MOVEMENT RESPONSES- MIGRATION AND

GENDER AND CHANGE

Population from the syllabus

Credits

Editor: Patty H
Key facts: Meag C
Illustrator: Syd R
Case study 1: Bby Aims E
Case study 2: Sarah F

Key facts:
Vocab:
GNI
o

Gross national income (now used in preference to gross nation product- GDP). The
total value of goods and services produced within a country together with the
balance of income and payments from or to other countries
Remittances
o Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries
Migration
o The movement of people, involving a change of residence. It can be internal or
external (international) and voluntary or forced. It does not include temporary
circulations such as commuting or tourism.
Immigration
o Coming into a country
Emigration
*N.I.Ts: Nations in transition
o Leaving a country
*BRIC Nations: Brazil Russia India China
Types of Migration:
*BRICS Nations: Brazil Russia India China Singapore
Forced or voluntary
*N.I.Cs: Newly industrialized countries
Temporary (long/ short term) or permanent

Internal or international
Urban- rural or rural- urban

Reasons for Migration:
Push: Factors that push people out of the country
Pull: Factors that pull people into a country
v Unemployment
v Potential for employment
v Poor safety and security
v Low crime rates
v Famine and drought
v Political security
v Poverty
v Fertile land
v War
v Better living conditions

Theories of Migration:
Ravenstein:
v Most migrants move only relatively short distances
v There is an inverse relationship between the number of migrants and distance travels;
distance decay; most migrants travel short distances and their numbers decrease as distance
increases
Newton:
v Any 2 bodies attract one another with a force that is proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
v When used geographically the words bodies and masses are replaced by locations and
importance respectively where importance can be measured in terms of population
numbers, gross domestic product, or another appropriate variables
v The gravity model of migration is therefore based upon the idea that as the importance of
one or both of the location increases, there will also be an increase in movement between
them. The farther apart the two locations are, however, the movement between them will be
less
Zelinsky:
v Migration happens in 3 stages
o 1st stage (stage 1 of the DTM): Pre industrialized economies:
Economies that have not yet developed are made up of rural countries and
subsistence farmers. There will only be Rural-Urban migration between the
settlements, if at all, as there are few urban areas
o 2nd stage (Industrializing countries):
As countries start to industrialize (UK in the 18th & 19th century) there is
increased migration from the countryside to the cities where there were
better wages and an increase in the standards of living
o 3rd stage (stage 4 of the DTM): Post Industrial economies:
Advanced countries that rely on tertiary industry more than secondary
industry show an increase in Urban-Rural migration. Technological and
transport movement improvements mean that people do not have to live
close to where they work. Inter Urbanization occurs as people move to the
suburbs
Stouffer:
v The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of
opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening
opportunities
v Stouffer theorized that the amount of migration over a given distance is directly
proportional to the number of opportunities at the place of destination, and inversely
proportional to the number of opportunities between the place of departure and the place of
destination
v These intervening opportunities may persuade a migrant to settle in a place in the route
rather than proceeding to the originally planned destination. Stouffer argued that the
volume of migration had less to do with distance and population totals than with the
opportunities
Lees Model:
v Lee pointed out that the migration process is selective because differentials such as age,
gender, and social class affect how persons respond to push/pull factors
v These conditions also shape their ability to overcome intervening obstacles
v Furthermore, personal factors such as a persons education, knowledge of a potential
receiver population, family ties, and the like can facilitate or retard migration

Nada Al-Ahdal
11 years old
Yemen
June 2013
Forced into an arranged marriage by her parents
She posted a video on youtube that quickly went viral of her decrying child marriage
and talking about how her parents are forcing her into marriage in exchange for
money
Malala Yousafzai
15 years old
Pakistan
October 2012
Youngest person to win the Nobel prize
Was shot in the head by the Taliban while on her way to school
Strong advocate for gender equality and female education
Benazir Bhutto
First female Prime minister of any Muslim nation (Pakistan)
First term 1988 to 1990
Second term 1993 to 1996
Exiled from 1999 to until September 2007
Assassinated December 2007

Case studies:
Economic Migration to the UAE
The United Arab Emirates is known as a migrant haven and a popular new home for labor
migrants seeking employment opportunities and higher living standards. 7.8 million of its 9.2 million
population are international migrants. Majority of immigrants originating from Asia and the Middle
East, the country attracts all sorts of migrants obtaining jobs in over 90 percent of the country's
private workforce. There are at least 400,000 foreign-born domestic workers in the UAE from mainly
Asian countries and about 65,000 unauthorized migrants including those who entered the country
illegally, visa over-stayers, migrants working on tourist visas, and others
The United Arab Emirates relies on foreign labor to help boost the economy and maintain
the high standard of living within the country. Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the
UAE is the most popular destination for temporary labor migrants of any world region, and migration
levels have increased over the past three decades.

Arranged Marriage
Child marriage is a constant issue as it prevents women to get the education and freedom
they need. Girls are married as a choice by their parents, transforming the girls life to be all about
her husband and when she is able to, her children. Her life and innocence is taken away. This
problem can be found in many countries, Pakistan is one of these. It is estimated that 21% of girls in
Pakistan are married before they turn the age of 18. Why is this happening in Pakistan? Child
marriage in Pakistan is due to tradition, culture, and customary practices. Like many other locations
affected with child brides, it sometimes results in transfer of money, settlement of debts, or the
exchange of daughters. These are sanctioned by a Jirga or Panchayat, which are the council of elders
in the community. The legal age to marry according to the Pakistans Child Marriage Restraint Act
(CMRA) 1929 is 16 for a women and 18 for a man. Many people complained that 16 is still too young
and could possibly lead to a girl being married in exchange for incentives. In April 2014, the Sindh
Assembly unanimously adopted the Sindh Child Marriage Restraint Act, increasing the minimum age
of marriage to 18 and making marriage below 18 a punishable offence. Although child marriage is
still an ongoing problem in Pakistan, there is a process going on to try to abolish it. The project Girls
Not Brides helps shine light on the reoccurring issue causing the end of child innocence and futures of
any kinds.