An Efficient Method for Analysis

y
and
Design of Permanent Magnet Machine
g
with Concentrated Windings
Special Attention to Slotting Effect

Hung Vu Xuan

EPP
Electrical Power Processing

Outlines
1.
2
2.
3.
4
4.
5.
6
6.
7.
8.

Efficient method for analysis and design

Sl tti effect
Slotting
ff t on distribution
di t ib ti off flux
fl density
d
it in
i air
i gap
Slotting effect on flux density in magnets
Slotting effect on flux linkage and internal voltage
Slotting effect on torque
Slotting effect on iron losses
Experimental validation
Conclusion

Electrical Power Processing

1. Efficient method for analysis and design:

Automated nonlinear transient 2D-FEM including

rotor motion with abilities:
9 Automated geometry by script
9 Automated handle boundary conditions and
computation by script
Program developed as described in flowchart
Platform: Comsol coupling to Matlab
Design optimization requires many iterations
Advantages: flexibility, save time

Flowchart for
analysis and
design.
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2D vs. 3D simulation:

3D simulation: Accurate,
Accurate but requires a powerful
computer and very time-consuming!!!
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Video 2D-transient FEM simulation:

Flux contour

Surface flux density

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2. Slotting effect on distribution of

magnetic
ti field
fi ld in
i air
i gap

Slotting effect: distort

waveform, reducing
mean flux density
Results: Cogging
torque, torque ripple,
voltage
lt
ripple,
i l

Sl t opening
Slot
i

Radial flux d
density in air gap (T)

08
0.8

Closed-slot

0.6
0.4

Semi-open slot
Fully open slot
Closed slot

0.2
0

Semi-open slot
Fully open slot

-0.2
02
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0

10

15
20
25
30
Mechanical angle (degree)

35

40

Fig: Radial flux density in the middle of the air gap for cases:
full-open slot, semi-open slot and closed slot.
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3. Slotting effect on distribution of magnetic field

in magnets
1

Slotting effect
Edge effect
Leakage flux
Causing eddy
current loss
loss.

Radial flu
ux density in m
magnets Br(T)

0.8

Fully open slot

Semi-open slot

Magnet
g
edge
g
effect

0.6
0.4
02
0.2
0
Slotting effect
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

Leakage flux density in

the air between
adjacent magnets

-0.8
-1
0

10

15
20
25
Mechanical angle (degree)

30

35

40

Fig: Distribution of radial flux density in magnets.

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4. Slotting effect on voltage and flux linkage

Slotting effect at small slot opening:

Fig: Voltage vs. slot opening

At small slot
opening

Fig : Flux linkage vs. slot opening

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Leakage flux passing through tooth tip

of closed slot PM machine.

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5. Slotting effect on torque

Fig: Mean torque vs. slot opening

Optimal slot opening for maximizing

mean torque and minimizing torque
ripple.

Fig: Torque ripple vs. slot opening

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6. Slotting effect on iron losses

2.5

x 10

Semi-open slot
Fully open slot

Eddy current density in

n magnets (A/mm2)

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4
1.6
Time (sec)

1.8

2.2

2.4
-3
x 10

Fig : Eddy current density at a point in magnet

vs. slot
l t opening.
i
Amplitude of eddy current at a point in
magnet depends on slot opening.
Frequency of eddy current at a point not
depend on slot opening.

Fig: Voltage and eddy current loss vs. slot

opening.
opening
Choosing slot opening for maximizing
voltage and minimizing eddy current
loss.
loss

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Slotting effect on losses:

Fig: influence of slot opening on

rotor eddy current loss,
loss stator iron
loss and total iron loss.

Rotor eddy current loss and total

loss is increasing, when slot
opening increases.
Stator iron loss is decreasing,
g,
when slot opening is higher than
4 mm

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7. Experimental validation

Outer rotor PM machines

with concentrated windings
in a flywheel for validation

Stator with semi-open slot

Stator with fully open slot

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Intern
nal voltage of a tu
urn (V), and Linka
age flux through a tooth (mWb)

Flux linkage and internal voltage:

Experiement (Volt)
Simulation (Volt)
Experiment (mWb)
Simulation (mWb)

0.6

0.4
Internal voltage
0.2

-0.2
Fl Linkage
Flux
Li k
-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

0.5

1.5

2
Time (ms)

2.5

3.5

Fig: Comparison of simulation and experimental results of

flux linkage and internal voltage of semi-open slot machine.
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9 Experimental validation of slotting effect on internal voltage:

a))

b)

Fig: Internal voltage vs. rotor speed, a) semi-open slot, b) fully open slot.

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8. Conclusions
Proposed concept in form of flowchart for analysis and design of PM
machines.
machines
g
into the influence of slotting
g on p
performances of PM
Gave insight
machine at small slot opening.
O
Optimization
ti i ti
off slot
l t opening
i
f
for
maximizing
i i i
voltage,
lt
mean torque
t
meanwhile minimizing total loss.
Experimental validation of the influence of slotting on flux linkage and
voltage./.

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Thanks for your attention!

Questions?

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