“© Wait until the liquid in the thermometer Teaches a steady level before taking the readin ig. > Insulate the container and cover it with a lid to avoid heat loss by conduction and convection, > While repeating the experiment, make sure the Toom temperature is Constant(equal to the previous value), Re Paction etaced bemauday s optical pe Rietion ° From tho Rovnod 3. Topic —1ignt - *** 2" opwcad point - 3+ Ac - LIGHT 2 a) Reflection and refraction experiments using pin : is > Align the pins in a straight line — view from w from the bases of the pins, so that the previous pin is completely blocked. thin (ne, share pe, « ee, eee at Fine imoge 1s ‘orgnter ox _F/ Lens experiments: » Conduct the experiment in a dark Toom, $s > Align the centre of the lens, object and screen in line. > Make sure all three are kept perpendicular to the surface using a set Square. (acdrtiongt EGAIPMOnt’) > » Inverted d image is obtained on the Screen (on the other side of the Convex lens) ’@o\™mege ee | el ee U v (irrag : 4 Ve + (Rea) vz ~ (ivaual) » To reduce the heating effect of the cireuit components, switch on and off win between noting down the readings. Voltmeter should be Connected in parallel to the component and it has the p.d. across it is almost zero, > The connecting wires are assumed to have zero resistance,Seer tances Tips for solving paper — 6 questions (Alternative to practical): General instructions: > To gain more accuracy in the result- Repeat the experiment and take average of the results. > While plotting a graph, use at least half of the grids to plot the axes. > While calculating gradient show triangle been used for calculation. Choose the triangle’s length at least half the line drawn. > If an inclined line passes through the origin with a positive gradient, then the two quantities are directly proportional to each other. > While drawing tables to enter readings, write the quantity and units. > Instrument used to measure very small distances(eg. Thickness ofa paper, thickness of a ruler, diameter of a wire) — micrometer screw gauge > Instrument to measure slightly larger lengths. (eg-diameter of a pencil) — Vernier Callipers. 1. ‘TOPIC - UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS. Precautions: > Avoid parallax error — (Eye level in alignment with the reading been measured) Feu dk, © Se NC OREN > Check for zero error — (zero reading coinciding with the first division of the calibration) 77 "NO. vaoaiigg S Wael b> > To make sure a ruler(or any apparatus) is placed vertically (90 degrees to the surface) use a set square. 4 Spit evel yoeclio Hey lather 4 i 2. TOPIC-THERMAL PHYSICS \S Fonze > Precautions while using a thermometer to measure temperature- line » bel © Place the thermometer one third immersed in the liquid and make sure that it is not touching the sides of the container. © Stir the liquid to make sure the liquid has uniform temperature.