturos with modol oalculatod vaiuo$,

aal

60

SW 19659

Temperature
\

Q Daye
---6
Days
coc065 Days

300

.
L
.
----.
.,
.
.
*
m
,

200
a

-..

Pressure

e.*#

--0
Days
---5
Days
0-S5 Days

--~

,,

*O*., . **.*.*...

100

. . .. ... .. .. . . . . .

e.-----
1

Dhtanca

Fig, 20-

From Wellbore, Ft

Temperature and preaeure distributions in oycle steamed well (simulated),

30

so

,#v@

@*-

---

,f
f
4

70

60

0-

l**

60

O Days
ESays

D-00065Days

: ,:
1:

40

30

20

40

DistanceFromWellbore,Ft
Fig, 21 = Oil maturation in cycle steamed well simulated by numerical model,

so

100