Final Research Proposal

Connor Klassen
Final Research Proposal
December 10, 2015
1. Introduction
The Western States are facing an exceptional drought and are becoming prone to losing
their most valuable resource, water. Many municipalities, counties, and even the states
themselves are attempting to curb water consumption through mandatory conservation. While
the lakes and rivers havent quite dried up yet, at the old pace of consumption it could have
happened sooner than any alternative could be implemented. A factor that weighs heavily on the
decision on how much water should be appropriated per capita within a certain boundary is how
it will impact its residents and commercial businesses.
In order to observe the effects of mandatory water conservation, I will be looking at three
cities through a quasi-type experiment which will examine cities after the policies have already
taken place and compare them with each other. Las Vegas will be of primary emphasis with
moderate conservation policies, San Diego another focus with strict conservation plans, and
Tempe, Arizona as a control city with no mandatory conservation policies in effect. I plan to look
at how these policies have both curbed water usage from the implementation of these approaches
by checking both municipal water records and asking respondents how much they did use and
consume currently. Also, how these policies have affected the domestic lives of the citys
residents will be of prime focus as well. In order to observe domestic lives with water usage, I
plan on using a questionnaire that will ask respondents how these policies effected domestic
chores, such as washing dishes and laundry, watering the lawn, cleaning the home, etc. as well as
through personal hygiene, including, bathing, washing ones hands, brushing teeth, etc. On top of
this, I will see if residents have used any incentives in order to lower their water usages, paid any
fines for noncompliance, and general thoughts on current conservation policies.
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Many cities with policies already implemented have a system where they allow for a
certain amount of water per capita based off of conservation goals. While as noble as these goals
are, they may be too extreme for the balance of environmental concerns and human domestic
needs and desires. While some research has been done on this topic, most have focused on the
environment or overall social conditions while lacking how to identify this effects residents on
the individual domestic level. By fine-tuning the policies and allowable water usage per capita,
these guides could have a greater effect while maintaining a quality domestic livelihood.
2. Literature Review
The socio-environmental system has been studied for hundreds of years, compiling many
thousands of pages of notes, diagrams, statistics, and charts. Earths most valuable resource,
water, has been at the center of much of this field-work. While this research endeavors main
focus is on the same topic as thousands of others, there is a point in which there is a dark area
that this proposal aims to light up.
There have been a number of studies in recent years that look how social demographics
play a role in both voluntary and mandatory water conservation. In a 2008 study by Randolph
and Troy, they identified that there is a lack of knowledge of how much a person uses. They
believe that Education is a key factor in order to change residents water consumption habits
(Randolph and Troy 2008). While this study was well organized with a large sample size of
Sydneys population, there was a major flaw in their findings. Because of Sydneys water billing
systems, tenants in apartment buildings of any size did not know how much water they were
using. They are simply billed a proportion of the total water bill based on the apartments size.
Also, because most tenants living in flats have little to no say on the type of water fixtures they
can incorporate in their dwellings, attitudes towards making water conservation changes was
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skewed. A 1999 study identified support for conservation but a lack of action. A major finding is
that upper income and highly educated Anglo Republicans are the least likely to participate in
voluntary water conservation, but that they increase their efforts when mandatory measures are
implemented (De Oliver 1999). I find this study interesting and an anomaly to what other
research has suggested. In order to further validate this claim, I plan to identify education and
race in this research endeavor to test their relationship to water conservation and the attitudes
associated with mandatory policies.
As the drought in the Western states of the United States enters its fifth consecutive year,
water has become a scarce and valued resource. A 2008 study describes the issues that are
affecting southern Nevadas water crisis and how the area is turning towards aquifers in the
northern part of the state in order to continuously supply the populous south half, including
bustling Las Vegas. Nevada only receives approximately 4% of water from the Colorado River as
designated by the 1928 Boulder Canyon Project Act (Norviel, et al. 1928). Nevadas and Las
Vegas populations are expected to rise greatly in the next fifteen years, putting more strain on
the limited water supply that has not been able to expand (Paulson 2008). Another major U.S.
city, San Diego, is have the same issue as its neighbor to the east. As the metropolis also
expands, they face the same pressure to find new sources of water and conserve what they are
already allocated. Comparisons between cities in this drought stricken area is sparse, and I plan
to address this via community efforts from mandatory water conservation policies.
There have been a vast amount of studies taking into account geological, hydrological,
and social and infrastructural needs. A 1997 study by Morris, et al. identified how Las Vegas is
overusing the Las Vegas Valley groundwater system and how the city is using conservation
efforts to help preserve the remaining water for as long as possible. They estimate that the
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groundwater basin is recharged between 25,000 and 35,000 acre-feet per year and the nearsurface system is renewed at nearly double that. While this is a vast amount of water, the city and
its surrounding suburbs are drawing nearly twice the yearly recharge rate. Large educational
programs for commercial horticulturists, homeowners, school students, and teachers have been
occurring since 1985 by the NCE that has taught the greater community about desert water
conservation, planting, and general public awareness about the issue (Morris, et al. 1997). While
an interesting find, I do believe that it would be hard to implement such strategies directly across
the drought stricken West. My research proposal will look at education in general to see if there
is a relationship between increased knowledge and attitudes towards conservationism.
An interesting expos from USA Today looks at how Las Vegas water conservation
efforts have been working the last ten years. While not of scholarly levels, it nonetheless
uncovers an interesting view of how these conservation policies have panned out since their
enforcement began. Las Vegas has been successful with water conservation measures through a
combination of fines, rigorous enforcement, generous grass removal incentives, and aggressive
educational campagins (Roth 2015). Probing around, Roth found that aggressive educational
campaigns have allowed for a greater success of conservation. An interesting remark that was
addressed that I have rarely found in other scholarly works is that Roth notices although a large
effort is being undertaken to reduce water consumption, the city is still allowing a large growth
in home development and an influx of new residents. As a newspaper expos, the research is
rather limited and comes from a crude analysis of unlisted secondary sources. However, the
article is worth taking into consideration from a locals point of view. I believe more research by
professionals needs to be done in this area to determine how effective these policies truly are.
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Looking further into Las Vegas efforts to conserve water, a study by Cooley, et al. found
several large flaws within the citys policies. Las Vegas lacks initiatives to replace wasteful water
appliances with more efficient ones via subsidies or tax credits, which are popular in other water
districts such as the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. The study also found
that the city favors a heavy lean towards outdoor water conservation and has limited policies and
incentives towards indoor conservation. Multifamily and commercial buildings tend to be the
focus for indoor conservation, while single family homes, popular in Las Vegas, receive almost
no investment. Finally, the Southern Nevada Water Authority fails to prioritize indoor water-use
efficiency in favor of return flow credits from wastewater to the Colorado River (Cooley, et al.
2007). Not only does the water authority miss out on further conservation here, but also missed
opportunities to reduce energy and chemical costs, decrease energy related greenhouse gas
emissions, and a reduction of dependence on sources vulnerable to drought and political conflict.
Large cities have a diverse population with endless ideas about how to go about conservation
efforts that tend to go ignored. I plan to ask what incentives and ideas for conservation would
residents of these areas like to see implemented. The communitys voice often falls on deaf ears
that should be listened to.
Finally, a comparative research study by Dolnicar and Hurlimann compared past attitudes
towards water conservation followed by present research in Australia. Here, they found that
outlooks seem to be consistent throughout the years as Australia deals with periods of drought. A
vast majority of respondents to a historical survey agreed that water must be carefully preserved
and that it should be conserved at all times, not just times of drought. These respondents also cite
the major barrier to more efficient water use is the high expense of purchasing water efficient
devices. In a recent study, respondents claim that the main barriers to acquiring efficient
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appliances is the device is impractical, followed by the quality of the device, no need for a new
appliance, and then cost (Dolnicar and Hurlimann 2010). I have had a hard time finding recent
studies pertaining to viewpoints in drought stricken areas within the United States, while
Australia seems to have an abundance. I believe that there is a clear gap in research within the
United States that could be partially filled by this proposed research endeavor.
There is much research within the field of water conservation as a whole, however there
are still a vast amount of gaps connecting these findings. The research I propose to embark on
will help fill some of these voids. Conservation has been a welcomed activity for many years and
appears to have the same relationships with the people of today. There are a variety of policy
options available for cities to adopt, each with their own unique set of benefits and
consequences. Citizens seem to respond well to conservation efforts with education and
incentives, such as rebates, tax deductions, or free or reduced appliances and gadgets. It has been
well documented that although conservation efforts are becoming widespread, they are not
enough to help alleviate the pressures that cities put on their finite water sources. A study that is
concerned with the above aspects and that relates to the residents of cities that enact these
policies is missing, and I believe that this has the potential to find this missing data. While this
study is broad, future research may be done afterwards in order to further refine these findings.
3. Methods and Data Summary
In order to measure the effects of mandatory water conservation on residents, I plan to
obtain data directly from households across three metropolitan areas with varying degrees of
water conservation policies. This will allow me to compare the effects of cities that have
moderate policies (Las Vegas), stern policies (San Diego), and relaxed policies (Tempe, AZ). By
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comparing these cities responses, I should be able to see how mandatory water conservation
guidelines effect the domestic lives of city residents.
To begin, I will be using a stratified sampling method in order to select my sample
population. This will be done by organizing households by their precinct according to the current
electoral districts within the city based off of the 2010 Census. These households will be listed
numerically (i.e. 1, 2, , n) from lowest precinct to highest precinct, then by household number
based within each precinct. A number will be chosen at random as the starting point, then every
3,600th household from there will be included in the sample population. This number was chosen
in order to give all households a fair chance of being selected based off of my overall sample size
of 1,002 households, or 334 households per city of interest. Domiciles that are listed as vacant
will be excluded from the population. I have chosen this method to allow for a more
representative sample of each citys population. Since households within precincts are often
fairly homogenous, the category for stratified sampling of precincts appear to be the best variable
for a representative sample. Based off of my choice of sampling and my criteria for stratified
sampling, I believe that there will be enough representativeness of the overall population of each
city to allow for a generalization of the city as a whole based off of the sample population, given
an adequate response rate. This should also quell any concerns of external invalidity.
Once a sample population has been established, I will then distribute surveys to them.
Distribution of these self-administered surveys will be done via mail. Business-reply permits will
be used to issue the surveys in order to keep costs at an acceptable level. I chose this method
over stamps as it makes it easier for the respondents to send back the survey as well as allows me
to send out reminder cards via mail without having to prepay for stamps. This will allow us to
save money as we only pay for what is sent out. A challenge that I have is to make the self-
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administered survey a single package that can be opened, taken, and then sealed and delivered
back. The survey will contain a series of mostly close-ended questions with a selection of openended questions. Closed ended questions will consist of matrixes, contingencies, and basic closeended questions. A small amount of open-ended questions will be used to gather more personal
data that will better help the project understand the impacts. Once the data is returned, it will be
either coded for close-ended questions or interpreted then coded for open-ended ones.
These self-administered questionnaires have a variety of advantages as well as
disadvantages that I plan to balance in order to produce a credible study. To begin, selfadministered questionnaires are relatively cheap to produce and, due to the large population size,
it is more economically efficient to use this method than physical interviews. This technique
allows the head of the household, or the survey respondent, time to reflect on his/her total
household usage that a telephone survey wouldnt allow. An advantage of mail surveys is that it
allows the head researcher and RAs to sift through the responses as they come in, which allows
for continuous analysis of the data. On the other hand, response rates can vary with mail surveys
and tend to be on the low side. In order to combat this, reminder mail cards will be sent out,
however this adds an additional cost to the project. The questionnaire also needs to be designed
as one unit, as to make sure it is easy to open, take, and send back to the researchers. Finally, a
larger drawback is that questions could be left blank or not answered accurately due to
misinterpretation or refusal to answer the question. With a researcher not present, making these
clarifications or probing for the answer will not be possible.
After looking over the types of data needed to make any conclusions from this
experiment, I decided on doing a panel study. The study will take place in two parts over the
course of eighteen months. At the start of the experiment, I will send out the original self-
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administered questionnaire in which those who respond will also be my sample population for
the second half of the research. After the eighteen months, I will send a slightly revised
questionnaire to those who have previously responded. These will be simple follow up surveys
aimed at seeing how these policies have effected domestic life in Las Vegas, San Diego, and
Tempe, Arizona. The time elapse of approximately eighteen months was chosen as it allows time
for polices to take place, be enforced, and for the population as a whole to adapt to them. This
process allows me two snapshots in time of how these water conservation polices are effecting
the domestic life. I will be able to compare the habits of surveyed households before and after
policies and other incentives and subsidies have been taken advantage of. However, panel
mortality is an issue as those who responded in the first phase may refuse to take the follow up
survey, they may have moved away, the person may be deceased, or a host of other reasons.
Additionally, there is the added expense of the project in that mailing and processing will cost
more than just a snapshot study. However, I find this favorable if a budget were to allow this as I
would be able to retrieve more information than a snapshot study would be able to provide.
Thinking of how to measure the impacts of domestic water consumption via these
mandatory conservation policies, I chose to use a quasi-type experiment due to the nature of this
research endeavor. This project will look at three cities during their interventions, or lack thereof.
The purpose of this study is not to provide a full explanation, but rather to provide links between
other studies findings and improve causality between these correlations in an American setting.
The reason a quasi-experiment was chosen is due to the fact that there are many environmental
factors already at play that cannot be reversed in order to constitute a full experimental research
design. The cities of Las Vegas and San Diego were chosen for their intervention styles,
matching those of previous studies in which this one plans to emulate. While quite different in
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size, they are comparable in a myriad of ways including: hydrological similarities, intervention
policies, political orientation of residents, and incentive types. Thus, this makes them a suitable
match in terms of comparisons. Tempe, Arizona was chosen as the control city as it only uses
voluntary water conservation measures. Tempe is also similar to the hydrological factors and
political orientation as the experimental cities are, as well as offering a variety of incentives. This
city is smaller than both Las Vegas and San Diego, however all else being approximately equal,
makes a comparable control.
In order to see how these water conservation policies affected domestic consumption, I
decided to focus on the change of the amount of water consumed. While this is a broad topic, by
looking at the types of water fixtures established in the first survey, as well as amount of water
consumed in the past year, to those in the second survey, I will be able to gauge just how much of
an impact these policies make. In order to explore how these variables change, five key
independent variables will be focused on. They are: socio-economic status, household type and
size, attitudes towards conservation and policies, use of water saving technologies, and
knowledge and use of rebates and subsidies. These variables were chosen as they would have the
largest amount of impact on water consumption and possible change in domestic water usage
habits. While the stimuli from Las Vegas and San Diego cannot be controlled in this experiment,
a comparison of these policies will be made in order to determine their effects on the dependent
variables of change in water consumption and patterns of domestic water use.
The experiment itself raises some concerns over possible issues of reliability and internal
validity. Always on the positive note, I plan on using several question about SES, household size,
and other general information based off of the US Census, thus allowing me to improve
consistency in some key independent variable groups. However, the definition of the dependent
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variable has some room for interpretation, thus reducing reliability. In order to combat this, RAs
will need to be trained to look for certain aspects of the dependent variable and be sure to
categorize them uniformly. Also, for other researchers repeating this experiment, their results
may be different if they didnt follow the exact definition set forth by this experiment. Another
issue is time and location of the study. Since this can only be done when there are mandatory
water conservation policies in effect, this limits the times and locations available to major
drought situations, such as the one occurring now. Going along with time and history, the
drought could cause my control city, Tempe, Arizona, to implement mandatory conservation
policies, thus altering the results. This also works in reverse if my experimental cities lift the
mandatory policies in favor of voluntary ones. The survey itself could cause some respondents to
implement a social desirability bias to their answers, skewing my data. This is also true for the
second questionnaire, as those who have taken the first may say they have improved their water
conservation techniques in order to satisfy the goal of the research. Finally, as this is a panel
study, there is a risk of mortality that poses a threat to internal validity. If households drop out of
the follow up questionnaire, the issue of validity comes into question as now the respondents
may not be comparable to others in the control or other experimental group.
As with any research endeavor, there are ethical considerations that need to be addressed.
In order to comply with IRB and professional standards, I have set forth the following three
goals: the guarantee of confidentiality, well informed voluntary consent, and general beneficence
and justice. Starting with confidentiality, the research project will guarantee confidentiality by
assigning their responses a number that can only be referenced to the name by the researchers.
This allows for honest answers to be recorded without the fear that their thoughts or actions of
policies will be leaking to the public, therefore ensuring no reputational harm will come from the
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research. A statement letter will precede the survey packet informing the potential participant the
purpose of this experiment, how and why they were chosen, what risks there may be, an
explanation of confidentiality and voluntary participation, the potential benefits of the research,
and the contact information of the research office.
The information gathered from this research will be able to help shape future water
conservation efforts with more knowledge of how it impacts residents, allowing for better
policies and enforcement approaches.
4. Conclusion
Through this study I hope to gain valuable knowledge into how mandatory water
conservation efforts affect the residents who reside in water districts who implement them. Not
only will the effects be measured, but also how citizens react to these policies and the overall
effectiveness of them. The goal of this research endeavor is to provide water municipalities and
local and state governments with valuable knowledge into how these policies affect the domestic
lives and attitudes of their residents. In addition, looking into the before and after amounts of
water usage will help to determine if the policies currently in effect for the experimental cities
are working and to what degree.
There are many possible positive implications that this study may have. To begin, it may
help those in power to create new policies that will have a greater effect than those of previous
efforts. Since there is a lack of studies into how these conservation efforts affect attitude, who
participates and how, and overall effectiveness, I believe that this could be a valuable research
tool for policy makers and water authorities wanting to implement different types of conservation
measures. Next, this research can be used by the water authority to offer incentives and
educational opportunities that will increase the effectiveness of their efforts. Since previous
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studies have shown that incentives in Australia work fairly well to boost participation, if the
same holds true for the United States, this could be a valuable insight into how to increase long
term participation. Also in Australia and as well as Las Vegas, educational opportunities and ads
appear to have a positive correlation in effectiveness of water conservation. If this is true for a
large metropolitan city such as San Diego, other drought ridden cities could implement this tactic
at little to moderate cost. Finally, from this research I hope to publish a simplified report for the
general public to read that will educate them as to how these policies will benefit their
community and what affects these policies may have.
This proposal offers many advantages that previous studies have failed to do. There is a
general dark space in connecting the data between attitudes, race, socio-economic status, and
education that this study plans to fill. By offering an in-depth self-administered questionnaire to
participants, a detailed summary will be collected in which these relationships can be compared
across a municipality and across several metropolises for any correlations and causations. This
endeavor is also drawing on several prominent research articles and methods that will enhance
the validity and effectiveness of the study. By combining several questionnaires, this study hopes
to find any links that have been missed or left inconclusive due to missing data. Lastly, the cities
chosen as both experimental and control focuses offer a variety of metropolitan sizes that could
be generalized if enough data is found to support it. If large cities offer a higher degree of
variable X than smaller cities do or vice versa, this could allow for further research into city size
and possible generalization of rules with enough backing.
There are several disadvantages to this study that should be addressed. To begin with, this
is a quasi-type study in which I was unable to control which cities would implement these
policies and how that would be done. This was beyond the scope of this study and quite frankly a
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large obstacle that could have a variety of unforeseen effects if undertaken. Since I was unable to
determine possible side-effects of the study, I decided against using this method as I would not
be able to answer pressing questions from an IRB or city council. Next, due to climatological and
hydrological effects, the cities chosen for this experiment are not the best suited matches. It
would have been ideal for choosing other metropolises closest to a focus city, however I believe
that this is a relatively minor detail in that the degree of drought and potable water access are
more serious factors to focus upon. Finally, there is the issue of time here. As I am proposing to
conduct this study mid-drought and mid-intervention, I am not able to see the full effects of this
intervention. While data about water usage prior to these policies taking effect is easily available,
the data between then and when my study begins will have to be interpreted. Despite these
disadvantages, I believe that this research will serve as a decent base study in which future
studies can base themselves off.
For future studies, there are several things that could be done to enhance the data
collected. First, I would suggest having a general research design drawn up in preparation of a
drought affecting several cities. This will allow future researchers to be prepared and only make
minor adjustments to their design for the focus municipalities. By having this prepared, when a
drought strikes, they will be able to help shape policies for study as well as begin to collect data
as soon as the intervention occurs. Next, I would suggest further studies of hydrological systems
to determine which cities could be more suitable matches than others for better comparison of
effects. Furthermore, for researchers who have been granted a large endowment of funds, I
would suggest looking into possible side-effects of enforcing mandatory water conservation from
previous studies in order to pass IRB and city council reviews to undertake a classical
experiment. This type of research would take many years to prepare, however I believe that the
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scientific knowledge gained from it would be more vast than what this study proposes to do.
Further research is required overall to gain a greater understanding of the effects of mandatory
water conservation policies.
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Appendix
Thank you for agreeing to take part in this survey by the Pennsylvania State
University. This survey will gauge how local mandatory water conservation policies
are affecting water uses within citizens homes. The overall purpose is to better
serve you and your community by providing valuable information to policy makers
throughout the country who want or plan to implement these types of programs.
This survey should take approximately 10 15 minutes for you to complete. All
answers provided will be strictly confidential, only the researchers directing this
project will have access to your information which will be stored in a locked drawer.
Please follow the survey and answer the questions to the best of your abilities.
Section 1: Controls & Demographics
1) Which one best describes this building? (Include all apartments, flats, etc., even if vacant)
___ A mobile home
___ A one-family house detached from any other house
___ A one-family house attached to one or more houses
___ A building with 2 apartments
___ A building with 3 or 4 apartments
___ A building with 5 to 9 apartments
___ A building with 50 or more apartments
___ Boat, RV, van, etc.
(Next Page)
Connor Klassen
2) What is your race?

___ White
___ Black or African American
___ American Indian or Alaska Native
___ Asian Indian
___ Chinese
___ Filipino
___ Japanese
___ Korean
___ Vietnamese
___ Native Hawaiian
___ Guamanian or Chamorro
___ Samoan
___ Other Pacific Islander Print Race: ____________________________
___ Some other race Print Race: __________________________
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3) What is the current household income? (Mark only one)

___ $0 to $4,999
___ $5,000 to $9,999
___ $10,000 to $14,999
___ $15,000 to $19,999
___ $20,000 to $24,999
___ $25,000 to $29,999
___ $30,000 to $34,999
___ $35,000 to $39,999
___ $40,000 to $44,999
___ $45,000 to $49,999
___ $50,000 to $54,999
___ $55,000 to $59,999
___ $60,000 to $64,999
___ $65,000 to $69,999
___ $70,000 to $74,999
___ $75,000 to $79,999
___ $80,000 to $99,999
___ $100,000 to $149,999
___ $150,000 or more
(Next Page)
4) What is the highest degree or level of school completed? (Mark only one)
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___ No schooling completed

___ Primary education (up to grade 9)
___ Secondary education but no diploma (grades 9-12)
___ Secondary education with high school diploma or GED or alternative credential
___ Some college; no degree achieved
___ Associates Degree (for example: AA, AS)
___ Bachelors degree (for example: BA, BS)
___Masters degree or higher
(Next Page)
Section 2: Independent Variables of Interest
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1)
Does your
municipality or water utility offer a grass replacement subsidy or rebate?
___Yes
If yes, have you applied for this subsidy or rebate?
___No
___I dont know
___Yes, and I was accepted

yes,
and you
accepted, how much money did you receive?
___Yes, and IIfam
waiting
forwere
a response
$_________________
___Yes, and I was denied
___No
2) Listed below are water consuming items typically found in homes. Please place an X in the
appropriate column stating if you own one or more of these items.
YES
NO
Duel-flush toilet
Front load washing machine
Top load washing machine
Low flow shower head
Dishwasher
Garden hose nozzle
Lawn sprinkler system
(Next Page)
3) Listed below are a series of questions regarding your attitudes towards water
usage and pricing. Please place an X in the box that you most agree with per
question.
Connor Klassen
Yes
Is current water
pricing fair?
Does water
pricing
encourage
conservation?
Should extra
charges occur
for high water
usage?
Should water
prices be
increased to
encourage
people to use
less water?
Should water
prices be
increased
generally to pay
for improved
conservation
policies and
practices?
Have you
changed your
water use inside
your home since
water
restrictions
began?
No
I dont
know
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(Next Page)
Section 3: Dependent Variables of Interest
1) Listed below are various sources of water consumption. Please place an X in the
box that you most agree with per statement.
Never or
N/A
Once a
week or
less
2-3 times
per week
4-6 times
per week
Daily
More than
once per
day
I shower
I use the
dishwasher
I use the
washing
machine
I water my
lawn
I wash my
car at
home
2) How likely are you to be concerned about being penalized for not following the mandatory
water conservation policies?

____ Very Likely
____ Somewhat Likely
____ Neutral
____ Somewhat Unlikely
____ Very Unlikely
3) Please answer the following question on the lines provided for you below.
What other subsidies or rebates would make you more likely to utilize these programs?
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(Next Page)
4) In the past 12 months, what was the total amount of water consumed for this dwelling? Please
round to the nearest 100 gallons.
__________________gallons
END OF SURVEY
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Bibliography
Cooley, Heather, Taryn Hutchins-Cabibi, Michael Cohen, Peter Gleick, and Matthew
Herberger . 2007. Hidden Oasis: Water Conservation and Efficiency in Las
Vegas. Case Studies, Oakland: Pacific Institute and Western Resource
Advocates.
De Oliver, Miguel. 1999. "Attitudes and Inaction: A Case Study of the Manifest
Demographics of Urban Conservation." Environmental and Behavior 372-394.
Dolnicar, S, and A Hurlimann. 2010. "Australians' water conservation behaviors and
attitudes ." Australian Journal of Water 43-53.
Morris, R, D Devitt, A Crites, G Borden, and L Allen . 1997. "Urbanization and Water
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