6

@)&@ ;fn kmfu'g !^ ut] cfOtaf/

bfO pwf}nL nfUbf 3/sf] ofb cfof]

ofqf cf]/fnf] nflu;s]sf] 5.

ofbx? l/Qf eO;s]sf 5g\. lk|o ;+uL
of] d[To'GhoL ofqf xf] oxfF alnbfgsf
6fj/x? lgdf{0f x'g;S5g cfF;' /
kl;gfsf ;d'Gb|x? aUg ;S5g. of]
lhGbuL kxf8eGbf ux|f}F d[To' cf]5fP/
cd/ x'g;S5. n8bf n8b} sof}F
laxfgx? pbfpg ;S5g\ sof}F lbgx?
c:tfpg ;S5g. z/L/df Ps yf]kf
/ut / Ps d'7L k|f0f /x'Gh]n;Ddf
nl8/xg' kg{] 5. rf}tf/L dflysf]
nfdf] ;' Zs] /f xf] of] Ps bzs
cufl8sf] x'g t d hxfF 5' ToxL 5'.
d]/f] jl/k/Lsf] 5f8f ;fF9] h:t} a]Od{ fg
;fdfh h:tfsf] t:t} 5. d] /f]
kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] :j?k lvof nfUb}
emg\emg\ si6s/ ag]/ uhlN6Fb} 5.
g]tfx? s'g b'lgofFdf 5g\ dnfO{ yfxf
5}g. cfGbf]ngsf] yf]/} ;Demgf 5
zf]s k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] 5. 3fpx?
vf6f al;;s]sf 5g\. t/ klg b'lgof
abNg] ;f]r h:tfsf] t:t} 5. ;do
w]/} cufl8 al9;s]sf] 5. dfG5]sf
;f]rx? abnL ;s]sf 5g\, g]tfx?
;'gsf] xjg s'G8sf] ;kgf ;hfO/x]sf
5g\ pmkm{. vnfsf] 7f6L ahf/
lkknsf] ?vd'lg hDsfe]6 eof]. sxf"
8'Nb} 5 3/ hf. elthLnfO{ lnP/
df}g /x]. Ps ldg]6 cf1fsf/L 9+un]
ple/x] / 6f]nfO/x]. d}n] h] lg0f{o
u/]sf] 5'. h] ;f]+r agfPsf] 5'.
Tof]k|lt sl6a4 e};s]sf] 5'.
leqL ;f] r Pp6f vfnsf]
alg;s]sf] of] l:yltdf d s;/L 3/
kmls{ g ;S5' . @)%* efb| @*
laxfgsf] ;f9] ;ft alh;s] s f]
lyof].s/La s/la pd]/n] klg P3f/
gf3L;s]sf] lyof].afx| aif{sf] hjfg
lyP d af"sL ;fyLx d5fOgsf]
n]ssf] ;Dks{df a9L;s]sf 5g\. d
eg] Psk6s bfOsf] cufl8 pleP/
hfg] dxTjsf+Iff af]s]sf] 5'. s;}n]
s'g} 9+un] nf]e, nfnr cfzf klg
b] v fPsf] 5} g . cfkmg} dgsf]
cle;fkmn] xflgPsf] 5'. ;fyL efO{sf]
nxnx}df dgdf eo, qf; v'nb'nL
sfps'tLsf ljleGg 5fsfxn] eg]
n5f/L /x]sf 5g\. 3/sf cfkmGt,
ufp"sf Oi6ldq ;a};a}sf] dfofnfO{
bafP/ ha/h:t dgn] dgsf] k}m;nf
ul/;s]sf] 5'. / ToxL k}m;nfnfO{
k|fyldstf lbb} 5'.ha dfG5]sf] dg
kTy/ aGof] eg] s'g} klg lrhn]
kufNg g;sbf]/x]5. 9'+uf alg/x]sf]
yF] ;fob Tof] lbg.
cfh hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx
Tofu]sf] lbg cgf}7f] vfnsf] cg'el" tn]
;tfO/x]sf] lyof]. t}klg dgn] dg;"u
k|ZgafhL, ;f}bfafhL ub{} ulx/f] vfn]
a]bgfsf] cfxfndf 8'Ab} psfnL ;s]sf]

lyP". ufp"sf bfOx ;'lbk, kf}/v,

k|df0f, k|]dh cflb nufot xfdL
eGbf s]xL jif{ cufl8 k'0f{sfnLg eP/
cfpg'ePsf ufp"s} c+sn s'zn,
dfdf o"hg, lbbL hgfufyf nufot
c? w]/} gfd glrg]sf ;fyLxsf]
n:s/ d5fOgf]sf] n]ssf] ;Dks{lt/
a9L;s]sf lyP. d nDa] d'QmL ofqfdf
a9L;s]sf] s'/f bfOnfO{ ;'O{+sf] klg

ef}lts dNn
yfxf lyof], lyPg dnfO{ yfxf 5}g.
ha xfdL d5fOgf] sf] Tof] cUnf]
kxf8sf] 6'Kkf]df k'Uof}". jftfj/0f
lr;f]lr;f] lyof] aftfj/0f ;+u} d]/f]
dg klg lrl;b} lyof] qmd;. em/L
lg/Gt/ kl//x]sf] lyof]. Psflt/
dgsf] em/L csf{]lt/ df};dL em/L
lg/Gt/ alif{/x]sf] lyof] cfsfz ;+u}.
xfdL;"u Knfli6ssf] cf]9g\ ] lyof]. ;a}
sk8f leh]/ lgy'|Ss ePsf lyP.
ToxL vfgf vfg] sfd eof] / xfdLnfO{
;f+s]lts gfd /fVg] sfd eof]. lsg
/fvLG5 xf]nf ;f+s]lts gfd cfdfn]
/fvLbLPsf] ddtfdoL gfdn] x'Ggf /
Pp6f km/s vfn] cg'e'ltsf] x'/Ln]
xNnfO{/x]sf] lyof] t/ s;};+u lbn
vf]n/] af]Ng] kIfdf d'8 lyPg. k|To]s
k'/fgf sfo{stf{xsf] lhDdf nufp"b}
sfo{lkmN8df k7fpg] sfd u/Lof]. d
Toxf" 8An'6L eP/ uPsf] s'/f bfOnfO{
s'g} yfxf lyPg. b]z r/d bGbdf
lyof]./fHon] u/]sf] cTofrf/ bdg
;lxg;Sg' lyof] dfq bfOn] z+sfsf]
cfwf/df eGg'ePsf] lyof]. of] t]/f]
k9\g] pd]/ xf]. v'?v'? k9\. ef]nL
x/]s s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f pd]/n] cfk}m
u5{ / t}n] olta]nf cg]sg b'Mv
si6 ;f:tL vKg ;Sb}g;\. ef]s}
clgb} Kof;} /ft/ft lx8\g'k5{. w]/}
cK7\of/fx;"u d'sflanf ug{'k5{.
aRrf 5;\. s;}sf] s'/fdf gnfu];\.
ef]nL cfkkm\gf] pd]/df h] unf{;\,
unf{;\ . v'?Ss 3/ hf. 7f8f] efiffdf
cfb]zd"ns s'/f lgb{]zg ug{'ePsf]
lyof]. cr]n lsg a]nf a]nf 3fF6L
c67fofp5g oL zAbx?n] lsg
a]pQ/lt agfp5g oL afSox?n] x'gt
O{ltxfF; / lat]sf] ;do ;+u s'g} u'gfF;f]
5}g d;+u t/ a]nf a]nf a]r}g /

;f]rdUg agfFp5g cfs'n Aofs'n /

c:t Ao:t agfFp5g . d k':ts
lsGg egL vn+uf cfPsf] dfG5] pd]/
klg ;fg} Totf kl ;f]+r hfg] s'/f
ePg. 3/lt/ a'jfcfdf 5f]/f] k':ts
lsGg uPsf] 5 eg]/ 9'Ss, bfO
3/lt/ lx8\of] eg]/ 9'Ss. d eg]
;a}sf] ;f]+r ljrf/ / OR5f eGbf
aflx/sf] sfddf a9L;s]sf] lyP. yfx
5}g Tof] d]/f] afWotf lyof] ls /x/
km};nf ug{] lhDdf ;dosf] xf]. ;fob
Tof] lbg d]/f] hLjgdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
e" sDk uPsf] lbg dfgl;stfdf
pn6k'n6, pynk'yn cf"wLt'kmfg
uPsf] lbg ;f] + rljrf/df cg] s
k|sf/sf] t/x 3'ld/x]sf lyP.
Pp6f gofF ;+3if{lzn lhagsf] ;'?jft
ePsf] lbg.
slxNo} lgtfGt} ;sf/fTds ;f]+r
t slxNo} lgtfGt} hLjgs} gsf/fTds
;f] + rdf k' U g] uy{ ] . Pp6f afn
dl:tisdf k/]sf] ljb|f]xL 5fk lyof].
Tof] slxn] ;d'Gb|L a9jf gfn ag]/
cfp"Yof] t slxn] zfGt tnfp h:t}
eP/ cfp"Yof]. Pp6f c:tfpg] /ft,
csf{] pbfpg] /ft, b'O cw]"/Lsf] ?kdf
c1ft 9+un] ufleg] k|oTg uy{]. dg
xf] ;f"Rr} dg slxn] ;o l8u|L plDng]
sf]l;; uYof{] t slxn] lh/f] l8u|L
;Dd emYof{]. b'Oc
{ f]6f d[To'sf cfsf/
jl/k/L emflGy] / ;kgfsf] ;+;f/lt/
;':t;':t bf}8Y\ of] hLjg. l6d cf]/fnf]
nfUof]. yfxf 5}g s'g 7fp" emg{] xf]
jf pSng] xf]. xfdL;"u s'g} k|sf/sf]
5nkmn cfjZos k/fdz{ s]xL ePg.
;' G o ;fy ofqf to ul/Psf]
lyof].cfh ;Demb} 5' dfG5] lau|g]
of ;k|g] ;do / ;+utsf] v]n xf]/x]5
af ;fRr} /x]5 xuL. hgo'4 Ps
gofF g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] z;Qm cleofg
lyof] . ;'G b/ ;kgfx?sf] aufg
lyof]. To;df lx8gf kfpg' d]/f] Ps
;f}efUo lyof]. t/ dfnLx?n] g} au}rf
phf8 agfO{lbPkl5 s] g} nfUbf] /x]5
/ km' n x?sf] cg' e ' l tsf ltvf
sfF8fx?n] a]nf a]nf 3f]lr/xG5g\.
d]/f] JolQmut xf]; of ;fdflhs
lhjgdf xhf/ dfOnsf] af6f] Ps
kfOnfaf6 z'? ul/Psf] lyof]. ha
cf]/fnf] nfUb} uof}" dg klg cf]/flnb}
uof]. yfxf 5}g uGtJo af;:yfg
sxf" x'g] xf]. slt ;fyLx aLraf6}
x/fpg] x'g\ slt hf]l8g] x'g\ s'g} s'/fsf]
lglZrt 5}g. km]/L dg;"u dgsf]
bf]xf]/L rnfp"b} kl5kl5 lx"8L/x].
slxn] hLjgsf] lgtfGt} r'gf}ltk"0f{
7fp"df plePsf]. efg x'GYof] t slxn]
pko'Qm ;Defjgfsf] ;f"emdf plePsf]
efg x'GYof]. cfufdL lbg s:tf x'g]
x'g\ 7Dofpg ufx|f] kYof{]. slxn]

hLjgs} ;a}eGbf /dfOnf] 7fp"df

plePsf] dxz' ; x'G Yof] . slxn]
emGeml6nf] 7fp"df xfd kmfn]sf] cg'et"
x'g] uYof{]. ca d]/f cfkmGt h:t}
nfUg] s]xL ck/lrt / s]xL kl/lrt
dfG5]xn] b'Mv ;'vdf ;fy lbG5g\
of lbb}gg\. cK7\of/f] k/]sf] a]nf s]
u5{g\. d clxNo} d/] eg] Ps yf]kf
cf"z' aufp"5g\ of aufp"b}gg\. d]/L
cfdfn] h:t} eSsfgf] 5f]8\5g of
5f]8\b}gg\ 5flt lk6Llk6L ?G5g\ of
?"b}gg\. d]/f OR5f cfsf+IffxnfO{
k'/f ul/lbG5g\ of ul/lbb}gg\. dgsf]
rqmkydf 3'ld/xGy]. cf]/fnf] nlDab}
uof]. ;a} ;fyLx ljz]ift :SjfO6sf]
l6d lyof] / xfdL gof"k"0f{sflng
;b:ox PsPs j6f :SjfO6sf]
;fy;fydf lyof}" .y'k|} ;fyLx?sf]
lardf lx8L/x]sf] a]nf 5'6} k|sf/sf]
cfgGbsf] cg'e'lt x'g] uYof{].
cufl8 kl/lrt d ' x f/x
cufl8k5fl8 e};s]s f lyP. tL
ckl/lrt d' xf/xsf] lardf d
lx"l8/x]sf] lyP" Pp6f lg;Gb]x afns
d;" u TotLa] n f;Dd s' g } /+ l ug
qmflGt / /+ulxg o'4sf] s'g} Ho'"bf]
sNkgf lyPg. dnfO{ Pstdf;
9+un] ;Demfpg] dfG5] klg lyPg.
ha cf]/fnf] dlRrb} uof] cg]sg
ofbxn] ;tfO/Xof] . bfOn]
;DemfO/x]sf ;a} s'/fsf] ofb cf]N6fO{
kN6fO{ ub{} kfOnf a9fO/x]. b]zdf
o'4 3g3f]/ 9+un] a9L/x]sf] lyof].
of] ;do jftf{sf] lyof]. klxnf]
r/0fsf] jftf{ x'"b} lyof]. jftf{ dfk{mt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lgl:sg] s'/fsf]
;Defjgf lgtfGt} sd lyof] /
olta]nf sfo{stf{ Pskl5 csf{] 9+un]
j[l4 x'g] sfd bx|f] 9+un] eO/x]sf]
lyof]. Pskl5 csf{] n:s/ ;}Go
kmd{];g b]lv snfsf/x"x'b} ljleGg
ha;sf nfdx b]Vg kfOGYof].
o:tf] nfUYof] oL nfdx s'g} g s'g}
cfGtl/s hfb'af6 lgsflnPsf x'g\
sL kl/rflnt 5g\. ;f]Rb} lxl8/x]+
ToxL ;f]rfO{sf] k/fsfi6;Dd pwf}nL
nflu/x]. d]/f] cf]/fnLPsf] kfO{nf
psfnLg] k|oTgf km]/L u/]gf cfkmg}
bfh' nufot y' k | } ;fyLx?sf]
anLbfgn] plePsf] w/f] x /f klg
9nfP cfkm'n] l;;fsf] dxn 78fP.
cfkm' pSnLP 6'Kkflt/ lal;{lbP km]bL
e' O { / eO{ 5 xf/Ldf x/fO{ / x] s f
lk|ohgx?nfO{.

cS;/ psfnf] cfpg]5 cf]/fnf]

cfpg]5
kv{ Pslbg xfd|f] kfnf] cfpg]5.
sltlbg o:t} cGwsf/df a;f}Fnf
/ft c:tfpg]5 kSs} pHofnf]
cfpg]5..

o:tf] klg k|ltof]lutf

sf7df8f}F . lqms]6 / km'6anh:tf
v]nsf] ljZj RoflDkog;Lk t ;xh}
a'em\g ;lsg5. t/, s]xL o:tf klg
v]n 5g\ h;sf] af/]df zfob} sNkgf
ug{ ;lsG5. o:tf v]n sf] klg
ljZjJofkL k|ltof]lutf x'g] ub{5.
xfO{ lxn /];
o;sf] ;'?jft ;g\ !(*^ df
cd]l/sfsf] jflz6gdf ePsf] xf].

/f]rs s'/f t o;df dlxnfx xf]Og,

k'?ifn] efu lng] ub{y]. clxn] klg
of] k|ltof]lutfsf] gfd bL xfO{ lxn
8}u SjLg /]; 5. 8}u SjLg cyf{t
dlxnfsf] klx/gdf k'?if. oBlk
clxn] of] v]n ;+;f/e/ km}lnPsf] 5.
clxn] of] k|ltof]lutfdf dlxnfxn]
klg dfu lng] u/]sf 5g\.

PS:6 L d cfo/lg+ u
Pp6f cfo/lg+ u af] 8 { lnP/
cfkm\gf] sk8fnfO{ O:qL ug{'5, t/
cfkm\gf] sf]7fdf xf]Og, a? s'g} kxf8sf]

lzv/df, ta slxn] xfjfdf :sfO{

8fOle ub{}. of] ljlrqsf] v]nsf]
;' ? jft O+ UNof08df ePsf] xf] .
PS:6Ld :kf]6{;sf zf}lsgx l6d
agfP/ of] v]n v]Ng] ub{5g\. slxn]
;fOsn rnfpFb} O:qL ub{5g\ t
slxn] s'g} 8'+ufdf 6fFu]/.
lrh /f]l n+ u
of] v]njdf rLhsf] Pp6f 8Nnf]
pRr kxf8af6 tn kmflnG5. of]
8Nnf] $) lsnf]sf] x'G5. dflg;x
o;nfO{ ;dfTgsf nflu o;sf]
kl5kl5 bf}l8G5. t/, o;sf] ultdf

sf] x L klg bf} 8 \ g ;Sb} g . a?

bf}8\bfbf}8\b} pgLx n8\b} klg tn

cfpF5g\. /, h;n] ;a}eGbf klxnf

lrhsf] 8Nnf]df xft nufpF5 p;}nfO{
ljh]tf 3f]if0ff ul/G5.
8Lo/ sln+ u
s'g} hdfgfdf lzsf/Ln] xl/0f
;dfTgsf nflu p;}sf] cfjfh lgsfNg]
ub{y] . clxn] To;n] klg Pp6f
k|ltof]lutfsf] ?k lnO;s]sf] 5.

hd{gLdf x/]s jif{ ;+;f/e/sf dflg;

of] k|ltof]lutfdf efu lngsf nflu
cfpg] ub{5g\. s;}n] Knfl:6ssf]
kfOk k|of]u ub{5g\ eg] s;}n] z+vsf]
k|of]u, s;}n] eg] l;+usf]. To;qmddf
Kof/f] xl/0fsf] aRrfsf] cfjfh klg
lgsfNg'k5{ eg] a'9f] lx/0fsf] klg.
Po/ ls6f/
o;nfO{ ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf xNsf Do'lhs
OG:6'dG] 6 eGg] ul/G5. t/, Tolt dfq

xf]Og, k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng]n] s'g}

/s:6f/ h;/L k|:t't x'g' kb{5. o;/L
xft rnfpg'k5{ ls dfgf} p ;fFlRrs}
lu6f/ ahfO/x]sf] 5. s'g} ;dodf
o;nfO{ a]js'kmL / kfunkg dfGg] ul/GYof],
t/ clxn] lkmgNof08df x/]s jif{ of]
k|ltof]lutf x'g] ub{5. Ph]G;L

a]Olh cj{kltsf] zx/

sf7df8f}F. zlQmzfnL / wgL /fi6 aGg ljZjdf lgs} k|lt:kwf{ e}/x]sf]
kfOG5. cfk"mnfO{ csf{] /fi6 eGbf cAan / zlQmzfnL agfpg] xf]8afhL
rln/x]s} a]nf Pp6f o:tf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5, h;n] ljZjdf
;a}eGbf w]/} cj{kltsf] ;"rL ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5. k|ltj]bgcg';f/ rLgsf]
/fhwfgL a]Olh ljZjs} ;a}eGbf w]/} cj{klt a;f]af; ug{] zx/ aGg ;kmn
ePsf] 5. rLgnfO{ cfwf/e"ld agfP/ sfd ub{} cfPsf] ;+:yf x'?gn]
lgsfn]sf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ a]Olh cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]s{nfO{ pl5Gb} ;a}eGbf
w]/} ca{kltsf] zx/ ag]sf] xf]. a]Olhdf clxn] Ps ;ohgf cj{kltx?
a:b} cfPsf 5g\ eg] Go"of]s{df (% hgf dfq} 5g\. uPsf] jif{ a]Olhdf #@
hgf gofF cj{klt ylkPsf lyP eg] Go"of]s{df rf/hgf dfq ylkPsf
k|ltj]bgn] hgfPsf] 5. rLgdf ut aif{ () hgf ylkPkl5 ToxfF cj{kltsf]
;+Vof % ;o ^* k'u]sf] 5. Go"of]s{df of] ;+Vof % ;o #% 5. t/ zLif{
bzhgf cj{kltsf] ;"rLdf eg] cd]l/sLx?sf] ar{Zj sfod} 5.

Ps} k6s tLg xhf/ hgfsf] ;d"lxs ljjfx

sf7df8f}F. blIf0f sf]l/ofdf zlgaf/ sl/a # xhf/ hgfn] ;fd"lxs

ljjfx u/]sf 5g\. of] ljjfx blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] Pp6f ljjflbt o'lglkms]zg
rr{df ePsf] xf]. oxfF h'g hf]8Lsf] ljjfx eof], pgLx?dWo] s]xL hf]8L s]xL
lbgcl3 e]l6Psf lyP. e]63f6 ePsf] s]xL lbgd} rr{ k|zf;gn] pgLx?nfO{
ljjfx aGwgdf afFlwlbPsf] xf]. blIf0f sf]l/ofdf ;fd"lxs ljjfbsf] of] k/Dk/f
;g\ !(^) df ePsf] lyof]. of] ;df/f]xsf] :yfkgf Pp6f wfld{s / /fhgLlts
g]tf ;g\ Dof]+x d'gn] u/]sf lyP. rr{dfly cfkm\gf cg'ofoLx?sf] cf:yf
kl/jt{g ug{] u/]sf] cf/f]k klg nfUg] u/]sf] 5. t/ rr{n] c:jLsf/ ug{]
u/]sf] 5. of] ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf ljjfbf:kb wfld{s ;+:yfdWo] dflgG5.
d'gsf] gfdaf6} pgsf cg'ofoLx?nfO{ d'lgh eGg] ul/G5. Ph]G;L

%% b]zaf6 rsn]6 lkmtf{

sf7df8f}F. ljZj rsn]6 ahf/df cfkm\gf] k|efj hdfpFb} cfPsf] rsn]6

lgdf{0fstf{ sDkgL df;{ n] %% b]zaf6 cfkm\gf] rsn]6 lkmtf{ lnb}+5.
;dfrf/ Ph]G;Lx?sf cg';f/ hd{gLsf Ps JolQmn] df;{sf] :gLs/ af/
rsn]6df Knfl:6ssf] c+z kfPsf] u'gf;f] u/]kl5 sDkgLn] o:tf] lg0f{o
lnPsf] xf]. tL JolQmn] ut dlxgf sDkgL ;dIf u'gf;f] u/]sf] atfOPsf] 5.
5fgljgkl5 pQm sDkgLsf] g]b/Nof08l:yt KnfG6df pTkfbg ePsf] rsn]6df
s}lkmot kfOPsf] xf]. To;}n] pQm KnfG6df pTkfbg eO{ ahf/df k'u]sf
rsn]6x? sDkgLn] lkmtf{ lng nfu]sf] xf].
sDkgLsf k|jQmfn] eg], xfdL tL pTkfbgnfO{ dfq lkmtf{ lnb}+5f}+, hf]
g]b/Nof08sf] KnfG6df pTkfbg ul/Psf] lyof]. rsn]6 lkmtf{ lnOg] d'ns
' dWo]
clwsf+z o'/f]k]nL /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5. lkmtf{ lnOg] rsn]6sf] kl/df0f jf
d"Nosf af/]df sDkgLn] s]xL atfPsf] 5}g. oBlk ;fjwfgL ckgfpgsf
nflu rsn]6 lkmtf{ lng nfu]sf] p;n] hgfPsf] 5. Ph]G;L
g] k fnsf] ;+ l jwfgdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf] clwsf/
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf] xs clwsf/ b]xfo
adf]l hd Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5.
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
hflto, If]qLo / eflifs lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{ .
;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf pTklQ, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt jf cGo s'g}
cfwf/df e]befj gul/g],
;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L hghflt
nufot gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf nflu sfg"g adf]lhd
ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ .
g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd cfgf]
dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljBfno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng] /
;~rfng ug{] xs x'g] .
g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL;d'bfonfO{ cfgf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt,
;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+jw{g / ;+/If0fug{] xs x'g] .
;fdflhs kn] k5fl8 k/]sf, cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L hghflt ;d]tnfO{
;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] ;fdflhs
Gofosf] xs x'g] .
/fli6o ;Dkbfsf] kdf /x]sf snf, ;flxTo / ;Ltsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg],
;dfhdf ljBdfg wd{, k|yf, k/Dk/f, /Llt tyf ;+:sf/sf gfddf x'g] ;a}
k|sf/sf lje]b, c;dfgtf, zf]if0f / cGofosf] cGTo ug]{ .
b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod /fVb} ;dfgtf Pj+ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df
ljleGg hfthflt / ;d'bfosf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;flxTo, snf, rnlrq
/ ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug]{ .
cflbjf;L hghfltsf] klxrfg ;lxt ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/
;'lglZrt ug{ cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug{] .
cflbjf;L hghflt;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lg0f{oxdf ;xefuL u/fpg].
cflbjf;L hghflt / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, ;+:s[lt,
;fdflhs k/Dk/f / cg'ejnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug]{ ] .
/fHosf] ;+/rgf ubf{ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns ;dfh, ;dfj]zL
k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
/fi6klt / pk/fi6klt km/s km/s ln+u jf ;d'bfosf] x'g] .
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd x'g] k|ltlglw ;ef / k|bz
] ;efsf]
lgjf{rgsf nflu /fhgLlts bnn] pDd]bjf/L lb+bf ;dfj]zL cfwf/df ug]{ .
;+jw} flgs lgsfosf] ?kdf g]kfndf Ps cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u /xg].
g]kfnL ;]gfdf cflbjf;L hghflt ;d]tsf] k|jz
] ;dfgtf / ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ul/g].
g]kfnL /fhb"t / ljz]if k|ltlglw;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm ul/g].
;+jw} flgs c+u / lgsfosf kbdf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm
ul/g].

g]k fn ;/sf/

sfg'g , Gofo tyf ;+; bLo

dfldnf dGqfno

g]k fn ;/sf/

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

;"rgf ljefu