Chemical Equations

Form 3: Land and its resources

A) Properties of minerals
a. Most minerals are hard
b. Most minerals do not dissolve in water
c. Effect of heat on
(i)
Metal oxide:
Observation:
Glowing splinter
Glowing splinter does not light up.
Conclusion:
Metal oxide does not decompose
when heated.

Metal oxide

(ii)

Metal carbonate
Observation:
Limewater turns chalky
Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide gas released.
Metal carbonate decomposes when
heated.

Metal carbonate

Limewater

Chemical equation:
Metal carbonate

Metal oxide

Carbon dioxide

Examples:
Copper carbonate

Calcium carbonate

copper oxide

Calcium oxide

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

(iii)

Metal sulphide
Observation:
Purple acidified potassium
manganate (VII) solution turns
colourless

Metal sulphide

Conclusion:
Sulphur dioxide gas released.
Metal sulphide decomposes when
Acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution
heated.

Chemical equation:
Metal sulphide

Metal oxide

Sulphur dioxide

Iron sulphide

Iron oxide

Sulphur dioxide

Lead sulphide

Lead oxide

Sulphur dioxide

Examples:

B) Reaction of metals with oxygen

Glass wool: to prevent the
potassium manganate (VII) crystals
from mixing with the metal powder
Metal powder

Potassium manganate (VII) crystals

Glass wool: to prevent

the oxygen gas from
escaping

Function:
to supply oxygen

Asbestos paper

Chemical equation:
Metal

Oxygen

Metal oxide

Examples:
Magnesium

Oxygen

Magnesium oxide

Iron

Oxygen

Iron oxide

Zinc

Oxygen

Zinc oxide

C) Reaction of metals with sulphur

Metal powder
+
sulphur powder

Chemical equation:
+

Metal

Sulphur

Metal sulphide

Examples:
Magnesium

Sulphur

Iron

Sulphur

Iron sulphide

Zinc

Sulphur

Zinc sulphide

Magnesium sulphide

D) Calcium compounds
i)
Reaction with acid
Dilute hydrochloric acid
Observation:
Limewater turns chalky.
Carbon dioxide gas
released

Calcium carbonate
Limewater
Chemical equation:
Calcium
carbonate
ii)

Hydrochloric
acid

Calcium
chloride

Carbon
dioxide

Effect of heat

Observation:
Limewater turns chalky
Carbon dioxide
gas released.

Calcium carbonate

Limewater

Chemical equation:
Calcium carbonate

Calcium oxide

Carbon dioxide

Water

iii)

Formation of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide

Nichrome wire
Calcium carbonate (limestone)

Calcium carbonate

Calcium oxide

Carbon dioxide

Distilled water

Calcium oxide
(quicklime)
Calcium oxide

Calcium hydroxide

Water

Calcium hydroxide
(slaked lime)
Calcium hydroxide

Calcium hydroxide solution

Water

Calcium hydroxide solution

(limewater)

Calcium carbonate
(limestone)

heated

Calcium oxide
(quicklime)

a little
water is
added

Calcium hydroxide
(slaked lime)

more
water is
added

Calcium hydroxide
solution (limewater)

Questions:
1
The diagram shows an experiment to investigate the reaction between pieces of egg shell and dilute
sulphuric acid.

What are the products of the reaction?

Calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

Calcium carbonate + carbon dioxide

Calcium sulphate + carbon dioxide + water

Calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide + water

Which of the following situations will produce a compound?

Magnesium
+
sulphur

carbon
+
sulphur

Magnesium
+
sulphur

carbon
+
sulphur

Diagram 18 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the properties of compound Q. The gas released
turns the limewater chalky.

Diagram 18
What is compound Q?
A
B
C
D

Copper oxide
Lead sulphide
Silicon dioxide.
Calcium carbonate.

Paper 2
1

Figure 1 shows an experiment to study the reaction between iron filings and oxygen.
(PMR 2004)

Figure 1
(a) (i) What can you observe happening to the iron filings during the reaction?
.

.
.
( 1 mark )
(ii) Give one reason for your observation in (a) (i)

...
( 1 mark )
(b) Write the word equation for the reaction.
+
( 1 mark )
(c) The iron filings in the experiment is then replaced with copper powder.
Write the word equation for the reaction.
+
( 1 mark)

Diagram 3 shows the apparatus set-up to study the effect of heat on calcium carbonate.
(PMR 2007)

Calcium
carbonate

Diagram 3
(a) (i) What is liquid W?
.
( 1 mark )
(ii) What can be observed happening to liquid W at the end of this experiment?

( 1 mark )

(b) Complete the word equation for this reaction.

Calcium Carbonate

Heated

+
( 1 mark )

(c) What conclusion can be made from this study?

.
.
( 1 mark )
(d) Suggest how slaked lime can be formed from pieces of sea shells.
..
..
..
( 2 marks )

Paper 2
No.
1

Answer
a. (i) Iron fillings burn very brightly.
(ii) Iron filings react with oxygen.
b.

Iron

Oxygen

Iron oxide

c.

Copper

Oxygen

Copper oxide

(i) Lime water

(ii) Lime water/Liquid W turns chalky

Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate when heated releases carbon dioxide that turns the
lime water chalky.

By heating the sea shell strongly and then pour few drops of water to it.

Heated

Calcium oxide

Carbon dioxide